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<div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Firearm</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above hproduct" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;"><span class="fn org"> Hand Mortar </span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:B%C3%B6ssem%C3%B6rsare,_model_1700_f%C3%B6r_3-pundiga_handgranater.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/B%C3%B6ssem%C3%B6rsare%2C_model_1700_f%C3%B6r_3-pundiga_handgranater.jpg/300px-B%C3%B6ssem%C3%B6rsare%2C_model_1700_f%C3%B6r_3-pundiga_handgranater.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/B%C3%B6ssem%C3%B6rsare%2C_model_1700_f%C3%B6r_3-pundiga_handgranater.jpg/450px-B%C3%B6ssem%C3%B6rsare%2C_model_1700_f%C3%B6r_3-pundiga_handgranater.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/B%C3%B6ssem%C3%B6rsare%2C_model_1700_f%C3%B6r_3-pundiga_handgranater.jpg/600px-B%C3%B6ssem%C3%B6rsare%2C_model_1700_f%C3%B6r_3-pundiga_handgranater.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3544" data-file-height="1114" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Firearm</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Production history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Designer</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist">John Tinker <p>Menno Van Coehoorn Others </p> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Specifications</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em"><a href="/wiki/Shell_(projectile)" title="Shell (projectile)">Shell</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Incendiary, Explosive</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em"><a href="/wiki/Action_(firearms)" title="Action (firearms)">Action</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Flintlock" title="Flintlock">flintlock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matchlock" title="Matchlock">matchlock</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wheellock" title="Wheellock">wheellock</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>hand mortar</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Firearm" title="Firearm">firearm</a> and early predecessor of modern <a href="/wiki/Grenade_launcher" title="Grenade launcher">grenade launchers</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that was used in the late 17th century and 18th century to throw fused <a href="/wiki/Grenade" title="Grenade">grenades</a>. The action was similar to a <a href="/wiki/Flintlock" title="Flintlock">flintlock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matchlock" title="Matchlock">matchlock</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wheellock" title="Wheellock">wheellock</a> firearm (depending on the date of production), but the barrel was short, usually 2 inches (5.1 cm) to 4 inches (10 cm) long (though some are reported to have barrels up to 13 inches (33 cm) long), and had a large bore to accommodate the grenade; usually between 2 and 2.5 inches (5.1 and 6.4 centimetres).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hand_mortar&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hand_mortar_in_the_british_museum_2013.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Hand_mortar_in_the_british_museum_2013.JPG/220px-Hand_mortar_in_the_british_museum_2013.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Hand_mortar_in_the_british_museum_2013.JPG/330px-Hand_mortar_in_the_british_museum_2013.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Hand_mortar_in_the_british_museum_2013.JPG/440px-Hand_mortar_in_the_british_museum_2013.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4856" data-file-height="1784" /></a><figcaption>An example from the 1590s</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Early_Modern_Grenade_Rifles,_Bayerisches_Nationalmuseum,_M%C3%BCnchen._Pic_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Early_Modern_Grenade_Rifles%2C_Bayerisches_Nationalmuseum%2C_M%C3%BCnchen._Pic_01.jpg/220px-Early_Modern_Grenade_Rifles%2C_Bayerisches_Nationalmuseum%2C_M%C3%BCnchen._Pic_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Early_Modern_Grenade_Rifles%2C_Bayerisches_Nationalmuseum%2C_M%C3%BCnchen._Pic_01.jpg/330px-Early_Modern_Grenade_Rifles%2C_Bayerisches_Nationalmuseum%2C_M%C3%BCnchen._Pic_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Early_Modern_Grenade_Rifles%2C_Bayerisches_Nationalmuseum%2C_M%C3%BCnchen._Pic_01.jpg/440px-Early_Modern_Grenade_Rifles%2C_Bayerisches_Nationalmuseum%2C_M%C3%BCnchen._Pic_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1904" /></a><figcaption>Some German hand mortars from the 16th to 18th centuries</figcaption></figure> <p>After priming the firearm and adding the gunpowder, the shooter would light a grenade fuse, place the grenade in the muzzle of the mortar, then fire it at the enemy. However, accidents could occur if the weapon misfired and the lit grenade remained in the barrel. Additional modifications attempted to light the grenade using the burning gunpowder, but accounts say that the fuse would be forced into the grenade, detonating it prematurely.<sup id="cite_ref-gentlemenoffortune_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gentlemenoffortune-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The low number of surviving specimens of this firearm indicate that it was not a popular weapon, possibly due to the safety issues. In his essay on the weapon, Hewitt opines that the mortar is among a variety of "projects for destruction which have never destroyed anything but the fortunes of their inventors."<sup id="cite_ref-well_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-well-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, under military exhibitions in <i> The Official Report of the <a href="/wiki/Calcutta_International_Exhibition" title="Calcutta International Exhibition">Calcutta International Exhibition</a>, 1883–84 </i> a hand mortar is described as "only a toy ... never intended for service."<sup id="cite_ref-google_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hand mortars were also to be found in the New World. References to a hand mortar being transferred in Maryland are found in the record of <i>The Proceedings of the Council of Maryland</i> in 1698.<sup id="cite_ref-google2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Naval_usage">Naval usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hand_mortar&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Naval usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1872, a work titled <i>Life-boats, Projectiles and Other Means for Saving Life</i> gave an account of a sailor using a hand mortar. The hand mortar was described as being able to throw a leaden projectile and a line a distance of 80 yards (73 metres).<sup id="cite_ref-google4_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It, however, doesn't seem to have any direct connection to the military hand mortars of the 17th century, rather being a hand variety of the <a href="/wiki/Manby_mortar" title="Manby mortar">Manby mortars</a> which were used during the 19th century for throwing lines. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inventors">Inventors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hand_mortar&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Inventors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At least one version of the hand mortar was probably invented by John Tinker in 1681.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, his mortar may have been an improvement on an earlier piece. A reference to this mortar may have appeared in a work titled <i>Ancient Armour</i> which refers to a tinker's mortar.<sup id="cite_ref-well_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-well-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another account refers to a hand mortar as a <a href="/wiki/Coehorn" title="Coehorn">coehorn</a>, and attributes its invention to a Dutch engineer, Menno Van Coehoorn, who lived from 1641 to 1704.<sup id="cite_ref-german_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-german-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-google5_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google5-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hand_mortar&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Between 1672 and 1740, the Royal Foundry of Berlin (<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nigliches_Gie%C3%9Fhaus" class="extiw" title="de:Königliches Gießhaus">Königliches Gießhaus</a> zu Berlin) produced 302 hand mortars (Handmörser).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, a mortar at the Museum of Artillery in <a href="/wiki/Woolwich" title="Woolwich">Woolwich</a>, Great Britain bears the inscription Fondeur á Strasbourg (made in <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a> (France)) and several other surviving pieces bear the coat of arms of <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Württemberg">Württemberg</a> indicating that they might have been made there. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ammunition">Ammunition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hand_mortar&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ammunition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first references to the type of grenade used in a hand mortar occur in a 1472 work titled <i>Valturius</i>, where an incendiary prototype may have been produced. However, widespread use of the explosive grenade does not occur until the early-to-mid-16th century under <a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">Francis I of France</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-well_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-well-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An early casualty of this type of grenade was <a href="/w/index.php?title=Count_de_Randan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Count de Randan (page does not exist)">Count de Randan</a> who died of <a href="/wiki/Shrapnel_shell" title="Shrapnel shell">shrapnel</a> wounds to the legs from a grenade during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rouen_(1418-1419)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Rouen (1418-1419)">Siege of Rouen</a> (probably the battle of Issoire)<sup id="cite_ref-google6_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google6-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1562.<sup id="cite_ref-google7_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google7-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Explosive grenades were made from brass, glass, and possibly clay, and incendiary projectiles were made from canvas, however, Nathanael Nye, Master Gunner of the City of Worcester in a work titled <i>Art of Gunnery</i> published in 1647, remarks that the soldiers of his day were not fond of handling the grenades because they were too dangerous.<sup id="cite_ref-well_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-well-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While there are substantial records of infantry units called <a href="/wiki/Grenadier" title="Grenadier">grenadiers</a> throughout the 18th century in Europe, these units generally threw the grenades by hand. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hand_mortar&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grenade_launcher" title="Grenade launcher">Grenade launcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_89_grenade_discharger" title="Type 89 grenade discharger">Type 89 grenade discharger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_cannon" title="Hand cannon">Hand cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cohorn" class="mw-redirect" title="Cohorn">Cohorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_lance" title="Fire lance">Fire lance</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hand_mortar&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thevintagenews.com/2016/10/29/hand-mortars-an-early-grenade-launchers-used-from-the-1500s-through-the-early-1800s/">"Hand mortars: An early grenade launchers used from the 1500s through the early 1800s"</a>. 29 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hand+mortars%3A+An+early+grenade+launchers+used+from+the+1500s+through+the+early+1800s&rft.date=2016-10-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thevintagenews.com%2F2016%2F10%2F29%2Fhand-mortars-an-early-grenade-launchers-used-from-the-1500s-through-the-early-1800s%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHand+mortar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Claude_Blair" title="Claude Blair">Claude Blair</a>, Pollards History of Firearms Ed. 1983, pp 56–58, 92</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gentlemenoffortune-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gentlemenoffortune_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gentlemenoffortune.com/handmortar.htm">"handmortar"</a>. gentlemenoffortune.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-07-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=handmortar&rft.pub=gentlemenoffortune.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gentlemenoffortune.com%2Fhandmortar.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHand+mortar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-well-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-well_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-well_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-well_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-well_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHewitt1866" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Hewitt_(antiquary)" title="John Hewitt (antiquary)">Hewitt, John</a> (1866). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kQ5bAAAAIAAJ"><i>The Archaeological Journal</i></a>. Longman, Rrown (sic), Green, and Longman<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-03-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archaeological+Journal&rft.pub=Longman%2C+Rrown+%28sic%29%2C+Green%2C+and+Longman&rft.date=1866&rft.aulast=Hewitt&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkQ5bAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHand+mortar" class="Z3988"></span> pp. 218–23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZWIOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA676"><i>Official Report of the Calcutta International Exhibition, 1883–84: Compiled Under the Orders of the Executive Committee</i></a>. Vol. 2. Bengal Secretariat Press. 1885. p. 676<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-07-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Official+Report+of+the+Calcutta+International+Exhibition%2C+1883%E2%80%9384%3A+Compiled+Under+the+Orders+of+the+Executive+Committee&rft.pages=676&rft.pub=Bengal+Secretariat+Press&rft.date=1885&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZWIOAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA676&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHand+mortar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google2-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google2_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrowne,_W.H.Hall,_C.C.Steiner,_B.C.Maryland_Historical_Society1903" class="citation book cs1">Browne, W.H.; Hall, C.C.; Steiner, B.C.; Maryland Historical Society; Maryland State Archives (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5R4LAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA459"><i>Archives of Maryland</i></a>. Vol. 23. Maryland Historical Society. p. 459<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-07-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archives+of+Maryland&rft.pages=459&rft.pub=Maryland+Historical+Society&rft.date=1903&rft.au=Browne%2C+W.H.&rft.au=Hall%2C+C.C.&rft.au=Steiner%2C+B.C.&rft.au=Maryland+Historical+Society&rft.au=Maryland+State+Archives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5R4LAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA459&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHand+mortar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google4-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google4_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForbes,_R.B.1872" class="citation book cs1">Forbes, R.B. (1872). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeboatsprojec01forbgoog"><i>Life-boats, Projectiles and Other Means for Saving Life</i></a>. W. P. Lunt. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeboatsprojec01forbgoog/page/n31">24</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-07-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life-boats%2C+Projectiles+and+Other+Means+for+Saving+Life&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=W.+P.+Lunt&rft.date=1872&rft.au=Forbes%2C+R.B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifeboatsprojec01forbgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHand+mortar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blair, pp 92</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-german-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-german_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyer,_H.J.1889" class="citation book cs1">Meyer, H.J. (1889). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E8oUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA195"><i>Meyers Konversations-Lexikon: Eine Encyklopädie des allgemeinen Wissens</i></a>. Vol. 4. Bibliographisches Institut. p. 195<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-07-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Meyers+Konversations-Lexikon%3A+Eine+Encyklop%C3%A4die+des+allgemeinen+Wissens&rft.pages=195&rft.pub=Bibliographisches+Institut&rft.date=1889&rft.au=Meyer%2C+H.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE8oUAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHand+mortar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google5-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google5_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenry,_A.Thompson,_D.Coues,_E.1897" class="citation book cs1">Henry, A.; Thompson, D.; Coues, E. (1897). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NgMuAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA428"><i>The Red river of the North</i></a>. F. P. Harper. p. 428<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-07-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Red+river+of+the+North&rft.pages=428&rft.pub=F.+P.+Harper&rft.date=1897&rft.au=Henry%2C+A.&rft.au=Thompson%2C+D.&rft.au=Coues%2C+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNgMuAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA428&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHand+mortar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nigliches_Gie%C3%9Fhaus" class="extiw" title="de:Königliches Gießhaus">de:Königliches Gießhaus</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google6-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google6_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames,_G.P.R.1847" class="citation book cs1">James, G.P.R. (1847). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifehenryfourth00jamegoog"><i>The Life of Henry the Fourth, King of France and Navarre</i></a>. Harper & Brothers. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifehenryfourth00jamegoog/page/n458">1</a>–261<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-07-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Henry+the+Fourth%2C+King+of+France+and+Navarre&rft.pages=1-261&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Brothers&rft.date=1847&rft.au=James%2C+G.P.R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifehenryfourth00jamegoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHand+mortar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google7-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google7_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QA8AAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA310"><i>Illustrated Naval and Military Magazine: A Monthly Journal Devoted to All Subjects Connected with Her Majesty's Land and Sea Forces</i></a>. Vol. 8. 1888. p. 310<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-07-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Illustrated+Naval+and+Military+Magazine%3A+A+Monthly+Journal+Devoted+to+All+Subjects+Connected+with+Her+Majesty%27s+Land+and+Sea+Forces&rft.pages=310&rft.date=1888&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQA8AAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA310&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHand+mortar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Early_firearms" title="Template talk:Early firearms"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Early_firearms" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Early firearms"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Early_firearms_and_thermal_weapons" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Firearm" title="Firearm">Early firearms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Early_thermal_weapons" title="Early thermal weapons">thermal weapons</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_gunpowder_age" title="Timeline of the gunpowder age">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_gunpowder" title="History of gunpowder">History of gunpowder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_gunpowder_and_gun_transmission" title="Historiography of gunpowder and gun transmission">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_firearm" title="History of the firearm">History of the firearm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Firearms" class="mw-redirect" title="Firearms">Firearms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arquebus" title="Arquebus">Arquebus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajozutsu" class="mw-redirect" title="Bajozutsu">Bajozutsu pistol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedil_tombak" title="Bedil tombak">Bedil tumbak hand cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blunderbuss" title="Blunderbuss">Blunderbuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combination_gun" title="Combination gun">Combination gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_(firearm)" title="Dragon (firearm)">Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_horse_pistol" class="mw-redirect" title="English horse pistol">English horse pistol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_lance" title="Fire lance">Fire lance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_cannon" title="Hand cannon">Hand cannon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hand mortar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heilongjiang_hand_cannon" title="Heilongjiang hand cannon">Heilongjiang hand cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howdah_pistol" title="Howdah pistol">Howdah pistol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huo_Chong" class="mw-redirect" title="Huo Chong">Huo Chong hand cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_lance" title="Fire lance">Huo Qiang lance hand cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istinggar" title="Istinggar">Istinggar arquebus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_arquebus" title="Java arquebus">Java arquebus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaozhi_arquebus" title="Jiaozhi arquebus">Jiaozhi arquebus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miniature_meriam_kecil" title="Miniature meriam kecil">Meriam kecil hand cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muff_pistol" class="mw-redirect" title="Muff pistol">Muff pistol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nock_gun" title="Nock gun">Nock M1779 seven barrel gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petronel" title="Petronel">Petronel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepperbox" class="mw-redirect" title="Pepperbox">Pepperbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pistol#History_and_etymology" title="Pistol">Pistol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puckle_gun" title="Puckle gun">Puckle Μ1717 revolver gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Yan_Chong" class="mw-redirect" title="San Yan Chong">San Yan Chong three barrel hand cannon</a></li> <li>Shou Chong hand cannon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanegashima_(gun)" title="Tanegashima (gun)">Tanegashima arquebus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toradar" title="Toradar">Toradar arquebus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tu_Huo_Qiang" title="Tu Huo Qiang">Tu Huo Qiang hand cannon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Rifles" class="mw-redirect" title="Rifles">Rifles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muskets" class="mw-redirect" title="Muskets">muskets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belton_flintlock" title="Belton flintlock">Belton M1777 repeating musket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_Bess" title="Brown Bess">Brown Bess musket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charleville_musket" title="Charleville musket">Charleville musket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che_Dian_Chong" title="Che Dian Chong">Che Dian Chong musket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cookson_repeater" title="Cookson repeater">Cookson M1750 repeating rifle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M1696_French_common_musket" class="mw-redirect" title="M1696 French common musket">M1696 French common musket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girardoni_air_rifle" title="Girardoni air rifle">Girardoni M1780 repeating air rifle</a></li> <li>Hartingk M1670 repeating rifle</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_military_rifles#Early_Jäger_rifles" title="German military rifles">Jäger rifle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Afsharid_dynasty_of_Persia#Jazāyerchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of the Afsharid dynasty of Persia">Jazayer musket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jezail" title="Jezail">Jezail musket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingal" class="mw-redirect" title="Jingal">Jingal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabyle_musket" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabyle musket">Kabyle musket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalthoff_repeater" title="Kalthoff repeater">Kalthoff M1630 repeating rifle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_rifle" title="Long rifle">Meylin M1719 Pennsylvania-Kentucky rifled musket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musket" title="Musket">Musket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musketoon" title="Musketoon">Musketoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potzdam_musket" class="mw-redirect" title="Potzdam musket">Potzdam musket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M1752_Musket" title="M1752 Musket">Spanish M1752 musket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springfield_musket" title="Springfield musket">Springfield musket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_gun" title="Wall gun">Wall gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xun_Lei_Chong" title="Xun Lei Chong">Xun Lei Chong spear five barrel revolver musket</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Early <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abus_gun" title="Abus gun">Abus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artillery_of_France_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Artillery of France in the Middle Ages">Artillery of France in the Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilisk_(cannon)" title="Basilisk (cannon)">Basilisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baton_a_feu" class="mw-redirect" title="Baton a feu">Baton a feu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breech-loading_swivel_gun" title="Breech-loading swivel gun">Breech-loading swivel gun</a></li> <li>Byzantine fire tube (cannon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannon" title="Cannon">Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carronade" title="Carronade">Carronade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cetbang" title="Cetbang">Cetbang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chongtong" title="Chongtong">Chongtong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culverin" title="Culverin">Culverin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekor_lotong" title="Ekor lotong">Ekor lotong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falconet_(cannon)" title="Falconet (cannon)">Falconet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauconneau" title="Fauconneau">Fauconneau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_artillery_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Gunpowder artillery in the Middle Ages">Gunpowder artillery in the Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_weapons_in_the_Song_dynasty" title="Gunpowder weapons in the Song dynasty">Gunpowder weapons in the Song dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hongyipao" title="Hongyipao">Hongyipao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_dun_pao" title="Hu dun pao">Hu Dun Pao cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_cannon" title="Korean cannon">Korean cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lantaka" title="Lantaka">Lantaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lela_(cannon)" title="Lela (cannon)">Lela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortar_(siege_cannon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mortar (siege cannon)">Mortar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obusier_de_vaisseau" title="Obusier de vaisseau">Obusier de vaisseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ gun">Organ gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierrier_a_boite" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierrier a boite">Pierrier a boite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pot_de_fer" class="mw-redirect" title="Pot de fer">Pot de fer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prangi" title="Prangi">Prangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swivel_gun" title="Swivel gun">Swivel gun</a></li> <li>Tarasnice</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veuglaire" title="Veuglaire">Veuglaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xanadu_Gun" title="Xanadu Gun">Xanadu Gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wankou_Chong" class="mw-redirect" title="Wankou Chong">Wankou Chong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuwei_Bronze_Cannon" title="Wuwei Bronze Cannon">Wuwei Bronze Cannon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Medieval large calibre guns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombard_(weapon)" title="Bombard (weapon)">Bombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilic_(cannon)" title="Basilic (cannon)">Basilic</a></li> <li>Byzantine bombard</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dardanelles_Gun" title="Dardanelles Gun">Dardanelles bombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulle_Griet" title="Dulle Griet">Dulle Griet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faule_Grete" title="Faule Grete">Faule Grete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faule_Mette" title="Faule Mette">Faule Mette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grose_Bochse" title="Grose Bochse">Grose Bochse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mons_Meg" title="Mons Meg">Mons Meg</a></li> <li>Orban bombard</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumhart_von_Steyr" title="Pumhart von Steyr">Pumhart von Steyr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Early <a href="/wiki/Rockets" class="mw-redirect" title="Rockets">rockets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Incendiaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Incendiaries">incendiaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bo-hiya" title="Bo-hiya">Bo-hiya</a> rocket arrow</li> <li>Byzantine rocket launcher</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congreve_rocket" title="Congreve rocket">Congreve rocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fierce-fire_Oil_Cabinet" title="Fierce-fire Oil Cabinet">Fierce-fire Oil Cabinet</a> (flamethrower)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_arrow" title="Fire arrow">Fire arrow</a> (rocket arrow)</li> <li>Fire crow rocket bomb</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_fire" title="Greek fire">Greek fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hale_(British_inventor)#Rocketry" title="William Hale (British inventor)">Hale rocket launcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huo_Che" title="Huo Che">Huo Che</a> rocket arrow launcher</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hwacha" title="Hwacha">Hwacha</a> rocket arrow launcher</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meng_Huo_You" title="Meng Huo You">Meng Huo You</a> (Chinese petroleum)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysorean_rocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Mysorean rocket">Mysorean rocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naphtha" title="Naphtha">Naphtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pen_Huo_Qi" class="mw-redirect" title="Pen Huo Qi">Pen Huo Qi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_naphtha" title="Petroleum naphtha">Petroleum naphtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singijeon" title="Singijeon">Singijeon</a> rocket arrow</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunder_crash_bomb" title="Thunder crash bomb">Thunder crash bomb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Firing_mechanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Firing mechanism">Firing mechanisms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breechloader" title="Breechloader">Breechloader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doglock" title="Doglock">Doglock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flintlock" title="Flintlock">Flintlock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matchlock" title="Matchlock">Matchlock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miquelet_lock" title="Miquelet lock">Miquelet lock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzzleloader" title="Muzzleloader">Muzzleloader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snaphance" title="Snaphance">Snaphance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snaplock" title="Snaplock">Snaplock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snap_matchlock" title="Snap matchlock">Snap matchlock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheellock" title="Wheellock">Wheellock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Literatures" class="mw-redirect" title="Literatures">Literatures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huolongjing" title="Huolongjing">Huolongjing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jixiao_Xinshu" title="Jixiao Xinshu">Jixiao Xinshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wubei_Zhi" title="Wubei Zhi">Wubei Zhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wujing_Zongyao" title="Wujing Zongyao">Wujing Zongyao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Early_modern_firearms" title="Category:Early modern firearms">Category:Early modern firearms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Early_firearms" title="Category:Early firearms">Category:Early firearms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hand_mortar&oldid=1256548641">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hand_mortar&oldid=1256548641</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div 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