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<li id="toc-Pre-colonial_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-colonial_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Pre-colonial history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-colonial_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonial_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Colonial history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Post-independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li 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<span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Air</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Rail</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Road" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Road"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Road</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Road-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Places_of_worship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Places_of_worship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Places of worship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Places_of_worship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Twin towns – sister cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Livingstone, Zambia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 43 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">43 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livingstone" title="Livingstone – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Livingstone" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%BA%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86_(%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7)" title="ليفينغستون (زامبيا) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ليفينغستون (زامبيا)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8A%D0%BD_(%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Ливингстън (Замбия) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ливингстън (Замбия)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livingstone_(Z%C3%A0mbia)" title="Livingstone (Zàmbia) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Livingstone (Zàmbia)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livingstone_(kapital_sa_lalawigan_sa_Zambiya)" title="Livingstone (kapital sa lalawigan sa Zambiya) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Livingstone (kapital sa lalawigan sa Zambiya)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livingstone_(Zambie)" title="Livingstone (Zambie) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Livingstone (Zambie)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article, featured article badge, good article badge"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livingstone,_Zambia" title="Livingstone, Zambia – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Livingstone, Zambia" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livingstone" title="Livingstone – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Livingstone" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livingstone_(Sambia)" title="Livingstone (Sambia) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Livingstone (Sambia)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%AF%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_(%CE%96%CE%AC%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%B1)" title="Λίβινγκστον (Ζάμπια) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λίβινγκστον (Ζάμπια)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livingstone_(Zambia)" title="Livingstone (Zambia) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Livingstone (Zambia)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livingstone" title="Livingstone – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Livingstone" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livingstone" title="Livingstone – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Livingstone" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livingstone_(Sambia)" title="Livingstone (Sambia) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Livingstone (Sambia)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%EB%B9%99%EC%8A%A4%ED%84%B4_(%EC%9E%A0%EB%B9%84%EC%95%84)" title="리빙스턴 (잠비아) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="리빙스턴 (잠비아)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%AB%D5%BE%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%BD%D5%A9%D5%B8%D5%B6_(%D4%B6%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A2%D5%AB%D5%A1)" title="Լիվինգսթոն (Զամբիա) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լիվինգսթոն (Զամբիա)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livingstone_(Sambija)" title="Livingstone (Sambija) – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Livingstone (Sambija)" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livingstone" title="Livingstone – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Livingstone" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livingstone,_Zambiya" title="Livingstone, Zambiya – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Livingstone, Zambiya" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livingstone_(citt%C3%A0)" title="Livingstone (città) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Livingstone (città)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9F_(%D7%96%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%99%D7%94)" title="ליווינגסטון (זמביה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ליווינגסטון (זמביה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livingstone_(mji)" title="Livingstone (mji) – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Livingstone (mji)" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Ливингстон шаары – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ливингстон шаары" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Марамба – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Марамба" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livingstonas_(Zambija)" title="Livingstonas (Zambija) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Livingstonas (Zambija)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86_(%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%87_%D9%81%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B8%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%87,_%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7)" title="ليفينجستون (مدينه فى المحافظه الجنوبيه, زامبيا) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ليفينجستون (مدينه فى المحافظه الجنوبيه, زامبيا)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Ливингстон (Замбия) – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Ливингстон (Замбия)" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livingstone_(Zambia)" title="Livingstone (Zambia) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Livingstone (Zambia)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%B3_(%E3%82%B6%E3%83%B3%E3%83%93%E3%82%A2)" title="リヴィングストン (ザンビア) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="リヴィングストン (ザンビア)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livingstone" title="Livingstone – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Livingstone" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livingstone" title="Livingstone – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Livingstone" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livingstone" title="Livingstone – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Livingstone" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livingstone_(Z%C3%A2mbia)" title="Livingstone (Zâmbia) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Livingstone (Zâmbia)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livingstone,_Zambia" title="Livingstone, Zambia – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Livingstone, Zambia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Ливингстон (Замбия) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ливингстон (Замбия)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livingstone,_Zambia" title="Livingstone, Zambia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Livingstone, Zambia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livingstone_(Sambia)" title="Livingstone (Sambia) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Livingstone (Sambia)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livingstone,_Zambia" title="Livingstone, Zambia – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Livingstone, Zambia" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livingstone,_Zambiya" title="Livingstone, Zambiya – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Livingstone, Zambiya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Лівінгстон (Замбія) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Лівінгстон (Замбія)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B3%D9%B9%D9%88%D9%86%D8%8C_%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="لیونگسٹون، زیمبیا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لیونگسٹون، زیمبیا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livingstone" title="Livingstone – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Livingstone" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E6%96%87%E6%96%AF%E6%95%A6_(%E8%B5%9E%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A)" title="利文斯敦 (赞比亚) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="利文斯敦 (赞比亚)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Livingstone,_Zambia&params=17_51_S_25_52_E_region:ZM_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">17°51′S</span> <span class="longitude">25°52′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">17.850°S 25.867°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-17.850; 25.867</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Southern Province, Zambia</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Livingstone</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_Zambia" title="List of populated places in Zambia">City</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Livingstone.Zambia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Livingstone.Zambia.jpg/250px-Livingstone.Zambia.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Livingstone.Zambia.jpg/375px-Livingstone.Zambia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Livingstone.Zambia.jpg/500px-Livingstone.Zambia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Livingstone_Coat_of_arms.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official seal of Livingstone"><img alt="Official seal of Livingstone" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Livingstone_Coat_of_arms.jpg/83px-Livingstone_Coat_of_arms.jpg" decoding="async" width="83" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Livingstone_Coat_of_arms.jpg/125px-Livingstone_Coat_of_arms.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Livingstone_Coat_of_arms.jpg/166px-Livingstone_Coat_of_arms.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="541" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Seal</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zambia_adm_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Livingstone is located in Zambia"><img alt="Livingstone is located in Zambia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Zambia_adm_location_map.svg/250px-Zambia_adm_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Zambia_adm_location_map.svg/375px-Zambia_adm_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Zambia_adm_location_map.svg/500px-Zambia_adm_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="1022" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:95.714%;left:34.936%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Livingstone"><img alt="Livingstone" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:4px;left:-3em"><div>Livingstone</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in Zambia</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Zambia</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Africa_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Livingstone is located in Africa"><img alt="Livingstone is located in Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Africa_location_map.svg/250px-Africa_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Africa_location_map.svg/375px-Africa_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Africa_location_map.svg/500px-Africa_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1525" data-file-height="1440" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:74.648%;left:61.825%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Livingstone"><img alt="Livingstone" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:4px;left:-3em"><div>Livingstone</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Livingstone (Africa)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Africa</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Livingstone,_Zambia&params=17_51_S_25_52_E_region:ZM_type:city(134349)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">17°51′S</span> <span class="longitude">25°52′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">17.850°S 25.867°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-17.850; 25.867</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Country</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Zambia" title="Provinces of Zambia">Province</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Province,_Zambia" title="Southern Province, Zambia">Southern Province</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Zambia#Southern_Province" title="Districts of Zambia">District</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Livingstone_District" title="Livingstone District">Livingstone District</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • </th><td class="infobox-data">695 km<sup>2</sup> (268 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">986 m (3,235 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2010 census)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">134,349</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Ethnicities<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tonga_people_(Zambia_and_Zimbabwe)" title="Tonga people (Zambia and Zimbabwe)">Tonga Baleya (Leya people) Toka people</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lunda_people" title="Lunda people">Lunda people</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Languages<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">English (official language) <a href="/wiki/Tonga_language_(Zambia_and_Zimbabwe)" title="Tonga language (Zambia and Zimbabwe)">Tonga language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lozi_language" title="Lozi language">Lozi language</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B2" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+2">UTC+2</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_Africa_Time" title="Central Africa Time">CAT</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Climate</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Semi-arid_climate#Hot_semi-arid_climates" title="Semi-arid climate">BSh</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://livcity.org">livcity<wbr />.org</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 270px; height: 300px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="270" data-height="300" data-zoom="11" data-overlays="["_75abc7d2cae027e3d5af39fd37ead561d1d232aa"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,11,a,a,270x300.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Livingstone%2C_Zambia&revid=1258496304&groups=_75abc7d2cae027e3d5af39fd37ead561d1d232aa" width="270" height="300" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,11,a,a,270x300@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Livingstone%2C_Zambia&revid=1258496304&groups=_75abc7d2cae027e3d5af39fd37ead561d1d232aa 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Livingstone</b> is a city in <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mwakikagile_2010_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mwakikagile_2010-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until 1935, it served as the capital of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Rhodesia" title="Northern Rhodesia">Northern Rhodesia</a>. Lying 10 km (6 mi) to the north of the <a href="/wiki/Zambezi_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Zambezi River">Zambezi River</a>, it is a <a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">tourism</a> attraction center for the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Falls,_Zambia" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria Falls, Zambia">Victoria Falls</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a border town with road and rail connections to <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> on the other side of the Victoria Falls. A historic <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British colonial</a> city, its present <a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">population</a> was enumerated at 177,393 inhabitants at the 2022 census.<sup id="cite_ref-1R_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1R-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is named after <a href="/wiki/David_Livingstone" title="David Livingstone">David Livingstone</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scottish</a> explorer and <a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">missionary</a> who was the first European to <a href="/wiki/Exploration" title="Exploration">explore</a> the area.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until 2011, Livingstone was the provincial capital of Zambia's <a href="/wiki/Southern_Province,_Zambia" title="Southern Province, Zambia">Southern Province</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Livingstone,_Zambia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-colonial_history">Pre-colonial history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Livingstone,_Zambia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Pre-colonial history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mukuni, 9.6 km (6.0 mi) to the south-east of present-day Livingstone, was the largest village in the area before Livingstone was founded. Its <a href="/wiki/Leya_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Leya language">Baleya</a> inhabitants, originally from the <a href="/wiki/Rozwi" class="mw-redirect" title="Rozwi">Rozwi</a> culture in <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>, were conquered by Chief Mukuni who came from the <a href="/wiki/DR_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="DR Congo">Congo</a> in the 16th century. Another group of Baleya under Chief Sekute lived near the river west of the town. The predominant people in the area, though, were the Batoka under Chief Musokotwane based at Senkobo, 30 km (19 mi) north. These are southern <a href="/wiki/Tonga_people_(Zambia_and_Zimbabwe)" title="Tonga people (Zambia and Zimbabwe)">Tonga people</a> but are culturally and linguistically similar to the Baleya.<sup id="cite_ref-LTC_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LTC-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Livingstone1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Livingstone1.jpg/170px-Livingstone1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Livingstone1.jpg/255px-Livingstone1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Livingstone1.jpg/340px-Livingstone1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="401" data-file-height="438" /></a><figcaption>Memorial to <a href="/wiki/David_Livingstone" title="David Livingstone">David Livingstone</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Subiya paid tribute to the <a href="/wiki/Lozi_people" title="Lozi people">Lozi</a> of <a href="/wiki/Barotseland" title="Barotseland">Barotseland</a> but in 1838 the <a href="/wiki/Kololo" title="Kololo">Kololo</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Sotho</a> tribe from <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> displaced by <a href="/wiki/Ndwandwe-Zulu_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Ndwandwe-Zulu War">Zulu wars</a>, migrated north and conquered the <a href="/wiki/Lozi_people" title="Lozi people">Lozi</a>. The Kololo placed chiefs of their subordinate <a href="/wiki/Subiya_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Subiya people">Subiya people</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sesheke" title="Sesheke">Sesheke</a> over the Tokaleya. In 1855 Scottish <a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">missionary</a> traveller <a href="/wiki/David_Livingstone" title="David Livingstone">David Livingstone</a> became the first European to be shown the <a href="/wiki/Zambezi" title="Zambezi">Zambezi</a> in Livingstone vicinity, to see <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Falls" title="Victoria Falls">Victoria Falls</a> by the Subiya-Kololo Chief Sekeletu.<sup id="cite_ref-Spectrum_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spectrum-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_history">Colonial history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Livingstone,_Zambia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Colonial history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1890s <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes" title="Cecil Rhodes">Cecil Rhodes</a>'s <a href="/wiki/British_South_Africa_Company" title="British South Africa Company">British South Africa Company</a> established the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> rule north of the Zambezi and launched a wave of mineral prospecting and exploration activity and as well, ventured into other natural resources such as timber, ivory and animal skins in a territory called <a href="/wiki/North-Western_Rhodesia" title="North-Western Rhodesia">North-Western Rhodesia</a>. The main crossing point of the Zambezi was above the falls at the Old Drift, first by dugout canoe, later by an iron boat propelled by eight Lozi paddlers, or a barge towed across with a steel cable. The <a href="/wiki/Batoka_Formation" title="Batoka Formation">Batoka Gorge</a> and the deep valley and gorges of the middle Zambezi (now flooded by the <a href="/wiki/Kariba_Dam" title="Kariba Dam">Kariba Dam</a>) meant there was no better crossing point between the Falls and <a href="/wiki/Kariba_Gorge" title="Kariba Gorge">Kariba Gorge</a>, 483 km (300 mi) north-east. As the Old Drift crossing became more frequently used, a British colonial settlement sprang up there and around 1897 it became the first <a href="/wiki/Municipality" title="Municipality">municipality</a> in the country; it is sometimes referred to as 'Old Livingstone'. Its proximity to <a href="/wiki/Mosquito" title="Mosquito">mosquito</a> breeding areas caused deaths from <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a>, so after 1900 the Europeans moved to higher ground known as Constitution Hill or Sandbelt Post Office, and as that area grew into a town it was named <i>Livingstone</i> in honour of the explorer.<sup id="cite_ref-NRJ_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NRJ-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the mid-1890s <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia_Railways" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodesia Railways">Rhodesia Railways</a> had reached <a href="/wiki/Bulawayo" title="Bulawayo">Bulawayo</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</a> spurring industrial development there, fueled by the coal mines at <a href="/wiki/Hwange" title="Hwange">Hwange</a> (then named <i>Wankie</i>) just 110 km (68 mi) south-east of Mosi-oa-Tunya. The railway was extended to Hwange for the coal, but Rhodes's vision was to keep pushing north to extend the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, and he would have <a href="/wiki/Cape-Cairo_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape-Cairo railway">built it to Cairo</a> if he could. In 1904 the railway reached the Falls on the southern side and construction of the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Falls_Bridge" title="Victoria Falls Bridge">Victoria Falls Bridge</a> started.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Too impatient to wait for its completion, Rhodes had the line from Livingstone to <a href="/wiki/Kalomo" title="Kalomo">Kalomo</a> built and operations started some months in advance of the bridge using a single locomotive which was conveyed in pieces by temporary cableway across the gorge next to the bridge building site.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zamb%C3%A8ze-Chapelle_comm%C3%A9morative_Coillard_%C3%A0_Livingstone_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Zamb%C3%A8ze-Chapelle_comm%C3%A9morative_Coillard_%C3%A0_Livingstone_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Zamb%C3%A8ze-Chapelle_comm%C3%A9morative_Coillard_%C3%A0_Livingstone_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Zamb%C3%A8ze-Chapelle_comm%C3%A9morative_Coillard_%C3%A0_Livingstone_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Zamb%C3%A8ze-Chapelle_comm%C3%A9morative_Coillard_%C3%A0_Livingstone_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Zamb%C3%A8ze-Chapelle_comm%C3%A9morative_Coillard_%C3%A0_Livingstone_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Zamb%C3%A8ze-Chapelle_comm%C3%A9morative_Coillard_%C3%A0_Livingstone_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1192" data-file-height="921" /></a><figcaption>Livingstone in the early 20th century</figcaption></figure> <p>The city was founded in 1905.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/British_South_Africa_Company" title="British South Africa Company">British South Africa Company</a> moved the capital of the territory there in 1907.<sup id="cite_ref-NRJ_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NRJ-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1911 the company merged the territory with <a href="/wiki/North-Eastern_Rhodesia" title="North-Eastern Rhodesia">North-Eastern Rhodesia</a> as <a href="/wiki/Northern_Rhodesia" title="Northern Rhodesia">Northern Rhodesia</a>. Livingstone prospered from its position as a gateway to trade between north and south sides of the Zambezi, as well as from farming in the Southern Province and commercial timber production from forests to its north-west. A number of colonial buildings were erected which still stand.<sup id="cite_ref-Spectrum_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spectrum-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the capital was moved to <a href="/wiki/Lusaka" title="Lusaka">Lusaka</a> in 1935 to be closer to the economic heartland of the <a href="/wiki/Copperbelt" title="Copperbelt">Copperbelt</a>, industries based on timber, hides, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tobacco">tobacco</a>, cotton (including textiles) and other agricultural products grew. A hydroelectric plant was built taking water from the Eastern Cataract of the Falls. The town of <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Falls,_Zimbabwe" title="Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe">Victoria Falls</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</a> had the tourist trade, but many supplies were bought from Livingstone. </p><p>Of all the towns in Northern Rhodesia, colonial Livingstone took on the most British character.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Surrounded by large numbers of African settlements, it had a strongly marked <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">segregation</a> which while not being officially enshrined as an <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a> policy, had similar practical effects. The north and western areas of the town and the town centre were reserved for the colonial government and white-owned businesses and associated residential areas, while African townships such as Maramba (named after the small Maramba River flowing nearby) were in the east and south and were inhabited by working <a href="/wiki/Servant" class="mw-redirect" title="Servant">servants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artisan" title="Artisan">craftsman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tradesman" class="mw-redirect" title="Tradesman">tradesman</a>, as well as large numbers of non-working black families suffering under <a href="/wiki/Welfare_dependency" title="Welfare dependency">welfare dependency</a>. Asians and people of mixed race owned businesses in the middle, on the eastern side of the centre.<sup id="cite_ref-Mwakikagile_2010_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mwakikagile_2010-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, 170 <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Polish</a> refugees escaping from <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)">German- and Soviet-occupied Poland</a>, were admitted in Livingstone in 1941, and a Polish consular post was established there.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the British government began publicly discussing independence, and news of the large scale massacres of white colonials in nearby <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Congo" title="Belgian Congo">Belgian Congo</a> was heard, many white residents feared abandonment by the British colonial government. Consequently, many began making moves to migrate south toward <a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</a> or South Africa. When Northern Rhodesia obtained independence as Zambia, many more whites continued to leave.<sup id="cite_ref-Mwakikagile_2010_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mwakikagile_2010-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of British rule in 1964, Africans were handed a country in which there were only 100 black college graduates, almost all in social sciences from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Fort_Hare" title="University of Fort Hare">University of Fort Hare</a> in South Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1968, a one party state had been established which seized most remaining non-black property, especially those of whites.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, most of the remaining Northern Rhodesians left after an official policy of <a href="/wiki/Nationalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalisation">nationalisation</a> in Zambia was announced.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-independence">Post-independence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Livingstone,_Zambia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Post-independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some colonial civic buildings were destroyed and replaced with an <a href="/wiki/African_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="African culture">African</a> architecture, although Livingstone was used as a location for a 1950s Rhodesian town in the 1981 movie <i><a href="/wiki/The_Grass_Is_Singing" title="The Grass Is Singing">The Grass Is Singing</a></i> (based on the <a href="/wiki/Doris_Lessing" title="Doris Lessing">Doris Lessing</a> novel of that name).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> . At the same time, a large infusion of cash from the British government to Zambia at independence was partially used in Livingstone.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Livingstone suffered economic decline in the 1970s due in part to renationalisation of industries<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in part to closure of the border with Rhodesia, first by the Zambian government and later by the Rhodesian authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the beginning of the 21st century, Livingstone has experienced a resurgence in tourism and has firmly become the destination of choice when visiting the Victoria Falls. Livingstone has enjoyed a slight influx of investment in the industry from modern hotel chains like <a href="/wiki/Sun_International" title="Sun International">Sun International</a>, to some modern street strip mall centers and restaurants.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apart from tourism, the other hope on Livingstone's horizon is development stimulated by the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://saiia.org.za/saiia-toolkit/walvis-bay-corridor-group/">Walvis Bay Corridor</a> with the opening of the <a href="/wiki/Katima_Mulilo_Bridge" title="Katima Mulilo Bridge">Katima Mulilo Bridge</a> and completion of the <a href="/wiki/Trans%E2%80%93Caprivi_Highway" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans–Caprivi Highway">Trans–Caprivi Highway</a> 200 km (120 mi) west, which funnels more trade through the town.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Livingstone,_Zambia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Livingstone has a <a href="/wiki/Semi-arid_climate#Hot_semi-arid_climates" title="Semi-arid climate">hot semi-arid climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a>: <i>BSh</i>) with hot and rainy wet seasons and very hot pre-wet seasons and mild dry seasons with large temperature differences between day and night. </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Livingstone (1991–2020, extremes 1918–present) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF0B00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.9<br />(103.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF1500; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.4<br />(101.1) </td> <td style="background: #E20000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">43.6<br />(110.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF1F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.0<br />(98.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF2500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.0<br />(96.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF2C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.0<br />(95.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF3D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.6<br />(90.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF1B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.5<br />(99.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF0900; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.1<br />(104.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF0100; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">41.3<br />(106.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF0200; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">41.1<br />(106.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF0D00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.5<br />(103.1) </td> <td style="background: #E20000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">43.6<br />(110.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF4900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.9<br />(87.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF4A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.7<br />(87.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF4700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.1<br />(88.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.6<br />(87.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF5600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.0<br />(84.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF6700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.5<br />(79.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.1<br />(79.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF5000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.8<br />(85.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF3600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.6<br />(92.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF2800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.6<br />(96.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF3400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.9<br />(93.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.5<br />(88.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF4900; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">30.8<br />(87.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF7000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.2<br />(77.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.9<br />(76.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.6<br />(76.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF8001; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.9<br />(73.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9327; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.1<br />(68.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFA64D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.4<br />(63.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFA954; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.9<br />(62.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9123; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.4<br />(68.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.5<br />(76.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.4<br />(81.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.0<br />(80.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.6<br />(78.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7F00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">23.0<br />(73.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF9831; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.4<br />(66.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.0<br />(66.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFA144; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.0<br />(64.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFB56C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.1<br />(59.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFD1A4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.1<br />(52.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFE5CC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.2<br />(46.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFE9D4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.6<br />(45.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.9<br />(51.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFB368; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.4<br />(59.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9934; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.2<br />(66.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF9429; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.0<br />(68.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF962E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.6<br />(67.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFB46A; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">15.3<br />(59.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFDAB5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.8<br />(49.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.0<br />(46.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.0<br />(44.6) </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.3<br />(39.7) </td> <td style="background: #E9E9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.5<br />(32.9) </td> <td style="background: #C6C6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.9<br />(21.4) </td> <td style="background: #D6D6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.0<br />(26.6) </td> <td style="background: #DDDDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.7<br />(28.9) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.0<br />(33.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.1<br />(46.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.0<br />(51.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFD3A8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.8<br />(51.4) </td> <td style="background: #C6C6FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−5.9<br />(21.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #00F800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">175.2<br />(6.90) </td> <td style="background: #25FF25; color:#000000;" class="notheme">133.2<br />(5.24) </td> <td style="background: #82FF82; color:#000000;" class="notheme">83.3<br />(3.28) </td> <td style="background: #E0FFE0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.5<br />(0.77) </td> <td style="background: #FBFFFB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.4<br />(0.09) </td> <td style="background: #FEFFFE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2<br />(0.01) </td> <td style="background: #FEFFFE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1<br />(0.00) </td> <td style="background: #FEFFFE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.3<br />(0.01) </td> <td style="background: #FCFFFC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.4<br />(0.06) </td> <td style="background: #EEFFEE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.1<br />(0.44) </td> <td style="background: #87FF87; color:#000000;" class="notheme">77.7<br />(3.06) </td> <td style="background: #2BFF2B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">141.9<br />(5.59) </td> <td style="background: #ADFFAD; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">646.3<br />(25.44) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000DF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">74.8 </td> <td style="background: #0000D6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">77.3 </td> <td style="background: #0000E9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">72.2 </td> <td style="background: #0606FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">65.1 </td> <td style="background: #2222FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">57.7 </td> <td style="background: #2C2CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">55.0 </td> <td style="background: #3838FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">51.8 </td> <td style="background: #5959FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">43.3 </td> <td style="background: #7878FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.1 </td> <td style="background: #5F5FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">41.7 </td> <td style="background: #2B2BFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">55.2 </td> <td style="background: #0000EE; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">71.0 </td> <td style="background: #1F1FFF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">58.4 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #DADA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">213.9 </td> <td style="background: #DBDB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">196.0 </td> <td style="background: #E3E300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">251.1 </td> <td style="background: #EAEA01; color:#000000;" class="notheme">273.0 </td> <td style="background: #EFEF0D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">303.8 </td> <td style="background: #EEEE0A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">288.0 </td> <td style="background: #F0F011; color:#000000;" class="notheme">310.0 </td> <td style="background: #F2F216; color:#000000;" class="notheme">319.3 </td> <td style="background: #F0F00F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">297.0 </td> <td style="background: #E9E900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">279.0 </td> <td style="background: #DFDF00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">228.0 </td> <td style="background: #D9D900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">207.7 </td> <td style="background: #E7E700; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">3,166.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">NOAA</a> (humidity and sun 1961–1990)<sup id="cite_ref-WMONormals_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WMONormals-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)<sup id="cite_ref-meteoclimat_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meteoclimat-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Livingstone,_Zambia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Zambia" title="Transport in Zambia">Transport in Zambia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air">Air</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Livingstone,_Zambia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Air"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HarryMwaagaNkumbulaAirport.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/HarryMwaagaNkumbulaAirport.jpg/220px-HarryMwaagaNkumbulaAirport.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/HarryMwaagaNkumbulaAirport.jpg/330px-HarryMwaagaNkumbulaAirport.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/HarryMwaagaNkumbulaAirport.jpg/440px-HarryMwaagaNkumbulaAirport.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Main terminal of the Harry Mwanga Nkumbula International Airport</figcaption></figure> <p>The city is served by <a href="/wiki/Harry_Mwanga_Nkumbula_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Mwanga Nkumbula International Airport">Harry Mwanga Nkumbula International Airport</a>, which receives domestic flights from <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda_International_Airport" title="Kenneth Kaunda International Airport">Lusaka</a> and connects with various international cities, including <a href="/wiki/O._R._Tambo_International_Airport" title="O. R. Tambo International Airport">Johannesburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town_International_Airport" title="Cape Town International Airport">Cape Town</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kruger_Mpumalanga_International_Airport" title="Kruger Mpumalanga International Airport">Mbombela</a> & <a href="/wiki/Jomo_Kenyatta_International_Airport" title="Jomo Kenyatta International Airport">Nairobi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="The current source is insufficiently reliable (WP:NOTRS). (March 2023)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rail">Rail</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Livingstone,_Zambia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Rail"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The city is served by the operating sections of the <a href="/wiki/Cape_to_Cairo_Railway" title="Cape to Cairo Railway">Cape to Cairo Railway</a>, which connect it to <a href="/wiki/Lusaka" title="Lusaka">Lusaka</a> in the north-east and <a href="/wiki/Bulawayo" title="Bulawayo">Bulawayo</a> in the south-east. The railway to Lusaka is also named the <a href="/wiki/Zambia_Railways" title="Zambia Railways">Zambia Railway</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Mulobezi_Railway" title="Mulobezi Railway">Mulobezi Railway</a> connects Livingstone to the <a href="/wiki/Mulobezi" title="Mulobezi">Mulobezi</a> timber industry in the west.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Road">Road</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Livingstone,_Zambia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Road"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Lusaka-Livingstone_road" class="mw-redirect" title="Lusaka-Livingstone road">Lusaka-Livingstone road</a> (T1 road) connects Livingstone with <a href="/wiki/Kalomo" title="Kalomo">Kalomo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Choma,_Zambia" title="Choma, Zambia">Choma</a> and the national capital (<a href="/wiki/Lusaka" title="Lusaka">Lusaka</a>) in the north-east.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same road connects southwards, crossing into Zimbabwe via <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Falls_Bridge" title="Victoria Falls Bridge">Victoria Falls Bridge</a><sup id="cite_ref-:3_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (weight restrictions apply) (becoming the <a href="/wiki/A8_road_(Zimbabwe)" title="A8 road (Zimbabwe)">A8 road</a> on the Zimbabwean side and passing through <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Falls,_Zimbabwe" title="Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe">Victoria Falls Town</a> before proceeding to <a href="/wiki/Bulawayo" title="Bulawayo">Bulawayo</a>). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/M10_road_(Zambia)" title="M10 road (Zambia)">M10 road</a> connects westwards to <a href="/wiki/Kazungula" title="Kazungula">Kazungula</a> (where the <a href="/wiki/Kazungula_Bridge" title="Kazungula Bridge">Kazungula Bridge</a>, formerly the <a href="/wiki/Kazungula_Ferry" title="Kazungula Ferry">Kazungula Ferry</a>, connects with the border into <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a>) and to <a href="/wiki/Sesheke" title="Sesheke">Sesheke</a> (where it crosses the <a href="/wiki/Zambezi" title="Zambezi">Zambezi</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Katima_Mulilo_Bridge" title="Katima Mulilo Bridge">Katima Mulilo Bridge</a> and reaches the <a href="/wiki/Katima_Mulilo" title="Katima Mulilo">Katima Mulilo Border</a> with <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a>). This road from Livingstone to the Katima Mulilo Bridge is part of the <a href="/wiki/Walvis_Bay-Ndola-Lubumbashi_Development_Road" title="Walvis Bay-Ndola-Lubumbashi Development Road">Walvis Bay-Ndola-Lubumbashi Development Road</a>. The M10 further connects with <a href="/wiki/Senanga" title="Senanga">Senanga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mongu" title="Mongu">Mongu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Places_of_worship">Places of worship</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Livingstone,_Zambia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Places of worship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Among the <a href="/wiki/Places_of_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Places of worship">places of worship</a>, they are predominantly <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> churches and temples : <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Livingstone" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Livingstone">Roman Catholic Diocese of Livingstone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>), <a href="/wiki/United_Church_in_Zambia" title="United Church in Zambia">United Church in Zambia</a> (<a href="/wiki/World_Communion_of_Reformed_Churches" title="World Communion of Reformed Churches">World Communion of Reformed Churches</a>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Zion_Christian_Centre_-_Livingstone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mount Zion Christian Centre - Livingstone (page does not exist)">Mount Zion Christian Centre - Livingstone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pentecostal_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecostal Church">Pentecostal Church</a>), <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Church_in_Zambia" title="Reformed Church in Zambia">Reformed Church in Zambia</a> (<a href="/wiki/World_Communion_of_Reformed_Churches" title="World Communion of Reformed Churches">World Communion of Reformed Churches</a>), <a href="/wiki/Baptist_Union_of_Zambia" title="Baptist Union of Zambia">Baptist Union of Zambia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Baptist_World_Alliance" title="Baptist World Alliance">Baptist World Alliance</a>), <a href="/wiki/Assemblies_of_God" title="Assemblies of God">Assemblies of God</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Muslim</a> mosques and <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> temples.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Previously, Livingstone hosted a strong Jewish community. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Livingstone,_Zambia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Livingstone_Museum,_Livingstone_(Maramba)_Krzysztof_B%C5%82a%C5%BCyca_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Livingstone_Museum%2C_Livingstone_%28Maramba%29_Krzysztof_B%C5%82a%C5%BCyca_2011.jpg/220px-Livingstone_Museum%2C_Livingstone_%28Maramba%29_Krzysztof_B%C5%82a%C5%BCyca_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Livingstone_Museum%2C_Livingstone_%28Maramba%29_Krzysztof_B%C5%82a%C5%BCyca_2011.jpg/330px-Livingstone_Museum%2C_Livingstone_%28Maramba%29_Krzysztof_B%C5%82a%C5%BCyca_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Livingstone_Museum%2C_Livingstone_%28Maramba%29_Krzysztof_B%C5%82a%C5%BCyca_2011.jpg/440px-Livingstone_Museum%2C_Livingstone_%28Maramba%29_Krzysztof_B%C5%82a%C5%BCyca_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="346" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Livingstone_Museum" title="Livingstone Museum">Livingstone Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Livingstone has various museums, like the <a href="/wiki/Livingstone_Museum" title="Livingstone Museum">Livingstone Museum</a> (archaeology, ethnography and history and contains a collection of memorabilia relating to <a href="/wiki/David_Livingstone" title="David Livingstone">David Livingstone</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Maramba_Cultural_Museum" title="Maramba Cultural Museum">Maramba Cultural Museum</a> (featuring traditional dancing, singing, costumes), the <a href="/wiki/Railway_Museum_(Livingstone,_Zambia)" title="Railway Museum (Livingstone, Zambia)">Railway Museum</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Mulobezi_Railway" title="Mulobezi Railway">Mulobezi Railway</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Falls_Field_Museum" title="Victoria Falls Field Museum">Victoria Falls Field Museum</a> (featuring geology and archaeology around the Falls).<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mwakikagile_2010_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mwakikagile_2010-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Livingstone_Water_Tank_3_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Livingstone_Water_Tank_3_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Livingstone_Water_Tank_3_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Livingstone_Water_Tank_3_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Livingstone_Water_Tank_3_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Livingstone_Water_Tank_3_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Livingstone_Water_Tank_3_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1702" data-file-height="2938" /></a><figcaption>Livingstone Water Tank</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kobus_ellipsyprimus,_male_portrait_(Livingstone,_Zambia).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Kobus_ellipsyprimus%2C_male_portrait_%28Livingstone%2C_Zambia%29.jpg/170px-Kobus_ellipsyprimus%2C_male_portrait_%28Livingstone%2C_Zambia%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Kobus_ellipsyprimus%2C_male_portrait_%28Livingstone%2C_Zambia%29.jpg/255px-Kobus_ellipsyprimus%2C_male_portrait_%28Livingstone%2C_Zambia%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Kobus_ellipsyprimus%2C_male_portrait_%28Livingstone%2C_Zambia%29.jpg/340px-Kobus_ellipsyprimus%2C_male_portrait_%28Livingstone%2C_Zambia%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2805" data-file-height="3741" /></a><figcaption>Ellipsen Waterbuck at Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park, Livingstone, Zambia.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Livingstone,_Zambia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Secondary schools in the area include <a href="/wiki/Hillcrest_Technical_Secondary_School" title="Hillcrest Technical Secondary School">Hillcrest Technical Secondary School</a> and <a href="/wiki/Linda_Secondary_School" title="Linda Secondary School">Linda Secondary School</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"><span id="Twin_towns_.E2.80.93_sister_cities"></span>Twin towns – sister cities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Livingstone,_Zambia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Twin towns – sister cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Africa#Zambia" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Africa">List of twin towns and sister cities in Zambia</a></div> <p>Livingstone is <a href="/wiki/Sister_city" title="Sister city">twinned</a> with: </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal"><img alt="Portugal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Funchal" title="Funchal">Funchal</a>, Portugal<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe,_New_Mexico" title="Santa Fe, New Mexico">Santa Fe</a>, United States<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Livingstone,_Zambia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Falls,_Zimbabwe" title="Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe">Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe</a> (the adjacent Zimbabwean city)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Livingstone,_Zambia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Mwakikagile_2010-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mwakikagile_2010_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mwakikagile_2010_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mwakikagile_2010_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mwakikagile_2010_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMwakikagile2010" class="citation book cs1">Mwakikagile, Godfrey (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DFVS4IixY5oC&q=Livingstone+City+suffered+economic+decline+in+the+1970s&pg=PA187"><i>Zambia: Life in an African Country</i></a>. New Africa Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9987-16-011-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-9987-16-011-2"><bdi>978-9987-16-011-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zambia%3A+Life+in+an+African+Country&rft.pub=New+Africa+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-9987-16-011-2&rft.aulast=Mwakikagile&rft.aufirst=Godfrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDFVS4IixY5oC%26q%3DLivingstone%2BCity%2Bsuffered%2Beconomic%2Bdecline%2Bin%2Bthe%2B1970s%26pg%3DPA187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALivingstone%2C+Zambia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210524140150/https://www.zambia.travel/explore/towns-and-cities/livingstone/">"Livingstone"</a>. <i>Zambia Let's Explore</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Station+Livingstone&rft.pub=Meteo+Climat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmeteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org%2Findex.php%3Fpage%3Dstati%26id%3D1570&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALivingstone%2C+Zambia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zambiatourism.com/travel-info/airports/harry-mwaanga-nkumbula-international-airport/">https://www.zambiatourism.com/travel-info/airports/harry-mwaanga-nkumbula-international-airport/</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zambiatourism.com%2Ftravel-info%2Fairports%2Fharry-mwaanga-nkumbula-international-airport%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALivingstone%2C+Zambia" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flightsfrom.com/LVI">https://www.flightsfrom.com/LVI</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.flightsfrom.com%2FLVI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALivingstone%2C+Zambia" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sinfin.net/railways/world/zambia.html">"Railways in Zambia"</a>. <i>www.sinfin.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-09-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tracks4Africa&rft.atitle=Tracks4Africa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftracks4africa.co.za%2Flistings%2Fitem%2Fw147511%2Fharry-mwanga-nkumbula-international-airport-lvi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALivingstone%2C+Zambia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/1492">"Roads and Road Traffic Act | National Assembly of Zambia"</a>. <i>www.parliament.gov.zm</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.parliament.gov.zm&rft.atitle=Roads+and+Road+Traffic+Act+%7C+National+Assembly+of+Zambia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.gov.zm%2Fnode%2F1492&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALivingstone%2C+Zambia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Britannica, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambia">Zambia</a>, britannica.com, USA, accessed on September 8, 2019</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmesWongNevins2017" class="citation book cs1">Holmes, Timothy; Wong, Winnie; Nevins, Debbie (2017-12-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mCpmDwAAQBAJ&q=Islamic+Mosques+in+livingstone+city+Zambia&pg=PA80"><i>Zambia</i></a>. Cavendish Square Publishing, LLC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5026-3244-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5026-3244-9"><bdi>978-1-5026-3244-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zambia&rft.pub=Cavendish+Square+Publishing%2C+LLC&rft.date=2017-12-15&rft.isbn=978-1-5026-3244-9&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft.au=Wong%2C+Winnie&rft.au=Nevins%2C+Debbie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmCpmDwAAQBAJ%26q%3DIslamic%2BMosques%2Bin%2Blivingstone%2Bcity%2BZambia%26pg%3DPA80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALivingstone%2C+Zambia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.museumszambia.org/our-museums/national-museums/livingstone-museum">"Livingstone Museum - National Museums Board - Zambia"</a>. <i>www.museumszambia.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-06-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.museumszambia.org&rft.atitle=Livingstone+Museum+-+National+Museums+Board+-+Zambia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.museumszambia.org%2Four-museums%2Fnational-museums%2Flivingstone-museum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALivingstone%2C+Zambia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211212025027/https://www.cm-funchal.pt/en/rela%C3%A7%C3%B5es-internacionais/179-acordos-de-gemina%C3%A7%C3%A3o.html">"Acordos de Geminação"</a>. <i>cm-funchal.pt</i> (in Portuguese). Funchal. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cm-funchal.pt/en/rela%C3%A7%C3%B5es-internacionais/179-acordos-de-gemina%C3%A7%C3%A3o.html">the original</a> on 2021-12-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cm-funchal.pt&rft.atitle=Acordos+de+Gemina%C3%A7%C3%A3o&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cm-funchal.pt%2Fen%2Frela%25C3%25A7%25C3%25B5es-internacionais%2F179-acordos-de-gemina%25C3%25A7%25C3%25A3o.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALivingstone%2C+Zambia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.santafenm.gov/sister_cities">"Sister Cities"</a>. <i>santafenm.gov</i>. City of Santa Fe<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=santafenm.gov&rft.atitle=Sister+Cities&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.santafenm.gov%2Fsister_cities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALivingstone%2C+Zambia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Livingstone,_Zambia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li>Apthorpe R (1960)-Rhodes Livvingstone Institute Journal-Problems of African History, the Nsenga of Northern Rhodesia (Government Printer, Lusaka) page 58.Colson E. and Gluckman M (1961)-Seven Tribes of British Central Africa – The plateau Tonga of Northern Rhodesia (<a href="/wiki/Manchester_University_Press" title="Manchester University Press">Manchester University Press</a>, Manchester) pages 95,103 and 129.Douglas S.D. (1961) – The Stories of the Ancient Lore of the Bene Mukuni page 19.Manchishi P.C. and Musona E.T. – The People of Zambia – The Short History of the Soli (Multimedia, Lusaka) page 2 Poole L. (1938) – The Native Tribes of the East Luangwa Province of Northern Rhodesia (Government Printer, Lusaka) page 45</li> <li>Muntemba, M (1970), Zambia Museums Journal, Volume 1- The Political and Ritual Sovereignty Among the Mukuni Leya of Zambia page 29. Mwale B.B. – About the Acewa, History and customs of the Cewa people chapter V.Poole L. (1938), The Native Tribes of the East Luangwa Province of Northern Rhodesia (Government Printer, Lusaka) page 45.Undi Gawa Kalonga Chivunga, Paramount Chief (1970) Interview.</li> <li>Brelsford , W. V. (1965) – The Tribes of Zambia – The Gwembe Valley People (Government Printer, Lusaka) page 73.Brelsford , W. V. (1965) – The Tribes of Zambia – The Lenje Soli People (Government Printer, Lusaka) page 75.Colson E. (1960)-Kariba Studies (Manchester University Press, Manchester) page 168.Colson E. and Gluckman M (1961)-Seven Tribes of British Central Africa – The plateau Tonga of Northern Rhodesia (Manchester University Press, Manchester) page 132.Fagan, B.M and Philipson D.W (1965), the Iron Age Sequence at Lochnivar and the Tonga, Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute. Volume 95 part 2.Field, S. A. (1961) Visilano, History Project U.M.C.A Msoro. Chapters 41, 42, 43, 45, 46 and 47.Government of Zambia – Statutory Instrument number 146 of 1998 (Government Printer, Lusaka) page 521.Government of Zambia – Statutory Instrument numbers 22 and 23 of 1999 (Government Printer, Lusaka) page 43 and 45.Kaulu, M. G. (1995) District notes (ODG/SIN/102/15/2) – A Brief History of Mwemba Chieftainship pages 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 Langworthy, H.W. (1972), Zambia Before 1890: Aspects of Pre-Colonial History (Dai Nippon Printing Company (HG) Limited Hong Kong) page 23.Liteta Chinkuli Wilson – Senior Chief Mukuni N’gombe (1990) interview.Malala Muzamba II- Be-Dyango XV (1958) interview.Mukuni Siloka II (1957), A Short History Of the Baleya People (Government Printer, Lusaka) pages 4, 5, 6 and 7.Muntemba, M (1970) Zambia Museums Journal Volume 1. The Political and Ritual Sovereignty Among the Mukuni Leya of Zambia. page 29.Mwale B.B. – About the Acewa, History and customs of the Cewa people chapter V.Siampande Siamayuwa Senior Chief Mwemba (1990) interview.Sekute Kalonga Chief (1957) Interview</li> <li>Brelsford , W. V. (1965) – The Tribes of Zambia – The Gwembe Valley People (Government Printer, Lusaka) pages 70 and 72.Colson E. and Gluckman M (1961)-Seven Tribes of British Central Africa – The Lozi of Barotseland (Manchester University Press, Manchester) page 19.Colson E. and Gluckman M (1961)-Seven Tribes of British Central Africa – The Plateau Tonga (Manchester University Press, Manchester) page 96 Gyenkye (1996) The African Chief, page 109.Langworthy, H.W. (1972), Zambia Before 1890: Aspects of Pre-Colonial History (Dai Nippon Printing Company (HG) Limited Hong Kong) pages 25 and 119.Malala Muzamba II- Be-Dyango XV (1958) interview.Memo 376/27/5/B (1933)Minutes – Kalomo Native Authority meeting (1936)Malahasi Lwangulamombo, Sikukwila (1958) interview.Mubila Philemon, Mwendambeli (1987) interview.Munongo Bantu Mwenda Msiri Mwami (2006) interview.Muntemba, M (1970) Zambia Museums Journal Volume 1. The Political and Ritual Sovereignty Among the Mukuni Leya of Zambia. pages 30, 31 and 32.Sialutaba Josephat, Mutoozi We Namunaki (1987) interview.Vogel Joseph, O. (1975) Simbusenga (Oxford University Press, Oxford) page 47.Yanina Munchindu, Inabuze (1987) Interview.</li> <li>Muntemba, M (1970) Zambia Museums Journal Volume I – The Political and Ritual Sovereignty Among the Mukuni Leya of Zambia – pages 30 and 34</li> <li>Malala Muzamba II Be-Dyango XV (1958) Interview.Mubila Mwendambeli (1986) assisting in the Siloka III Mukuni XIX Investiture rites.Mukasimalweza Muzamba III Be-Dyango XVIII (1986)conducting coronation rites.Mukanyemba Mukalaso Siamachoka Mwanengwelele (1986) assisting in the Siloka III Mukuni XIX Investiture rites.Siloka III Mukuni XIX (1986) coronation rites, personal experience.</li> <li>Muntemba, M (1970) Zambia Museums Journal Volume I – The Political and Ritual Sovereignty Among the Mukuni Leya of Zambia – pages 30 and 34</li> <li>Malala Muzamba II Be-Dyango XV (1958) Interview.Mubila Mwendambeli (1986) assisting in the Siloka III Mukuni XIX Investiture rites.Mukasimalweza Muzamba III Be-Dyango XVIII (1986)conducting coronation rites.Mukanyemba Mukalaso Siamachoka Mwanengwelele (1986) assisting in the Siloka III Mukuni XIX Investiture rites.Siloka III Mukuni XIX (1986) coronation rites, personal experience.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Livingstone,_Zambia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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.plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Livingstone#Q1866604" class="extiw" 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