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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>13th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-13th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-14th_and_15th_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#14th_and_15th_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>14th and 15th centuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-14th_and_15th_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>South Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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firearms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Repeating_and_automatic_firearms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Revolvers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revolvers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Revolvers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revolvers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Self-loaders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Self-loaders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>Self-loaders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Self-loaders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_de_las_armas_de_fuego" title="Historia de las armas de fuego – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Historia de las armas de fuego" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%99%94%EA%B8%B0%EC%9D%98_%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC" title="화기의 역사 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="화기의 역사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%99" title="היסטוריה של כלי הירי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="היסטוריה של כלי הירי" data-language-autonym="עברית" 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class="hide-when-compact"> The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Help:Footnotes" title="Help:Footnotes">footnoting</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_gunpowder" title="History of gunpowder">History of gunpowder</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_Hand_Cannon_with_Pellets.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Chinese_Hand_Cannon_with_Pellets.jpg/220px-Chinese_Hand_Cannon_with_Pellets.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Chinese_Hand_Cannon_with_Pellets.jpg/330px-Chinese_Hand_Cannon_with_Pellets.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Chinese_Hand_Cannon_with_Pellets.jpg/440px-Chinese_Hand_Cannon_with_Pellets.jpg 2x" data-file-width="618" data-file-height="822" /></a><figcaption>The <i>phalanx-charging fire-gourd</i>, one of many <a href="/wiki/Hand_cannon" title="Hand cannon">hand cannon</a> types discharging lead pellets in the <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder" title="Gunpowder">gunpowder</a> blast, an illustration from the <i><a href="/wiki/Huolongjing" title="Huolongjing">Huolongjing</a></i>, 14th century.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yuan_chinese_gun.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Yuan_chinese_gun.jpg/220px-Yuan_chinese_gun.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Yuan_chinese_gun.jpg/330px-Yuan_chinese_gun.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Yuan_chinese_gun.jpg/440px-Yuan_chinese_gun.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hand_cannon" title="Hand cannon">Hand cannon</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuan Dynasty">Yuan Dynasty</a> (1271-1368).</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>history of the firearm</b> begins in 10th-century <a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_China" title="History of science and technology in China">China</a>, when tubes containing <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder" title="Gunpowder">gunpowder</a> projectiles were mounted on <a href="/wiki/Spears" class="mw-redirect" title="Spears">spears</a> to make portable <a href="/wiki/Fire_lance" title="Fire lance">fire lances</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Helaine_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Helaine-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the following centuries, the design evolved into various types, including portable firearms such as <a href="/wiki/Flintlocks" class="mw-redirect" title="Flintlocks">flintlocks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blunderbuss" title="Blunderbuss">blunderbusses</a>, and fixed cannons, and by the 15th century the technology had spread through all of <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a>. Firearms were instrumental in the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> and the establishment of European colonization in the <a href="/wiki/America" class="mw-redirect" title="America">Americas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a>. The 19th and 20th centuries saw an acceleration in this evolution, with the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Magazine_(firearms)" title="Magazine (firearms)">magazine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belt_(firearms)" title="Belt (firearms)">belt-fed</a> weapons, metal <a href="/wiki/Cartridge_(firearms)" title="Cartridge (firearms)">cartridges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rifling" title="Rifling">rifled barrels</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Automatic_firearm" title="Automatic firearm">automatic firearms</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Machine_gun" title="Machine gun">machine guns</a>. </p><p>Older firearms typically used <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder" title="Gunpowder">black powder</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Propellant" title="Propellant">propellant</a>, but modern firearms use <a href="/wiki/Smokeless_powder" title="Smokeless powder">smokeless powder</a> or other propellants. </p><p>There are reports of some sort of <a href="/wiki/Incendiary_device" title="Incendiary device">incendiary</a> <a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">chemical weapon</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Greek_fire" title="Greek fire">Greek fire</a>, used by the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a> (Byzantine Empire) from the 7th through the 14th centuries, which may have been delivered through <a href="/wiki/Grenade" title="Grenade">grenades</a> and/or by some kind of flamethrower. However, its nature is still being debated, and it does not seem related to ancient Chinese or modern firearms. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="10th_and_12th_centuries">10th and 12th centuries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_firearm&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: 10th and 12th centuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ming_Bronze_Gun_(9872947063).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Ming_Bronze_Gun_%289872947063%29.jpg/220px-Ming_Bronze_Gun_%289872947063%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Ming_Bronze_Gun_%289872947063%29.jpg/330px-Ming_Bronze_Gun_%289872947063%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Ming_Bronze_Gun_%289872947063%29.jpg/440px-Ming_Bronze_Gun_%289872947063%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Hand cannon, <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>, 1379</figcaption></figure> <p>The first firearms were invented in China, following the invention of <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder" title="Gunpowder">gunpowder</a>. The earliest known depiction of a gunpowder weapon is the illustration of a <a href="/wiki/Fire_lance" title="Fire lance">fire lance</a> on a mid-10th century silk banner from <a href="/wiki/Dunhuang" title="Dunhuang">Dunhuang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fire lance was a tube, made of paper and <a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">bamboo</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-chase_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chase-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> filled with black-powder and attached to the end of a spear, which was used as a <a href="/wiki/Flamethrower" title="Flamethrower">flamethrower</a>. <a href="/wiki/Shrapnel_shell" title="Shrapnel shell">Shrapnel</a> or <a href="/wiki/Lead_shot" class="mw-redirect" title="Lead shot">pellets</a> were sometimes placed in the barrel so that they would fly out together with the flames.<sup id="cite_ref-chase_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chase-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-crosby_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crosby-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>De'an Shoucheng Lu</i>, an account of the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_De%27an" title="Siege of De'an">siege of De'an</a> in 1132 during the <a href="/wiki/Jin%E2%80%93Song_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Jin–Song Wars">Jin–Song Wars</a>, records that <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a> forces used fire-lances against the <a href="/wiki/Jurchen_people" title="Jurchen people">Jurchen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest depiction of a gun is a sculpture from a cave in <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a> dating to the 12th century. It depicts a Chinese figure carrying a vase-shaped <a href="/wiki/Bombard_(weapon)" title="Bombard (weapon)">bombard</a> with flames and a cannonball emerging from it.<sup id="cite_ref-Lu_1988_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lu_1988-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The proportion of <a href="/wiki/Potassium_nitrate" title="Potassium nitrate">saltpeter</a> in the propellant was increased to maximize its power.<sup id="cite_ref-crosby_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crosby-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To better withstand that power, fire lance barrels were made of metal,<sup id="cite_ref-chase_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chase-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, the shrapnel was replaced by projectiles whose size and shape filled the barrel more completely.<sup id="cite_ref-crosby_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crosby-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The result was the <a href="/wiki/Hand_cannon" title="Hand cannon">hand cannon</a>, with metal barrel, high-<a href="/wiki/Nitrate" title="Nitrate">nitrate</a> gunpowder, and a properly sized projectile.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade201652_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade201652-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="13th_century">13th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_firearm&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 13th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The oldest surviving firearm is the <a href="/wiki/Heilongjiang_hand_cannon" title="Heilongjiang hand cannon">Heilongjiang hand cannon</a> dated to 1288, which was discovered in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Acheng_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Acheng District">Acheng District</a> where the <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Yuan" title="History of Yuan">History of Yuan</a></i> records that battles were fought. Li Ting, a military commander of <a href="/wiki/Jurchen_people" title="Jurchen people">Jurchen</a> descent, led foot soldiers armed with hand cannons to suppress the rebellion of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Eastern Christian</a> Mongol <a href="/wiki/Nayan_(Mongol_Prince)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nayan (Mongol Prince)">Prince Nayan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-needham_volume_5_part_7_293_294_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-needham_volume_5_part_7_293_294-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a>'s mostly-failed <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol invasion of Vietnam">invasion of Vietnam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Java" title="Mongol invasion of Java">of Java</a> (1258–1288) may have spread the knowledge of making gunpowder-based weapons to <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>. There is evidence of that knowledge in the <a href="/wiki/Nusantara_(archipelago)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nusantara (archipelago)">Nusantara</a> archipelago. A stele inscription by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tr%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_H%C3%A1n_Si%C3%AAu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trương Hán Siêu (page does not exist)">Trương Hán Siêu</a> dated to 1312 recorded guns and shots ("súng đạn") among the loots that the Vietnamese obtained from the Chams in a campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It indicates that both polities had knowledge of guns and even employed them well before that date. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Y._al-Hassan" title="Ahmad Y. al-Hassan">Ahmad Y. al-Hassan</a> claimed that the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ain_Jalut" title="Battle of Ain Jalut">Battle of Ain Jalut</a> in 1260 pitted the <a href="/wiki/Bahri_Mamluks" title="Bahri Mamluks">Bahri Mamluks</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a>. "The first cannon in history" used gunpowder almost identical with the ideal composition for explosive gunpowder.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Iqtidar Alam Khan argued that it was the invading Mongols who introduced gunpowder to the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic world">Islamic world</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and cites Mamluk antagonism towards early riflemen as an example of how gunpowder weapons were not always accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-khan_6_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-khan_6-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="14th_and_15th_centuries">14th and 15th centuries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_firearm&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 14th and 15th centuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_gunpowder_and_gun_transmission" title="Historiography of gunpowder and gun transmission">Historiography of gunpowder and gun transmission</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Safavid-guns.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Safavid-guns.jpg/170px-Safavid-guns.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Safavid-guns.jpg/256px-Safavid-guns.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Safavid-guns.jpg/340px-Safavid-guns.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Guns of <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid Iran</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Firearms appeared in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> between the late 13th<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and early 14th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Chase1_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chase1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first references to what may have been <a href="/wiki/Arquebus" title="Arquebus">arquebuses</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turkish language">Ottoman Turkish</a>: <i lang="ota" dir="rtl">tüfek</i>) made by the <a href="/wiki/Janissary" title="Janissary">Janissary</a> corps of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_military" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman military">Ottoman military</a> date them to between 1394 and 1465.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham1986443_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986443-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, by as late as 1444, it is unclear whether these were truly arquebuses or rather small cannons. The fact that they were listed separately from cannons in mid-15th century inventories suggests that they were handheld firearms.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Musket" title="Musket">musket</a> first appeared in the Ottoman Empire by 1465.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <i>Shen Qi Pu</i> (神器譜), a firearms manual written in 1598, Chinese firearm designer and writer Zhao Shi Zhen described Turkish muskets as superior to European muskets.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham1986444_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986444-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At some point before 1598, Turks developed a pivoting <a href="/wiki/Matchlock" title="Matchlock">matchlock</a> mechanism that was later modified by Zhao into the first mechanism using <a href="/wiki/Rack_and_pinion" title="Rack and pinion">rack and pinion</a>. </p><p>One major obstacle preventing matchlock guns from large-scale adoption was complaints that strong wind and rain could either blow away or ruin priming powder placed in the flash pan. Mentioned in <i>Shen Qi Pu</i>, Zhao later developed the "Xuanyuan <a href="/wiki/Arquebus" title="Arquebus">arquebus</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">軒轅銃</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Chinese" title="Romanization of Chinese">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Xuānyuan-chòng</i></span>, named for the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Emperor" title="Yellow Emperor">Yellow Emperor</a>), which used a novel rack-and-pinion mechanism. This firing mechanism was connected to both the serpentine and flash pan cover and designed so that whenever the trigger is pulled, the serpentine was lowered at the same time as flash pan cover opened, minimizing the priming powder's exposure to open air and thus reducing the risk of priming powder being blown away by strong wind or spoiled by rain. The combination of a trigger-operated flash pan cover and small copper rain cover mounted on a pendulum was considered a more sophisticated approach to the Japanese solution of covering the entire firing mechanism with a lacquered box, which could hamper aiming, shooting and reloading. The Chinese military book <i><a href="/wiki/Wubei_Zhi" title="Wubei Zhi">Wubei Zhi</a></i> (1621) describes Turkish muskets that used similar rack and pinion mechanisms, which were not known to have been used in European firearms at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham1986446_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986446-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Satinggar_Malay.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Satinggar_Malay.jpg/220px-Satinggar_Malay.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Satinggar_Malay.jpg/330px-Satinggar_Malay.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Satinggar_Malay.jpg/440px-Satinggar_Malay.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="280" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Istinggar" title="Istinggar">Istinggar</a>, a result of Indo-Portuguese gun-making traditions.</figcaption></figure> <p>A pole gun, the <a href="/wiki/Bedil_tombak" title="Bedil tombak">bedil tombak</a>, was recorded in <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a> in 1413,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:72_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:72-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 245">: 245 </span></sup> The knowledge of making "true" firearms came after the middle of the 15th century. It was probably brought by <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arab</a> traders no earlier than 1460.<sup id="cite_ref-:222_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:222-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 23">: 23 </span></sup> Before the arrival of the Portuguese in Southeast Asia, primitive firearms in the form of the <a href="/wiki/Java_arquebus" title="Java arquebus">Java arquebus</a> was already present.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The technology further improved after the <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Malacca_(1511)" title="Capture of Malacca (1511)">Portuguese capture of Malacca</a> (1511).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Starting in 1513, German-Bohemian and Turkish gun-making traditions merged.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 39–41">: 39–41 </span></sup> This resulted in the <a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Portugal_relations" title="India–Portugal relations">Indo-Portuguese</a> tradition of making matchlocks. Indian craftsmen modified the design by introducing a short, almost pistol-like buttstock held against the cheek, not the shoulder, when aiming. They reduced the caliber and made the gun lighter and more balanced. The Portuguese, who conducted much fighting aboard ships and rivercraft, valued a more compact gun, and thus this approach became popular.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 41">: 41 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Malay gun founders, regarded as at the same level as those of Germany, quickly adapted these new firearms and birthed a new type of arquebus, the <i><a href="/wiki/Istinggar" title="Istinggar">istinggar</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 385">: 385 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="South_Asia">South Asia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_firearm&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: South Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nau_Gaj_Cnnon_Narnala_fort.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Nau_Gaj_Cnnon_Narnala_fort.jpg/220px-Nau_Gaj_Cnnon_Narnala_fort.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Nau_Gaj_Cnnon_Narnala_fort.jpg/330px-Nau_Gaj_Cnnon_Narnala_fort.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Nau_Gaj_Cnnon_Narnala_fort.jpg/440px-Nau_Gaj_Cnnon_Narnala_fort.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5152" data-file-height="3864" /></a><figcaption>Nau Gaj Cannon, the third largest cannon in India at <a href="/wiki/Narnala" title="Narnala">Narnala fort</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Officer_of_the_Mughal_Army,_c.1585_(colour_litho).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Officer_of_the_Mughal_Army%2C_c.1585_%28colour_litho%29.jpg/220px-Officer_of_the_Mughal_Army%2C_c.1585_%28colour_litho%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Officer_of_the_Mughal_Army%2C_c.1585_%28colour_litho%29.jpg/330px-Officer_of_the_Mughal_Army%2C_c.1585_%28colour_litho%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Officer_of_the_Mughal_Army%2C_c.1585_%28colour_litho%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="343" data-file-height="428" /></a><figcaption>Mughal Officer in 1585, holding a <a href="/wiki/Toradar" title="Toradar">Toradar</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The first recorded use of firearms in South Asia was at the Battle of Adoni in 1368. In the <a href="/wiki/Deccan_sultanates" title="Deccan sultanates">Deccans</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bahmani_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahmani Sultanate">Bahmani sultanate</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Shah_I" title="Mohammed Shah I">Mohammed Shah I</a> used a train of <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara Empire</a> under <a href="/wiki/Harihara_II" title="Harihara II">Harihara II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their use by Sultan Mohammed Shah of <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a> in the fifteenth century was recorded.<sup id="cite_ref-Singh2006_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singh2006-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a> reached India in 1498, they brought with them firearms, among them the <a href="/wiki/Matchlock" title="Matchlock">matchlock</a> <a href="/wiki/Musket" title="Musket">musket</a> and <a href="/wiki/Man-of-war" title="Man-of-war">man-of-war</a> (ships) armed with cannons. Portuguese travelers observed that firearms there were already in use.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peasants of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain" title="Indo-Gangetic Plain">Gangetic plains</a> used cheap handguns made by local blacksmiths. <a href="/wiki/Travancore" title="Travancore">Travancore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a> hosted sites of arms manufacture.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early 16th century, <a href="/wiki/Zamorin" title="Zamorin">Zamorin</a> of Calicut, had begun to emulate the Portuguese and began to arm his ships with naval gun pieces, combining local and imported technology.<sup id="cite_ref-Mukherjee_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mukherjee-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 16th century, Central Asian prince <a href="/wiki/Babur" title="Babur">Babur</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Mughal_emperors" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal emperors">Mughal emperor</a>, brought Turkish firearms, which Mughal adversaries used against the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a> in the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Panipat" title="First Battle of Panipat">First Battle of Panipat</a>, which the Rajputs and the Afghans in turn adopted.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Across the 16th and 17th century, firearms played an important role in the Mughal military. Known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Matchlock" title="Matchlock">tufang</a></i>, Mughal emperor <a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a> introduced many improvements in the matchlock.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards1993288_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards1993288-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However until the 18th century, firearms, because of their longer loading time, were inferior to <a href="/wiki/Longbow" title="Longbow">longbows</a>. Only in the middle of the 18th century, following the French and the English, efforts were made to improve the arms and discipline of the foot soldier. </p><p>Firearms were also developed by the <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Marathas</a>, although weaker than their counterparts such as the Mughals and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Mysore</a>. <a href="/wiki/Balaji_Baji_Rao" title="Balaji Baji Rao">Balaji Baji Rao</a> organised the arm in professional lines and <a href="/wiki/Mahadaji_Shinde" title="Mahadaji Shinde">Madhavji Sindhia</a> established a more efficient gun foundry under the supervision of European gun makers. During the 18th century, <a href="/wiki/Tipu_Sultan" title="Tipu Sultan">Tipu Sultan</a> was notable for effective use of guns, mortar, rockets and howitzers; the <a href="/wiki/Nizam_of_Hyderabad" title="Nizam of Hyderabad">Nizam of Hyderabad</a> manufactured guns with the help of French officers, while Sikhs under <a href="/wiki/Maharaja_Ranjit_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharaja Ranjit Singh">Maharaja Ranjit Singh</a> pioneered the development of horse-artillery on the same lines as that of the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Singh2006_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singh2006-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mukherjee_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mukherjee-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Europe">Europe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_firearm&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ussita1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Ussita1.jpg/170px-Ussita1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Ussita1.jpg/255px-Ussita1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Ussita1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="316" data-file-height="492" /></a><figcaption>A model of a <a href="/wiki/Hussite_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Hussite wars">Hussite warrior</a> behind a <a href="/wiki/Pavise" title="Pavise">Pavise</a> shield, carrying a <span title="Czech-language text"><i lang="cs">píšťala</i></span> on his arm</figcaption></figure> <p>One theory of how gunpowder came to <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> is via the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a>; another holds that it arrived during the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Europe" title="Mongol invasion of Europe">Mongol invasion</a> in the first half of the 13th century.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-chase58_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chase58-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> English Privy Wardrobe accounts list <i><a href="/wiki/Ribauldequin" title="Ribauldequin">ribaldis</a></i>, a type of cannon, in the 1340s, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_siege_artillery" title="List of siege artillery">siege guns</a> were used by the English at the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Calais_(1346%E2%80%9347)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Calais (1346–47)">Siege of Calais (1346–47)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first mention of firearms in Russia is found in the <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Sofiiskii vremennik</i></span> <a href="/wiki/Chronicle" title="Chronicle">chronicle</a>, which stated that during the 1382 defense of <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> from Tokhtamysh's <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a>, Muscovites used firearms called <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">tyufyaki</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">тюфяки</span>), which were of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_world" title="Eastern world">Eastern</a> origin; this word derives from <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a> <span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language romanization"><i lang="ota-Latn">tüfäk</i></span> "gun".<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around the late 14th century in Italy, smaller, portable <a href="/wiki/Hand-cannon" class="mw-redirect" title="Hand-cannon">hand-cannons</a> or <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">schioppi</i></span> were developed, creating in effect the first <a href="/wiki/Smoothbore" title="Smoothbore">smoothbore</a> personal firearm. The earliest surviving firearm in Europe was found in <a href="/wiki/Otep%C3%A4%C3%A4" title="Otepää">Otepää</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>. It dates to at least 1396.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Firearms evolved during the <a href="/wiki/Hussite_Wars" title="Hussite Wars">1419-1434 Hussite Wars</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Hussites" title="Hussites">Hussite</a> army consisted mostly of civilian militia who lacked the skill, experience and often weapons and armor comparable to that of the professional Crusader invaders that they faced. Gradually, Hussites pioneered battlefield use of firearms together with <a href="/wiki/Wagon_fort" title="Wagon fort">war wagons</a>. Firearms were employed in auxiliary roles in 1419–1421. The first use of firearms as primary offensive weapons came in the 1421 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kutn%C3%A1_Hora" title="Battle of Kutná Hora">Battle of Kutná Hora</a>. From this moment on, firearms formed the core of Hussite tactics as well as a staple of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Czech_civilian_firearms_possession" title="History of Czech civilian firearms possession">Czech civilian possession</a>. The Hussite militia used a number of handheld firearms, including <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%AD%C5%A1%C5%A5ala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Píšťala (page does not exist)">píšťala</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%AD%C5%A1%C5%A5ala_(zbra%C5%88)" class="extiw" title="cs:Píšťala (zbraň)">cs</a>]</span></i>, which later found its way through German and French into English as the term <i><a href="/wiki/Pistol" title="Pistol">pistol</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Titz_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Titz-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C3%A1kovnice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hákovnice (page does not exist)">hákovnice</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A1kovnice" class="extiw" title="cs:Hákovnice">cs</a>]</span></i>, an infantry weapon heavier than <span title="Czech-language text"><i lang="cs">píšťala</i></span>, and yet heavier <span title="Czech-language text"><i lang="cs">tarasnic</i></span> (<i><a href="/wiki/Fauconneau" title="Fauconneau">fauconneau</a></i>). For artillery, Hussites used the <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a>: <i lang="cs">houfnice</i>, which gave rise to the English term, "<i><a href="/wiki/Howitzer" title="Howitzer">howitzer</a></i>" (<span title="Czech-language text"><i lang="cs">houf</i></span> meaning <i>crowd</i> for its intended use of shooting stone and iron shot against massed enemy forces),<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>bombarda</i> (<a href="/wiki/Mortar_(weapon)" title="Mortar (weapon)">mortar</a>) and <i>dělo</i> (<a href="/wiki/Cannon" title="Cannon">cannon</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-1421_anniversary_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1421_anniversary-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first English source about handheld firearms discussed hand cannons in 1473.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late 15th century, the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> used firearms as part of its regular infantry. The earliest type of Turkish hand cannons are called <i>Şakaloz</i>, after the Hungarian hand cannon <i>Szakállas puska</i> in the 15th century.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_modern_age">Early modern age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_firearm&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Early modern age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248332772">.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text{width:95%;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-content{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox{border:none;border-collapse:collapse;background-color:transparent;margin:0 0 0 1.6em!important;padding:0!important;width:auto;display:block}body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox.mbox-small-left{font-size:100%;width:auto;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text{padding:0!important;margin:0!important}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text-span{display:list-item;line-height:1.5em;list-style-type:disc}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-image,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-imageright,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-empty-cell,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .hide-when-compact{display:none}</style><table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This section has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/History_of_the_firearm" title="Special:EditPage/History of the firearm">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:History_of_the_firearm" title="Talk:History of the firearm">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>)</i></small> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/History_of_the_firearm" title="Special:EditPage/History of the firearm">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_firearm&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2018</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacob_de_Gheyn_-_Wapenhandelinge_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Jacob_de_Gheyn_-_Wapenhandelinge_4.jpg/220px-Jacob_de_Gheyn_-_Wapenhandelinge_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Jacob_de_Gheyn_-_Wapenhandelinge_4.jpg/330px-Jacob_de_Gheyn_-_Wapenhandelinge_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Jacob_de_Gheyn_-_Wapenhandelinge_4.jpg/440px-Jacob_de_Gheyn_-_Wapenhandelinge_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="1992" /></a><figcaption>Page showing a <a href="/wiki/Musketeer" title="Musketeer">musketeer</a> (Plate 4) from Jacob de Gheyn's <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Wapenhandelinghe van Roers, Musquetten ende Spiessen</i></span> (1608)</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern age">early modern age</a>, hand-held cannons evolved into the matchlock, <a href="/wiki/Wheellock" title="Wheellock">wheellock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doglock" title="Doglock">doglock</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Flintlock" title="Flintlock">flintlock</a> <a href="/wiki/Rifle" title="Rifle">rifle</a>, respectively, as ignition devices, matchlocks, wheellocks, <a href="/wiki/Snaplock" title="Snaplock">snaplock</a>, flintlocks and <a href="/wiki/Percussion_cap" title="Percussion cap">percussion caps</a> were used in turn. This was then followed by the <a href="/wiki/Breech_loader" class="mw-redirect" title="Breech loader">breech loader</a> and finally the <a href="/wiki/Automatic_weapon" class="mw-redirect" title="Automatic weapon">automatic weapon</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Paper_cartridge" title="Paper cartridge">paper cartridge</a> was introduced sometime before 1586, and the <a href="/wiki/Bayonet" title="Bayonet">bayonet</a> came to use in 16th century France. <a href="/wiki/Hand_grenade" class="mw-redirect" title="Hand grenade">Hand grenades</a>, thrown by <a href="/wiki/Grenadier" title="Grenadier">grenadiers</a>, appeared around the same time. </p><p>Early cartridge firearms had to be cocked and caught by the "<a href="/wiki/Sear_(firearm)" title="Sear (firearm)">sear</a>", which holds the hammer back, before each shot. Pulling the trigger allows the hammer or striker to fly forward, striking the "firing pin," which then strikes the "primer," igniting an impact-sensitive chemical compound (historically, first fulminate of mercury, then potassium chlorate, now <a href="/wiki/Lead_styphnate" title="Lead styphnate">lead styphnate</a>) which shoots a flame through the "flash hole" into the cartridge's propellant chamber, igniting the propellant. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Springfield_Armory" title="Springfield Armory">Springfield Armory</a> in <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Massachusetts" title="Springfield, Massachusetts">Springfield, Massachusetts</a> became important during the 1850s, when it debuted the <a href="/wiki/Springfield_rifle" title="Springfield rifle">Springfield rifle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Springfield rifles were among the first <a href="/wiki/Breech-loading_weapon" class="mw-redirect" title="Breech-loading weapon">breech-loading</a> rifles, starting production in 1865. By that time, metallurgy had developed sufficiently so that brass could be made into ammunition cases. Previously, each round was custom-made as needed: the shooter poured loose powder down the barrel, used leather or cloth for <a href="/wiki/Wadding" title="Wadding">wadding</a> if time allowed, selected a suitable projectile (lead ball, rocks, arrow, or nails), then seated the projectile on top of the powder charge by means of a <a href="/wiki/Ramrod" title="Ramrod">ramrod</a>. Performance was erratic. Fixed ammunition combined a primer, the pre-measured charge, and the projectile in a water-resistant brass cartridge case. Most importantly, the soft brass expanded under pressure of the gas to seal the rear end of the barrel, which prevented the shooter from being maimed by escaping high-pressure gas when they pulled the trigger. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Repeating_and_automatic_firearms">Repeating and automatic firearms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_firearm&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Repeating and automatic firearms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Feldl_Gun_(drawing).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Feldl_Gun_%28drawing%29.jpg/250px-Feldl_Gun_%28drawing%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Feldl_Gun_%28drawing%29.jpg/375px-Feldl_Gun_%28drawing%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Feldl_Gun_%28drawing%29.jpg/500px-Feldl_Gun_%28drawing%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="925" data-file-height="513" /></a><figcaption>Feldl machine gun</figcaption></figure> <p>A repeating firearm, ("repeater") can hold multiple <a href="/wiki/Cartridge_(firearms)" title="Cartridge (firearms)">cartridges</a> and be fired multiple times before reloading. Repeaters employ a variety of mechanisms for readying a bullet for firing. This typically involves ejecting a used cartridge and moving a new one into the firing chamber. Mechanisms include <a href="/wiki/Bolt_action" title="Bolt action">bolt-action</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lever-action" class="mw-redirect" title="Lever-action">lever-action</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pump_action" title="Pump action">slide-action</a>, <a href="/wiki/Semi-automatic_firearm" title="Semi-automatic firearm">semi-automatic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Automatic_firearm" title="Automatic firearm">fully-automatic firearms</a>. Automatic weapons cycle a new round into the firing chamber without the help of the shooter. Semi-automatics fire one round per trigger pull. Full automatics fire multiple rounds per pull. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Revolvers">Revolvers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_firearm&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Revolvers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Revolvers hold cartridges in a rotating cylinder, which serves as both a <a href="/wiki/Magazine_(firearms)" title="Magazine (firearms)">magazine</a> and firing chamber. They were the earliest repeaters. Revolving rifles were sometimes called "<a href="/wiki/Turret_gun" title="Turret gun">turret guns</a>". Single action revolvers were fired after manually cocking the hammer for each shot. This design dates from at least 1836, with the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Colt_Paterson" title="Colt Paterson">Colt Paterson</a>. Double-action revolvers emerged around the same time. They can be fired after cocking the hammer, but also by pulling the trigger without first cocking it. <a href="/wiki/Trigger_(firearms)" title="Trigger (firearms)">Double-action only</a> or DAO revolvers can be fired only using the trigger. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Springfield_Model_1892%E2%80%9399" title="Springfield Model 1892–99">Springfield Model 1892–99</a> was used during the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Self-loaders">Self-loaders</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_firearm&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Self-loaders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hadt%C3%B6rt%C3%A9neti_M%C3%BAzeum_Budapest82.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Hadt%C3%B6rt%C3%A9neti_M%C3%BAzeum_Budapest82.jpg/250px-Hadt%C3%B6rt%C3%A9neti_M%C3%BAzeum_Budapest82.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Hadt%C3%B6rt%C3%A9neti_M%C3%BAzeum_Budapest82.jpg/375px-Hadt%C3%B6rt%C3%A9neti_M%C3%BAzeum_Budapest82.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Hadt%C3%B6rt%C3%A9neti_M%C3%BAzeum_Budapest82.jpg/500px-Hadt%C3%B6rt%C3%A9neti_M%C3%BAzeum_Budapest82.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Hungarian prototype 7.92x33mm Assault Rifle prototype compared to flintlock and Lee-Enfield bolt action rifle at the Hadtörténeti Múzeum Budapest</figcaption></figure> <p>The first successful self-loader was the <a href="/wiki/Gatling_gun" title="Gatling gun">Gatling gun</a>, a hand-cranked revolver. It was invented by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Jordan_Gatling" title="Richard Jordan Gatling">Richard Jordan Gatling</a> and fielded by the Union forces during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. Self-loaders use energy to reload. The world's first machine gun was the <a href="/wiki/Maxim_gun" title="Maxim gun">Maxim gun</a>, developed by British inventor Sir <a href="/wiki/Hiram_Maxim" title="Hiram Maxim">Hiram Maxim</a> in 1884. </p><p>The world's first successful self-loading rifle was the <a href="/wiki/Mondrag%C3%B3n_rifle" title="Mondragón rifle">Mondragón rifle</a>, designed in 1908 by Mexican general <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Mondrag%C3%B3n" title="Manuel Mondragón">Manuel Mondragón</a>. It was the first self-loading firearm able to be operated by one person. It was used during the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a> (Mexican Army) and <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> (<a href="/wiki/Luftstreitkr%C3%A4fte" title="Luftstreitkräfte">Imperial German Flying Corps</a>). </p><p>The first <a href="/wiki/Submachine_gun" title="Submachine gun">submachine gun</a>, which fires pistol cartridges and can be used by one soldier, was the <a href="/wiki/MP_18" title="MP 18">MP18.1</a>, invented by <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Bergmann" title="Theodor Bergmann">Theodor Bergmann</a>. It was introduced in 1918 by the <a href="/wiki/German_Army" title="German Army">German Army</a> as the primary weapon of the <a href="/wiki/Stormtroopers_(Imperial_Germany)" title="Stormtroopers (Imperial Germany)">Stosstruppen</a> (assault groups specialized in trench combat). During World War II well-crafted versions such as the <a href="/wiki/Thompson_submachine_gun" title="Thompson submachine gun">Thompson</a> were replaced by mass-produced alternatives, such as the <a href="/wiki/M3_submachine_gun" title="M3 submachine gun">M3</a>. </p><p>The first successful <a href="/wiki/Assault_rifle" title="Assault rifle">assault rifle</a> was the <a href="/wiki/StG_44" title="StG 44">StG 44</a>, introduced during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> by the Germans. It was the first firearm to occupy the gap between rifles and submachine guns. The assault rifle was more powerful and had longer range than the submachine gun, but was less powerful and shorter range than standard rifles. It used intermediate size rounds as well and offered select-fire option (switch from full automatic to semi-automatic). The <a href="/wiki/AK-47" title="AK-47">AK-47</a>, commonly known as the "Kalashnikov", is the most manufactured assault rifle.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_rifle" title="Battle rifle">battle rifle</a> was a select-fire rifle that retained the long range of the <a href="/wiki/M1_Garand" title="M1 Garand">M1 Garand</a>. <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> members adopted battle rifles of their own. In practice, the powerful cartridge of the battle rifle proved to be difficult to control during fully automatic fire. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_firearm&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_of_the_Song_dynasty" title="Science and technology of the Song dynasty">Science and technology of the Song dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiao_Yu" title="Jiao Yu">Jiao Yu</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Huolongjing" title="Huolongjing">Huolongjing</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cannon" class="mw-redirect" title="History of cannon">History of cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_weapons" title="History of weapons">History of weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history" title="Military history">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_of_handgun_and_rifle_cartridges" title="Table of handgun and rifle cartridges">Table of handgun and rifle cartridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_artillery_in_the_Song_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Gunpowder artillery in the Song dynasty">Gunpowder artillery in the Song dynasty</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_firearm&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Helaine-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Helaine_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHelaine_Selin1997" class="citation book cs1">Helaine Selin (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=raKRY3KQspsC&pg=PA389"><i>Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures</i></a>. Springer. p. 389. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7923-4066-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7923-4066-9"><bdi>978-0-7923-4066-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131009040612/http://books.google.com/books?id=raKRY3KQspsC&pg=PA389">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+the+History+of+Science%2C+Technology%2C+and+Medicine+in+Non-Western+Cultures&rft.pages=389&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-7923-4066-9&rft.au=Helaine+Selin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DraKRY3KQspsC%26pg%3DPA389&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+firearm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeedham1986">Needham 1986</a>, pp. 8–9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chase-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chase_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chase_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chase_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChase2003">Chase 2003</a>, pp. 31–32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-crosby-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-crosby_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crosby_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crosby_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrosby2002">Crosby 2002</a>, p. 99</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeedham1986">Needham 1986</a>:222</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lu_1988-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lu_1988_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGwei-DjenNeedhamChi-Hsing1988" class="citation journal cs1">Gwei-Djen, Lu; Needham, Joseph; Chi-Hsing, Phan (July 1988). "The Oldest Representation of a Bombard". <i>Technology and Culture</i>. <b>29</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">594–</span>605. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3105275">10.2307/3105275</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3105275">3105275</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:112733319">112733319</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Technology+and+Culture&rft.atitle=The+Oldest+Representation+of+a+Bombard&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E594-%3C%2Fspan%3E605&rft.date=1988-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A112733319%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3105275%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3105275&rft.aulast=Gwei-Djen&rft.aufirst=Lu&rft.au=Needham%2C+Joseph&rft.au=Chi-Hsing%2C+Phan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+firearm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChase2003">Chase 2003</a>:31–32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeedham1986">Needham 1986</a>, p. 10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade201652-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade201652_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndrade2016">Andrade 2016</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-needham_volume_5_part_7_293_294-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-needham_volume_5_part_7_293_294_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeedham1986">Needham 1986</a>:293–294</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Đông Nguyễn, Kaovjets Ngujens (2023). Lôi Động, Tinh Phi. NXB Dân Trí. p. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHassan" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Y_Hassan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad Y Hassan">Hassan, Ahmad Y</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080226104140/http://www.history-science-technology.com/Articles/articles%203.htm">"Gunpowder Composition for Rockets and Cannon in Arabic Military Treatises In Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries"</a>. <i>www.history-science-technology.com</i>. History of Science and Technology in Islam. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history-science-technology.com/Articles/articles%203.htm">the original</a> on 2008-02-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.history-science-technology.com&rft.atitle=Gunpowder+Composition+for+Rockets+and+Cannon+in+Arabic+Military+Treatises+In+Thirteenth+and+Fourteenth+Centuries&rft.aulast=Hassan&rft.aufirst=Ahmad+Y&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history-science-technology.com%2FArticles%2Farticles%25203.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+firearm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHassan" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Y_Hassan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad Y Hassan">Hassan, Ahmad Y</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070427025528/http://www.history-science-technology.com/Articles/articles%2072.htm">"Technology Transfer in the Chemical Industries"</a>. <i>www.history-science-technology.com</i>. History of Science and Technology in Islam. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history-science-technology.com/Articles/articles%2072.htm">the original</a> on 2007-04-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.history-science-technology.com&rft.atitle=Technology+Transfer+in+the+Chemical+Industries&rft.aulast=Hassan&rft.aufirst=Ahmad+Y&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history-science-technology.com%2FArticles%2Farticles%252072.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+firearm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan1996" class="citation cs2">Khan, Iqtidar Alam (1996), "Coming of Gunpowder to the Islamic World and North India: Spotlight on the Role of the Mongols", <i>Journal of Asian History</i>, <b>30</b>: <span class="nowrap">41–</span>5</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Asian+History&rft.atitle=Coming+of+Gunpowder+to+the+Islamic+World+and+North+India%3A+Spotlight+on+the+Role+of+the+Mongols&rft.volume=30&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E41-%3C%2Fspan%3E5&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Iqtidar+Alam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+firearm" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-khan_6-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-khan_6_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan2004" class="citation cs2">Khan, Iqtidar Alam (2004), <i>Gunpowder and Firearms: Warfare in Medieval India</i>, Oxford University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gunpowder+and+Firearms%3A+Warfare+in+Medieval+India&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Iqtidar+Alam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+firearm" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Hassan2003" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Y._al-Hassan" title="Ahmad Y. al-Hassan">Al-Hassan, Ahmad Y.</a> (2003). "Gunpowder Composition for Rockets and Cannon in Arabic Military Treatises in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries". <i>ICON</i>. <b>9</b>. <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_for_the_History_of_Technology" title="International Committee for the History of Technology">International Committee for the History of Technology</a>: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>30. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1361-8113">1361-8113</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23790667">23790667</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ICON&rft.atitle=Gunpowder+Composition+for+Rockets+and+Cannon+in+Arabic+Military+Treatises+in+the+Thirteenth+and+Fourteenth+Centuries&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E30&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23790667%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=1361-8113&rft.aulast=Al-Hassan&rft.aufirst=Ahmad+Y.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+firearm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroughtonBurris2010" class="citation book cs1">Broughton, George; Burris, David (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/9781934854013.3">"War and Medicine: A Brief History of the Military's Contribution to Wound Care Through World War I"</a>. <i>Advances in Wound Care: Volume 1</i>. <a href="/wiki/Mary_Ann_Liebert" title="Mary Ann Liebert">Mary Ann Liebert</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">3–</span>7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1089%2F9781934854013.3">10.1089/9781934854013.3</a> (inactive 1 November 2024). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781934854013" title="Special:BookSources/9781934854013"><bdi>9781934854013</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190403051335/https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/9781934854013.3">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2019</span>. <q>The first-hand cannon appeared during the 1260 Battle of Ain Jalut between the Egyptians and Mongols in the Middle East.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=War+and+Medicine%3A+A+Brief+History+of+the+Military%27s+Contribution+to+Wound+Care+Through+World+War+I&rft.btitle=Advances+in+Wound+Care%3A+Volume+1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E7&rft.pub=Mary+Ann+Liebert&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1089%2F9781934854013.3&rft.isbn=9781934854013&rft.aulast=Broughton&rft.aufirst=George&rft.au=Burris%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.liebertpub.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1089%2F9781934854013.3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+firearm" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBooksDickieJesticeJorgensen2009" class="citation book cs1">Books, Amber; Dickie, Iain; Jestice, Phyllis; Jorgensen, Christer; Rice, Rob S.; Dougherty, Martin J. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9iYLAQAAMAAJ"><i>Fighting Techniques of Naval Warfare: Strategy, Weapons, Commanders, and Ships: 1190 BC – Present</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press" title="St. Martin's Press">St. Martin's Press</a>. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780312554538" title="Special:BookSources/9780312554538"><bdi>9780312554538</bdi></a>. <q>Known to the Arabs as midfa, was the ancestor of all subsequent forms of cannon. Materials evolved from bamboo to wood to iron quickly enough for the Egyptian Mamelukes to employ the weapon against the Mongols at the battle of Ain Jalut in 1260, which ended the Mongol advance into the Mediterranean world.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fighting+Techniques+of+Naval+Warfare%3A+Strategy%2C+Weapons%2C+Commanders%2C+and+Ships%3A+1190+BC+%E2%80%93+Present&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780312554538&rft.aulast=Books&rft.aufirst=Amber&rft.au=Dickie%2C+Iain&rft.au=Jestice%2C+Phyllis&rft.au=Jorgensen%2C+Christer&rft.au=Rice%2C+Rob+S.&rft.au=Dougherty%2C+Martin+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9iYLAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+firearm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chase1-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chase1_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChase2003">Chase 2003</a>:1 "The Europeans certainly had firearms by the first half of the 14th century. The Arabs obtained firearms in the 14th century too, and the Turks, Iranians, and Indians all got them no later than the 15th century, in each case directly or indirectly from the Europeans. The Koreans adopted firearms from the Chinese in the 14th century, but the Japanese did not acquire them until the 16th century, and then from the Portuguese rather than the Chinese."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986443-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham1986443_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeedham1986">Needham 1986</a>, p. 443.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÁgoston2011" class="citation journal cs1">Ágoston, Gábor (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254954728">"Military Transformation in the Ottoman Empire and Russia, 1500–1800"</a>. <i>Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History</i>. <b>12</b> (2): 281–319 [294]. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fkri.2011.0018">10.1353/kri.2011.0018</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19755686">19755686</a>. <q>Initially the Janissaries were equipped with bows, crossbows, and javelins. In the first half of the 15th century, they began to use matchlock arquebuses</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kritika%3A+Explorations+in+Russian+and+Eurasian+History&rft.atitle=Military+Transformation+in+the+Ottoman+Empire+and+Russia%2C+1500%E2%80%931800&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=281-319+294&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fkri.2011.0018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A19755686%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=%C3%81goston&rft.aufirst=G%C3%A1bor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F254954728&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+firearm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyalon2013" class="citation book cs1">Ayalon, David (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WmpySZZNJhcC&pg=PA126"><i>Gunpowder and Firearms in the Mamluk Kingdom: A Challenge to Medieval Society (1956)</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136277320" title="Special:BookSources/9781136277320"><bdi>9781136277320</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230131035152/https://books.google.com/books?id=WmpySZZNJhcC&pg=PA126">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gunpowder+and+Firearms+in+the+Mamluk+Kingdom%3A+A+Challenge+to+Medieval+Society+%281956%29&rft.pages=126&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781136277320&rft.aulast=Ayalon&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWmpySZZNJhcC%26pg%3DPA126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+firearm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986444-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham1986444_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeedham1986">Needham 1986</a>, p. 444.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986446-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham1986446_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeedham1986">Needham 1986</a>, p. 446.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mayers (1876). "Chinese explorations of the Indian Ocean during the fifteenth century". <i>The China Review</i>. <b>IV</b>: p. 178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:72-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:72_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManguin1976" class="citation journal cs1">Manguin, Pierre-Yves (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-02509117/file/arasi_0004-3958_1976_num_32_1_1103.pdf">"L'Artillerie legere nousantarienne: A propos de six canons conserves dans des collections portugaises"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Arts Asiatiques</i>. <b>32</b>: <span class="nowrap">233–</span>268. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Farasi.1976.1103">10.3406/arasi.1976.1103</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191565174">191565174</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201017043603/https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-02509117/file/arasi_0004-3958_1976_num_32_1_1103.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2020-10-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-09-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arts+Asiatiques&rft.atitle=L%27Artillerie+legere+nousantarienne%3A+A+propos+de+six+canons+conserves+dans+des+collections+portugaises&rft.volume=32&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E233-%3C%2Fspan%3E268&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Farasi.1976.1103&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A191565174%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Manguin&rft.aufirst=Pierre-Yves&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhalshs.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhalshs-02509117%2Ffile%2Farasi_0004-3958_1976_num_32_1_1103.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+firearm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:222-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:222_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawfurd1856" class="citation book cs1">Crawfurd, John (1856). <i>A Descriptive Dictionary of the Indian Islands and Adjacent Countries</i>. Bradbury and Evans.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Descriptive+Dictionary+of+the+Indian+Islands+and+Adjacent+Countries&rft.pub=Bradbury+and+Evans&rft.date=1856&rft.aulast=Crawfurd&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+firearm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTiaoyuan1969" class="citation book cs1">Tiaoyuan, Li (1969). <i>South Vietnamese Notes</i>. Guangju Book Office.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Vietnamese+Notes&rft.pub=Guangju+Book+Office&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Tiaoyuan&rft.aufirst=Li&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+firearm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andaya, L. Y. 1999. Interaction with the outside world and adaptation in Southeast Asian society 1500–1800. In <i>The Cambridge history of southeast Asia</i>. ed. Nicholas Tarling. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 345–401.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:3_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The bewitched gun : the introduction of the firearm in the Far East by the Portuguese</i>, by Rainer Daehnhardt 1994.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:4_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEaton2013" class="citation book cs1">Eaton, Richard M. (2013). <i>Expanding Frontiers in South Asian and World History: Essays in Honour of John F. Richards</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107034280" title="Special:BookSources/9781107034280"><bdi>9781107034280</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Expanding+Frontiers+in+South+Asian+and+World+History%3A+Essays+in+Honour+of+John+F.+Richards&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781107034280&rft.aulast=Eaton&rft.aufirst=Richard+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+firearm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEgerton1880" class="citation book cs1">Egerton, W. (1880). <i>An Illustrated Handbook of Indian Arms</i>. W.H. Allen.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Illustrated+Handbook+of+Indian+Arms&rft.pub=W.H.+Allen&rft.date=1880&rft.aulast=Egerton&rft.aufirst=W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+firearm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTarling1992" class="citation book cs1">Tarling, Nicholas (1992). <i>The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia: Volume 1, From Early Times to C.1800</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521355056" title="Special:BookSources/9780521355056"><bdi>9780521355056</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Southeast+Asia%3A+Volume+1%2C+From+Early+Times+to+C.1800&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780521355056&rft.aulast=Tarling&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+firearm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianarmy.nic.in/">"The Official Home Page of the Indian Army"</a>. <i>www.indianarmy.nic.in</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170626223336/https://indianarmy.nic.in/">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-06-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2014-03-01). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&sw=w&issn=10456007&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA379980420&sid=googleScholar&linkaccess=abs">"Warfare on the Deccan Plateau, 1450-1600: a military revolution in early modern India?"</a></span>. <i>Journal of World History</i>. <b>25</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">5–</span>52. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjwh.2014.0004">10.1353/jwh.2014.0004</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162260578">162260578</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+World+History&rft.atitle=Warfare+on+the+Deccan+Plateau%2C+1450-1600%3A+a+military+revolution+in+early+modern+India%3F&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E52&rft.date=2014-03-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjwh.2014.0004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162260578%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Eaton&rft.aufirst=Richard+M.&rft.au=Wagoner%2C+Philip+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgo.gale.com%2Fps%2Fi.do%3Fp%3DAONE%26sw%3Dw%26issn%3D10456007%26v%3D2.1%26it%3Dr%26id%3DGALE%257CA379980420%26sid%3DgoogleScholar%26linkaccess%3Dabs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+firearm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://southasia.stanford.edu/publications/guns-and-british-empire">"Guns and the British Empire | Center for South Asia"</a>. <i>southasia.stanford.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221227174743/https://southasia.stanford.edu/publications/guns-and-british-empire">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-12-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=southasia.stanford.edu&rft.atitle=Guns+and+the+British+Empire+%7C+Center+for+South+Asia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsouthasia.stanford.edu%2Fpublications%2Fguns-and-british-empire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+firearm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mukherjee-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mukherjee_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mukherjee_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/203255/5/chapter%203.pdf">"Anjan Mukherjee in Evolution of Indian Artillery and its Impact on India's Comprehensive Military Power, chapter II"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anjan+Mukherjee+in+Evolution+of+Indian+Artillery+and+its+Impact+on+India%27s+Comprehensive+Military+Power%2C+chapter+II&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in%2Fbitstream%2F10603%2F203255%2F5%2Fchapter%25203.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+firearm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards1993288-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards1993288_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichards1993">Richards 1993</a>, p. 288.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorris2003">Norris 2003</a>:11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chase58-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chase58_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChase2003">Chase 2003</a>:58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Nicolle, Crécy 1346: Triumph of the longbow, Osprey Publishing; June 25, 2000; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85532-966-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85532-966-9">978-1-85532-966-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gunlab.com.ru/history.html">"Firearms in Russia"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100706012857/http://www.gunlab.com.ru/history.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2010-07-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-04-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Firearms+in+Russia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gunlab.com.ru%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+firearm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bibliotekar.ru/divo/31-85-2.htm">"Первые залпы. РУССКАЯ КНИГА РЕКОРДОВ И ДОСТИЖЕНИЙ"</a>. <i>bibliotekar.ru</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070309175549/http://www.bibliotekar.ru/divo/31-85-2.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2007-03-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-04-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bibliotekar.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BF%D1%8B.+%D0%A0%D0%A3%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%9A%D0%90%D0%AF+%D0%9A%D0%9D%D0%98%D0%93%D0%90+%D0%A0%D0%95%D0%9A%D0%9E%D0%A0%D0%94%D0%9E%D0%92+%D0%98+%D0%94%D0%9E%D0%A1%D0%A2%D0%98%D0%96%D0%95%D0%9D%D0%98%D0%99&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbibliotekar.ru%2Fdivo%2F31-85-2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+firearm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120614001329/http://teemapark.otepaa.ee/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=53:otepaeae-puess-on-maailma-vanim-kaesitulirelv&catid=37:linnamaee-artiklid&Itemid=59">"Ain Mäesalu: Otepää püss on maailma vanim"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://teemapark.otepaa.ee/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=53:otepaeae-puess-on-maailma-vanim-kaesitulirelv&catid=37:linnamaee-artiklid&Itemid=59">the original</a> on 2012-06-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=howitzer&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fsearch%3Dhowitzer%26searchmode%3Dnone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+firearm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Concise Oxford English Dictionary</i> (4 ed.). 1956. pp. Howitzer.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Concise+Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.pages=Howitzer&rft.edition=4&rft.date=1956&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+firearm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHermann1960" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hermann, Paul (1960). <i>Deutsches Wörterbuch</i> (in German). pp. Haubitze.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deutsches+W%C3%B6rterbuch&rft.pages=Haubitze&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Hermann&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+firearm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1421_anniversary-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1421_anniversary_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGawron2021" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gawron, Tomáš (January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbrojnice.com/2021/01/01/unikatni-ceske-vyroci-600-let-civilniho-drzeni-palnych-zbrani/">"Unikátní české výročí: 600 let civilního držení palných zbraní [Unique Czech anniversary: 600 years of civilian firearms possession]"</a>. <i>zbrojnice.com</i> (in Czech). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210113084321/https://zbrojnice.com/2021/01/01/unikatni-ceske-vyroci-600-let-civilniho-drzeni-palnych-zbrani/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=zbrojnice.com&rft.atitle=Unik%C3%A1tn%C3%AD+%C4%8Desk%C3%A9+v%C3%BDro%C4%8D%C3%AD%3A+600+let+civiln%C3%ADho+dr%C5%BEen%C3%AD+paln%C3%BDch+zbran%C3%AD+%5BUnique+Czech+anniversary%3A+600+years+of+civilian+firearms+possession%5D&rft.date=2021-01&rft.aulast=Gawron&rft.aufirst=Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzbrojnice.com%2F2021%2F01%2F01%2Funikatni-ceske-vyroci-600-let-civilniho-drzeni-palnych-zbrani%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+firearm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW.W._Greener2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/W.W._Greener" class="mw-redirect" title="W.W. 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Greener</a> (2013). <i>The Gun and Its Development</i>. <a href="/wiki/Simon_and_Schuster" class="mw-redirect" title="Simon and Schuster">Simon and Schuster</a>. p. 78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781510720251" title="Special:BookSources/9781510720251"><bdi>9781510720251</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gun+and+Its+Development&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781510720251&rft.au=W.W.+Greener&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+firearm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrett_D._Steele2005" class="citation book cs1">Brett D. Steele (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=+%24akaloz+Hungarian"><i>The Heirs of Archimedes: Science and the Art of War Through the Age of Enlightenment</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. p. 120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262195164" title="Special:BookSources/9780262195164"><bdi>9780262195164</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221110133123/https://www.google.com/search?q=+$akaloz+Hungarian">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-11-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Heirs+of+Archimedes%3A+Science+and+the+Art+of+War+Through+the+Age+of+Enlightenment&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780262195164&rft.au=Brett+D.+Steele&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fsearch%3Fq%3D%2B%2524akaloz%2BHungarian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+firearm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130521154926/http://springfield375.org/?p=126">"Firsts | Springfield 375"</a>. 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ISBN 978-1-4665-0206-2.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_firearm&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrade2016" class="citation book cs1">Andrade, Tonio (2016). <i>The Gunpowder Age: China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History</i>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13597-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13597-7"><bdi>978-0-691-13597-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gunpowder+Age%3A+China%2C+Military+Innovation%2C+and+the+Rise+of+the+West+in+World+History&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-691-13597-7&rft.aulast=Andrade&rft.aufirst=Tonio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+firearm" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuchanan2006" class="citation cs2">Buchanan, Brenda J. (2006), <i>Gunpowder, Explosives and the State: A Technological History</i>, Aldershot: Ashgate, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-5259-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-5259-5"><bdi>978-0-7546-5259-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gunpowder%2C+Explosives+and+the+State%3A+A+Technological+History&rft.place=Aldershot&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-5259-5&rft.aulast=Buchanan&rft.aufirst=Brenda+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+firearm" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChase2003" class="citation cs2">Chase, Kenneth (2003), <i>Firearms: A Global History to 1700</i>, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82274-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82274-9"><bdi>978-0-521-82274-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Firearms%3A+A+Global+History+to+1700&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-521-82274-9&rft.aulast=Chase&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+firearm" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrosby2002" class="citation cs2">Crosby, Alfred W. (2002), <i>Throwing Fire: Projectile Technology Through History</i>, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79158-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79158-8"><bdi>978-0-521-79158-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Throwing+Fire%3A+Projectile+Technology+Through+History&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-79158-8&rft.aulast=Crosby&rft.aufirst=Alfred+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+firearm" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly2004" class="citation cs2">Kelly, Jack (2004), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gunpowderalchemy00jack"><i>Gunpowder: Alchemy, Bombards & Pyrotechnics: The History of the Explosive that Changed the World</i></a></span>, Basic Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-03718-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-03718-6"><bdi>978-0-465-03718-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gunpowder%3A+Alchemy%2C+Bombards+%26+Pyrotechnics%3A+The+History+of+the+Explosive+that+Changed+the+World&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-465-03718-6&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgunpowderalchemy00jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+firearm" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeedham1986" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Needham" title="Joseph Needham">Needham, Joseph</a> (1986), <i>Science & Civilisation in China</i>, vol. V:7: <i>The Gunpowder Epic</i>, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-30358-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-30358-3"><bdi>978-0-521-30358-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+%26+Civilisation+in+China&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-521-30358-3&rft.aulast=Needham&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+firearm" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorris2003" class="citation cs2">Norris, John (2003), <i>Early Gunpowder Artillery: 1300-1600</i>, Marlborough: The Crowood Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Gunpowder+Artillery%3A+1300-1600&rft.place=Marlborough&rft.pub=The+Crowood+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Norris&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+firearm" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards1993" class="citation book cs1">Richards, John F. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC&pg=PA288"><i>The Mughal Empire</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 288. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-56603-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-56603-2"><bdi>978-0-521-56603-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mughal+Empire&rft.pages=288&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-521-56603-2&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHHyVh29gy4QC%26pg%3DPA288&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+firearm" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Sun Laichen (2006) <i>Chinese Gunpowder Technology Technology and Dai Viet, ca. 1390 -1497</i>. In Vietnam Borderless Histories Eds Nhung Tuyet Tran & Anthony Reid University of Wisconsin Press</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_firearm&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Chase, Kenneth. <i>Firearms: A Global History to 1700</i> (2008) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Firearms-Global-History-Kenneth-Chase/dp/0521722403/">excerpt</a></li> <li>DK. <i>Firearms: An Illustrated History</i> (2014) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Firearms-Illustrated-History-DK/dp/1465416056/">excerpt</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPyhrr,_Stuart_W.1985" class="citation book cs1">Pyhrr, Stuart W. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/69336/rec/169"><i><span></span></i>Firearms from the collections of the Prince of Liechtenstein<i><span></span></i></a>. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780870994258" title="Special:BookSources/9780870994258"><bdi>9780870994258</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Firearms+from+the+collections+of+the+Prince+of+Liechtenstein&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=9780870994258&rft.au=Pyhrr%2C+Stuart+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibmma.contentdm.oclc.org%2Fcdm%2Fcompoundobject%2Fcollection%2Fp15324coll10%2Fid%2F69336%2Frec%2F169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+firearm" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Silverman, David J. <i>Thundersticks: Firearms and the Violent Transformation of Native America</i> (2016) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Thundersticks-Firearms-Violent-Transformation-America/dp/0674737474/">excerpt</a></li> <li>Wills, Chuck and Robert Lindley. <i>The Illustrated History of Guns: From First Firearms to Semiautomatic Weapons</i> (2014) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Illustrated-History-Guns-Firearms-Semiautomatic/dp/1629145572/">excerpt</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_firearm&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanfirearms.org/gun-history/">"From AD142 to present day - Important dates in the history of Firearms"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=From+AD142+to+present+day+-+Important+dates+in+the+history+of+Firearms&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanfirearms.org%2Fgun-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+firearm" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://imgur.com/lnYUZ4p">[1]</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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transmission">Historiography</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History of the firearm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Firearms" class="mw-redirect" title="Firearms">Firearms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arquebus" title="Arquebus">Arquebus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajozutsu" class="mw-redirect" title="Bajozutsu">Bajozutsu pistol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedil_tombak" title="Bedil tombak">Bedil tumbak hand cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blunderbuss" title="Blunderbuss">Blunderbuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combination_gun" title="Combination gun">Combination gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_(firearm)" title="Dragon (firearm)">Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_horse_pistol" class="mw-redirect" title="English horse pistol">English horse pistol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_lance" title="Fire lance">Fire lance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_cannon" title="Hand cannon">Hand cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_mortar" title="Hand mortar">Hand mortar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heilongjiang_hand_cannon" title="Heilongjiang hand cannon">Heilongjiang hand cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howdah_pistol" title="Howdah pistol">Howdah pistol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huo_Chong" class="mw-redirect" title="Huo Chong">Huo Chong hand cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_lance" title="Fire lance">Huo Qiang lance hand cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istinggar" title="Istinggar">Istinggar arquebus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_arquebus" title="Java arquebus">Java arquebus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaozhi_arquebus" title="Jiaozhi arquebus">Jiaozhi arquebus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miniature_meriam_kecil" title="Miniature meriam kecil">Meriam kecil hand cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muff_pistol" class="mw-redirect" title="Muff pistol">Muff pistol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nock_gun" title="Nock gun">Nock M1779 seven barrel gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petronel" title="Petronel">Petronel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepperbox" class="mw-redirect" title="Pepperbox">Pepperbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pistol#History_and_etymology" title="Pistol">Pistol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puckle_gun" title="Puckle gun">Puckle Μ1717 revolver gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Yan_Chong" class="mw-redirect" title="San Yan Chong">San Yan Chong three barrel hand cannon</a></li> <li>Shou Chong hand cannon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanegashima_(gun)" title="Tanegashima (gun)">Tanegashima arquebus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toradar" title="Toradar">Toradar arquebus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tu_Huo_Qiang" title="Tu Huo Qiang">Tu Huo Qiang hand cannon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Rifles" class="mw-redirect" title="Rifles">Rifles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muskets" class="mw-redirect" title="Muskets">muskets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belton_flintlock" title="Belton flintlock">Belton M1777 repeating musket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_Bess" title="Brown Bess">Brown Bess musket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charleville_musket" title="Charleville musket">Charleville musket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che_Dian_Chong" title="Che Dian Chong">Che Dian Chong musket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cookson_repeater" title="Cookson repeater">Cookson M1750 repeating rifle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M1696_French_common_musket" class="mw-redirect" title="M1696 French common musket">M1696 French common musket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girardoni_air_rifle" title="Girardoni air rifle">Girardoni M1780 repeating air rifle</a></li> <li>Hartingk M1670 repeating rifle</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_military_rifles#Early_Jäger_rifles" title="German military rifles">Jäger rifle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Afsharid_dynasty_of_Persia#Jazāyerchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of the Afsharid dynasty of Persia">Jazayer musket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jezail" title="Jezail">Jezail musket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingal" class="mw-redirect" title="Jingal">Jingal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabyle_musket" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabyle musket">Kabyle musket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalthoff_repeater" title="Kalthoff repeater">Kalthoff M1630 repeating rifle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_rifle" title="Long rifle">Meylin M1719 Pennsylvania-Kentucky rifled musket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musket" title="Musket">Musket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musketoon" title="Musketoon">Musketoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potzdam_musket" class="mw-redirect" title="Potzdam musket">Potzdam musket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M1752_Musket" title="M1752 Musket">Spanish M1752 musket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springfield_musket" title="Springfield musket">Springfield musket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_gun" title="Wall gun">Wall gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xun_Lei_Chong" title="Xun Lei Chong">Xun Lei Chong spear five barrel revolver musket</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Early <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abus_gun" title="Abus gun">Abus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artillery_of_France_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Artillery of France in the Middle Ages">Artillery of France in the Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilisk_(cannon)" title="Basilisk (cannon)">Basilisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baton_a_feu" class="mw-redirect" title="Baton a feu">Baton a feu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breech-loading_swivel_gun" title="Breech-loading swivel gun">Breech-loading swivel gun</a></li> <li>Byzantine fire tube (cannon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannon" title="Cannon">Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carronade" title="Carronade">Carronade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cetbang" title="Cetbang">Cetbang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chongtong" title="Chongtong">Chongtong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culverin" title="Culverin">Culverin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekor_lotong" title="Ekor lotong">Ekor lotong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falconet_(cannon)" title="Falconet (cannon)">Falconet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauconneau" title="Fauconneau">Fauconneau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_artillery_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Gunpowder artillery in the Middle Ages">Gunpowder artillery in the Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_weapons_in_the_Song_dynasty" title="Gunpowder weapons in the Song dynasty">Gunpowder weapons in the Song dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hongyipao" title="Hongyipao">Hongyipao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_dun_pao" title="Hu dun pao">Hu Dun Pao cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_cannon" title="Korean cannon">Korean cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lantaka" title="Lantaka">Lantaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lela_(cannon)" title="Lela (cannon)">Lela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortar_(siege_cannon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mortar (siege cannon)">Mortar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obusier_de_vaisseau" title="Obusier de vaisseau">Obusier de vaisseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ gun">Organ gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierrier_a_boite" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierrier a boite">Pierrier a boite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pot_de_fer" class="mw-redirect" title="Pot de fer">Pot de fer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prangi" title="Prangi">Prangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swivel_gun" title="Swivel gun">Swivel gun</a></li> <li>Tarasnice</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veuglaire" title="Veuglaire">Veuglaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xanadu_Gun" title="Xanadu Gun">Xanadu Gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wankou_Chong" class="mw-redirect" title="Wankou Chong">Wankou Chong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuwei_Bronze_Cannon" title="Wuwei Bronze Cannon">Wuwei Bronze Cannon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Medieval large calibre guns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombard_(weapon)" title="Bombard (weapon)">Bombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilic_(cannon)" title="Basilic (cannon)">Basilic</a></li> <li>Byzantine bombard</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dardanelles_Gun" title="Dardanelles Gun">Dardanelles bombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulle_Griet" title="Dulle Griet">Dulle Griet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faule_Grete" title="Faule Grete">Faule Grete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faule_Mette" title="Faule Mette">Faule Mette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grose_Bochse" title="Grose Bochse">Grose Bochse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mons_Meg" title="Mons Meg">Mons Meg</a></li> <li>Orban bombard</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumhart_von_Steyr" title="Pumhart von Steyr">Pumhart von Steyr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Early <a href="/wiki/Rockets" class="mw-redirect" title="Rockets">rockets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Incendiaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Incendiaries">incendiaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bo-hiya" title="Bo-hiya">Bo-hiya</a> rocket arrow</li> <li>Byzantine rocket launcher</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congreve_rocket" title="Congreve rocket">Congreve rocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fierce-fire_Oil_Cabinet" title="Fierce-fire Oil Cabinet">Fierce-fire Oil Cabinet</a> (flamethrower)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_arrow" title="Fire arrow">Fire arrow</a> (rocket arrow)</li> <li>Fire crow rocket bomb</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_fire" title="Greek fire">Greek fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hale_(British_inventor)#Rocketry" title="William Hale (British inventor)">Hale rocket launcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huo_Che" title="Huo Che">Huo Che</a> rocket arrow launcher</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hwacha" title="Hwacha">Hwacha</a> rocket arrow launcher</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meng_Huo_You" title="Meng Huo You">Meng Huo You</a> (Chinese petroleum)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysorean_rocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Mysorean rocket">Mysorean rocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naphtha" title="Naphtha">Naphtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pen_Huo_Qi" class="mw-redirect" title="Pen Huo Qi">Pen Huo Qi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_naphtha" title="Petroleum naphtha">Petroleum naphtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singijeon" class="mw-redirect" title="Singijeon">Singijeon</a> rocket arrow</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunder_crash_bomb" title="Thunder crash bomb">Thunder crash bomb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Firing_mechanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Firing mechanism">Firing mechanisms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breechloader" title="Breechloader">Breechloader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doglock" title="Doglock">Doglock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flintlock" title="Flintlock">Flintlock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matchlock" title="Matchlock">Matchlock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Snap_matchlock" title="Snap matchlock">Snap matchlock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miquelet_lock" title="Miquelet lock">Miquelet lock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzzleloader" title="Muzzleloader">Muzzleloader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snaphance" title="Snaphance">Snaphance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snaplock" title="Snaplock">Snaplock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheellock" title="Wheellock">Wheellock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Literatures" class="mw-redirect" title="Literatures">Literatures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huolongjing" title="Huolongjing">Huolongjing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jixiao_Xinshu" title="Jixiao Xinshu">Jixiao Xinshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wubei_Zhi" title="Wubei Zhi">Wubei Zhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wujing_Zongyao" title="Wujing Zongyao">Wujing Zongyao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Early_modern_firearms" title="Category:Early modern firearms">Category:Early modern firearms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Early_firearms" title="Category:Early firearms">Category:Early firearms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Firearms_(list,_glossary,_and_topics)20146" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Firearms" title="Template:Firearms"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Firearms" title="Template talk:Firearms"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Firearms" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Firearms"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Firearms_(list,_glossary,_and_topics)20146" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Firearm" title="Firearm">Firearms</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_firearms" title="List of firearms">list</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_firearms_terms" title="Glossary of firearms terms">glossary</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Category:Firearms" title="Category:Firearms">topics</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Firearm" title="Firearm">Firearm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_firearms" title="Category:Lists of firearms">lists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun" title="Gun">Gun</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_safety" title="Gun safety">Safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weapon" title="Weapon">Weapon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Types_of_firearms35" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Firearm#Types" title="Firearm">Types of firearms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breechloader" title="Breechloader">Breechloader</a> versus <a href="/wiki/Muzzleloader" title="Muzzleloader">muzzleloader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combination_weapons" title="Combination weapons">Combination weapons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Combination_guns" class="mw-redirect" title="Combination guns">Combination</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_gun" title="Elephant gun">Elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flare_gun" title="Flare gun">Flare gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_thrower" title="Line thrower">Line thrower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_gun" title="Long gun">Long gun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbine" title="Carbine">Carbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musket" title="Musket">Musket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takedown_gun" title="Takedown gun">Takedown</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple-barrel_firearm" title="Multiple-barrel firearm">Multiple-barrel</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_multiple-barrel_firearms" title="List of multiple-barrel firearms">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needlegun" title="Needlegun">Needler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_gun" title="Net gun">Net gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pen_gun" title="Pen gun">Pen gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riot_gun" title="Riot gun">Riot gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotary_cannon" title="Rotary cannon">Rotary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-shot" title="Single-shot">Single-shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleeve_gun" title="Sleeve gun">Sleeve gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoothbore" title="Smoothbore">Smoothbore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring-gun" title="Spring-gun">Spring-gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_firearm" title="Underwater firearm">Underwater firearm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Handgun" title="Handgun">Handguns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cane_gun" title="Cane gun">Cane gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derringer" title="Derringer">Derringer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duelling_pistol" title="Duelling pistol">Duelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pistol" title="Pistol">Pistol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pistols" title="List of pistols">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_pistol" title="Machine pistol">Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepper-box" title="Pepper-box">Pepper-box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_pistol" title="Pocket pistol">Pocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolver" title="Revolver">Revolver</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_revolvers" title="List of revolvers">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-automatic_pistol" title="Semi-automatic pistol">Semi-automatic pistol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_semi-automatic_pistols" title="List of semi-automatic pistols">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pistol_caliber_carbine" class="mw-redirect" title="Pistol caliber carbine">Pistol caliber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personal_defence_weapon" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal defence weapon">Personal defence weapon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submachine_gun" title="Submachine gun">Submachine gun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starting_pistol" title="Starting pistol">Starting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallet_gun" title="Wallet gun">Wallet gun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rifle" title="Rifle">Rifles</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_rifles" title="List of rifles">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-materiel_rifle" title="Anti-materiel rifle">Anti-materiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_rifle" title="Anti-tank rifle">Anti-tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assault_rifle" title="Assault rifle">Assault</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_assault_rifles" title="List of assault rifles">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_rifle" title="Automatic rifle">Automatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_rifle" title="Battle rifle">Battle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battle_rifles" title="List of battle rifles">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbine_rifle" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbine rifle">Carbine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_carbines" title="List of carbines">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_rifle" title="Double rifle">Double</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_rifle" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunting rifle">Hunting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_rifle" title="Buffalo rifle">Buffalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_rifle" class="mw-redirect" title="Elephant rifle">Elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Express_rifle" class="mw-redirect" title="Express rifle">Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punt_gun" title="Punt gun">Punt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varmint_rifle" title="Varmint rifle">Varmint</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Designated_marksman_rifle" title="Designated marksman rifle">Marksman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifling" title="Rifling">Rifling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polygonal_rifling" title="Polygonal rifling">Polygonal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repeating_rifle" title="Repeating rifle">Repeating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sniper_rifle" title="Sniper rifle">Sniper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sniper_rifles" title="List of sniper rifles">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Machine_gun" title="Machine gun">Machine guns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_purpose_machine_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="General purpose machine gun">General purpose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_machine_gun" title="Light machine gun">Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium_machine_gun" title="Medium machine gun">Medium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_machine_gun" title="Heavy machine gun">Heavy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squad_automatic_weapon" title="Squad automatic weapon">SAW</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shotgun" title="Shotgun">Shotguns</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_shotguns" title="List of shotguns">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_shotgun" title="Automatic shotgun">Automatic shotgun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coach_gun" title="Coach gun">Coach gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_shotgun" title="Combat shotgun">Combat shotgun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double-barreled_shotgun" title="Double-barreled shotgun">Double-barreled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pump_action" title="Pump action">Pump action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riot_shotgun" title="Riot shotgun">Riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawed-off_shotgun" title="Sawed-off shotgun">Sawed-off</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Ammunition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/20-gauge_shotgun" title="20-gauge shotgun">20-gauge shotgun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breaching_round" title="Breaching round">Breaching round</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon%27s_breath_(ammunition)" title="Dragon's breath (ammunition)">Dragon's breath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotgun_shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Shotgun shell">Shotgun shell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/.410_bore" title=".410 bore">.410 bore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shot_(pellet)" title="Shot (pellet)">Shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotgun_slug" title="Shotgun slug">Slug</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Historic</a> or famous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AK-47" title="AK-47">AK-47</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AR-15_style_rifle" class="mw-redirect" title="AR-15 style rifle">AR-15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M16" class="mw-redirect" title="M16">M16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antique_firearms" title="Antique firearms">Antique firearms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatling_gun" title="Gatling gun">Gatling gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winchester_rifle" title="Winchester rifle">Winchester rifle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M1_Garand" title="M1 Garand">M1 Garand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauser_rifles" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauser rifles">Mauser rifles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thompson_submachine_gun" title="Thompson submachine gun">Tommy Gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP_40" title="MP 40">MP 40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzi" title="Uzi">Uzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colt_Single_Action_Army" title="Colt Single Action Army">Colt Peacemaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M1911" class="mw-redirect" title="M1911">M1911</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glock" title="Glock">Glock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Mechanics_and_components167" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Mechanics and <a href="/wiki/Category:Firearm_components" title="Category:Firearm components">components</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Firearm_components" title="Category:Firearm components">Components</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gun_barrel" title="Gun barrel">Barrel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feed_ramp" title="Feed ramp">Feed ramp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slug_barrel" title="Slug barrel">Slug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrel_threads" title="Barrel threads">Threads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trunnion" title="Trunnion">Trunnion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayonet" title="Bayonet">Bayonet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belt_(firearms)" title="Belt (firearms)">Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blank-firing_adapter" title="Blank-firing adapter">Blank-firing adapter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breechblock" title="Breechblock">Breechblock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breechface" title="Breechface">Breechface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolt_(firearms)" title="Bolt (firearms)">Bolt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rotating_bolt" title="Rotating bolt">Rotating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telescoping_bolt" title="Telescoping bolt">Telescoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flapper_locking" title="Flapper locking">Flapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roller_locked" title="Roller locked">Roller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilting_bolt" title="Tilting bolt">Tilting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bump_stock" title="Bump stock">Bump stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_(firearms)" title="Chamber (firearms)">Chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocking_handle" title="Cocking handle">Cocking handle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cylinder_(firearms)" title="Cylinder (firearms)">Cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extractor_(firearms)" title="Extractor (firearms)">Extractor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firing_pin" title="Firing pin">Firing pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_suppressor" title="Flash suppressor">Flash suppressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluting_(firearms)" title="Fluting (firearms)">Fluting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_assist" title="Forward assist">Forward assist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freebore" title="Freebore">Freebore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forearm_(firearm_component)" title="Forearm (firearm component)">Forearm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_forward_grip" title="Vertical forward grip">Foregrip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammer_(firearms)" title="Hammer (firearms)">Hammer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Half-cock" title="Half-cock">Half-cock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammer_(firearms)#Linear_hammer" title="Hammer (firearms)">Linear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammer_(firearms)#Striker" title="Hammer (firearms)">Striker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lock_(firearm)" title="Lock (firearm)">Lock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flintlock" title="Flintlock">Flintlock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheellock" title="Wheellock">Wheellock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magazine_(firearms)" title="Magazine (firearms)">Magazine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bottom_metal" title="Bottom metal">Bottom metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clip_(firearms)" title="Clip (firearms)">Clip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum_magazine" title="Drum magazine">Drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-capacity_magazine" title="High-capacity magazine">High-capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speedloader" title="Speedloader">Speedloader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stripper_clip" title="Stripper clip">Stripper clip</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzzle_brake" title="Muzzle brake">Muzzle brake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzzle_shroud" title="Muzzle shroud">Muzzle shroud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pistol_grip" title="Pistol grip">Pistol grip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pistol_slide" title="Pistol slide">Pistol slide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_system_(firearms)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail system (firearms)">Rail system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Receiver_(firearms)" title="Receiver (firearms)">Receiver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recoil_pad" title="Recoil pad">Recoil pad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rim_(firearms)" title="Rim (firearms)">Rim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_(firearms)" title="Safety (firearms)">Safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sear_(firearm)" title="Sear (firearm)">Sear</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auto_sear" title="Auto sear">Auto sear</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrel_shroud" title="Barrel shroud">Shroud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silencer_(firearms)" title="Silencer (firearms)">Silencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squeeze_bore" title="Squeeze bore">Squeeze bore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choke_(firearms)" title="Choke (firearms)">Choke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_(firearms)" title="Stock (firearms)">Stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronization_gear" title="Synchronization gear">Synchronization gear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapering_(firearms)" title="Tapering (firearms)">Tapering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trigger_(firearms)" title="Trigger (firearms)">Trigger</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trigger_guard" title="Trigger guard">guard</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sight_(device)" title="Sight (device)">Sights</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diopter_sight" title="Diopter sight">Diopter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finderscope" title="Finderscope">Finderscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globe_sight" title="Globe sight">Globe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holographic_weapon_sight" title="Holographic weapon sight">Holographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_sights" title="Iron sights">Iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_sight_(firearms)" class="mw-redirect" title="Laser sight (firearms)">Laser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reticle" title="Reticle">Reticle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflex_sight" class="mw-redirect" title="Reflex sight">Reflex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_dot_sight" title="Red dot sight">Red dot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sight_magnifier" title="Sight magnifier">Magnifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scope_mount" title="Scope mount">Scope mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_sight" title="Tang sight">Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telescopic_sight" title="Telescopic sight">Telescopic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night-vision_device" title="Night-vision device">Night vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_weapon_sight" title="Thermal weapon sight">Thermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sighting_in" title="Sighting in">Zeroing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Action_(firearms)" title="Action (firearms)">Actions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blowback_(firearms)" title="Blowback (firearms)">Blowback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blow-forward" class="mw-redirect" title="Blow-forward">Blow-forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolt_action" title="Bolt action">Bolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxlock_action" title="Boxlock action">Boxlock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breechloader" title="Breechloader">Breechloading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Break_action" title="Break action">Break</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_bolt" title="Open bolt">Open bolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed_bolt" title="Closed bolt">Closed bolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_firing" title="Electronic firing">Electronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas-operated_reloading" title="Gas-operated reloading">Gas-operated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lever_action" title="Lever action">Lever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzzleloader" title="Muzzleloader">Muzzleloading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Out-of-battery" title="Out-of-battery">Out-of-battery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pump_action" title="Pump action">Pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Push_feed_and_controlled_feed" title="Push feed and controlled feed">Push/Controlled feed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recoil_operation" title="Recoil operation">Recoil-operated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repeating_firearm" title="Repeating firearm">Repeating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolver" title="Revolver">Revolver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-loading_rifle" title="Self-loading rifle">Self-loading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-shot" title="Single-shot">Single-shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slamfire" title="Slamfire">Slamfire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Physics_of_firearms" title="Physics of firearms">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballistics" title="Ballistics">Ballistics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballistic_coefficient" title="Ballistic coefficient">Ballistic coefficient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/External_ballistics" title="External ballistics">External</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_ballistics" title="Terminal ballistics">Terminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transitional_ballistics" title="Transitional ballistics">Transitional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physics_of_firearms" title="Physics of firearms">Physics of firearms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangefinder" title="Rangefinder">Rangefinding/keeping</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_discussion_of_rangekeeping" title="Mathematical discussion of rangekeeping">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadiametric_rangefinding" title="Stadiametric rangefinding">Stadiametric</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Metrics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accurizing" title="Accurizing">Accurizing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bore_axis" title="Bore axis">Bore axis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliber" title="Caliber">Caliber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_error_probable" title="Circular error probable">Circular error probable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effective_range#Weapons" title="Effective range">Effective range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauge_(firearms)" title="Gauge (firearms)">Gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_chronograph" title="Gun chronograph">Gun chronograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_harmonisation" title="Gun harmonisation">Gun harmonisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headspace_(firearms)" title="Headspace (firearms)">Headspace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Length_of_pull" title="Length of pull">Length of pull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lock_time" title="Lock time">Lock time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Match_grade" title="Match grade">Match grade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mean_time_between_failures" title="Mean time between failures">Mean time between failures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minute_and_second_of_arc#Firearms" title="Minute and second of arc">Minute of Angle (MOA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzzle_(firearms)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muzzle (firearms)">Muzzle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muzzle_energy" title="Muzzle energy">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzzle_rise" title="Muzzle rise">Rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzzle_velocity" title="Muzzle velocity">Velocity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penetration_(weaponry)" title="Penetration (weaponry)">Penetration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_factor_(shooting_sports)" title="Power factor (shooting sports)">Power factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precision-guided_firearm" title="Precision-guided firearm">Precision-guided</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rate_of_fire" title="Rate of fire">Rate of fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recoil" title="Recoil">Recoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shot_grouping" title="Shot grouping">Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_(firearms)#Stock_measurements" title="Stock (firearms)">Stock measurements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stopping_power" title="Stopping power">Stopping power</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Handgun_effectiveness" title="Handgun effectiveness">Handgun effectiveness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifling#Twist_rate" title="Rifling">Twist rate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Shooting_and_ammunition56" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Shooting" title="Shooting">Shooting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ammunition" title="Ammunition">ammunition</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gunshot" title="Gunshot">Gunshot</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dry_fire" title="Dry fire">Dry fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting" title="Shooting">Firing (Shooting)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunshot" title="Gunshot">Gunshot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shootout" title="Shootout">Firefight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firearm_maintenance" title="Firearm maintenance">Maintenance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Field_strip" title="Field strip">Field strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fouling" title="Fouling">Fouling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firearm_malfunction" title="Firearm malfunction">Malfunction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cooking_off" title="Cooking off">Cooking off</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hang_fire" title="Hang fire">Hang fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squib_load" title="Squib load">Squib load</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricochet" title="Ricochet">Ricochet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Ignition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fire_forming" title="Fire forming">Fire forming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obturation" title="Obturation">Obturation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primer_(firearms)" title="Primer (firearms)">Primer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gunpowder" title="Gunpowder">Gunpowder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percussion_cap" title="Percussion cap">Percussion cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimfire_ammunition" title="Rimfire ammunition">Rimfire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubes_and_primers_for_ammunition" title="Tubes and primers for ammunition">Tubes and Primers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firearm_propellant" title="Firearm propellant">Propellant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ball_propellant" title="Ball propellant">Ball propellant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordite" title="Cordite">Cordite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Improved_military_rifle_powder" title="Improved military rifle powder">Improved Military Rifle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramrod" title="Ramrod">Ramrod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smokeless_powder" title="Smokeless powder">Smokeless powder</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ammunition" title="Ammunition">Ammunition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannelure" title="Cannelure">Cannelure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dummy_round" title="Dummy round">Dummy round</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Snap_cap" title="Snap cap">Snap cap</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flechette" title="Flechette">Flechette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_check" title="Gas check">Gas check</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overpressure_ammunition" title="Overpressure ammunition">Overpressure ammunition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymer-cased_ammunition" title="Polymer-cased ammunition">PCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabot_(firearms)" title="Sabot (firearms)">Sabot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadding" title="Wadding">Wadding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bullet" title="Bullet">Bullets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armor-piercing_bullet" title="Armor-piercing bullet">Armour piercing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cast_bullet" title="Cast bullet">Cast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expanding_bullet" title="Expanding bullet">Expanding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_metal_jacket_(ammunition)" title="Full metal jacket (ammunition)">Full metal jacket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frangible_bullet" title="Frangible bullet">Frangible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_bullet" title="Green bullet">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incendiary_ammunition" title="Incendiary ammunition">Incendiary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-explosive_incendiary" title="High-explosive incendiary">High explosive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-explosive_incendiary/armor-piercing_ammunition" title="High-explosive incendiary/armor-piercing ammunition">HEIAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Projectile" title="Projectile">Projectile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raufoss_Mk_211" title="Raufoss Mk 211">Raufoss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_shot" title="Round shot">Round shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saboted_light_armor_penetrator" title="Saboted light armor penetrator">SLAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft-point_bullet" title="Soft-point bullet">Soft point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercavitating_ammunition" class="mw-redirect" title="Supercavitating ammunition">Supercavitating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_metal_jacket" title="Total metal jacket">Total metal jacket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracer_ammunition" title="Tracer ammunition">Tracer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollow-base_bullet" title="Hollow-base bullet">Hollow base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollow-point_bullet" title="Hollow-point bullet">Hollow point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mini%C3%A9_ball" title="Minié ball">Minié</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meplat" title="Meplat">Meplat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic-tipped_bullet" title="Plastic-tipped bullet">Plastic tipped</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armour-piercing,_capped,_ballistic_capped_shell" title="Armour-piercing, capped, ballistic capped shell">ABCBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snake_shot" title="Snake shot">Snake shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spitzer_(bullet)" title="Spitzer (bullet)">Spitzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Very-low-drag_bullet" title="Very-low-drag bullet">VLD</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Cartridge_(firearms)" title="Cartridge (firearms)">Cartridges</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blank_(cartridge)" title="Blank (cartridge)">Blank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caseless_ammunition" title="Caseless ammunition">Caseless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centerfire_cartridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Centerfire cartridge">Centrefire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handloading" title="Handloading">Handloading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifle_cartridge" title="Rifle cartridge">Rifle cartridge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fully_powered_cartridge" title="Fully powered cartridge">Fully powered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_cartridge" title="Intermediate cartridge">Intermediate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rifle_cartridges" title="List of rifle cartridges">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_cartridge" title="Paper cartridge">Paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinfire_cartridge" title="Pinfire cartridge">Pinfire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildcat_cartridge" title="Wildcat cartridge">Wildcat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Society,_safety,_industry,_and_laws133" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gun_cultures" title="Gun cultures">Society</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gun_safety" title="Gun safety">safety</a>, <a href="/wiki/Firearm_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Firearm industry">industry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Overview_of_gun_laws_by_nation" title="Overview of gun laws by nation">laws</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gun_cultures" title="Gun cultures">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celebratory_gunfire" title="Celebratory gunfire">Celebratory gunfire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_ownership" title="Gun ownership">Civilian gun ownership</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Percent_of_households_with_guns_by_country" title="Percent of households with guns by country">Household ownership rates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhibition_shooting" title="Exhibition shooting">Exhibition shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_cultures" title="Gun cultures">Gun cultures</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gun_culture_in_the_United_States" title="Gun culture in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_shows_in_the_United_States" title="Gun shows in the United States">Gun shows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_firearms" title="List of U.S. state firearms">State firearms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">Hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungle_style_(firearm_magazines)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jungle style (firearm magazines)"><i>Jungle style</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pistol_duelling" class="mw-redirect" title="Pistol duelling">Pistol duelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_gun_politics_articles" title="Index of gun politics articles">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting_sports" title="Shooting sports">Shooting sports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civilian_Marksmanship_Program" title="Civilian Marksmanship Program">Civilian Marksmanship Program</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gun_violence" title="Gun violence">Gun violence</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Gun_safety" title="Gun safety">safety</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gun_violence_in_the_United_States" title="Gun violence in the United States">in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_assassinations_by_firearm" title="List of assassinations by firearm">Assassinations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_firearm-related_death_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by firearm-related death rate">Deaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_firearm_examination" title="Forensic firearm examination">Forensics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunfighter" title="Gunfighter">Gunfighter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_safety" title="Gun safety">Gun safety</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Firearm_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Firearm industry">Firearm industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_printed_firearm" class="mw-redirect" title="3D printed firearm">3D printed firearm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_3D_printed_weapons_and_parts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of 3D printed weapons and parts">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_firearm_brands" title="List of firearm brands">Firearm brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Firearms_by_country" title="Category:Firearms by country">Firearms by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_shop" title="Gun shop">Gun shops</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Firearm_commerce" title="Category:Firearm commerce">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunsmith" title="Gunsmith">Gunsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Improvised_firearm" title="Improvised firearm">Improvised firearm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-produced_firearms" title="List of most-produced firearms">Most-produced</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privately_made_firearm" class="mw-redirect" title="Privately made firearm">Privately made</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_arms_trade" title="Small arms trade">Small arms trade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arms_control" title="Arms control">Arms control</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_control" title="Arms control">Arms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gun_control" title="Gun control">Gun control</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disarmament" title="Disarmament">Disarmament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_Against_Arms_Trade" title="Campaign Against Arms Trade">Campaign Against Arms Trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Featureless_rifles" title="Featureless rifles">Featureless rifles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Overview_of_gun_laws_by_nation" title="Overview of gun laws by nation">Gun laws</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_travel_with_firearms_and_ammunition" title="Air travel with firearms and ammunition">Air travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assault_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Assault weapons">Assault weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concealed_carry" title="Concealed carry">Concealed carry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concealed_carry_in_the_United_States" title="Concealed carry in the United States">in the U.S.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firearms_license" title="Firearms license">License</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-capacity_magazine_ban" title="High-capacity magazine ban">High-capacity magazine ban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms" title="Right to keep and bear arms">Right to bear arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Arms_and_Light_Weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Small Arms and Light Weapons">Small Arms & Light Weapons (SALW)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">United States Gun</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gun_law_in_the_United_States" title="Gun law in the United States">Laws</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gun_laws_in_the_United_States_by_state" title="Gun laws in the United States by state">by U.S. state</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assault_weapons_legislation_in_the_United_States" title="Assault weapons legislation in the United States">Legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Gun politics in the United States">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Assault_Weapons_Ban" title="Federal Assault Weapons Ban">Federal Assault Weapons Ban</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_firearm&oldid=1267803112">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_firearm&oldid=1267803112</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ammunition" title="Category:Ammunition">Ammunition</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Firearms" title="Category:Firearms">Firearms</a></li><li><a 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