Oral Hygiene Product for Tooth Whitening Based on the Natural Product Curcumin

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} div.type-section h2 { font-size: 20px; line-height: 26px; font-weight: 300; } div.type-section h3 { margin-left: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; font-weight: 300; } .journal-tabs .tab-title.active a { } </style> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/slick.css?f38b2db10e01b157?1732615622"> <meta name="title" content="Oral Hygiene Product for Tooth Whitening Based on the Natural Product Curcumin"> <meta name="description" content="Introduction: In everyday life, many people smoke, eat colored foods, and drink coffee, tea, and other beverages. The use of herbal products containing natural ingredients is better accepted by the public because of their safety. The aim of the present study was to develop two formulations of curcumin-based gels and investigate their anti-dyschromic qualities in teeth. Materials and Methods: This is an in vitro therapeutic clinical trial. A series of experiments was carried out on extracted teeth (n = 30). Samples were randomly divided into five subgroups. Readings were taken initially (T1), and then after immersion in a blackening process (T2). The brightening agent was applied for 5 min, three times a day. After 30 days of applications, new measurements were taken using a Vita Classical shade guide. Results: The curcumin and xanthan gum hydrogel that was used topically demonstrated superior efficacy in reducing dental dyschromia. These promising results suggest that this formulation could be an attractive option for the treatment of dental dyschromia. Conclusions: Curcumin-based gel presents itself as a promising candidate for the prevention and/or treatment of dental dyschromia. In addition, it has an excellent safety profile." > <link rel="image_src" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/blsf-logo.png?f85345bba2a15096" > <meta name="dc.title" content="Oral Hygiene Product for Tooth Whitening Based on the Natural Product Curcumin"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Allal Nawel"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Guendouz Souhila"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Baba Ahmed Nawel"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Oudghiri Fouad"> <meta name="dc.type" content="Proceeding Paper"> <meta name="dc.source" content="Biology and Life Sciences Forum 2024, Vol. 36, Page 10"> <meta name="dc.date" content="2024-11-07"> <meta name ="dc.identifier" content="10.3390/blsf2024036010"> <meta name="dc.publisher" content="Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"> <meta name="dc.rights" content="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/"> <meta name="dc.format" content="application/pdf" > <meta name="dc.language" content="en" > <meta name="dc.description" content="Introduction: In everyday life, many people smoke, eat colored foods, and drink coffee, tea, and other beverages. The use of herbal products containing natural ingredients is better accepted by the public because of their safety. The aim of the present study was to develop two formulations of curcumin-based gels and investigate their anti-dyschromic qualities in teeth. Materials and Methods: This is an in vitro therapeutic clinical trial. A series of experiments was carried out on extracted teeth (n = 30). Samples were randomly divided into five subgroups. Readings were taken initially (T1), and then after immersion in a blackening process (T2). The brightening agent was applied for 5 min, three times a day. After 30 days of applications, new measurements were taken using a Vita Classical shade guide. Results: The curcumin and xanthan gum hydrogel that was used topically demonstrated superior efficacy in reducing dental dyschromia. These promising results suggest that this formulation could be an attractive option for the treatment of dental dyschromia. Conclusions: Curcumin-based gel presents itself as a promising candidate for the prevention and/or treatment of dental dyschromia. In addition, it has an excellent safety profile." > <meta name="dc.subject" content="curcumin" > <meta name="dc.subject" content="topical gel" > <meta name="dc.subject" content="tooth lightening" > <meta name ="prism.issn" content="2673-9976"> <meta name ="prism.publicationName" content="Biology and Life Sciences Forum"> <meta name ="prism.publicationDate" content="2024-11-07"> <meta name ="prism.volume" content="36"> <meta name ="prism.number" content="1"> <meta name ="prism.section" content="Proceeding Paper" > <meta name ="prism.startingPage" content="10" > <meta name="citation_issn" content="2673-9976"> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Biology and Life Sciences Forum"> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"> <meta name="citation_title" content="Oral Hygiene Product for Tooth Whitening Based on the Natural Product Curcumin"> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2024"> <meta name="citation_online_date" content="2024/11/07"> <meta name="citation_volume" content="36"> <meta name="citation_issue" content="1"> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="10"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Nawel, Allal"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Souhila, Guendouz"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Nawel, Baba Ahmed"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Fouad, Oudghiri"> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.3390/blsf2024036010"> <meta name="citation_id" content="mdpi-blsf2024036010"> <meta name="citation_abstract_html_url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9976/36/1/10"> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9976/36/1/10/pdf?version=1730973669"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/pdf" title="PDF Full-Text" href="https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9976/36/1/10/pdf?version=1730973669"> <meta name="fulltext_pdf" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9976/36/1/10/pdf?version=1730973669"> <meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9976/36/1/10/htm"> <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" title="HTML Full-Text" href="https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9976/36/1/10/htm"> <meta name="fulltext_html" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9976/36/1/10/htm"> <link rel="alternate" type="text/xml" title="XML Full-Text" href="https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9976/36/1/10/xml"> <meta name="fulltext_xml" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9976/36/1/10/xml"> <meta name="citation_xml_url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9976/36/1/10/xml"> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@MDPIOpenAccess" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/blsf-logo-social.png?f85345bba2a15096" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="131189377574"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="MDPI"/> <meta property="og:type" content="article"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9976/36/1/10" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Oral Hygiene Product for Tooth Whitening Based on the Natural Product Curcumin" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Introduction: In everyday life, many people smoke, eat colored foods, and drink coffee, tea, and other beverages. The use of herbal products containing natural ingredients is better accepted by the public because of their safety. The aim of the present study was to develop two formulations of curcumin-based gels and investigate their anti-dyschromic qualities in teeth. Materials and Methods: This is an in vitro therapeutic clinical trial. A series of experiments was carried out on extracted teeth (n = 30). Samples were randomly divided into five subgroups. Readings were taken initially (T1), and then after immersion in a blackening process (T2). The brightening agent was applied for 5 min, three times a day. After 30 days of applications, new measurements were taken using a Vita Classical shade guide. Results: The curcumin and xanthan gum hydrogel that was used topically demonstrated superior efficacy in reducing dental dyschromia. These promising results suggest that this formulation could be an attractive option for the treatment of dental dyschromia. Conclusions: Curcumin-based gel presents itself as a promising candidate for the prevention and/or treatment of dental dyschromia. In addition, it has an excellent safety profile." /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/blsf-logo-social.png?f85345bba2a15096" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="MDPI Publishing - Latest articles" href="https://www.mdpi.com/rss"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="PxTlsg7z2S00aHroktQd57fxygEjMiNHydKn3txhvwY"> <meta name="facebook-domain-verification" content="mcoq8dtq6sb2hf7z29j8w515jjoof7" /> <script id="Cookiebot" data-cfasync="false" src="https://consent.cookiebot.com/uc.js" data-cbid="51491ddd-fe7a-4425-ab39-69c78c55829f" type="text/javascript" async></script>  <script type="text/plain" data-cookieconsent="statistics"> (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-WPK7SW5'); 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data-author-id="13369743" href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#84abe7eae0a9e7e3edabe8abe1e9e5ede8a9f4f6ebf0e1e7f0edebeaa7b4b4b4e2b2e1b5bdb4e2b4b6b0b4b4e7b4e2b4e7b4e2b4e2b4b2b4b7b4e6b4e5b6e1b5e6b4b4b4b3b5bcb0b7b5e5b4b6b4e6b4b7b4e0b4e6b4b4b0b4b4e5b5b0"><sup><i class="fa fa-envelope-o"></i></sup></a> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop13369744' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> Oudghiri Fouad</div><div id="profile-card-drop13369744" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/bundles/mdpisciprofileslink/img/unknown-user.png" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">Oudghiri Fouad</span></div></div></div><div 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href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#bf90dcd1db92dcd8d690d390dad2ded6d392cfcdd0cbdadccbd6d0d19c8f8f8ede89d98fdd8f878f888f898edb8f898f868f8f8ede8fda8fdd8dd98e898fda8f888f8f8f8f8b8e8f868edb"><sup><i class="fa fa-envelope-o"></i></sup></a></span> </div> <div class="nrm"></div> <span style="display:block; height:6px;"></span> <div></div> <div style="margin: 5px 0 15px 0;" class="hypothesis_container"> <div class="art-affiliations"> <div class="affiliation "> <div class="affiliation-item"><sup>1</sup></div> <div class="affiliation-name ">Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Tlemcen, Tlemcen 13000, Algeria</div> </div> <div class="affiliation "> <div class="affiliation-item"><sup>2</sup></div> <div class="affiliation-name ">Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Tlemcen, Tlemcen 13000, Algeria</div> </div> <div class="affiliation"> <div class="affiliation-item"><sup>*</sup></div> <div class="affiliation-name ">Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. </div> </div> <div class="affiliation"> <div class="affiliation-item"><sup>†</sup></div> <div class="affiliation-name ">Presented at the 9th International Seminar (MGIBR) Management and Genetic Improvement of Biological Ressources, Tlemcen, Algeria, 20–22 April 2024.</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="bib-identity" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> <em>Biol. Life Sci. Forum</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>36</em>(1), 10; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/blsf2024036010">https://doi.org/10.3390/blsf2024036010</a> </div> <div class="pubhistory" style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 10px;"> <span style="display: inline-block">Published: 7 November 2024</span> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Proceedings of <a href="/2673-9976/36/1">The 9th International Seminar (MGIBR) Management and Genetic Improvement of Biological Ressources</a>)<br/> </div> <div class="highlight-box1"> <div class="download"> <a class="button button--color-inversed button--drop-down" data-dropdown="drop-download-1516009" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-1516009" aria-expanded="false"> Download <i class="material-icons">keyboard_arrow_down</i> </a> <div id="drop-download-1516009" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--button" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <a class="UD_ArticlePDF" href="/2673-9976/36/1/10/pdf?version=1730973669" data-name="Oral Hygiene Product for Tooth Whitening Based on the Natural Product Curcumin" data-journal="blsf">Download PDF</a> <br/> <a id="js-pdf-with-cover-access-captcha" href="#" data-target="/2673-9976/36/1/10/pdf-with-cover" class="accessCaptcha">Download PDF with Cover</a> <br/> <a id="js-xml-access-captcha" href="#" data-target="/2673-9976/36/1/10/xml" class="accessCaptcha">Download XML</a> <br/> <a href="/2673-9976/36/1/10/epub" id="epub_link">Download Epub</a> <br/> </div> <a class="button button--color-inversed" href="/2673-9976/36/1/10/notes">Versions Notes</a> </div> </div> <div class="responsive-moving-container small hidden" data-id="article-counters" style="margin-top: 15px;"></div> <div class="html-dynamic"> <section> <div class="art-abstract art-abstract-new in-tab hypothesis_container"> <p> <div><section class="html-abstract" id="html-abstract"> <h2 id="html-abstract-title">Abstract</h2><b>:</b> <div class="html-p">Introduction: In everyday life, many people smoke, eat colored foods, and drink coffee, tea, and other beverages. The use of herbal products containing natural ingredients is better accepted by the public because of their safety. The aim of the present study was to develop two formulations of curcumin-based gels and investigate their anti-dyschromic qualities in teeth. Materials and Methods: This is an in vitro therapeutic clinical trial. A series of experiments was carried out on extracted teeth (n = 30). Samples were randomly divided into five subgroups. Readings were taken initially (T1), and then after immersion in a blackening process (T2). The brightening agent was applied for 5 min, three times a day. After 30 days of applications, new measurements were taken using a Vita Classical shade guide. Results: The curcumin and xanthan gum hydrogel that was used topically demonstrated superior efficacy in reducing dental dyschromia. These promising results suggest that this formulation could be an attractive option for the treatment of dental dyschromia. Conclusions: Curcumin-based gel presents itself as a promising candidate for the prevention and/or treatment of dental dyschromia. In addition, it has an excellent safety profile.</div> </section> <div id="html-keywords"> <div class="html-gwd-group"><div id="html-keywords-title">Keywords: </div><a href="/search?q=curcumin">curcumin</a>; <a href="/search?q=topical+gel">topical gel</a>; <a href="/search?q=tooth+lightening">tooth lightening</a></div> <div> </div> </div> </div> </p> </div> </section> </div> <div class="hypothesis_container"> <ul class="menu html-nav" data-prev-node="#html-quick-links-title"> </ul> <div class="html-body"> <section id='sec1-blsf-36-00010' type='intro'><h2 data-nested='1'> 1. Introduction</h2><div class='html-p'>Tooth discoloration, because of its impact on esthetic appearance, is frequently cited as a major esthetic concern, which can have significant psychological repercussions for some people.</div><div class='html-p'>A beautiful smile is considered a sign of youth, health and beauty, and a large number of patients seek a bright, white smile by trying various dental brightening techniques. The frequent and abusive use of lightening agents has led to an increase in the incidence of adverse effects associated with their use.</div><div class='html-p'>Herbal products are now a good alternative source because of their lower side effects and greater acceptance.</div><div class='html-p'>We have chosen to focus our attention on the botanical plant “Curcuma longa”, for which we propose a major contribution by exploring the plant’s innovative prospects as a natural product that could act as a next-generation solution for tooth whitening.</div></section><section id='sec2-blsf-36-00010' type=''><h2 data-nested='1'> 2. Materials and Methods</h2><div class='html-p'>This is an in vitro study for a therapeutic trial. The work was carried out between March 2022 and July 2023 at the Conservative Odontology and Endodontics Department and the Galenical Pharmacy Laboratory of the Faculty of Medicine—Tlemcen.</div><div class='html-p'>The aim of this research is to develop a curcumin-based hydrogel and cream for the treatment of dental dyschromia, while evaluating the clinical efficacy of both formulations.</div><div class='html-p'>We will design a detailed experimental protocol. In addition, we will explore the various tools and techniques used in the development of our formulation. Throughout this study, we will draw on methods and procedures used in the field of dental product formulation to ensure reliable, reproducible results.</div><div class='html-p'>Thirty upper and lower human teeth were obtained from several dental practices in Tlemcen. Selected teeth were conditioned in a saline solution (0.9% sodium chloride), which was changed every 24 h and then cleaned, with any soft tissue residues removed.</div><div class='html-p'>A blackening process was prepared by combining equivalent quantities of coffee, tea, and soft drinks to obtain a dark mixture. The teeth were placed in glass vials containing the blackening process solution for 96 h at a temperature of 37 °C. After 96 h, the teeth were cleaned and dried.</div><div class='html-p'>A series of ethanoic solutions of curcumin at increasing concentrations were prepared to determine the amount of curcumin needed to obtain a lightening effect.</div><div class='html-p'>The solution was applied to the teeth three times a day, for 15 min, over a 30-day period. The brightening effect of the teeth contained in the preparation was assessed by eye with Vita Classical A1-D4 tinting.</div><div class='html-p'>The choice of dosage form for our curcumin-based tooth whitening product is a gel. This decision was motivated by its semi-solid form, which enables an easy and precise application to the teeth, thus ensuring prolonged contact with the tooth surface, and its pleasant texture, which enables curcumin to be incorporated effectively, ensuring better bioavailability and optimal penetration into dental tissue. Two gel products have been prepared: a xanthan gum gel and a curcumin-based Carbopol gel.</div></section><section id='sec3-blsf-36-00010' type='results'><h2 data-nested='1'> 3. Results</h2><div class='html-p'>A Vita Classical A1-D4 colorimeter was used to measure color (<a href="#blsf-36-00010-t001" class="html-table">Table 1</a>). The samples were measured initially, after immersion in the darkening process, and also after the lightening procedure. Additional artificial saliva was added as required to keep the teeth moist.</div><div class='html-p'>The color change (∆E*ab) was calculated using this equation:<div class='html-disp-formula-info' id=''> <div class='f'> ∆E* ab = [(∆L*) 2 + (∆a*) 2 + (∆b*) 2] 1/2 </div> <div class='l'> </div> </div></div><dl class='html-bullet'><dt id=''>-</dt><dd><div class='html-p'>-Vertical parameter L*: Reference to luminosity;</div></dd><dt id=''>-</dt><dd><div class='html-p'>-Color coordinates a*: Chromatic axes in the red–green direction;</div></dd><dt id=''>-</dt><dd><div class='html-p'>-Color coordinates b*: Chromatic axes in the yellow–blue direction;</div></dd></dl><div class='html-p'>The CIELAB-based whiteness index was calculated as follows:<div class='html-disp-formula-info' id=''> <div class='f'> WI D = 0.511 L* − 2.324 a* − 1.100 b* </div> <div class='l'> </div> </div></div><div class='html-p'>When the ΔE was above the threshold of acceptability (ΔE* > 3.48), it was considered as a clinically visible change, while a value of 1.74 was accepted as the threshold of perceptibility. Theorem-type environments (including propositions, lemmas, corollaries, etc.) can be formatted as follows.</div><div class='html-p'>For samples immersed in the liquid from the blackening process, the teeth underwent a color change perceptible to the naked eye, exceeding the acceptability threshold for some samples.</div><div class='html-p'>In terms of color change after tooth lightening using dental cream and curcumin hydrogel, both products produced positive changes. However, the group using xanthan gum showed a more significant difference than the group using Carbopol.</div><div class='html-p'>With regard to the whiteness index (WI D), the highest values were observed in samples treated with xanthan gum. Comparing the whiteness index with the acceptability and perceptibility thresholds, it was found that after 30 days, the xanthan gum group had values above both thresholds for the following samples: 01, 02, 03, 04, and 05; sample 06 had a decrease in L* and a* and an increase in the b* parameter, but significantly eliminated the tooth stain.</div><div class='html-p'>With regard to the whiteness index (WI D), the Carbopol group showed a negative value for sample 01, while samples 02 and 03 showed no significant result in terms of tooth lightening. Sample 04, on the other hand, did show a result.</div></section><section id='sec4-blsf-36-00010' type='discussion'><h2 data-nested='1'> 4. Discussion</h2><div class='html-p'>The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of brushing with a natural agent, curcumin. Curcumin, a popular but unspecified agent used to brighten teeth, is widely available on the Internet without any scientific basis or proof [<a href="#B2-blsf-36-00010" class="html-bibr">2</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>The result was a yellowing of the first and second test samples. The increase in the yellow chroma of the samples can be justified by the essential oils. The literature results indicate that after 30 days samples containing curcumin showed a decrease in yellow saturation, and that the decrease in yellow chroma after 30 days can be explained by the fact that curcumin is a non-polar polyphenol. Pigmented solutions such as coffee and tea with high polarity leach out, causing a color change through the pigmentation of enamel chromophores. As curcumin is non-polar, there is no leaching, which reduces its penetration capacity. Thus, during longer brushing, equivalent to 30 days [<a href="#B3-blsf-36-00010" class="html-bibr">3</a>], the abrasiveness of curcumin could suppress the initial coloration (after 14 days), where they evaluated the color of a curcuma extract-based toothpaste.</div><div class='html-p'>The results of the literature report offer contradictory conclusions regarding the persistence of yellow saturation, even after 30 days. We concluded that the concentrations of curcumin used in the first and second tests were above a certain threshold, and based on this conclusion, we decided to significantly reduce the concentration of curcumin used.</div><div class='html-p'>In addition, curcumin has low water solubility, chemical stability, and oral bioavailability [<a href="#B3-blsf-36-00010" class="html-bibr">3</a>], so although positive results have been reported for various techniques used for dental brightening, some significant drawbacks remain with current systems. From the above, it can be understood that what is needed are stable, pre-mixed viscous/gelled brightening compositions that do not cause the premature decomposition of the active dental brightening agent.</div><div class='html-p'>Various formulations of curcumin in powder, paste, gel, and poultice form have been widely used, proving its various pleiotropic effects. It is known for its formidable anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, as well as for its hepatoprotective, immunostimulant and antiseptic properties [<a href="#B4-blsf-36-00010" class="html-bibr">4</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>We decided to formulate two products specifically for their tooth-lightening effect, those being aqueous gels containing curcumin. We chose to apply curcumin locally as a gel rather than as a mouthwash or buccal irrigant. This is because a gel has the advantage of longer retention in the mouth than a mouthwash or buccal irrigant.</div><div class='html-p'>Thickening agents or gelling agents help to increase viscosity, facilitate placement, and ensure that the composition remains in place during treatment. Thickening agents preferably have the quality of being substantially inert in the presence of the brightening agent and are not easily broken down by it. Thickening agents that are substantially hydrophilic have been found to be preferred in the present invention.</div><div class='html-p'>The null hypothesis was that there would be no difference in the surface color of the tooth enamel brushed with these two products. The null hypothesis was rejected because the two formulations resulted in a color change, even above the perceptibility threshold for some samples. Nevertheless, the color change was below the threshold of acceptability after 30 days of brushing for some samples tested with the second formulation and in sample 06 of the first formulation.</div><div class='html-p'>The application of color science to dentistry has made it possible to measure tooth color objectively, with the most commonly used color space today being CIELAB [<a href="#B5-blsf-36-00010" class="html-bibr">5</a>] (Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage). In fact, many researchers in different countries have reported L*, a*, and b* values for teeth measured in vivo using instrumental techniques such as spectrophotometers, colorimeters, and digital image analysis. In general, these studies show a wide range of L*, a*, and b* values [<a href="#B6-blsf-36-00010" class="html-bibr">6</a>,<a href="#B7-blsf-36-00010" class="html-bibr">7</a>], but consistently show that there is a significant contribution from b* or yellowing to natural tooth color. Further developments in color science have led to the description of tooth whiteness and changes in tooth whiteness on the basis of whiteness indices.</div><div class='html-p'>The WI D index [<a href="#B7-blsf-36-00010" class="html-bibr">7</a>] is used in dentistry to assess lightening perceptibility, by correlating visual assessments with CIE L*a*b* coordinates. The application of this index reduces the subjectivity of visual analysis and quantifies the lightening effect. High positive WI D values indicate higher whitening perceptibility, while low values are associated with lower whitening perceptibility, discolored, or less white teeth.</div><div class='html-p'>A comparison of the mean values of L*, a*, and b*, after T2 and T3, enables us to analyze these variations, with curcumin causing an increase in the L* parameter of 9/12 samples.</div><div class='html-p'>Although xanthan gum showed a more pronounced lightening effect than Carbopol in these preliminary studies, it is important to note that these results do not lead to the conclusion that Carbopol has no lightening effect.</div><div class='html-p'>The technique of keeping the teeth soaked in artificial saliva may lead to dilution or rubbing effects. However, it is more likely that this method approximates an ideal scenario rather than the real oral environment, where dilution and friction effects would be more pronounced [<a href="#B8-blsf-36-00010" class="html-bibr">8</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>To draw definitive conclusions on the brightening effect of Carbopol, further research is essential to fully assess its effect in terms of tooth brightening. Further studies, involving larger samples, rigorous experimental protocols, and in-depth analysis, will be required to obtain more comprehensive and reliable results.</div></section><section id='sec5-blsf-36-00010' type='conclusions'><h2 data-nested='1'> 5. Conclusions</h2><div class='html-p'>In conclusion, the management of dental dyschromia is an essential part of modern esthetic dentistry.</div><div class='html-p'>In our study, we explored the use of innovative curcumin–xanthan and curcumin–Carbopol products for the treatment of dental dyschromia. The results showed that curcumin–xanthan had a more pronounced effect, representing a promising advance in the field of esthetic dentistry. We can conclude that, although curcumin was an effective lightening agent, it was not the only one.</div></section><section id='sec6-blsf-36-00010' type=''><h2 data-nested='1'> 6. Patents</h2><div class='html-p'>A patent has been registered with the Algerian National Institute of Industrial Property.</div></section> </div> <div class="html-back"> <section class='html-notes'><h2 >Author Contributions</h2><div class='html-p'>Conceptualization, A.N.; methodology, A.N.; software, A.N. and B.A.N.; validation, A.N. and G.S.; formal analysis, A.N. and B.A.N.; investigation, B.A.N.; resources, A.N., B.A.N. and G.S.; data curation, A.N.; writing—original draft preparation, A.N., B.A.N. and G.S.; writing—review and editing, A.N.; visualization, A.N. and O.F.; project administration, A.N. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.</div></section><section class='html-notes'><h2>Funding</h2><div class='html-p'>This research received no external funding.</div></section><section class='html-notes'><h2 >Institutional Review Board Statement</h2><div class='html-p'>No need for ethical declaration this is an in vitro test.</div></section><section class='html-notes'><h2 >Informed Consent Statement</h2><div class='html-p'>Not applicable. </div></section><section class='html-notes'><h2 >Data Availability Statement</h2><div class='html-p'>Data are available in this manuscript.</div></section><section class='html-notes'><h2 >Conflicts of Interest</h2><div class='html-p'>The authors declare no conflict of interest.</div></section><section id='html-references_list'><h2>References</h2><ol class='html-x'><li id='B1-blsf-36-00010' class='html-x' data-content='1.'>Herrera, L.J.; Pulgar, R.; Santana, J.; Cardona, J.C.; Guillén, A.; Rojas, I.; Pérez, M.d.M. 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Res.</span> <b>2011</b>, <span class='html-italic'>22</span>, 770. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=In+vitro+study+on+tooth+enamel+lesions+related+to+whitening+dentifrice&author=de+Ara%C3%BAjo,+D.B.&author=Silva,+L.R.&author=de+Jesus+Campos,+E.&author=de+Ara%C3%BAjo,+R.P.C.&publication_year=2011&journal=Indian+J.+Dent.+Res.&volume=22&pages=770&doi=10.4103/0970-9290.94665&pmid=22484868" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.4103/0970-9290.94665" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22484868" class='cross-ref pub_med' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>]</li></ol></section><section id='Table' type='display-objects'><div class="html-table-wrap" id="blsf-36-00010-t001"> <div class="html-table_wrap_td"> <div class="html-tablepopup html-tablepopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9976/36/1/10/display" href='#table_body_display_blsf-36-00010-t001'> <img data-lsrc="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/table.png" /> <a class="html-expand html-tablepopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9976/36/1/10/display" href="#table_body_display_blsf-36-00010-t001"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-table_wrap_discription"> <b>Table 1.</b> CIELAB coordinates [<a href="#B1-blsf-36-00010" class="html-bibr">1</a>]. </div> </div> <div class="html-table_show mfp-hide " id="table_body_display_blsf-36-00010-t001"> <div class="html-caption"><b>Table 1.</b> CIELAB coordinates [<a href="#B1-blsf-36-00010" class="html-bibr">1</a>].</div> <table > <thead ><tr ><th colspan='4' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >CIELAB Coordinates for Vita Classical Shades</th></tr><tr ><th colspan='4' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Vita Classical</th></tr><tr ><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Shades</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >L*</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >a*</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >b*</th></tr></thead><tbody ><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >C4</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >34.92</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >7.23</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >12.87</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >A4</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >43.05</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >8.34</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >14.94</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >C3</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >46.29</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >6.78</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >12.88</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >B4</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >50.02</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >8.17</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >18.33</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >A3.5</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >48.94</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >8.49</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >15.70</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >B3</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >49.28</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >7.97</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >16.83</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >A3</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >56.16</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >7.96</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >14.58</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >D3</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >55.65</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >7.19</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >11.69</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >D4</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >55.57</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >6.18</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >14.40</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >C2</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >54.83</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >6.87</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >13.40</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >C1</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >55.87</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >5.15</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >8.81</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >A2</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >60.55</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >6.99</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >12.46</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >D2</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >59.41</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >5.59</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >8.59</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >B2</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >61.90</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >6.09</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >12.55</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >A1</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >63.46</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >5.05</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >9.11</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >B1</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >9.85</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >4.24</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >7.34</td></tr></tbody> </table> </div> </section><section class='html-fn_group'><table><tr id=''><td></td><td><div class='html-p'><b>Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note:</b> The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). 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Oral Hygiene Product for Tooth Whitening Based on the Natural Product Curcumin. <em>Biol. Life Sci. Forum</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>36</em>, 10. https://doi.org/10.3390/blsf2024036010 </p> <div style="display: block"> <b>AMA Style</b><br> <p> Nawel A, Souhila G, Nawel BA, Fouad O. Oral Hygiene Product for Tooth Whitening Based on the Natural Product Curcumin. <em>Biology and Life Sciences Forum</em>. 2024; 36(1):10. https://doi.org/10.3390/blsf2024036010 </p> <b>Chicago/Turabian Style</b><br> <p> Nawel, Allal, Guendouz Souhila, Baba Ahmed Nawel, and Oudghiri Fouad. 2024. "Oral Hygiene Product for Tooth Whitening Based on the Natural Product Curcumin" <em>Biology and Life Sciences Forum</em> 36, no. 1: 10. https://doi.org/10.3390/blsf2024036010 </p> <b>APA Style</b><br> <p> Nawel, A., Souhila, G., Nawel, B. A., & Fouad, O. (2024). 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