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Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86" title="نظائر الكربون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نظائر الكربون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Is%C3%B3topos_del_carbonu" title="Isótopos del carbonu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Isótopos del carbonu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95" title="কার্বনের সমস্থানিক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কার্বনের সমস্থানিক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Is%C3%B2tops_del_carboni" title="Isòtops del carboni – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Isòtops del carboni" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%C4%83%D0%BC%D1%80%C4%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%C4%83%D1%88_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%C4%95%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Кăмрăкамăш изотопĕсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Кăмрăкамăш изотопĕсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izotopy_uhl%C3%ADku" title="Izotopy uhlíku – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Izotopy uhlíku" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%83%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B8%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B1" title="Ισότοπα του άνθρακα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ισότοπα του άνθρακα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anexo:Is%C3%B3topos_de_carbono" title="Anexo:Isótopos de carbono – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Anexo:Isótopos de carbono" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izotopoj_de_karbono" title="Izotopoj de karbono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Izotopoj de karbono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%BE%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%86" title="ایزوتوپ‌های کربن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ایزوتوپ‌های کربن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_du_carbone" title="Isotopes du carbone – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Isotopes du carbone" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C_%EB%8F%99%EC%9C%84_%EC%9B%90%EC%86%8C" title="탄소 동위 원소 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="탄소 동위 원소" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotop_karbon" title="Isotop karbon – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Isotop karbon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopi_del_carbonio" title="Isotopi del carbonio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Isotopi del carbonio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%87%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%A6_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81" title="ಇಂಗಾಲದ ಸಮಸ್ಥಾನಿಗಳು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಇಂಗಾಲದ ಸಮಸ್ಥಾನಿಗಳು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_sz%C3%A9n_izot%C3%B3pjai" title="A szén izotópjai – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="A szén izotópjai" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopen_van_koolstof" title="Isotopen van koolstof – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Isotopen van koolstof" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%82%AD%E7%B4%A0%E3%81%AE%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E4%BD%93" title="炭素の同位体 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="炭素の同位体" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbonisotoper" title="Karbonisotoper – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Karbonisotoper" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Is%C3%B3topos_de_carbono" title="Isótopos de carbono – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Isótopos de carbono" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%8B_%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Изотопы углерода – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Изотопы углерода" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_carbon" title="Isotopes of carbon – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Isotopes of carbon" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolisotoper" title="Kolisotoper – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kolisotoper" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83" title="Ізотопи карбону – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ізотопи карбону" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng_v%E1%BB%8B_c%E1%BB%A7a_carbon" title="Đồng vị của carbon – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đồng vị của carbon" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E5%98%85%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="碳嘅同位素 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="碳嘅同位素" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="碳的同位素 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="碳的同位素" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Isotopes+of+carbon%22">"Isotopes of carbon"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Isotopes+of+carbon%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Isotopes+of+carbon%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Isotopes+of+carbon%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Isotopes+of+carbon%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Isotopes+of+carbon%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">Isotopes</a> of <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(<sub>6</sub>C)</span></span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0; padding: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Main isotopes </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">Decay</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_abundance" title="Natural abundance">abundance</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(<i>t</i><sub>1/2</sub>)</span> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay#Types_of_decay" title="Radioactive decay">mode</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Decay_product" title="Decay product">product</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;"><sup>11</sup>C </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_radioisotope" title="Synthetic radioisotope">synth</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003122040000000000♠"></span>20.34 min</span> </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><span style="float: left; font-size: 115%; padding: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Beta_plus_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta plus decay">β<sup>+</sup></a></span><span style="float: right; padding-left: 0.2em;"></span> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Boron-11" class="mw-redirect" title="Boron-11"><sup>11</sup>B</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon-12" title="Carbon-12"><sup>12</sup>C</a> </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">98.9% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Stable_isotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Stable isotope">stable</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon-13" title="Carbon-13"><sup>13</sup>C</a> </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">1.06% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">stable </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon-14" title="Carbon-14"><sup>14</sup>C</a> </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">1 <a href="/wiki/Parts_per_notation" class="mw-redirect" title="Parts per notation">ppt</a> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7012100000000000000♠"></span>10<sup>12</sup></span></span></span>) </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7011179878320000000♠"></span>5.70<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>3</sup> y</span> </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><span style="float: left; font-size: 115%; padding: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Beta_minus_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta minus decay">β<sup>−</sup></a></span><span style="float: right; padding-left: 0.2em;"></span> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen-14" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrogen-14"><sup>14</sup>N</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #e0e0e0;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_atomic_weight" title="Standard atomic weight">Standard atomic weight</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold"><i>A</i><sub>r</sub>°(C)</span></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>[<span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001120096000000000♠"></span>12.0096</span>, <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001120116000000000♠"></span>12.0116</span>]<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001120110000000000♠"></span>12.011<span style="margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;">±</span>0.002</span> (<a href="/wiki/Standard_atomic_weight#Abridged_atomic_weight" title="Standard atomic weight">abridged</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-CIAAW2021_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIAAW2021-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint" style="background: #e8e8e8;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_carbon_isotopes" title="Template:Infobox carbon isotopes"><span title="View this template">view</span></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Infobox_carbon_isotopes" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Infobox carbon isotopes"><span title="Discuss this template">talk</span></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_carbon_isotopes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox carbon isotopes"><span title="Edit this template">edit</span></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Carbon</a> (<sub>6</sub>C) has 14 known <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotopes</a>, from <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">8</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>C<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> to <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">20</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>C<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> as well as <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">22</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>C<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span>, of which <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon-12" title="Carbon-12"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">12</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>C<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></a></span> and <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon-13" title="Carbon-13"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">13</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>C<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></a></span> are <a href="/wiki/Stable_nuclide" title="Stable nuclide">stable</a>. The longest-lived <a href="/wiki/Radionuclide" title="Radionuclide">radioisotope</a> is <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon-14" title="Carbon-14"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">14</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>C<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></a></span>, with a <a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> of <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003570000000000000♠"></span>5.70(3)<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>3</sup></span> years. This is also the only carbon radioisotope found in nature, as trace quantities are formed <a href="/wiki/Cosmogenic_nuclide" title="Cosmogenic nuclide">cosmogenically</a> by the reaction <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">14</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>N<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> + <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>n<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> → <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">14</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>C<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> + <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">1</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span>. The most stable artificial radioisotope is <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">11</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>C<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span>, which has a half-life of <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003122041200000000♠"></span>20.3402(53) min</span>. All other radioisotopes have half-lives under 20 seconds, most less than 200 milliseconds. The least stable isotope is <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">8</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>C<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span>, with a half-life of <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6979349999999999999♠"></span>3.5(1.4)<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−21</sup> s</span>. Light isotopes tend to decay into <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_boron" title="Isotopes of boron">isotopes of boron</a> and heavy ones tend to decay into <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_nitrogen" title="Isotopes of nitrogen">isotopes of nitrogen</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_isotopes">List of isotopes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isotopes_of_carbon&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: List of isotopes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Carbon-21"></span><span class="anchor" id="Carbon-23"></span> </p><p><br /> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 85%; white-space: nowrap"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align: top"> <th rowspan="2">Nuclide<br /> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number"><i>Z</i></a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Neutron_number" title="Neutron number"><i>N</i></a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_mass" title="Atomic mass">Isotopic mass</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Dalton_(unit)" title="Dalton (unit)">Da</a>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-AME2020_II_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AME2020_II-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">Half-life</a><sup id="cite_ref-NUBASE2020_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><br />[<a href="/wiki/Resonance_(particle_physics)" title="Resonance (particle physics)">resonance width</a>] </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Decay_mode" class="mw-redirect" title="Decay mode">Decay<br />mode</a><sup id="cite_ref-NUBASE2020_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Decay_product" title="Decay product">Daughter<br />isotope</a><br /><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Spin_(particle_physics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spin (particle physics)">Spin</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Parity_(physics)#Nuclei" title="Parity (physics)">parity</a><sup id="cite_ref-NUBASE2020_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TNN_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TNN-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Natural_abundance" title="Natural abundance">Natural abundance</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(mole fraction)</span> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Normal proportion<sup id="cite_ref-NUBASE2020_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Range of variation </th></tr> <tr id="Carbon-8"> <td><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">8</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>C<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> </td> <td style="text-align:right">6 </td> <td style="text-align:right">2 </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000803764299999999♠"></span>8.037<span style="margin-left:.25em;">643</span>(20)</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6979349999999999999♠"></span>3.5(1.4) zs</span><br />[<span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6986368500592010000♠"></span>230(50) keV</span>] </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Proton_emission" title="Proton emission">2p</a> </td> <td><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">6</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>Be<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>0+ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr id="Carbon-9"> <td rowspan="3"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">9</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>C<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> </td> <td rowspan="3" style="text-align:right">6 </td> <td rowspan="3" style="text-align:right">3 </td> <td rowspan="3"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000903103720000000♠"></span>9.031<span style="margin-left:.25em;">0372</span>(23)</span> </td> <td rowspan="3"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999126500000000000♠"></span>126.5(9) ms</span> </td> <td>β<sup>+</sup> (<span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999541000000000000♠"></span>54.1(1.7)%</span>) </td> <td><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">9</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>B<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> </td> <td rowspan="3">3/2− </td> <td rowspan="3"> </td> <td rowspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>β<sup>+</sup>α (<span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999384000000000000♠"></span>38.4(1.6)%</span>) </td> <td><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">5</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>Li<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>β<sup>+</sup>p (<span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6998750000000000000♠"></span>7.5(6)%</span>) </td> <td><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">8</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>Be<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr id="Carbon-10"> <td><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">10</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>C<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> </td> <td style="text-align:right">6 </td> <td style="text-align:right">4 </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001100168532200000♠"></span>10.016<span style="margin-left:.25em;">853</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">22</span>(8)</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001193011000000000♠"></span>19.3011(15) s</span> </td> <td>β<sup>+</sup> </td> <td><b><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">10</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>B<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span></b> </td> <td>0+ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">11</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>C<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="1" style="text-align:right">6 </td> <td rowspan="1" style="text-align:right">5 </td> <td rowspan="1"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001110114325999999♠"></span>11.011<span style="margin-left:.25em;">432</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">60</span>(6)</span> </td> <td rowspan="1"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003122041200000000♠"></span>20.3402(53) min</span> </td> <td>β<sup>+</sup> </td> <td><b><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">11</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>B<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span></b> </td> <td rowspan="1">3/2− </td> <td rowspan="1"> </td> <td rowspan="1"> </td></tr> <tr id="Carbon-11m"> <td style="text-indent:1em"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">11m</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>C<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> </td> <td colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6988194824660819200♠"></span>12<span style="margin-left:.25em;">160</span>(40) keV</span> </td> <td> </td> <td>p ?<sup id="cite_ref-decay_mode_1_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-decay_mode_1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><b><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">10</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>B<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span></b> ? </td> <td>1/2+ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr id="Carbon-12"> <td><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon-12" title="Carbon-12"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">12</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>C<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:right">6 </td> <td style="text-align:right">6 </td> <td>12 exactly<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td colspan="3" align="center"><b>Stable</b> </td> <td>0+ </td> <td>[<span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999988400000000000♠"></span>0.9884</span>, <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999990400000000000♠"></span>0.9904</span>]<sup id="cite_ref-Atomic_Weight_of_Carbon_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atomic_Weight_of_Carbon-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr id="Carbon-13"> <td><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon-13" title="Carbon-13"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">13</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>C<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></a></span><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:right">6 </td> <td style="text-align:right">7 </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001130033548353360♠"></span>13.003<span style="margin-left:.25em;">354</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">835</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">336</span>(252)</span> </td> <td colspan="3" align="center"><b>Stable</b> </td> <td>1/2− </td> <td>[<span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6997959999999999999♠"></span>0.0096</span>, <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6998115999999999999♠"></span>0.0116</span>]<sup id="cite_ref-Atomic_Weight_of_Carbon_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atomic_Weight_of_Carbon-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr id="Carbon-14"> <td><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon-14" title="Carbon-14"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">14</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>C<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></a></span><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:right">6 </td> <td style="text-align:right">8 </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001140032419890000♠"></span>14.003<span style="margin-left:.25em;">241</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">989</span>(4)</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7011179878320000000♠"></span>5.70(3)<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>3</sup> y</span> </td> <td>β<sup>−</sup> </td> <td><b><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">14</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>N<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span></b> </td> <td>0+ </td> <td>Trace<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>< 10<sup>−12</sup> </td></tr> <tr id="Carbon-14m"> <td style="text-indent:1em"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">14m</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>C<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> </td> <td colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6988354081003627000♠"></span>22<span style="margin-left:.25em;">100</span>(100) keV</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isomeric_transition" class="mw-redirect" title="Isomeric transition">IT</a> </td> <td><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">14</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>C<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> </td> <td>(2−) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr id="Carbon-15"> <td><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">15</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>C<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> </td> <td style="text-align:right">6 </td> <td style="text-align:right">9 </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001150105993000000♠"></span>15.010<span style="margin-left:.25em;">5993</span>(9)</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000244899999999999♠"></span>2.449(5) s</span> </td> <td>β<sup>−</sup> </td> <td><b><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">15</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>N<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span></b> </td> <td>1/2+ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr id="Carbon-16"> <td rowspan="2"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">16</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>C<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:right">6 </td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:right">10 </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001160147010000000♠"></span>16.014<span style="margin-left:.25em;">701</span>(4)</span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999750000000000000♠"></span>750(6) ms</span> </td> <td>β<sup>−</sup><a href="/wiki/Neutron_emission" title="Neutron emission">n</a> (<span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999990000000000000♠"></span>99.0(3)%</span>) </td> <td><b><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">15</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>N<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span></b> </td> <td rowspan="2">0+ </td> <td rowspan="2"> </td> <td rowspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>β<sup>−</sup> (<span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6998100000000000000♠"></span>1.0(3)%</span>) </td> <td><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">16</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>N<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> </td></tr> <tr id="Carbon-17"> <td rowspan="3"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">17</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>C<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> </td> <td rowspan="3" style="text-align:right">6 </td> <td rowspan="3" style="text-align:right">11 </td> <td rowspan="3"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001170225790000000♠"></span>17.022<span style="margin-left:.25em;">579</span>(19)</span> </td> <td rowspan="3"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999193000000000000♠"></span>193(6) ms</span> </td> <td>β<sup>−</sup> (<span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999716000000000000♠"></span>71.6(1.3)%</span>) </td> <td><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">17</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>N<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> </td> <td rowspan="3">3/2+ </td> <td rowspan="3"> </td> <td rowspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>β<sup>−</sup>n (<span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999284000000000000♠"></span>28.4(1.3)%</span>) </td> <td><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">16</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>N<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>β<sup>−</sup>2n ?<sup id="cite_ref-decay_mode_1_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-decay_mode_1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><b><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">15</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>N<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span></b> ? </td></tr> <tr id="Carbon-18"> <td rowspan="3"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">18</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>C<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> </td> <td rowspan="3" style="text-align:right">6 </td> <td rowspan="3" style="text-align:right">12 </td> <td rowspan="3"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001180267500000000♠"></span>18.026<span style="margin-left:.25em;">75</span>(3)</span> </td> <td rowspan="3"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6998920000000000000♠"></span>92(2) ms</span> </td> <td>β<sup>−</sup> (<span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999685000000000000♠"></span>68.5(1.5)%</span>) </td> <td><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">18</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>N<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> </td> <td rowspan="3">0+ </td> <td rowspan="3"> </td> <td rowspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>β<sup>−</sup>n (<span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999315000000000000♠"></span>31.5(1.5)%</span>) </td> <td><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">17</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>N<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>β<sup>−</sup>2n ?<sup id="cite_ref-decay_mode_1_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-decay_mode_1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">16</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>N<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> ? </td></tr> <tr id="Carbon-19"> <td rowspan="3"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">19</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>C<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="3" style="text-align:right">6 </td> <td rowspan="3" style="text-align:right">13 </td> <td rowspan="3"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001190348000000000♠"></span>19.034<span style="margin-left:.25em;">80</span>(11)</span> </td> <td rowspan="3"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6998462000000000000♠"></span>46.2(2.3) ms</span> </td> <td>β<sup>−</sup>n (<span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999470000000000000♠"></span>47(3)%</span>) </td> <td><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">18</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>N<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> </td> <td rowspan="3">1/2+ </td> <td rowspan="3"> </td> <td rowspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>β<sup>−</sup> (<span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999460000000000000♠"></span>46.0(4.2)%</span>) </td> <td><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">19</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>N<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>β<sup>−</sup>2n (<span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6998700000000000000♠"></span>7(3)%</span>) </td> <td><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">17</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>N<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> </td></tr> <tr id="Carbon-20"> <td rowspan="3"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">20</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>C<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> </td> <td rowspan="3" style="text-align:right">6 </td> <td rowspan="3" style="text-align:right">14 </td> <td rowspan="3"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001200402600000000♠"></span>20.040<span style="margin-left:.25em;">26</span>(25)</span> </td> <td rowspan="3"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6998160000000000000♠"></span>16(3) ms</span> </td> <td>β<sup>−</sup>n (<span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999700000000000000♠"></span>70(11)%</span>) </td> <td><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">19</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>N<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> </td> <td rowspan="3">0+ </td> <td rowspan="3"> </td> <td rowspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>β<sup>−</sup>2n (< <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999186000000000000♠"></span>18.6%</span>) </td> <td><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">18</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>N<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>β<sup>−</sup> (> <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999114000000000000♠"></span>11.4%</span>) </td> <td><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">20</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>N<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> </td></tr> <tr id="Carbon-22"> <td rowspan="3"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">22</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>C<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="3" style="text-align:right">6 </td> <td rowspan="3" style="text-align:right">16 </td> <td rowspan="3"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001220575500000000♠"></span>22.057<span style="margin-left:.25em;">55</span>(25)</span> </td> <td rowspan="3"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6997620000000000000♠"></span>6.2(1.3) ms</span> </td> <td>β<sup>−</sup>n (<span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999610000000000000♠"></span>61(14)%</span>) </td> <td><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">21</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>N<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> </td> <td rowspan="3">0+ </td> <td rowspan="3"> </td> <td rowspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>β<sup>−</sup>2n (< <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999370000000000000♠"></span>37%</span>) </td> <td><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">20</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>N<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>β<sup>−</sup> (> <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6998200000000000000♠"></span>2%</span>) </td> <td><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">22</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>N<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="20" style="text-align:right; line-height:85%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold"><i>This table header & footer:</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Isotopes_table" title="Template:Isotopes table"><span title="View this template">view</span></a></li></ul></div></span> </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">( ) –  Uncertainty (1<i>σ</i>) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Modes of decay: <table style="margin-left:1.5em;"> <tbody><tr style="line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top"> <td>EC:</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Electron_capture" title="Electron capture">Electron capture</a> <p><br /> </p> </td></tr> <tr style="line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top"> <td>n:</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Neutron_emission" title="Neutron emission">Neutron emission</a> </td></tr> <tr style="line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top"> <td>p:</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Proton_emission" title="Proton emission">Proton emission</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>Bold symbol</b> as daughter –  Daughter product is stable.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">( ) spin value –  Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TNN-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TNN_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"># –  Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Subsequently decays by double proton emission to <b><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>He<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span></b> for a net reaction of <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">8</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>C<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> → <b><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>He<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span></b> + 4<b><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">1</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span></b></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Immediately decays by proton emission to <b><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>He<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span></b> for a net reaction of <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">9</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>C<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> → 2 <b><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>He<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span></b> + <b><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">1</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span></b> + <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>e<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">+</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Immediately decays into two <b><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>He<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span></b> atoms for a net reaction of <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">9</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>C<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> → 2 <b><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>He<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span></b> + <b><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">1</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span></b> + <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>e<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">+</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Used for labeling molecules in <a href="/wiki/Positron_emission_tomography" title="Positron emission tomography">PET scans</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-decay_mode_1-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-decay_mode_1_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-decay_mode_1_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-decay_mode_1_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Decay mode shown is energetically allowed, but has not been experimentally observed to occur in this nuclide.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Unified_atomic_mass_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Unified atomic mass unit">unified atomic mass unit</a> is defined as 1/12 of the mass of an unbound atom of carbon-12 in its ground state.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%CE%9413C" title="Δ13C">Ratio of <sup>12</sup>C to <sup>13</sup>C</a> used to measure biological productivity in ancient times and differing types of <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Has an important use in <a href="/wiki/Radiodating" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiodating">radiodating</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dating" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon dating">carbon dating</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Primarily <a href="/wiki/Cosmogenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmogenic">cosmogenic</a>, produced by <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutrons</a> striking atoms of <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen-14" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrogen-14"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">14</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>N<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></a></span> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">14</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>N<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> + <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>n<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> → <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">14</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>C<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> + <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">1</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Has 1 <a href="/wiki/Halo_nucleus" title="Halo nucleus">halo</a> neutron</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Has 2 halo neutrons</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Carbon-11">Carbon-11</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isotopes_of_carbon&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Carbon-11"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Carbon-11</b> or <b><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">11</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>C<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span></b> is a radioactive isotope of <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> that decays to <a href="/wiki/Boron-11" class="mw-redirect" title="Boron-11">boron-11</a>. This decay mainly occurs due to <a href="/wiki/Positron_emission" title="Positron emission">positron emission</a>, with around 0.19–0.23% of decays instead occurring by <a href="/wiki/Electron_capture" title="Electron capture">electron capture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11C-Scobie_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11C-Scobie-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11C-Campbell_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11C-Campbell-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has a <a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> of <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003122041200000000♠"></span>20.3402(53) min</span>. </p> <dl><dd><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">11</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>C<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> → <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Boron-11" class="mw-redirect" title="Boron-11"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">11</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>B<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></a></span> + <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Positron" title="Positron"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>e<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">+</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></a></span> + <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Electron_neutrino" title="Electron neutrino"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>ν<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">e</sub></span></span></a></span> + <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6987153808942752000♠"></span>0.96 <a href="/wiki/Electronvolt" title="Electronvolt">MeV</a></span></dd> <dd><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">11</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>C<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> + <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>e<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></a></span> → <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">11</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>B<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> + <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>ν<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">e</sub></span></span></span> + <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6987317230944426000♠"></span>1.98 MeV</span></dd></dl> <p>It is produced by hitting nitrogen with <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">protons</a> of around 16.5 <a href="/wiki/MeV" class="mw-redirect" title="MeV">MeV</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Cyclotron" title="Cyclotron">cyclotron</a>. The causes the endothermic reaction<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">14</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>N<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> + <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>p<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></a></span> → <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">11</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>C<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> + <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>He<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> − 2.92 MeV</dd></dl> <p>It can also be produced by fragmentation of <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">12</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>C<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> by shooting high-energy <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">12</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>C<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> at a target.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Carbon-11 is commonly used as a <a href="/wiki/Radioisotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioisotope">radioisotope</a> for the radioactive labeling of molecules in <a href="/wiki/Positron_emission_tomography" title="Positron emission tomography">positron emission tomography</a>. Among the many molecules used in this context are the <a href="/wiki/Radioligand" title="Radioligand">radioligands</a> <a href="/wiki/DASB" title="DASB">[<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">11</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>C<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span>]DASB</a> and <a href="/wiki/25I-NBOMe" title="25I-NBOMe">[<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">11</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>C<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span>]Cimbi-5</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Natural_isotopes">Natural isotopes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isotopes_of_carbon&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Natural isotopes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Carbon-12" title="Carbon-12">Carbon-12</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbon-13" title="Carbon-13">Carbon-13</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Carbon-14" title="Carbon-14">Carbon-14</a></div> <p>There are three naturally occurring <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotopes</a> of carbon: 12, 13, and 14. <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">12</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>C<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> and <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">13</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>C<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> are stable, occurring in <a href="/wiki/%CE%9413C" title="Δ13C">a natural proportion of approximately 93:1</a>. <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">14</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>C<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> is produced by thermal neutrons from cosmic radiation in the upper atmosphere, and is transported down to earth to be absorbed by living biological material. Isotopically, <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">14</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>C<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> constitutes a negligible part; but, since it is radioactive with a half-life of <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003570000000000000♠"></span>5.70(3)<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>3</sup></span> years, it is radiometrically detectable. Since dead tissue does not absorb <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">14</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>C<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span>, the amount of <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">14</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>C<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> is one of the methods used within the field of archeology for <a href="/wiki/Radiometric_dating" title="Radiometric dating">radiometric dating</a> of biological material. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Paleoclimate">Paleoclimate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isotopes_of_carbon&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Paleoclimate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">12</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>C<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> and <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">13</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>C<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> are measured as the <a href="/wiki/Isotope_analysis#Stable_isotope_analysis_in_aquatic_ecosystems" title="Isotope analysis">isotope ratio</a> <a href="/wiki/%CE%9413C" title="Δ13C">δ<sup>13</sup>C</a> in <a href="/wiki/Benthic" class="mw-redirect" title="Benthic">benthic</a> <a href="/wiki/Foraminifera" title="Foraminifera">foraminifera</a> and used as a <a href="/wiki/Proxy_(climate)" title="Proxy (climate)">proxy</a> for <a href="/wiki/Nutrient_cycling" class="mw-redirect" title="Nutrient cycling">nutrient cycling</a> and the temperature dependent air–sea exchange of CO<sub>2</sub> (ventilation).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plants find it easier to use the lighter isotopes (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">12</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>C<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span>) when they convert sunlight and carbon dioxide into food. For example, large blooms of <a href="/wiki/Plankton" title="Plankton">plankton</a> (free-floating organisms) absorb large amounts of <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">12</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>C<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> from the oceans. Originally, the <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">12</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>C<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> was mostly incorporated into the seawater from the atmosphere. If the oceans that the plankton live in are stratified (meaning that there are layers of warm water near the top, and colder water deeper down), then the surface water does not mix very much with the deeper waters, so that when the plankton dies, it sinks and takes away <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">12</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>C<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> from the surface, leaving the surface layers relatively rich in <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">13</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>C<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span>. Where cold waters well up from the depths (such as in the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic" class="mw-redirect" title="North Atlantic">North Atlantic</a>), the water carries <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">12</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>C<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> back up with it; when the ocean was less stratified than today, there was much more <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">12</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>C<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> in the skeletons of surface-dwelling species. Other indicators of past climate include the presence of tropical species and coral growth rings.<sup id="cite_ref-C-Flannery_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C-Flannery-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tracing_food_sources_and_diets">Tracing food sources and diets</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isotopes_of_carbon&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Tracing food sources and diets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The quantities of the different isotopes can be measured by <a href="/wiki/Mass_spectrometry" title="Mass spectrometry">mass spectrometry</a> and compared to a <a href="/wiki/Reference_Materials_for_Stable_Isotope_Analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Reference Materials for Stable Isotope Analysis">standard</a>; the result (e.g., the delta of the <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">13</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>C<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> = δ<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">13</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>C<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span>) is expressed as parts per thousand (‰) divergence from the ratio of a standard:<sup id="cite_ref-C-Miller_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C-Miller-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \delta {\ce {^{13}C}}=\left({\frac {\left({\frac {{\ce {^{13}C}}}{{\ce {^{12}C}}}}\right)_{\text{sample}}}{\left({\frac {{\ce {^{13}C}}}{{\ce {^{12}C}}}}\right)_{\text{standard}}}}-1\right)\times 1000}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>C</mtext> <none /> <none /> <mprescripts /> <none /> <mn>13</mn> </mmultiscripts> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>C</mtext> <none /> <none /> <mprescripts /> <none /> <mn>13</mn> </mmultiscripts> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>C</mtext> <none /> <none /> <mprescripts /> <none /> <mn>12</mn> </mmultiscripts> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>sample</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>C</mtext> <none /> <none /> <mprescripts /> <none /> <mn>13</mn> </mmultiscripts> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>C</mtext> <none /> <none /> <mprescripts /> <none /> <mn>12</mn> </mmultiscripts> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>standard</mtext> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mo>×</mo> <mn>1000</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \delta {\ce {^{13}C}}=\left({\frac {\left({\frac {{\ce {^{13}C}}}{{\ce {^{12}C}}}}\right)_{\text{sample}}}{\left({\frac {{\ce {^{13}C}}}{{\ce {^{12}C}}}}\right)_{\text{standard}}}}-1\right)\times 1000}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/df9349ea9a2ad40647f9d0f775079cf3965810ce" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.838ex; width:36.846ex; height:10.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \delta {\ce {^{13}C}}=\left({\frac {\left({\frac {{\ce {^{13}C}}}{{\ce {^{12}C}}}}\right)_{\text{sample}}}{\left({\frac {{\ce {^{13}C}}}{{\ce {^{12}C}}}}\right)_{\text{standard}}}}-1\right)\times 1000}"></span> ‰</dd></dl> <p>The usual standard is <a href="/wiki/Peedee_Formation" title="Peedee Formation">Peedee Belemnite</a>, abbreviated "PDB", a fossil <a href="/wiki/Belemnite" class="mw-redirect" title="Belemnite">belemnite</a>. Due to shortage of the original PDB sample, artificial "virtual PDB", or "VPDB", is generally used today.<sup id="cite_ref-Faure_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faure-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stable carbon isotopes in <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> are utilized differentially by plants during <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="need provide a reference source (March 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Grasses in <a href="/wiki/Temperate_climate" title="Temperate climate">temperate climates</a> (<a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rye" title="Rye">rye</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oats" class="mw-redirect" title="Oats">oats</a>, plus <a href="/wiki/Sunflower" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunflower">sunflower</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">potato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tomato" title="Tomato">tomatoes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peanut" title="Peanut">peanuts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sugar_beet" title="Sugar beet">sugar beet</a>, and most trees and their nuts or fruits, <a href="/wiki/Rose" title="Rose">roses</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kentucky_bluegrass" class="mw-redirect" title="Kentucky bluegrass">Kentucky bluegrass</a>) follow a <a href="/wiki/C3_carbon_fixation" title="C3 carbon fixation">C3 photosynthetic pathway</a> that will yield δ<sup>13</sup>C values averaging about −26.5‰.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="need to provide a reference (March 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Grasses in hot <a href="/wiki/Arid_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Arid climate">arid climates</a> (<a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a> in particular, but also <a href="/wiki/Millet" title="Millet">millet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">sorghum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sugar_cane" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar cane">sugar cane</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Crabgrass" class="mw-redirect" title="Crabgrass">crabgrass</a>) follow a <a href="/wiki/C4_carbon_fixation" title="C4 carbon fixation">C4 photosynthetic pathway</a> that produces δ<sup>13</sup>C values averaging about −12.5‰.<sup id="cite_ref-Oleary98_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oleary98-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It follows that eating these different plants will affect the δ<sup>13</sup>C values in the consumer's body tissues. If an animal (or human) eats only C3 plants, their δ<sup>13</sup>C values will be from −18.5 to −22.0‰ in their bone <a href="/wiki/Collagen" title="Collagen">collagen</a> and −14.5‰ in the <a href="/wiki/Hydroxylapatite" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroxylapatite">hydroxylapatite</a> of their teeth and bones.<sup id="cite_ref-C-Tycot_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C-Tycot-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contrast, C4 feeders will have bone collagen with a value of −7.5‰ and hydroxylapatite value of −0.5‰. </p><p>In actual case studies, millet and maize eaters can easily be distinguished from rice and wheat eaters. Studying how these dietary preferences are distributed geographically through time can illuminate migration paths of people and dispersal paths of different agricultural crops. However, human groups have often mixed C3 and C4 plants (northern Chinese historically subsisted on wheat and millet), or mixed plant and animal groups together (for example, southeastern Chinese subsisting on rice and fish).<sup id="cite_ref-C-Richard_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C-Richard-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isotopes_of_carbon&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmogenic_isotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmogenic isotope">Cosmogenic isotopes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_isotopes" title="Environmental isotopes">Environmental isotopes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isotopic_signature" title="Isotopic signature">Isotopic signature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">Radiocarbon dating</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isotopes_of_carbon&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Nutrition&rft.atitle=Where+does+our+protein+come+from%3F&rft.volume=95&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1031-2&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1079%2Fbjn20061782&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16768822&rft.aulast=Richard&rft.aufirst=Hedges&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1079%252Fbjn20061782&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsotopes+of+carbon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Isotopes_of_the_chemical_elements" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Navbox_element_isotopes" title="Template:Navbox element isotopes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Navbox_element_isotopes" title="Template talk:Navbox element isotopes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox_element_isotopes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox element isotopes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Isotopes_of_the_chemical_elements" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">Isotopes</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical elements</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:110%;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <table style="border-spacing:1px;display:block;overflow:auto;width:100%;margin:0 !important"> <tbody><tr style="line-height:125%; vertical-align:top;"> <th style="text-align:right; width:3%; background:transparent"><small><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">Group</a></small> </th> <th style="background:#e8e8e8; width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">1</a> </th> <th style="background:#f0f0f0; width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">2</a> </th> <td style="width:2%">  </td> <th style="background:#e8e8e8; width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Group_3_element" title="Group 3 element">3</a> </th> <th style="background:#f0f0f0; width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element">4</a> </th> <th style="background:#e8e8e8; width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element">5</a> </th> <th style="background:#f0f0f0; width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">6</a> </th> <th style="background:#e8e8e8; width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element">7</a> </th> <th style="background:#f0f0f0; width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">8</a> </th> <th style="background:#e8e8e8; width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" title="Group 9 element">9</a> </th> <th style="background:#f0f0f0; width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element">10</a> </th> <th style="background:#e8e8e8; width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">11</a> </th> <th style="background:#f0f0f0; width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">12</a> </th> <th style="background:#e8e8e8; width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">13</a> </th> <th style="background:#f0f0f0; width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group">14</a> </th> <th style="background:#e8e8e8; width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">15</a> </th> <th style="background:#f0f0f0; width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">16</a> </th> <th style="background:#e8e8e8; width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17</a> </th> <th style="background:#f0f0f0; width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">18</a> </th></tr> <tr style="font-size:85%; line-height:125%; vertical-align:top;"> <th style="text-align:left; vertical-align:bottom; background:transparent"><small><a href="/wiki/Period_(periodic_table)" title="Period (periodic table)">Period</a></small> </th> <td style="background:#e8e8e8;">Hydrogen and<br />alkali metals </td> <td style="background:#f0f0f0;">Alkaline<br />earth metals </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#e8e8e8;"> </td> <td style="background:#f0f0f0;"> </td> <td style="background:#e8e8e8;"> </td> <td style="background:#f0f0f0;"> </td> <td style="background:#e8e8e8;"> </td> <td style="background:#f0f0f0;"> </td> <td style="background:#e8e8e8;"> </td> <td style="background:#f0f0f0;"> </td> <td style="background:#e8e8e8;"> </td> <td style="background:#f0f0f0;"> </td> <td style="background:#e8e8e8;"> </td> <td style="background:#f0f0f0;"> </td> <td style="background:#e8e8e8;">Pnictogens </td> <td style="background:#f0f0f0;">Chalcogens </td> <td style="background:#e8e8e8;">Halogens </td> <td style="background:#f0f0f0;">Noble gases </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:transparent"><span title="Period ①" class="nounderlines" style="font-size:150%;"><a href="/wiki/Period_1_element" title="Period 1 element">①</a></span> </th> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#ff9999;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_hydrogen" title="Isotopes of hydrogen">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_hydrogen#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of hydrogen">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H</a></b></div>1 </td> <td colspan="17"> </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#ff9999;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_helium" title="Isotopes of helium">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_helium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of helium">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">He</a></b></div>2 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:transparent"><span title="Period ②" class="nounderlines" style="font-size:150%;"><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" title="Period 2 element">②</a></span> </th> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#ff9999;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_lithium" title="Isotopes of lithium">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_lithium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of lithium">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Li</a></b></div>3 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#ff9999;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_beryllium" title="Isotopes of beryllium">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_beryllium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of beryllium">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Be</a></b></div>4 </td> <td colspan="11"> </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#fdff8c;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_boron" title="Isotopes of boron">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_boron#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of boron">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a></b></div>5 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#fdff8c;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Isotopes</a>  <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#List_of_isotopes">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a></b></div>6 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#fdff8c;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_nitrogen" title="Isotopes of nitrogen">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_nitrogen#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of nitrogen">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a></b></div>7 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#fdff8c;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_oxygen" title="Isotopes of oxygen">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_oxygen#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of oxygen">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O</a></b></div>8 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#fdff8c;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_fluorine" title="Isotopes of fluorine">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_fluorine#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of fluorine">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">F</a></b></div>9 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#fdff8c;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_neon" title="Isotopes of neon">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_neon#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of neon">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a></b></div>10 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:transparent"><span title="Period ③" class="nounderlines" style="font-size:150%;"><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element">③</a></span> </th> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#ff9999;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_sodium" title="Isotopes of sodium">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_sodium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of sodium">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Na</a></b></div>11 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#ff9999;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_magnesium" title="Isotopes of magnesium">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_magnesium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of magnesium">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a></b></div>12 </td> <td colspan="11"> </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#fdff8c;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_aluminium" title="Isotopes of aluminium">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_aluminium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of aluminium">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a></b></div>13 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#fdff8c;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_silicon" title="Isotopes of silicon">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_silicon#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of silicon">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Si</a></b></div>14 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#fdff8c;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_phosphorus" title="Isotopes of phosphorus">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_phosphorus#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of phosphorus">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">P</a></b></div>15 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#fdff8c;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_sulfur" title="Isotopes of sulfur">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_sulfur#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of sulfur">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">S</a></b></div>16 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#fdff8c;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_chlorine" title="Isotopes of chlorine">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_chlorine#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of chlorine">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a></b></div>17 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#fdff8c;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_argon" title="Isotopes of argon">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_argon#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of argon">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a></b></div>18 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:transparent"><span title="Period ④" class="nounderlines" style="font-size:150%;"><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">④</a></span> </th> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#ff9999;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_potassium" title="Isotopes of potassium">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_potassium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of potassium">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">K</a></b></div>19 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#ff9999;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_calcium" title="Isotopes of calcium">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_calcium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of calcium">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Ca</a></b></div>20 </td> <td> </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#99ccff;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_scandium" title="Isotopes of scandium">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_scandium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of scandium">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Sc</a></b></div>21 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#99ccff;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_titanium" title="Isotopes of titanium">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_titanium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of titanium">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a></b></div>22 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#99ccff;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_vanadium" title="Isotopes of vanadium">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_vanadium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of vanadium">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a></b></div>23 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#99ccff;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_chromium" title="Isotopes of chromium">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_chromium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of chromium">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Cr</a></b></div>24 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#99ccff;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_manganese" title="Isotopes of manganese">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_manganese#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of manganese">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Mn</a></b></div>25 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#99ccff;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_iron" title="Isotopes of iron">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_iron#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of iron">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Fe</a></b></div>26 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#99ccff;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_cobalt" title="Isotopes of cobalt">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_cobalt#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of cobalt">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Co</a></b></div>27 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#99ccff;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_nickel" title="Isotopes of nickel">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_nickel#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of nickel">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Ni</a></b></div>28 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#99ccff;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_copper" title="Isotopes of copper">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_copper#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of copper">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Cu</a></b></div>29 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#99ccff;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_zinc" title="Isotopes of zinc">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_zinc#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of zinc">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zn</a></b></div>30 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#fdff8c;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_gallium" title="Isotopes of gallium">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_gallium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of gallium">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Ga</a></b></div>31 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#fdff8c;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_germanium" title="Isotopes of germanium">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_germanium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of germanium">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a></b></div>32 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#fdff8c;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_arsenic" title="Isotopes of arsenic">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_arsenic#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of arsenic">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">As</a></b></div>33 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#fdff8c;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_selenium" title="Isotopes of selenium">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_selenium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of selenium">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Se</a></b></div>34 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#fdff8c;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_bromine" title="Isotopes of bromine">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_bromine#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of bromine">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Br</a></b></div>35 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#fdff8c;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_krypton" title="Isotopes of krypton">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_krypton#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of krypton">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Kr</a></b></div>36 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:transparent"><span title="Period ⑤" class="nounderlines" style="font-size:150%;"><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">⑤</a></span> </th> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#ff9999;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_rubidium" title="Isotopes of rubidium">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_rubidium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of rubidium">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a></b></div>37 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#ff9999;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_strontium" title="Isotopes of strontium">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_strontium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of strontium">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Sr</a></b></div>38 </td> <td> </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#99ccff;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_yttrium" title="Isotopes of yttrium">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_yttrium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of yttrium">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Y</a></b></div>39 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#99ccff;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_zirconium" title="Isotopes of zirconium">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_zirconium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of zirconium">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zr</a></b></div>40 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#99ccff;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_niobium" title="Isotopes of niobium">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_niobium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of niobium">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a></b></div>41 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#99ccff;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_molybdenum" title="Isotopes of molybdenum">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_molybdenum#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of molybdenum">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Mo</a></b></div>42 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#99ccff;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_technetium" title="Isotopes of technetium">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_technetium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of technetium">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Tc</a></b></div>43 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#99ccff;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_ruthenium" title="Isotopes of ruthenium">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_ruthenium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of ruthenium">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ru</a></b></div>44 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#99ccff;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_rhodium" title="Isotopes of rhodium">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_rhodium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of rhodium">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rh</a></b></div>45 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#99ccff;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_palladium" title="Isotopes of palladium">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_palladium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of palladium">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Pd</a></b></div>46 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#99ccff;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_silver" title="Isotopes of silver">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_silver#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of silver">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Ag</a></b></div>47 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#99ccff;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_cadmium" title="Isotopes of cadmium">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_cadmium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of cadmium">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cd</a></b></div>48 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#fdff8c;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_indium" title="Isotopes of indium">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_indium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of indium">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">In</a></b></div>49 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#fdff8c;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_tin" title="Isotopes of tin">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_tin#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of tin">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Sn</a></b></div>50 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#fdff8c;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_antimony" title="Isotopes of antimony">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_antimony#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of antimony">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Sb</a></b></div>51 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#fdff8c;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_tellurium" title="Isotopes of tellurium">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_tellurium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of tellurium">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Te</a></b></div>52 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#fdff8c;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_iodine" title="Isotopes of iodine">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_iodine#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of iodine">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">I</a></b></div>53 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#fdff8c;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_xenon" title="Isotopes of xenon">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_xenon#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of xenon">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a></b></div>54 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:transparent"><span title="Period ⑥" class="nounderlines" style="font-size:150%;"><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">⑥</a></span> </th> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#ff9999;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_caesium" title="Isotopes of caesium">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_caesium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of caesium">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Cs</a></b></div>55 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#ff9999;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_barium" title="Isotopes of barium">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_barium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of barium">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a></b></div>56 </td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; background:#9bff99;"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="1 asterisk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/16px-Asterisks_one.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/24px-Asterisks_one.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/32px-Asterisks_one.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="98" /></span></span> </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#99ccff;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_lutetium" title="Isotopes of lutetium">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_lutetium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of lutetium">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lu</a></b></div>71 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#99ccff;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_hafnium" title="Isotopes of hafnium">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_hafnium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of hafnium">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hf</a></b></div>72 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#99ccff;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_tantalum" title="Isotopes of tantalum">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_tantalum#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of tantalum">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Ta</a></b></div>73 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#99ccff;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_tungsten" title="Isotopes of tungsten">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_tungsten#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of tungsten">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">W</a></b></div>74 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#99ccff;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_rhenium" title="Isotopes of rhenium">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_rhenium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of rhenium">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Re</a></b></div>75 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#99ccff;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_osmium" title="Isotopes of osmium">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_osmium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of osmium">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a></b></div>76 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#99ccff;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_iridium" title="Isotopes of iridium">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_iridium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of iridium">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Ir</a></b></div>77 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#99ccff;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_platinum" title="Isotopes of platinum">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_platinum#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of platinum">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Pt</a></b></div>78 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#99ccff;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_gold" title="Isotopes of gold">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_gold#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of gold">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Au</a></b></div>79 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#99ccff;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_mercury" title="Isotopes of mercury">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_mercury#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of mercury">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Hg</a></b></div>80 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#fdff8c;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_thallium" title="Isotopes of thallium">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_thallium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of thallium">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Tl</a></b></div>81 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#fdff8c;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_lead" title="Isotopes of lead">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_lead#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of lead">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Pb</a></b></div>82 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#fdff8c;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_bismuth" title="Isotopes of bismuth">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_bismuth#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of bismuth">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bi</a></b></div>83 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#fdff8c;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_polonium" title="Isotopes of polonium">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_polonium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of polonium">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a></b></div>84 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#fdff8c;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_astatine" title="Isotopes of astatine">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_astatine#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of astatine">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">At</a></b></div>85 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#fdff8c;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_radon" title="Isotopes of radon">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_radon#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of radon">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a></b></div>86 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:transparent"><span title="Period ⑦" class="nounderlines" style="font-size:150%;"><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">⑦</a></span> </th> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#ff9999;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_francium" title="Isotopes of francium">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_francium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of francium">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Fr</a></b></div>87 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#ff9999;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_radium" title="Isotopes of radium">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_radium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of radium">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Ra</a></b></div>88 </td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; background:#9bff99;"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="1 asterisk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg/16px-Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg/24px-Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg/32px-Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="98" /></span></span> </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#99ccff;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_lawrencium" title="Isotopes of lawrencium">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_lawrencium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of lawrencium">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lr</a></b></div>103 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#99ccff;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_rutherfordium" title="Isotopes of rutherfordium">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_rutherfordium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of rutherfordium">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rf</a></b></div>104 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#99ccff;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_dubnium" title="Isotopes of dubnium">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_dubnium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of dubnium">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Db</a></b></div>105 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#99ccff;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_seaborgium" title="Isotopes of seaborgium">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_seaborgium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of seaborgium">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Sg</a></b></div>106 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#99ccff;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_bohrium" title="Isotopes of bohrium">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_bohrium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of bohrium">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bh</a></b></div>107 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#99ccff;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_hassium" title="Isotopes of hassium">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_hassium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of hassium">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hs</a></b></div>108 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#99ccff;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_meitnerium" title="Isotopes of meitnerium">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_meitnerium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of meitnerium">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Mt</a></b></div>109 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#99ccff;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_darmstadtium" title="Isotopes of darmstadtium">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_darmstadtium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of darmstadtium">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Ds</a></b></div>110 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#99ccff;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_roentgenium" title="Isotopes of roentgenium">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_roentgenium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of roentgenium">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Rg</a></b></div>111 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#99ccff;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_copernicium" title="Isotopes of copernicium">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_copernicium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of copernicium">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Cn</a></b></div>112 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#fdff8c;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_nihonium" title="Isotopes of nihonium">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_nihonium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of nihonium">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nh</a></b></div>113 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#fdff8c;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_flerovium" title="Isotopes of flerovium">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_flerovium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of flerovium">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Fl</a></b></div>114 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#fdff8c;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_moscovium" title="Isotopes of moscovium">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_moscovium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of moscovium">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Mc</a></b></div>115 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#fdff8c;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_livermorium" title="Isotopes of livermorium">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_livermorium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of livermorium">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Lv</a></b></div>116 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#fdff8c;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_tennessine" title="Isotopes of tennessine">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_tennessine#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of tennessine">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Ts</a></b></div>117 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#fdff8c;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_oganesson" title="Isotopes of oganesson">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_oganesson#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of oganesson">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Og</a></b></div>118 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:transparent"><span title="Period ⑧" class="nounderlines" style="font-size:150%;"><a href="/wiki/Period_8_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Period 8 element">⑧</a></span> </th> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#eee;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_ununennium" title="Isotopes of ununennium">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_ununennium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of ununennium">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Ununennium" title="Ununennium">Uue</a></b></div>119 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#eee;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_unbinilium" title="Isotopes of unbinilium">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_unbinilium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of unbinilium">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Unbinilium" title="Unbinilium">Ubn</a></b></div>120 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="20" style="height:1.4em;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="1 asterisk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/16px-Asterisks_one.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/24px-Asterisks_one.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/32px-Asterisks_one.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="98" /></span></span> </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#9bff99;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_lanthanum" title="Isotopes of lanthanum">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_lanthanum#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of lanthanum">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">La</a></b></div>57 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#9bff99;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_cerium" title="Isotopes of cerium">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_cerium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of cerium">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Ce</a></b></div>58 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#9bff99;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_praseodymium" title="Isotopes of praseodymium">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_praseodymium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of praseodymium">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Pr</a></b></div>59 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#9bff99;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_neodymium" title="Isotopes of neodymium">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_neodymium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of neodymium">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Nd</a></b></div>60 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#9bff99;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_promethium" title="Isotopes of promethium">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_promethium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of promethium">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Pm</a></b></div>61 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#9bff99;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_samarium" title="Isotopes of samarium">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_samarium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of samarium">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Sm</a></b></div>62 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#9bff99;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_europium" title="Isotopes of europium">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_europium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of europium">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Eu</a></b></div>63 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#9bff99;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_gadolinium" title="Isotopes of gadolinium">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_gadolinium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of gadolinium">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gd</a></b></div>64 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#9bff99;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_terbium" title="Isotopes of terbium">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_terbium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of terbium">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a></b></div>65 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#9bff99;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_dysprosium" title="Isotopes of dysprosium">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_dysprosium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of dysprosium">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dy</a></b></div>66 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#9bff99;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_holmium" title="Isotopes of holmium">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_holmium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of holmium">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Ho</a></b></div>67 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#9bff99;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_erbium" title="Isotopes of erbium">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_erbium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of erbium">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Er</a></b></div>68 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#9bff99;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_thulium" title="Isotopes of thulium">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_thulium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of thulium">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Tm</a></b></div>69 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#9bff99;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_ytterbium" title="Isotopes of ytterbium">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_ytterbium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of ytterbium">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Yb</a></b></div>70 </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="1 asterisk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg/16px-Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg/24px-Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg/32px-Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="98" /></span></span> </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#9bff99;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_actinium" title="Isotopes of actinium">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_actinium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of actinium">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Ac</a></b></div>89 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#9bff99;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_thorium" title="Isotopes of thorium">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_thorium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of thorium">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Th</a></b></div>90 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#9bff99;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_protactinium" title="Isotopes of protactinium">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_protactinium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of protactinium">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Pa</a></b></div>91 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#9bff99;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_uranium" title="Isotopes of uranium">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_uranium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of uranium">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">U</a></b></div>92 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#9bff99;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_neptunium" title="Isotopes of neptunium">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_neptunium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of neptunium">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Np</a></b></div>93 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#9bff99;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_plutonium" title="Isotopes of plutonium">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_plutonium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of plutonium">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Pu</a></b></div>94 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#9bff99;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_americium" title="Isotopes of americium">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_americium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of americium">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Am</a></b></div>95 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#9bff99;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_curium" title="Isotopes of curium">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_curium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of curium">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Cm</a></b></div>96 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#9bff99;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_berkelium" title="Isotopes of berkelium">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_berkelium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of berkelium">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Bk</a></b></div>97 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#9bff99;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_californium" title="Isotopes of californium">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_californium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of californium">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Cf</a></b></div>98 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#9bff99;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_einsteinium" title="Isotopes of einsteinium">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_einsteinium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of einsteinium">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Es</a></b></div>99 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#9bff99;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_fermium" title="Isotopes of fermium">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_fermium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of fermium">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fm</a></b></div>100 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#9bff99;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_mendelevium" title="Isotopes of mendelevium">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_mendelevium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of mendelevium">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Md</a></b></div>101 </td> <td style="padding-left:0.1em; background:#9bff99;"><div style="text-align:left"><small><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_nobelium" title="Isotopes of nobelium">Isotopes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_nobelium#List_of_isotopes" title="Isotopes of nobelium">§ List</a></small></div><div style="display:block"><b><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">No</a></b></div>102 </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background:#f0f0f0;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Table_of_nuclides" title="Table of nuclides">Table of nuclides</a></li> <li>Categories: <a href="/wiki/Category:Isotopes" title="Category:Isotopes">Isotopes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tables_of_nuclides" title="Category:Tables of nuclides">Tables of nuclides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Metastable_isotopes" title="Category:Metastable isotopes">Metastable isotopes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_isotopes_by_element" title="Category:Lists of isotopes by element">Isotopes by element</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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