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<span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orthography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Orthography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orthography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Grammar subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Cases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plural" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plural"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Plural</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plural-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nominal_plural" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nominal_plural"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Nominal plural</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nominal_plural-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Predicative_plural" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Predicative_plural"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Predicative plural</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Predicative_plural-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Personal_pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Personal pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interrogative_pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interrogative_pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>Interrogative pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interrogative_pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Verbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syntax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syntax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Syntax</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syntax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lexicon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lexicon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Lexicon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lexicon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Udmurt language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 90 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-90" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">90 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oedmoerts" title="Oedmoerts – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Oedmoerts" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udmurtische_Sprache" title="Udmurtische Sprache – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Udmurtische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A1%E1%8B%B5%E1%88%99%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%8A%9B" title="ኡድሙርትኛ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኡድሙርትኛ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udmurtkiel%C3%A2" title="Udmurtkielâ – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Udmurtkielâ" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%88%D3%99%D0%B0" title="Аудмурт бызшәа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Аудмурт бызшәа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AF%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة الأدمورتية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة الأدمورتية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_udmurtu" title="Idioma udmurtu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma udmurtu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D3%80" title="Удмурт мацӀ – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Удмурт мацӀ" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udmurt_dili" title="Udmurt dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Udmurt dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80%D1%82_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Удмурт теле – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Удмурт теле" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Удмурцкая мова – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Удмурцкая мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Удмурцкая мова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Удмурцкая мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Удмуртски език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Удмуртски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oudmourteg" title="Oudmourteg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Oudmourteg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80%D1%82_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Удмурт хэлэн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Удмурт хэлэн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udmurt" title="Udmurt – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Udmurt" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80%D1%82_%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Удмурт чĕлхи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Удмурт чĕлхи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udmurt%C5%A1tina" title="Udmurtština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Udmurtština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udmurtisk_(sprog)" title="Udmurtisk (sprog) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Udmurtisk (sprog)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udmurtagiella" title="Udmurtagiella – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Udmurtagiella" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udmurtische_Sprache" title="Udmurtische Sprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Udmurtische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udmurdi_keel" title="Udmurdi keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Udmurdi keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Удмуртонь кель – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Удмуртонь кель" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_udmurto" title="Idioma udmurto – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma udmurto" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udmurta_lingvo" title="Udmurta lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Udmurta lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udmurtera" title="Udmurtera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Udmurtera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="زبان اودمورت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان اودمورت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udmurt_bhasa" title="Udmurt bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Udmurt bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oudmourte" title="Oudmourte – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Oudmourte" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_udmurta" title="Lingua udmurta – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua udmurta" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%B0%EB%93%9C%EB%AC%B4%EB%A5%B4%ED%8A%B8%EC%96%B4" title="우드무르트어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="우드무르트어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udmurt%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Udmurtšćina – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Udmurtšćina" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Udmurt" title="Bahasa Udmurt – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Udmurt" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3_%C3%A6%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Удмуртаг æвзаг – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Удмуртаг æвзаг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Adm%C3%BArt" title="Údmúrt – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Údmúrt" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_udmurta" title="Lingua udmurta – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua udmurta" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%93%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA" title="אודמורטית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אודמורטית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%93%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="უდმურტული ენა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="უდმურტული ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B0%D0%B4%D0%BC%D2%B1%D1%80%D1%82_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Ұдмұрт тілі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ұдмұрт тілі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icyudimuriti" title="Icyudimuriti – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Icyudimuriti" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Удмурт кыв – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Удмурт кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Udmurtica" title="Lingua Udmurtica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Udmurtica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udmurtu_valoda" title="Udmurtu valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Udmurtu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udmurt%C5%B3_kalba" title="Udmurtų kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Udmurtų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udmurt_(lingua)" title="Udmurt (lingua) – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Udmurt (lingua)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udmurtan_kieli" title="Udmurtan kieli – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Udmurtan kieli" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udmurt_nyelv" title="Udmurt nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Udmurt nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Удмуртски јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Удмуртски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%89%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%81%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7" title="ഉദ്‌മുർട്ട് ഭാഷ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഉദ്‌മുർട്ട് ഭാഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%93%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="უდმურტული ნინა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="უდმურტული ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%87" title="الادمورتيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الادمورتيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Удмуртонь кяль – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Удмуртонь кяль" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oedmoerts" title="Oedmoerts – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Oedmoerts" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%83%89%E3%83%A0%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88%E8%AA%9E" title="ウドムルト語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウドムルト語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" title="Удмуртийн мотт – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Удмуртийн мотт" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udmuurtisk_spriak" title="Udmuurtisk spriak – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Udmuurtisk spriak" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udmurtisk" title="Udmurtisk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Udmurtisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udmurtisk" title="Udmurtisk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Udmurtisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Одо йылме – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Одо йылме" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udmurt_tili" title="Udmurt tili – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Udmurt tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Удмурт кыв – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Удмурт кыв" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_Udmurt" title="Lenga Udmurt – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga Udmurt" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_udmurcki" title="Język udmurcki – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język udmurcki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_udmurte" title="Língua udmurte – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua udmurte" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udmurt_tili" title="Udmurt tili – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Udmurt tili" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_udmurt%C4%83" title="Limba udmurtă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba udmurtă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Удмуртский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Удмуртский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%83%D1%80%D1%82_%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Удмуурт тыла – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Удмуурт тыла" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%BD%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%B4_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱩᱫᱽᱢᱩᱨᱴ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱩᱫᱽᱢᱩᱨᱴ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%83%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8A_%D1%A9%EA%99%81%EA%99%91%D0%BA%D1%8A" title="Оудмоуртьскъ ѩꙁꙑкъ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Оудмоуртьскъ ѩꙁꙑкъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Удмуртски језик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Удмуртски језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udmurtski_jezik" title="Udmurtski jezik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Udmurtski jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udmurtin_kieli" title="Udmurtin kieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Udmurtin kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udmurtiska" title="Udmurtiska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Udmurtiska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Udmurt" title="Wikang Udmurt – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Udmurt" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="உதுமுருத்து மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உதுமுருத்து மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Ар теле – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ар теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%95" title="ภาษาอุดมูร์ต – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาอุดมูร์ต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udmurt%C3%A7a" title="Udmurtça – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Udmurtça" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Удмурт кыл – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Удмурт кыл" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Удмуртська мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Удмуртська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ادمورت زبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ادمورت زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Uralic language</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #a8fe74;">Udmurt</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #a8fe74;">Votyak</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #a8fe74;"><span title="Udmurt-language text"><span lang="udm">Удмурт кыл</span></span> <span title="Udmurt-language text"><i lang="udm-Latn">Udmurt kyl</i></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Votskij_bukvar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Votskij_bukvar.jpg/200px-Votskij_bukvar.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Votskij_bukvar.jpg/300px-Votskij_bukvar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Votskij_bukvar.jpg/400px-Votskij_bukvar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="619" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;">Udmurt language textbook, 1898 (in Russian) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://static.my-shop.ru/product/pdf/115/1149493.pdf">Букварь для вотскихъ дѣтей</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Udmurtia" title="Udmurtia">Udmurtia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Udmurts" title="Udmurts">Udmurts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Besermyan" title="Besermyan">Besermyans</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">270,000 (2020 census)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Permic_languages" title="Permic languages">Permic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Udmurt</b></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li>Northern</li> <li>Central</li> <li>Southern</li> <li>Besermyan</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #a8fe74;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Udmurtia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Udmurtia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Udmurtia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Udmurtia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="270" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Udmurtia" title="Udmurtia">Udmurtia</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #a8fe74;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=469">udm</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/udm" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:udm">udm</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/udmu1245">udmu1245</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Languages_Project" title="Endangered Languages Project">ELP</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/3010">Udmurt</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:5.2-Udmurt.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/5.2-Udmurt.png/250px-5.2-Udmurt.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/5.2-Udmurt.png/375px-5.2-Udmurt.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/5.2-Udmurt.png/500px-5.2-Udmurt.png 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="1871" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Distribution of Udmurt dialects at the beginning of 21st century<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Lang_Status_60-DE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Lang_Status_60-DE.svg/320px-Lang_Status_60-DE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Lang_Status_60-DE.svg/480px-Lang_Status_60-DE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Lang_Status_60-DE.svg/640px-Lang_Status_60-DE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="153" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Udmurt is classified as Definitely Endangered by the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Atlas_of_the_World%27s_Languages_in_Danger" title="Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger">Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger</a></i></span></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style><p><b>Udmurt</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ʊ/: 'u' in 'push'">ʊ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ʊər/: 'our' in 'tour'">ʊər</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic">Cyrillic</a>: Удмурт) is a <a href="/wiki/Permic_languages" title="Permic languages">Permic</a> language spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Udmurt_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Udmurt people">Udmurt people</a> who are native to <a href="/wiki/Udmurtia" title="Udmurtia">Udmurtia</a>. As a <a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a> language, it is distantly related to languages such as <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mansi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mansi language">Mansi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khanty_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanty language">Khanty</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>. The Udmurt language is co-official with <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> within Udmurtia. </p><p>It is written using the <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic">Cyrillic</a> alphabet with the addition of five characters not used in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_alphabet" title="Russian alphabet">Russian alphabet</a>: <a href="/wiki/%D3%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="Ӝ">Ӝ</a>/ӝ, <a href="/wiki/%D3%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="Ӟ">Ӟ</a>/ӟ, <a href="/wiki/%D3%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="Ӥ">Ӥ</a>/ӥ, <a href="/wiki/%D3%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="Ӧ">Ӧ</a>/ӧ, and <a href="/wiki/%D3%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="Ӵ">Ӵ</a>/ӵ. Together with the <a href="/wiki/Komi_language" title="Komi language">Komi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Komi-Permyak_language" title="Komi-Permyak language">Permyak</a> languages, it constitutes the Permic grouping of the Uralic <a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">family</a>. The Udmurt language shares similar <a href="/wiki/Agglutination" title="Agglutination">agglutinative</a> structures with its closest relative, the Komi language.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among outsiders, it has traditionally been referred to by its Russian <a href="/wiki/Exonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym">exonym</a>, <b>Votyak</b>. Udmurt has borrowed vocabulary from neighboring languages, mainly from <a href="/wiki/Tatar_language" title="Tatar language">Tatar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>. </p><p>In 2010, per the Russian census, there were around 324,000 speakers of the language in the country, out of the ethnic population of roughly 554,000.<sup id="cite_ref-Endangered_Languages_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Endangered_Languages-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> estimated that there were 550,000 native speakers (77%) out of an ethnic population of 750,000 in the former <a href="/wiki/Russian_SFSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian SFSR">Russian SFSR</a> (1989 census),<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a decline of roughly 41% in 21 years. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dialects">Dialects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Udmurt_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Dialects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Udmurt varieties can be grouped into three broad dialect groups: </p> <ul><li>Northern Udmurt, spoken along the <a href="/wiki/Cheptsa_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheptsa River">Cheptsa River</a></li> <li>Southern Udmurt</li> <li>Besermyan, spoken by the strongly <a href="/wiki/Turkification" title="Turkification">Turkified</a> <a href="/wiki/Besermyan" title="Besermyan">Besermyans</a></li></ul> <p>A continuum of intermediate dialects between Northern and Southern Udmurt is found, and literary Udmurt includes features from both areas. Besermyan is more sharply distinguished.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The differences between the dialects are not major and mainly involve differences in vocabulary, largely attributable to the stronger influence of Tatar in the southern end of the Udmurt-speaking area. A few differences in morphology and phonology still exist as well; for example: </p> <ul><li>Southern Udmurt has an accusative ending <i>-ыз</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/-ɨz/</span>, contrasting with northern <i>-ты</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/-tɨ/</span>.</li> <li>Southwestern Udmurt distinguishes an eighth vowel phoneme <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʉ/</span>.</li> <li>Besermyan has <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span> in place of standard Udmurt <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə/</span> (thus distinguishing only six vowel phonemes), and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɵ/</span> in place of standard Udmurt <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɨ/</span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Udmurt_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unlike other Uralic languages such as <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>, Udmurt does not distinguish between long and short vowels and does not have <a href="/wiki/Vowel_harmony" title="Vowel harmony">vowel harmony</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Udmurt_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Post-<br />alveolar</a> </th> <th>(<a href="/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_consonant" title="Alveolo-palatal consonant">Alveolo-</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voiceless" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless">voiceless</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal plosive">tʲ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal plosive">dʲ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">Affricate</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voiceless" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless">voiceless</a></small> </th> <td> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">t͡s</a></span>) </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate">t͡ɕ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></small> </th> <td> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">d͡z</a></span>) </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate">d͡ʑ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voiceless" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless">voiceless</a></small> </th> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span>) </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative">ɕ</a></span> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative">ʑ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">Approximant</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced palatal lateral approximant">ʎ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The consonants <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/f<span class="wrap"> </span>x<span class="wrap"> </span>t͡s/</span> are restricted to loanwords, and are traditionally replaced by <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p<span class="wrap"> </span>k<span class="wrap"> </span>t͡ɕ/</span> respectively. As in <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>, Udmurt exhibits regressive voicing and devoicing assimilations (the last element determines the assimilation), but with some exceptions (mostly to distinguish minimal pairs by voicing).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Udmurt_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr class="small"> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Unrounded_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Unrounded vowel">Unrounded</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Rounded_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Rounded vowel">Round</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">i</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɨ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">u</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">e</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ə</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">o</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">a</span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orthography">Orthography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Udmurt_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Orthography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Udmurt_alphabets" title="Udmurt alphabets">Udmurt alphabets</a></div> <p>Udmurt is written using a modified version of the Russian Cyrillic alphabet: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Cyrillic</th> <th>Latin</th> <th>IPA</th> <th>Letter name</th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>А а</td> <td>A a</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[a]</span></td> <td>а</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Б б</td> <td>B b</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[b]</span></td> <td>бэ</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>В в</td> <td>V v</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[v]</span></td> <td>вэ</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Г г</td> <td>G g</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡ]</span></td> <td>гэ</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Д д</td> <td>D d<br />Ď ď</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[d]</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[dʲ~ɟ]</span> before е, ё, и, ю, я, ь</td> <td>дэ</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Е е</td> <td>JE je<br />E e</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[je]</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʲe]</span> after <a href="/wiki/Coronal_consonant" title="Coronal consonant">coronals</a> д, т, з, с, л, н</td> <td>е</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ё ё</td> <td>JO jo<br />O o</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[jo]</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʲo]</span> after д, т, з, с, л, н</td> <td>ё</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ж ж</td> <td>Ž ž</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʒ]</span></td> <td>жэ</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ӝ ӝ</td> <td>DŽ dž</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[d͡ʒ]</span></td> <td>ӝэ</td> <td>Д + Ж </td></tr> <tr> <td>З з</td> <td>Z z<br />Ź ź</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[z]</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʑ]</span> before е, ё, и, ю, я, ь</td> <td>зэ</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ӟ ӟ</td> <td>DŹ dź</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[d͡ʑ]</span></td> <td>ӟе</td> <td>Дь + Зь </td></tr> <tr> <td>И и</td> <td>I i</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[i]</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʲi]</span> after д, т, з, с, л, н</td> <td>и</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ӥ ӥ</td> <td>I i</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[i]</span> when preceded by д, т, з, с, л, н</td> <td>точкаен и, точкаосын и ("dotted i")</td> <td>Like <a href="/wiki/Komi_language" title="Komi language">Komi</a> і. Non-palatalizing form of и. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Й й</td> <td>J j</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[j]</span></td> <td>вакчи и ("short i")</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>К к</td> <td>K k</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[k]</span></td> <td>ка</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Л л</td> <td>Ł ł<br />L l</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɫ]</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʎ]</span> before е, ё, и, ю, я, ь</td> <td>эл</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>М м</td> <td>M m</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[m]</span></td> <td>эм</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Н н</td> <td>N n<br />Ň ň</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[n]</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɲ]</span> before е, ё, и, ю, я, ь</td> <td>эн</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>О о</td> <td>O o</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[o]</span></td> <td>о</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ӧ ӧ</td> <td>Õ õ</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɜ~ə]</span></td> <td>ӧ</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>П п</td> <td>P p</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[p]</span></td> <td>пэ</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Р р</td> <td>R r</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[r]</span></td> <td>эр</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>С с</td> <td>S s<br />Ś ś</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[s]</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɕ]</span> before е, ё, и, ю, я, ь</td> <td>эс</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Т т</td> <td>T t<br />Ť ť</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t]</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tʲ~c]</span> before е, ё, и, ю, я, ь</td> <td>тэ</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>У у</td> <td>U u</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[u]</span></td> <td>у</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ф ф</td> <td>F f</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[f]</span></td> <td>эф</td> <td>In loanwords. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Х х</td> <td>H h</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[x]</span></td> <td>ха</td> <td>In loanwords. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ц ц</td> <td>C c</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t͡s]</span></td> <td>цэ</td> <td>In loanwords. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ч ч</td> <td>Ć ć</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t͡ɕ]</span></td> <td>чэ</td> <td>Ть + Сь </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ӵ ӵ</td> <td>Č č</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t͡ʃ]</span></td> <td>ӵэ</td> <td>Т + Ш </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ш ш</td> <td>Š š</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃ]</span></td> <td>ша</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Щ щ</td> <td>ŠČ šč</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɕ(ː)]</span></td> <td>ща</td> <td>In loanwords. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ъ ъ</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>чурыт пус ("hard sign")</td> <td>Distinguishes palatalized consonants (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dʲ<span class="wrap"> </span>tʲ<span class="wrap"> </span>zʲ<span class="wrap"> </span>sʲ<span class="wrap"> </span>lʲ<span class="wrap"> </span>n/</span>) from unpalatalized consonants followed by /j/ if followed by vowel; for example, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/zʲo/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/zjo/</span> are written зё (<i>źo</i>) and зъё (<i>zjo</i>), respectively. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ы ы</td> <td>Y y</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɨ~ɯ]</span></td> <td>ы</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ь ь</td> <td>–</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʲ]</span></td> <td>небыт пус ("soft sign")</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Э э</td> <td>E e</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[e]</span></td> <td>э</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ю ю</td> <td>JU ju</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ju]</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʲu]</span> after д, т, з, с, л, н</td> <td>ю</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Я я</td> <td>JA ja</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ja]</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʲa]</span> after д, т, з, с, л, н</td> <td>я</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Udmurt_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Udmurt_grammar" title="Udmurt grammar">Udmurt grammar</a></div><p> Udmurt is an <a href="/wiki/Agglutinating" class="mw-redirect" title="Agglutinating">agglutinating</a> language. It uses <a href="/wiki/Affix" title="Affix">affixes</a> to express possession, to specify mode, time, and so on. </p><p>No gender distinction is made in <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">nouns</a> or personal pronouns. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cases">Cases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Udmurt_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Cases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Udmurt has fifteen <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">cases</a>: eight grammatical cases and seven locative cases. </p><p>There is no congruency between <a href="/wiki/Adjectives" class="mw-redirect" title="Adjectives">adjectives</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nouns" class="mw-redirect" title="Nouns">nouns</a> in neutral Udmurt <a href="/wiki/Noun_phrases" class="mw-redirect" title="Noun phrases">noun phrases</a>; in other words, there is no adjective declension as in the inessive noun phrase <span title="Udmurt-language text"><span lang="udm">бадӟым гурт<b>ын</b></span></span> ("in a big village"; cf. <a href="/wiki/Finnish_grammar" title="Finnish grammar">Finnish</a> inessive phrase <i><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">iso<b>ssa</b> kylä<b>ssä</b></i></span></i>, in which <i><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">iso</i></span></i> "large" is inflected according to the head noun). </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Udmurt cases </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Case</th> <th>Suffix</th> <th>Example</th> <th>Translation </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4">Grammatical </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">nominative</a></td> <td>–</td> <td><span title="Udmurt-language text"><span lang="udm">гурт</span></span> <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/gurt/</span></td> <td>village </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive</a> </td> <td>-<span title="Udmurt-language text"><span lang="udm">лэн</span></span> <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɫen/</span></td> <td><span title="Udmurt-language text"><span lang="udm">гуртлэн</span></span> <br /> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/gurtɫen/</span></td> <td>of a village / village's </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">accusative</a></td> <td>-<span title="Udmurt-language text"><span lang="udm">эз</span></span>/-<span title="Udmurt-language text"><span lang="udm">ез</span></span>/-<span title="Udmurt-language text"><span lang="udm">ты</span></span>/-<span title="Udmurt-language text"><span lang="udm">ыз</span></span> <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ez/jez/tɨ/ɨz/</span></td> <td><span title="Udmurt-language text"><span lang="udm">гуртэз</span></span> <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/gurtez/</span></td> <td>village (as an object) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ablative" class="mw-redirect" title="Ablative">ablative</a> </td> <td>-<span title="Udmurt-language text"><span lang="udm">лэсь</span></span> <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɫeɕ/</span></td> <td><span title="Udmurt-language text"><span lang="udm">гуртлэсь</span></span> <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/gurtɫeɕ/</span></td> <td>from a village </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dative" class="mw-redirect" title="Dative">dative</a> </td> <td>-<span title="Udmurt-language text"><span lang="udm">лы</span></span> <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɫɨ/</span></td> <td><span title="Udmurt-language text"><span lang="udm">гуртлы</span></span> <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/gurtɫɨ/</span></td> <td>to a village </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_case" title="Instrumental case">instrumental</a> </td> <td>-<span title="Udmurt-language text"><span lang="udm">эн</span></span>/-<span title="Udmurt-language text"><span lang="udm">ен</span></span>/-<span title="Udmurt-language text"><span lang="udm">ын</span></span> <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/en/jen/ɨn/</span></td> <td><span title="Udmurt-language text"><span lang="udm">гуртэн</span></span> <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/gurten/</span></td> <td>by means of a village </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Abessive" class="mw-redirect" title="Abessive">abessive</a> </td> <td>-<span title="Udmurt-language text"><span lang="udm">тэк</span></span> <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tek/</span></td> <td><span title="Udmurt-language text"><span lang="udm">гурттэк</span></span> <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/gurtːek/</span></td> <td>without a village </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Adverbial_case" title="Adverbial case">adverbial</a> </td> <td>-<span title="Udmurt-language text"><span lang="udm">я</span></span> <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/jɑ/</span></td> <td><span title="Udmurt-language text"><span lang="udm">гуртъя</span></span> <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/gurtjɑ/</span></td> <td>in a village way </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4" style="background:#efefef">Locative cases* </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Inessive_case" title="Inessive case">inessive</a></td> <td>-<span title="Udmurt-language text"><span lang="udm">ын</span></span> <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɨn/</span></td> <td><span title="Udmurt-language text"><span lang="udm">гуртын</span></span> <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/gurtɨn/</span></td> <td>in a village </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Illative_case" title="Illative case">illative</a></td> <td>-<span title="Udmurt-language text"><span lang="udm">э</span></span>/-<span title="Udmurt-language text"><span lang="udm">е</span></span>/-<span title="Udmurt-language text"><span lang="udm">ы</span></span> <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/je/ɨ/</span></td> <td><span title="Udmurt-language text"><span lang="udm">гуртэ</span></span> <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/gurte/</span></td> <td>into a village (or house) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Elative_case" title="Elative case">elative</a></td> <td>-<span title="Udmurt-language text"><span lang="udm">ысь</span></span> <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɨɕ/</span></td> <td><span title="Udmurt-language text"><span lang="udm">гуртысь</span></span> <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/gurtɨɕ/</span></td> <td>from a village </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Egressive_case" title="Egressive case">egressive</a></td> <td>-<span title="Udmurt-language text"><span lang="udm">ысен</span></span> <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɨɕen/</span></td> <td><span title="Udmurt-language text"><span lang="udm">гуртысен</span></span> <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/gurtɨɕen/</span></td> <td>starting from a village </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Terminative" class="mw-redirect" title="Terminative">terminative</a></td> <td>-<span title="Udmurt-language text"><span lang="udm">озь</span></span> <br /> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/oʑ/</span></td> <td><span title="Udmurt-language text"><span lang="udm">гуртозь</span></span> <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/gurtoʑ/</span></td> <td>end up at a village </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Prolative" class="mw-redirect" title="Prolative">prolative</a></td> <td>-<span title="Udmurt-language text"><span lang="udm">этӥ</span></span>/-<span title="Udmurt-language text"><span lang="udm">етӥ</span></span>/-<span title="Udmurt-language text"><span lang="udm">ытӥ</span></span>/-<span title="Udmurt-language text"><span lang="udm">тӥ</span></span> <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/eti/jeti/ɨti/ti/</span></td> <td><span title="Udmurt-language text"><span lang="udm">гуртэтӥ</span></span> <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/gurteti/</span></td> <td>along a village </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Allative_case" title="Allative case">allative</a></td> <td>-<span title="Udmurt-language text"><span lang="udm">лань</span></span> <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɫɑɲ/</span></td> <td><span title="Udmurt-language text"><span lang="udm">гуртлань</span></span> <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/gurtɫɑɲ/</span></td> <td>towards a village </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>*Of all the locative cases, personal pronouns can only inflect in the allative (also called approximative). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plural">Plural</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Udmurt_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Plural"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are two types of nominal plurals in Udmurt. One is the plural for nouns <i>-<span title="Udmurt-language text"><span lang="udm">ос</span></span>/-<span title="Udmurt-language text"><span lang="udm">ëс</span></span></i> and the other is the plural for adjectives <i>-<span title="Udmurt-language text"><span lang="udm">эсь</span></span>/-<span title="Udmurt-language text"><span lang="udm">есь</span></span></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nominal_plural">Nominal plural</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Udmurt_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Nominal plural"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The noun is always in plural. In attributive plural phrases, the adjective is not required to be in the plural: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Attributive plural </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Udmurt </th> <th>Transliteration </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Udmurt-language text"><span lang="udm">чебер(есь) <i>нылъ<b>ёс</b></i></span></span> </td> <td>ćeber(eś) <i>nyl<b>jos</b></i> </td> <td>(the) beautiful <i>girls</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The plural marker always comes before other endings (i.e. cases and possessive suffixes) in the morphological structure of plural nominal. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Morphological order </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Udmurt </th> <th>Transliteration </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Udmurt-language text"><span lang="udm">ныл<b>ъёс</b>лы</span></span> </td> <td>nyl<b>jos</b>ly </td> <td>to the girls </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Udmurt-language text"><span lang="udm">гурт<b>ъёс</b>азы</span></span> </td> <td>gurt<b>jos</b>azy </td> <td>to/in their villages </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Predicative_plural">Predicative plural</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Udmurt_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Predicative plural"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As in <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mordvinic_languages" title="Mordvinic languages">Mordvinic languages</a>, if the subject is plural, the adjective is always plural when it functions as the sentence's <a href="/wiki/Predicative_expression" title="Predicative expression">predicative</a>: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Attributive plural </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Udmurt </th> <th>Transliteration </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Udmurt-language text"><span lang="udm">нылъёс <i>чебер<b>есь</b></i></span></span> </td> <td>nyljos <i>ćeber<b>eś</b></i> </td> <td>the girls are <i>beautiful</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Udmurt-language text"><span lang="udm">толъёс <i>куз<b>есь</b></i></span></span> </td> <td>toljos <i>kuź<b>eś</b></i> </td> <td>the winters are <i>long</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Udmurt <a href="/wiki/Pronoun" title="Pronoun">pronouns</a> are inflected much in the same way that their referent nouns are. However, personal pronouns are only inflected in the grammatical cases and cannot be inflected in the locative cases. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronouns">Pronouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Udmurt_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Personal_pronouns">Personal pronouns</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Udmurt_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Personal pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Udmurt <a href="/wiki/Personal_pronoun" title="Personal pronoun">personal pronouns</a> are used to refer to human beings only. However, the third person singular can be referred to as <i>it</i>. The nominative case of personal pronouns are listed in the following table: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Personal pronouns </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>singular </th> <th>plural </th></tr> <tr> <th>1st person </th> <td><span title="Udmurt-language text"><span lang="udm">мон</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/mon/</span> </td> <td><span title="Udmurt-language text"><span lang="udm">ми</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/mi/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd person </th> <td><span title="Udmurt-language text"><span lang="udm">тон</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ton/</span> </td> <td><span title="Udmurt-language text"><span lang="udm">тӥ</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ti/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd person </th> <td><span title="Udmurt-language text"><span lang="udm">со</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/so/</span> </td> <td><span title="Udmurt-language text"><span lang="udm">соос</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/soːs/</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>More details: </p> <ul><li>There are <a href="/wiki/Self-intensifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-intensifier">self-intensifier</a> forms: ачим '[I] myself', ачид '[you] yourself', ачиз '[he/she/it] himself', асьмеос '[we] ourselves', асьтэос '[you] yourself', асьсэос '[they] yourself'.<sup id="cite_ref-asm_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asm-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>The 1st person plural has two forms according to <a href="/wiki/Clusivity" title="Clusivity">clusivity</a>: асьмеос is "inclusive we" and "ми" is "exclusive we". The younger speakers seem to favor always using "ми" (probably under the influence of Russian 'my' for "we"), so that for older generation the verse from a popular song "Ойдо, нылаш ми тонэн пумиськом!" sounds strange: its intended meaning is "Hey girl, let us meet!", while in the traditional thinking it reads "Hey girl, let we all meet with you!" The expected proper phrase would be: "Ойдо, нылаш асьмеос пумиськом!" and 'ми тонэн' is a <a href="/wiki/Calque" title="Calque">calque</a> from the Russian phrase 'my s toboi' meaning "me and you", but the word-by-word translation is "we with you".<sup id="cite_ref-asm_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asm-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Interrogative_pronouns">Interrogative pronouns</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Udmurt_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Interrogative pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Udmurt <a href="/wiki/Interrogative_pronouns" class="mw-redirect" title="Interrogative pronouns">interrogative pronouns</a> inflect in all cases. However, the inanimate interrogative pronouns 'what' in the locative cases have the base form <i><span title="Udmurt-language text"><span lang="udm">кыт</span></span>-</i>. The nominative case of interrogative pronouns are listed in the following table: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Interrogative pronouns (nominative case) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Udmurt </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Singular </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Udmurt-language text"><span lang="udm">ма</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/mɑ/</span> </td> <td>what </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Udmurt-language text"><span lang="udm">кин</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kin/</span> </td> <td>who </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Plural </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Udmurt-language text"><span lang="udm">маос</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/mɑos/</span> </td> <td>what </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Udmurt-language text"><span lang="udm">кинъëс</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kinjos/</span> </td> <td>who </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbs">Verbs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Udmurt_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Udmurt <a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verbs</a> are divided into two <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_conjugation" title="Grammatical conjugation">conjugation</a> groups, both having the <a href="/wiki/Infinitive" title="Infinitive">infinitive</a> marker <i><span title="Udmurt-language text"><span lang="udm">-ны</span></span></i>. </p><p>There are three <a href="/wiki/Verbal_moods" class="mw-redirect" title="Verbal moods">verbal moods</a> in Udmurt: <a href="/wiki/Indicative" class="mw-redirect" title="Indicative">indicative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conditional_mood" title="Conditional mood">conditional</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imperative_mood" title="Imperative mood">imperative</a>. There is also an <a href="/wiki/Optative" class="mw-redirect" title="Optative">optative</a> mood used in certain <a href="/wiki/Dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialects">dialects</a>. The indicative mood has four tenses: present, future, and two past tenses. In addition there are four past tense structures which include <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_verbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Auxiliary verbs">auxiliary verbs</a>. Verbs are negated by use of an auxiliary <a href="/wiki/Negative_verb" title="Negative verb">negative verb</a> that conjugates with personal endings. </p><p>The basic verbal personal markers in Udmurt are (with some exceptions): </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Personal endings of verbs </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Person </th> <th>Ending </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Singular </th></tr> <tr> <td>1st </td> <td>-Ø </td></tr> <tr> <td>2nd </td> <td>-<span title="Udmurt-language text"><span lang="udm">д</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3rd </td> <td>-<span title="Udmurt-language text"><span lang="udm">з</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Plural </th></tr> <tr> <td>1st </td> <td>-<span title="Udmurt-language text"><span lang="udm">мы</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2nd </td> <td>-<span title="Udmurt-language text"><span lang="udm">ды</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3rd </td> <td>-<span title="Udmurt-language text"><span lang="udm">зы</span></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Example conjugation: <span title="Udmurt-language text"><span lang="udm">тодыны</span></span> (conjugation I) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Person </th> <th>Udmurt </th> <th>Transliteration </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4">Singular </th></tr> <tr> <td>1st </td> <td><span title="Udmurt-language text"><span lang="udm">тод<b>ӥсько</b></span></span>* </td> <td>tod<b>iśko</b>* </td> <td>I know </td></tr> <tr> <td>2nd </td> <td><span title="Udmurt-language text"><span lang="udm">тод<b>ӥськод</b></span></span>* </td> <td>tod<b>iśkod</b>* </td> <td>you know </td></tr> <tr> <td>3rd </td> <td><span title="Udmurt-language text"><span lang="udm">тод<b>э</b></span></span> </td> <td>tod<b>e</b> </td> <td>he/she knows </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4">Plural </th></tr> <tr> <td>1st </td> <td><span title="Udmurt-language text"><span lang="udm">тод<b>ӥськомы</b></span></span> </td> <td>tod<b>iśkomy</b> </td> <td>we know </td></tr> <tr> <td>2nd </td> <td><span title="Udmurt-language text"><span lang="udm">тод<b>ӥськоды</b></span></span> </td> <td>tod<b>iśkody</b> </td> <td>you know </td></tr> <tr> <td>3rd </td> <td><span title="Udmurt-language text"><span lang="udm">тод<b>о</b></span></span> </td> <td>tod<b>o</b> </td> <td>they know </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>*The present tense in Udmurt in all but the third person, is marked with <i><span title="Udmurt-language text"><span lang="udm">-(ӥ)сько-/-(и)сько-</span></span></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syntax">Syntax</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Udmurt_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Syntax"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Udmurt is an <a href="/wiki/SOV_language" class="mw-redirect" title="SOV language">SOV language</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lexicon">Lexicon</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Udmurt_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Lexicon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Depending on the style, about 10 to 30 percent of the Udmurt lexicon consists of <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a>. Many loanwords are from the <a href="/wiki/Tatar_language" title="Tatar language">Tatar language</a>, which has also strongly influenced Udmurt phonology and syntax. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Otiskom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Otiskom.jpg/210px-Otiskom.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Otiskom.jpg/315px-Otiskom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Otiskom.jpg/420px-Otiskom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1675" data-file-height="1134" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Bilingual_sign" title="Bilingual sign">bilingual sign</a> in <a href="/wiki/Izhevsk" title="Izhevsk">Izhevsk</a> proclaiming "welcome" in Russian ("<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">добро пожаловать</span></span>") and Udmurt ("<span title="Udmurt-language text"><span lang="udm">гажаса ӧтиськом</span></span>").</figcaption></figure> <p>The Udmurt language, along with the Tatar language, influenced the language of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Udmurtia_and_Tatarstan" title="History of the Jews in Udmurtia and Tatarstan">Udmurt Jews</a>, in the dialects of which the words of Finno-Ugric and Turkic origin there were recorded.<sup id="cite_ref-snioo.ru_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snioo.ru-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Goldberg-Altyntsev_A.V._2015_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldberg-Altyntsev_A.V._2015-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-files.literjewsudmurtia.webnode.ru_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-files.literjewsudmurtia.webnode.ru-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-literjewsudmurtia.webnode.ru_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-literjewsudmurtia.webnode.ru-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Udmurt_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Multilingual_tag_Petrova_street.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Multilingual_tag_Petrova_street.jpg/220px-Multilingual_tag_Petrova_street.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Multilingual_tag_Petrova_street.jpg/330px-Multilingual_tag_Petrova_street.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Multilingual_tag_Petrova_street.jpg/440px-Multilingual_tag_Petrova_street.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="928" /></a><figcaption>Bus and trolleybus stop tag on Russian and Udmurt languages in Izhevsk</figcaption></figure> <p>Eurovision runners-up <a href="/wiki/Buranovskiye_Babushki" title="Buranovskiye Babushki">Buranovskiye Babushki</a>, a pop group composed of Udmurt grandmothers, sing mostly in Udmurt.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The romantic comedy film <a href="/wiki/Berry-Strawberry" title="Berry-Strawberry">Berry-Strawberry</a>, a joint Polish-Udmurt production, is in the Udmurt language. </p><p>In 2013, the film company "Inwis kinopottonni" produced a film in the Udmurt language called Puzkar ("nest").<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> was first completely translated into Udmurt in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Udmurt_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCsúcs1998" class="citation book cs1">Csúcs, Sándor (1998). "Udmurt". In Abondolo, Daniel (ed.). <i>The Uralic Languages</i>. London: Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">276–</span>304.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Udmurt&rft.btitle=The+Uralic+Languages&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E276-%3C%2Fspan%3E304&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Cs%C3%BAcs&rft.aufirst=S%C3%A1ndor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUdmurt+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKel'makovSara_Hännikäinen2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kel'makov, Valentin; Sara Hännikäinen (2008). <i>Udmurtin kielioppia ja harjoituksia</i> (in Finnish) (2nd ed.). Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-952-5150-34-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-952-5150-34-6"><bdi>978-952-5150-34-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Udmurtin+kielioppia+ja+harjoituksia&rft.place=Helsinki&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Suomalais-Ugrilainen+Seura&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-952-5150-34-6&rft.aulast=Kel%27makov&rft.aufirst=Valentin&rft.au=Sara+H%C3%A4nnik%C3%A4inen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUdmurt+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMoreau2009" class="citation book cs1">Moreau, Jean-Luc (2009). <i>Parlons Oudmourte</i>. Paris: L'Harmattan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-296-07951-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-296-07951-9"><bdi>978-2-296-07951-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Parlons+Oudmourte&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=L%27Harmattan&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-2-296-07951-9&rft.aulast=Moreau&rft.aufirst=Jean-Luc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUdmurt+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSvetlana_Edygarova2014" class="citation journal cs1">Svetlana Edygarova (18 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journal.fi/fuf/article/download/86085/44964">"The varieties of the modern Udmurt language"</a>. <i>Finnisch-Ugrische Forschungen</i> (62): <span class="nowrap">376–</span>398. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.33339%2FFUF.86085">10.33339/FUF.86085</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0355-1253">0355-1253</a>. <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q122984591" class="extiw" title="d:Q122984591">Q122984591</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Finnisch-Ugrische+Forschungen&rft.atitle=The+varieties+of+the+modern+Udmurt+language&rft.issue=62&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E376-%3C%2Fspan%3E398&rft.date=2014-10-18&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.33339%2FFUF.86085&rft.issn=0355-1253&rft.au=Svetlana+Edygarova&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournal.fi%2Ffuf%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F86085%2F44964&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUdmurt+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Udmurt_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200124160257/http://rosstat.gov.ru/vpn_popul">"Итоги Всероссийской переписи населения 2020 года. Таблица 6. Население по родному языку"</a> [Results of the All-Russian population census 2020. Table 6. population according to native language.]. <i>rosstat.gov.ru</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rosstat.gov.ru/vpn_popul">the original</a> on 2020-01-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rosstat.gov.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%98%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8+%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+2020+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0.+%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0+6.+%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83+%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%83.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frosstat.gov.ru%2Fvpn_popul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUdmurt+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRantanenTolvanenRooseYlikoski2022" class="citation journal cs1">Rantanen, Timo; Tolvanen, Harri; Roose, Meeli; Ylikoski, Jussi; Vesakoski, Outi (2022-06-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9176854">"Best practices for spatial language data harmonization, sharing and map creation—A case study of Uralic"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>17</b> (6): e0269648. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022PLoSO..1769648R">2022PLoSO..1769648R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0269648">10.1371/journal.pone.0269648</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9176854">9176854</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35675367">35675367</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Best+practices+for+spatial+language+data+harmonization%2C+sharing+and+map+creation%E2%80%94A+case+study+of+Uralic&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=e0269648&rft.date=2022-06-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9176854%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35675367&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0269648&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022PLoSO..1769648R&rft.aulast=Rantanen&rft.aufirst=Timo&rft.au=Tolvanen%2C+Harri&rft.au=Roose%2C+Meeli&rft.au=Ylikoski%2C+Jussi&rft.au=Vesakoski%2C+Outi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9176854&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUdmurt+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rantanen, Timo, Vesakoski, Outi, Ylikoski, Jussi, & Tolvanen, Harri. (2021). <i>Geographical database of the Uralic languages</i> (v1.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4784188">https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4784188</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEdygarova2022" class="citation journal cs1">Edygarova, Svetlana (2022). "The Udmurt language between 1920 and 1950". <i>Finnisch-ugrische Mitteilungen</i>. <b>46</b>: <span class="nowrap">91–</span>139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783967692778" title="Special:BookSources/9783967692778"><bdi>9783967692778</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Finnisch-ugrische+Mitteilungen.&rft.atitle=The+Udmurt+language+between+1920+and+1950&rft.volume=46&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E91-%3C%2Fspan%3E139&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9783967692778&rft.aulast=Edygarova&rft.aufirst=Svetlana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUdmurt+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Endangered_Languages-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Endangered_Languages_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/3010">"Udmurt"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Languages_Project" title="Endangered Languages Project">Endangered Languages Project</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Endangered+Languages+Project&rft.atitle=Udmurt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.endangeredlanguages.com%2Flang%2F3010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUdmurt+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/14/show_language.asp?code=UDM">Ethnologue code=UDM</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081009184327/http://www.ethnologue.com/14/show_language.asp?code=UDM">Archived</a> October 9, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://udmurt.info/udmurt/lekcii/02.htm">"2. Фонетика"</a>. <i>Удмуртология</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%A3%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.atitle=2.+%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fudmurt.info%2Fudmurt%2Flekcii%2F02.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUdmurt+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-asm-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-asm_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-asm_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209020835/http://udman.ru/ru/press-center/nauka-lyudyam/k-probleme-kategorii-inklyuzivnosti-mestoimeniy-v-udmurtskom-yazyke/">"К проблеме категории инклюзивности местоимений в удмуртском языке"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://udman.ru/ru/press-center/nauka-lyudyam/k-probleme-kategorii-inklyuzivnosti-mestoimeniy-v-udmurtskom-yazyke/">the original</a> on 2023-12-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9A+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5+%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%B2+%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fudman.ru%2Fru%2Fpress-center%2Fnauka-lyudyam%2Fk-probleme-kategorii-inklyuzivnosti-mestoimeniy-v-udmurtskom-yazyke%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUdmurt+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-snioo.ru-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-snioo.ru_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Altyntsev A.V., "The Concept of Love in Ashkenazim of Udmurtia and Tatarstan", Nauka Udmurtii. 2013. № 4 (66), pp. 131–132. (Алтынцев А.В., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://snioo.ru/images/stories/nu-print/nu4662013.pdf">"Чувство любви в понимании евреев-ашкенази Удмуртии и Татарстана".</a> Наука Удмуртии. 2013. №4. С. 131–132: Комментарии.) <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goldberg-Altyntsev_A.V._2015-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Goldberg-Altyntsev_A.V._2015_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goldberg-Altyntsev A.V., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://files.literjewsudmurtia.webnode.ru/200000026-c8fefc9fbc/A.%20Goldberg-Altyntsev%20-%20A%20short%20ethnographic%20overview%20of%20the%20Ashkenazic%20Jews%20group%20in%20Alnashsky%20District%20of%20Udmurt%20Republic.pdf">"A short ethnographic overview of the Ashkenazic Jews' group in Alnashsky District of Udmurt Republic".</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200807070933/http://files.literjewsudmurtia.webnode.ru/200000026-c8fefc9fbc/A.%20Goldberg-Altyntsev%20-%20A%20short%20ethnographic%20overview%20of%20the%20Ashkenazic%20Jews%20group%20in%20Alnashsky%20District%20of%20Udmurt%20Republic.pdf">Archived</a> 2020-08-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Die Sammlung der wissenschaftlichen Arbeiten der jungen jüdischen Wissenschaftler. Herausgegeben von Artur Katz, Yumi Matsuda und Alexander Grinberg. München, Dachau, 2015. S. 51. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-files.literjewsudmurtia.webnode.ru-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-files.literjewsudmurtia.webnode.ru_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://files.literjewsudmurtia.webnode.ru/200000031-6b7256d64f/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%80%20%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BF%D1%8B%20%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85%20%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%20%D0%B2%20%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%20%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%20%D0%A3%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9%20%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8.pdf">Гольдберг-Алтынцев А.В., "Краткий этнографический обзор группы ашкеназских евреев в Алнашском районе Удмуртской Республики / пер. с англ. яз. А.Й. Каца."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200807005358/http://files.literjewsudmurtia.webnode.ru/200000031-6b7256d64f/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%80%20%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BF%D1%8B%20%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85%20%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%20%D0%B2%20%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%20%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%20%D0%A3%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9%20%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8.pdf">Archived</a> 2020-08-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Jewish studies in the Udmurt Republic: Online. Part 1. Edited by A. Greenberg. February 27, 2015 published. P. 3. <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-literjewsudmurtia.webnode.ru-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-literjewsudmurtia.webnode.ru_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goldberg-Altyntsev A.V., "Some characteristics of the Jews in Alnashsky District of Udmurt Republic." The youth. The creativity. The science. Edited by V. Cox, A. Katz and A. Greenberg. Trenton, 2014, p. 28. (גאלדבערג-אלטינצעוו א.ו., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://literjewsudmurtia.webnode.ru/biblioteka/publikatsii/some-characteristics-of-the-jews-in-alnashsky-district-of-udmurt-republic/">". איניגע באזונדערהייטן פון די יידן אין אלנאשסקער רייאן פון ודמורטישע רעפובליק"</a> The youth. The creativity. The science. = Die Jugend. Die Kreativität. Die Wissenschaft. = נוער. יצירתיות. מדע Edited by V. Cox, A. Katz and A. Greenberg. Trenton, 2014. P. 28.) <span class="languageicon">(in Yiddish)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOmelyanchuk2012" class="citation web cs1">Omelyanchuk, Olena (7 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurovision.tv/page/news?id=48483&_t=buranovskiye_babushki_to_represent_russia_in_baku">"Buranovskiye Babushki to represent Russia in Baku"</a>. European Broadcasting Union<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Buranovskiye+Babushki+to+represent+Russia+in+Baku&rft.pub=European+Broadcasting+Union&rft.date=2012-03-07&rft.aulast=Omelyanchuk&rft.aufirst=Olena&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurovision.tv%2Fpage%2Fnews%3Fid%3D48483%26_t%3Dburanovskiye_babushki_to_represent_russia_in_baku&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUdmurt+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LGEbvAUnQ6Y">"Пузкар (удмурт кино)".</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150509154554/http://www.unitedbiblesocieties.org/news/first-bible-in-udmurt-arrives-this-week/">"First Bible in Udmurt – arrives this week!"</a>. United Bible Societies. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unitedbiblesocieties.org/news/first-bible-in-udmurt-arrives-this-week/">the original</a> on 9 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=First+Bible+in+Udmurt+%E2%80%93+arrives+this+week%21&rft.pub=United+Bible+Societies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unitedbiblesocieties.org%2Fnews%2Ffirst-bible-in-udmurt-arrives-this-week%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUdmurt+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Udmurt_language&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Udmurt_language" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Udmurt language">Udmurt language</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="udm:"> Udmurt edition</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/60px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/120px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://wikisource.org/wiki/Category:Udmurt" class="extiw" title="oldwikisource:Category:Udmurt"> Udmurt language repository</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>, the free library</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/120px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Udmurt_phrasebook#Q13238" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Udmurt phrasebook">Udmurt phrasebook</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://udmurt.info">Udmurtology: Udmurt Language, History and Culture</a><span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070224030915/http://library.finugor.ru/eng/?item=u&l=2">Literature</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://udmurtology.ru">The First Udmurt Forum</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170421112214/http://udmurtology.ru/">Archived</a> 2017-04-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://v4.udsu.ru/english/">Udmurt State University (has Udmurt Language Program for English speakers)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omniglot.com/writing/udmurt.htm">Udmurt language, alphabet and pronunciation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Napolskikh" title="Vladimir Napolskikh">Vladimir Napolskikh</a>.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://udmurt.info/pdf/library/napolskikh/winkler.pdf">Review of Eberhard Winkler, Udmurt, München 2001 (Languages of the World. Materials 212)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kyv.oahpa.no/">Udmurt – Finnish/Komi Zyrian dictionary</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160607164410/http://kyv.oahpa.no/">Archived</a> 2016-06-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (robust finite-state, open-source)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://baltoslav.eu/hulnia/udm.php?mova=en">Learning Udmurt words</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.translitteration.com/transliteration/en/udmurt/bgn-pcgn/">BGN/PCGN romanization tool for Udmurt</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bjarmian_languages" title="Bjarmian languages">Bjarmian languages</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Laiuse_Romani_language" title="Laiuse Romani language">Laiuse Romani</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_coastal_Estonian" title="Northeastern coastal Estonian">Northeastern coastal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Estonian" title="South Estonian">South Estonian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seto_dialect" title="Seto dialect">Seto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B5ro_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Võro dialect">Võro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulgi_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulgi dialect">Mulgi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartu_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Tartu dialect">Tartu</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ludza_dialect" title="Ludza dialect">Ludza</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kraasna_dialect" title="Kraasna dialect">Kraasna</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leivu_dialect" title="Leivu dialect">Leivu</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Finnish" title="American Finnish">Fingelska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kven_language" title="Kven language">Kven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Me%C3%A4nkieli" title="Meänkieli">Meänkieli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Finnish" title="Siberian Finnish">Siberian Finnish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingrian_language" title="Ingrian language">Ingrian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Ingrian_Finnish" title="Siberian Ingrian Finnish">Siberian Ingrian Finnish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karelian_language" title="Karelian language">Karelian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karelian_Proper_language" title="Karelian Proper language">Karelian proper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livvi-Karelian_language" title="Livvi-Karelian language">Livvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludic_language" title="Ludic language">Ludic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_language" title="Livonian language">Livonian</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Salaca_Livonian" title="Salaca Livonian">Salaca</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veps_language" title="Veps language">Veps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Votic_language" title="Votic language">Votic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Krevinian_dialect" title="Krevinian dialect">Krevinian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kukkuzi_dialect" title="Kukkuzi dialect">Kukkuzi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Uralic_languages_(_ALL_LANGUAGES_).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Uralic_languages_%28_ALL_LANGUAGES_%29.png/330px-Uralic_languages_%28_ALL_LANGUAGES_%29.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Uralic_languages_%28_ALL_LANGUAGES_%29.png/500px-Uralic_languages_%28_ALL_LANGUAGES_%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Uralic_languages_%28_ALL_LANGUAGES_%29.png/960px-Uralic_languages_%28_ALL_LANGUAGES_%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1141" data-file-height="906" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_languages" title="Sámi languages">Sámi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern Sámi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Akkala_S%C3%A1mi" class="mw-redirect" title="Akkala Sámi">Akkala</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inari_S%C3%A1mi_language" title="Inari Sámi language">Inari</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kainuu_S%C3%A1mi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kainuu Sámi">Kainuu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kemi_S%C3%A1mi" title="Kemi Sámi">Kemi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kildin_Sami" title="Kildin Sami">Kildin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skolt_S%C3%A1mi" class="mw-redirect" title="Skolt Sámi">Skolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ter_S%C3%A1mi" title="Ter Sámi">Ter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Sámi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lule_S%C3%A1mi" class="mw-redirect" title="Lule Sámi">Lule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_S%C3%A1mi" title="Northern Sámi">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pite_S%C3%A1mi" class="mw-redirect" title="Pite Sámi">Pite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_S%C3%A1mi" title="Southern Sámi">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ume_S%C3%A1mi" title="Ume Sámi">Ume</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mordvinic_languages" title="Mordvinic languages">Mordvinic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erzya_language" title="Erzya language">Erzya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shoksha_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Shoksha dialect">Shoksha dialect</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schokscha" class="extiw" title="de:Schokscha">de</a>; <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82" class="extiw" title="ru:Шокшинский диалект">ru</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha_language" title="Moksha language">Moksha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mari_language" title="Mari language">Mari</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hill_Mari_language" title="Hill Mari language">Hill Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meadow_Mari_language" title="Meadow Mari language">Meadow Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Mari_language" title="Northwestern Mari language">Northwestern Mari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Permic_languages" title="Permic languages">Permic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Komi_language" title="Komi language">Komi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi-Yazva_language" title="Komi-Yazva language">Komi-Yazva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi-Permyak_language" title="Komi-Permyak language">Komi-Permyak</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Udmurt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Besermyan#Culture" title="Besermyan">Besermyan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ugric_languages" title="Ugric languages">Ugric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Ob-Ugric31" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ob-Ugric_languages" title="Ob-Ugric languages">Ob-Ugric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khanty_languages" title="Khanty languages">Khanty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Khanty_language" title="Northern Khanty language">Northern Khanty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Khanty_language" title="Southern Khanty language">Southern Khanty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Khanty_language" title="Eastern Khanty language">Eastern Khanty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansi_languages" title="Mansi languages">Mansi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mansi" title="Northern Mansi">Northern Mansi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Western_Mansi_language" title="Western Mansi language">Western Mansi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mansi" title="Eastern Mansi">Eastern Mansi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Mansi_language" title="Southern Mansi language">Southern Mansi</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Samoyedic_languages" title="Samoyedic languages">Samoyedic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enets_language" title="Enets language">Enets</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kamas_language" title="Kamas language">Kamas</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Koibal_dialect" title="Koibal dialect">Koibal</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mator_language" title="Mator language">Mator</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Taygi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Taygi language">Taygi</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" class="extiw" title="ru:Тайгийский язык">ru</a>]</span></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Karagas_language_(Uralic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Karagas language (Uralic)">Karagas</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" class="extiw" title="ru:Карагасский язык">ru</a>]</span></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nenets_languages" title="Nenets languages">Nenets</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forest_Nenets_language" title="Forest Nenets language">Forest Nenets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tundra_Nenets_language" title="Tundra Nenets language">Tundra Nenets</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nganasan_language" title="Nganasan language">Nganasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selkup_language" title="Selkup language">Selkup</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Selkup_language" title="Northern Selkup language">Northern</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yurats_language" title="Yurats language">Yurats</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Merya_language" title="Merya language">Merya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meshchera_language" title="Meshchera language">Meshcherian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muromian_language" title="Muromian language">Muromian</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reconstructed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Uralic_language" title="Proto-Uralic language">Proto-Uralic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Uralic_homeland" title="Proto-Uralic homeland">homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Finnic_language" title="Proto-Finnic language">Proto-Finnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-S%C3%A1mi_language" title="Proto-Sámi language">Proto-Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Samoyedic_language" title="Proto-Samoyedic language">Proto-Samoyedic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Russia489" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Russia" title="Template:Languages of Russia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Russia" title="Template talk:Languages of Russia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Russia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Russia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Russia489" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Russia" title="Languages of Russia">Languages of Russia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Federal language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State languages<br />of federal subjects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abaza_language" title="Abaza language">Abaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_language" title="Adyghe language">Adyghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aghul_language" title="Aghul language">Aghul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altai_languages" title="Altai languages">Altai</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Northern_Altai_language" title="Northern Altai language">Northern Altai</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Southern_Altai_language" title="Southern Altai language">Southern Altai</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avar_language" title="Avar language">Avar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkir_language" title="Bashkir language">Bashkir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buryat_language" title="Buryat language">Buryat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_language" title="Chechen language">Chechen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_language" title="Chuvash language">Chuvash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_language" title="Crimean Tatar language">Crimean Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dargwa_language" title="Dargwa language">Dargwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingush_language" title="Ingush language">Ingush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabardian_language" title="Kabardian language">Kabardian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_Oirat" title="Kalmyk Oirat">Kalmyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachay-Balkar" title="Karachay-Balkar">Karachay-Balkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khakas_language" title="Khakas language">Khakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi_language" title="Komi language">Komi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumyk_language" title="Kumyk language">Kumyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lak_language" title="Lak language">Lak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgian_language" title="Lezgian language">Lezgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_language" title="Mari language">Mari</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Hill_Mari_language" title="Hill Mari language">Hill</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Meadow_Mari_language" title="Meadow Mari language">Meadow</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordvinic_languages" title="Mordvinic languages">Mordvin</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Erzya_language" title="Erzya language">Erzya</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Moksha_language" title="Moksha language">Moksha</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogai_language" title="Nogai language">Nogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_language" title="Ossetian language">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutul_language" title="Rutul language">Rutul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakut_language" title="Yakut language">Yakut/Sakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabasaran_language" title="Tabasaran language">Tabasaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tat_language_(Caucasus)" title="Tat language (Caucasus)">Tat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_language" title="Tatar language">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsakhur_language" title="Tsakhur language">Tsakhur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvan_language" title="Tuvan language">Tuvan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Udmurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Languages with official status</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chukchi_language" title="Chukchi language">Chukchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolgan_language" title="Dolgan language">Dolgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Even_language" title="Even language">Even</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evenki_language" title="Evenki language">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karelian_language" title="Karelian language">Karelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanty_languages" title="Khanty languages">Khanty</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Khanty_language" title="Northern Khanty language">Northern Khanty</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Khanty_language" title="Southern Khanty language">Southern Khanty</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Khanty_language" title="Eastern Khanty language">Eastern Khanty</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi-Permyak_language" title="Komi-Permyak language">Komi-Permyak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mansi language">Mansi</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mansi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Mansi language">Northern Mansi</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Mansi_language" title="Western Mansi language">Western Mansi</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mansi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Mansi language">Eastern Mansi</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Mansi_language" title="Southern Mansi language">Southern Mansi</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nenets_languages" title="Nenets languages">Nenets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selkup_language" title="Selkup language">Selkup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veps_language" title="Veps language">Veps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukaghir_languages" title="Yukaghir languages">Yukaghir</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Tundra_Yukaghir_language" title="Tundra Yukaghir language">Northern Yukaghir</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Yukaghir_language" title="Southern Yukaghir language">Southern Yukaghir</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic Braille">Cyrillic Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian script</a> (<small><a href="/wiki/Vagindra_script" title="Vagindra script">Buryat script</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clear_Script" title="Clear Script">Kalmyk script</a></small>)<sup>2</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><sup>1</sup> In Russia, the Cyrillic alphabet is officially supported. <sup>2</sup> For other, non-Cyrillic alphabets, separate federal laws are required. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Russia" title="Category:Languages of Russia">Languages of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_in_languages_of_Russia" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia in languages of Russia">Wikipedia in languages of Russia</a></li> <li><a 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