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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Korean_coastline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Korean_coastline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Korean coastline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Korean_coastline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Counterinsurgency_operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Counterinsurgency_operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Counterinsurgency operations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Counterinsurgency_operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-January_1968" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#January_1968"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>January 1968</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-January_1968-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle January 1968 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-January_1968-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Blue_House_Raid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Blue_House_Raid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>The Blue House Raid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Blue_House_Raid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Pueblo_Incident" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Pueblo_Incident"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>The <i>Pueblo</i> Incident</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Pueblo_Incident-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American-South_Korean_reactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American-South_Korean_reactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>American-South Korean reactions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American-South_Korean_reactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Implementing_the_American_and_South_Korean_strategy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Implementing_the_American_and_South_Korean_strategy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Implementing the American and South Korean strategy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Implementing_the_American_and_South_Korean_strategy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ulchin-Samcheok_landings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ulchin-Samcheok_landings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Ulchin-Samcheok landings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ulchin-Samcheok_landings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_Korean_strategy_changes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_Korean_strategy_changes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>North Korean strategy changes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_Korean_strategy_changes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conflict_diffusion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conflict_diffusion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Conflict diffusion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conflict_diffusion-sublist" 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class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>1967</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1967-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1968" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1968"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>1968</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1968-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1969" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1969"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>1969</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1969-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1966–1969 North–South Korea conflict</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;;width:350px"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Korean DMZ Conflict</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Korean_conflict" title="Korean conflict">Korean conflict</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:American_and_South_Korean_Soldiers,_DMS_1967.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/American_and_South_Korean_Soldiers%2C_DMS_1967.jpg/300px-American_and_South_Korean_Soldiers%2C_DMS_1967.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/American_and_South_Korean_Soldiers%2C_DMS_1967.jpg/450px-American_and_South_Korean_Soldiers%2C_DMS_1967.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/American_and_South_Korean_Soldiers%2C_DMS_1967.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="402" /></a></span><br />American and South Korean soldiers at the DMZ, on 26 August 1967.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>5 October 1966 – 3 December 1969<br />(3 years, 1 month and 4 weeks)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Korean_Demilitarized_Zone" title="Korean Demilitarized Zone">Korean Demilitarized Zone</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> South Korean–American victory</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial<br />changes</th><td> <a href="/wiki/Status_quo_ante_bellum" title="Status quo ante bellum">Status quo ante bellum</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><b><span data-sort-value="South Korea"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_South_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931984%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931984%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_South_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931984%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931984%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_South_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931984%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931984%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Third_Republic_of_Korea" title="Third Republic of Korea">South Korea</a></span></b></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_the_United_States_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_the_United_States_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_the_United_States_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_North_Korea_%281948%E2%80%931992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Korea_%281948%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_North_Korea_%281948%E2%80%931992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Korea_%281948%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_North_Korea_%281948%E2%80%931992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Korea_%281948%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></b></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Third_Republic_of_Korea" title="Third Republic of Korea"><img alt="Third Republic of Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_South_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931984%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931984%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_South_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931984%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931984%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_South_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931984%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931984%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Park_Chung_Hee" title="Park Chung Hee">Park Chung Hee</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_the_United_States_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_the_United_States_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_the_United_States_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_the_United_States_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_the_United_States_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_the_United_States_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_the_United_States_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_the_United_States_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_the_United_States_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Bonesteel_III" title="Charles H. Bonesteel III">Charles H. Bonesteel III</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea"><img alt="North Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_North_Korea_%281948%E2%80%931992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Korea_%281948%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_North_Korea_%281948%E2%80%931992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Korea_%281948%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_North_Korea_%281948%E2%80%931992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Korea_%281948%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim Il Sung</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <b>South Korea</b>:<br />299 killed<br />550 wounded<sup id="cite_ref-Bolger_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bolger-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 112">: 112 </span></sup><br />1 <a href="/wiki/ROKS_Dangpo_(PCEC_56)" class="mw-redirect" title="ROKS Dangpo (PCEC 56)">patrol craft</a> sunk<sup id="cite_ref-Marta_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marta-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><b>United States</b>:<br />81 killed<br />120 wounded<br />85 captured and later released<sup id="cite_ref-Bolger_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bolger-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 112">: 112 </span></sup><br />2 jeeps destroyed<br />2 aircraft<br />1 <a href="/wiki/USS_Pueblo_(AGER-2)" title="USS Pueblo (AGER-2)">technical research vessel</a> captured</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 397 killed<br />At least 23 wounded<br />33 captured and defected<br />12 soldiers and 2,462 agents captured <sup id="cite_ref-Bolger_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bolger-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 112">: 112 </span></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Third_Republic_of_Korea" title="Third Republic of Korea"><img alt="Third Republic of Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_South_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931984%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931984%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_South_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931984%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931984%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_South_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931984%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931984%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> 47 civilians killed</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Korean_Cold_War" title="Template:Campaignbox Korean Cold War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Korean_Cold_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Korean Cold War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Korean_Cold_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Korean Cold War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Division_of_KoreaPost-armistice_conflicts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea"><span class="wrap">Division of Korea</span></a><br />Post-<a href="/wiki/Korean_Armistice_Agreement" title="Korean Armistice Agreement">armistice</a> conflicts</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_border_incidents_involving_North_and_South_Korea" title="List of border incidents involving North and South Korea">Border incidents</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Korean_Demilitarized_Zone" title="Korean Demilitarized Zone">DMZ</a> conflicts</b></li></ul> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1966–1969 conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_House_raid" title="Blue House raid">Blue House raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uljin%E2%80%93Samcheok_Landings" title="Uljin–Samcheok Landings">Uljin–Samcheok Landings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_Henderson_incident" title="Major Henderson incident">Major Henderson incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_axe_murder_incident" title="Korean axe murder incident">Axe murder incident</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Northern_Limit_Line" title="Northern Limit Line">NLL</a> conflicts</b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Yeonpyeong" class="mw-redirect" title="First Battle of Yeonpyeong">1st Yeonpyeong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Yeonpyeong" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Battle of Yeonpyeong">2nd Yeonpyeong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Daecheong" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Daecheong">Daecheong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ROKS_Cheonan_sinking" title="ROKS Cheonan sinking"><i>Cheonan</i> incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Yeonpyeong" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombardment of Yeonpyeong">3rd Yeonpyeong</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Other maritime incidents</b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ROKS_Dangpo_(PCEC_56)" class="mw-redirect" title="ROKS Dangpo (PCEC 56)"><i>Dangpo</i> incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_border_incidents_involving_North_and_South_Korea#1970s" title="List of border incidents involving North and South Korea">June 1974 ROK Coast Guard ship incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Pueblo_(AGER-2)" title="USS Pueblo (AGER-2)"><i>Pueblo</i> incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_EC-121_shootdown_incident" title="1969 EC-121 shootdown incident">EC-121 shootdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Gangneung_submarine_infiltration_incident" title="1996 Gangneung submarine infiltration incident">Gangneung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Sokcho_submarine_incident" title="1998 Sokcho submarine incident">Sokcho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Yeosu_submersible_incident" title="1998 Yeosu submersible incident">Yeosu</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Terror attacks</b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rangoon_bombing" title="Rangoon bombing">Rangoon bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gimpo_International_Airport_bombing" title="Gimpo International Airport bombing">Gimpo International Airport bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Flight_858" title="Korean Air Flight 858">KAL Flight 858</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/1994_North_Korean_nuclear_crisis" title="1994 North Korean nuclear crisis">1993-1994 tensions</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1994_North_Korean_nuclear_crisis" title="1994 North Korean nuclear crisis">1994 North Korean nuclear crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreed_Framework" title="Agreed Framework">Agreed Framework</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/2013_in_North_Korea" title="2013 in North Korea">2013 Korean crisis</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2013_South_Korea_cyberattack" title="2013 South Korea cyberattack">South Korea cyberattack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_cargo_ship_seizure_in_Panama" class="mw-redirect" title="North Korean cargo ship seizure in Panama">Panama ship seizure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_post-Korean_crisis_threats" class="mw-redirect" title="List of post-Korean crisis threats">Post-crisis threats</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_North_Korea_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2017–18 North Korea crisis">2017–18 North Korea crisis</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2017_North_Korean_missile_tests" title="2017 North Korean missile tests"><i>Hwasong</i> missile tests</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_Korean_peace_process" title="2018–19 Korean peace process">2018–19 Korean peace process</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_2018_inter-Korean_summit" title="April 2018 inter-Korean summit">1st Inter-Korean Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panmunjom_Declaration" title="Panmunjom Declaration">Panmunjom Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2018_inter-Korean_summit" title="May 2018 inter-Korean summit">2nd Inter-Korean Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_North_Korea%E2%80%93United_States_Singapore_Summit" title="2018 North Korea–United States Singapore Summit">2018 Singapore Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2018_inter-Korean_summit" title="September 2018 inter-Korean summit">3rd Inter-Korean Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_North_Korea%E2%80%93United_States_Hanoi_Summit" title="2019 North Korea–United States Hanoi Summit">2019 Hanoi Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Koreas%E2%80%93United_States_DMZ_Summit" title="2019 Koreas–United States DMZ Summit">2019 DMZ Summit</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>2020s tensions</b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Korean_Liaison_Office_bombing" title="Inter-Korean Liaison Office bombing">Inter-Korean Liaison Office bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inter-Korean_Railway_bombing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inter-Korean Railway bombing (page does not exist)">Inter-Korean Railway bombing</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%8C%97%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E8%81%AF%E7%B5%A1%E9%90%B5%E5%85%AC%E8%B7%AF%E7%82%B8%E6%AF%80%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" class="extiw" title="zh:南北共同聯絡鐵公路炸毀事件">zh</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_North_Korea" title="Category:History of North Korea">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Korea" title="History of North Korea">History of <span class="fn org label">North Korea</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;padding-top:0.35em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_North_Korea.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of North Korea"><img alt="Emblem of North Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Emblem_of_North_Korea.svg/50px-Emblem_of_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Emblem_of_North_Korea.svg/75px-Emblem_of_North_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Emblem_of_North_Korea.svg/100px-Emblem_of_North_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <b>1945–1948</b></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Korea" title="People's Republic of Korea">People's Republic of<br /><span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span>Korea</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1945–1946</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Civil_Administration" title="Soviet Civil Administration">Soviet Civil<br /><span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span>Administration</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1945–1948</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Provisional_People%27s_Committee_of_North_Korea" title="Provisional People's Committee of North Korea">Provisional People's<br /><span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span>Committee of North<br /><span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span>Korea</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1946–1948</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim Il Sung</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <b>1948–1994</b></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1950–1953</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Korean DMZ Conflict</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1966–1969</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span><i><a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a></i></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1972</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/1994_North_Korean_nuclear_crisis" title="1994 North Korean nuclear crisis">1993-1994 nuclear<br /><span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span>crisis</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1993–1994</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Kim_Il_Sung" title="Death and state funeral of Kim Il Sung">Death and state<br /><span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span>funeral of<br /><span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span>Kim Il Sung</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1994</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong_Il" title="Kim Jong Il">Kim Jong Il</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <b>1994–2011</b></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_famine" class="mw-redirect" title="North Korean famine">North Korean famine</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1994–1998</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span><i><a href="/wiki/Songun" title="Songun">Songun</a></i></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1998</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Sunshine_Policy" title="Sunshine Policy">Sunshine Policy</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1998–2010</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Six-party_talks" title="Six-party talks">Six-party talks</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2003</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/ROKS_Cheonan_sinking" title="ROKS Cheonan sinking">ROKS <i>Cheonan</i> sinking</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2010</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Kim_Jong_Il" title="Death and state funeral of Kim Jong Il">Death and state<br /><span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span>funeral of<br /><span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span>Kim Jong Il</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2011</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong_Un" title="Kim Jong Un">Kim Jong Un</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <b>2011–present</b></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/State_Affairs_Commission_of_North_Korea" title="State Affairs Commission of North Korea">State Affairs<br /><span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span>Commission</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2016</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%932018_North_Korea_crisis" title="2017–2018 North Korea crisis">2017-2018 North<br /><span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span>Korean crisis</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2017–2018</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_Korean_peace_process" title="2018–19 Korean peace process">Korean peace process</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2018–2019</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_North_Korea" title="COVID-19 pandemic in North Korea">COVID-19 pandemic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2019–2023</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/16px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/24px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/32px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:North_Korea" title="Portal:North Korea">North Korea portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_North_Korea" title="Template:History of North Korea"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_North_Korea" title="Template talk:History of North Korea"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_North_Korea" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of North Korea"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Korean DMZ Conflict</b>, also referred to as the <b>Second Korean War</b> by some,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a series of low-level armed clashes between <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korean</a> forces and the forces of <a href="/wiki/Third_Republic_of_Korea" title="Third Republic of Korea">South Korea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, largely occurring between 1966 and 1969 along the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Demilitarized_Zone" title="Korean Demilitarized Zone">Korean Demilitarized Zone</a> (DMZ). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_DMZ_Conflict&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> had devastated both North and South Korea, and while neither side renounced its claims to reunify <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> under its control, neither side was in a position to force reunification. </p><p>In September 1956, <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff">Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff</a> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_W._Radford" title="Arthur W. Radford">Admiral Radford</a> indicated within the U.S. government that the military's intention was to introduce atomic weapons into Korea, which was agreed to by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Security_Council" title="United States National Security Council">United States National Security Council</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">President Eisenhower</a>. However paragraph 13(d) of the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Armistice_Agreement" title="Korean Armistice Agreement">Korean Armistice Agreement</a> mandated that both sides could not introduce new types of weapons into Korea, thus preventing the introduction of nuclear weapons and missiles. The U.S. decided to unilaterally abrogate paragraph 13(d), breaking the Armistice Agreement, despite concerns by <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Command" title="United Nations Command">United Nations allies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Seldon_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seldon-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jaebong-2009_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jaebong-2009-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At a 21 June 1957 meeting of the <a href="/wiki/Military_Armistice_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Military Armistice Commission">Military Armistice Commission</a>, the U.S. informed the North Korean representatives that the U.N. Command no longer considered itself bound by paragraph 13(d) of the armistice.<sup id="cite_ref-time-19570701_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-time-19570701-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 1958, nuclear-armed <a href="/wiki/Honest_John_missile" class="mw-redirect" title="Honest John missile">Honest John missiles</a> and <a href="/wiki/M65_Atomic_Cannon" class="mw-redirect" title="M65 Atomic Cannon">280mm atomic cannons</a> were deployed to South Korea,<sup id="cite_ref-universal-19580206_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-universal-19580206-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> followed within a year by <a href="/wiki/Atomic_demolition_munitions" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic demolition munitions">atomic demolition munitions</a><sup id="cite_ref-scout-20170910_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scout-20170910-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and nuclear-armed <a href="/wiki/MGM-1_Matador" title="MGM-1 Matador">Matador cruise missiles</a> capable of reaching <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Seldon_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seldon-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kcna-20030512_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kcna-20030512-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>North Korea denounced the abrogation of paragraph 13(d) as an attempt to wreck the armistice agreement and turn Korea into a U.S. atomic warfare zone.<sup id="cite_ref-jaebong-2009_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jaebong-2009-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It responded by digging massive underground fortifications resistant to nuclear attack, and forward deployment of its conventional forces so that the use of nuclear weapons against it would endanger South Korean and U.S. forces as well. In 1963, North Korea asked the Soviet Union for help in developing nuclear weapons, but was refused. China later, after its nuclear tests, similarly rejected North Korean requests for help with developing nuclear weapons.<sup id="cite_ref-Seldon_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seldon-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In North Korea, the departure of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a> in October 1958 allowed <a href="/wiki/Kim_Il-Sung" class="mw-redirect" title="Kim Il-Sung">Kim Il-sung</a> to consolidate his power base and embark on the <a href="/wiki/Chollima_Movement" title="Chollima Movement">Chollima Movement</a> of collectivised agriculture and industrialization to build a base for reunifying Korea by force. North Korea remained dependent on the Soviet Union for technology and on China for agricultural assistance.<sup id="cite_ref-Bolger_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bolger-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: Chapter 1 Background">: Chapter 1 Background </span></sup> </p><p>Following the war, South Korea remained one of the poorest countries in the world for over a decade. In 1960, its gross domestic product per capita was $79,<sup id="cite_ref-Chun-20100419_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chun-20100419-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> lower than most Latin American and some sub-Saharan African countries.<sup id="cite_ref-List-Jensen-2008_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-List-Jensen-2008-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/April_Revolution" title="April Revolution">April Revolution</a> that forced President <a href="/wiki/Syngman_Rhee" title="Syngman Rhee">Syngman Rhee</a> from office in April 1960 was followed by a brief period of democracy before a coup d'état led to General <a href="/wiki/Park_Chung_Hee" title="Park Chung Hee">Park Chung Hee</a> seizing power in May 1961. Despite the political turmoil, the South Korean economy continued to grow, led by the industrial sector.<sup id="cite_ref-Bolger_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bolger-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: Chapter 1">: Chapter 1 </span></sup> Rapid industrial growth started in the late 1960s, with gross domestic product per capita rising from $100 in 1964 to $1000 in 1977.<sup id="cite_ref-Chun-20100419_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chun-20100419-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 10 December 1962, Kim proposed a new military strategy to the <a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea">Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea</a>, with increased emphasis placed on irregular warfare, agitation and propaganda, to be achieved by the end of the current Seven-Year Plan in 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-Bolger_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bolger-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 3">: 3 </span></sup> </p><p>In June 1965, President Park signed a <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_Basic_Relations_between_Japan_and_the_Republic_of_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea">treaty normalizing relations with Japan</a>, which included payment of reparations and the making of <a href="/wiki/Soft_loan" title="Soft loan">soft loans</a> from Japan and led to increased trade and investment between the two countries. In July 1966, South Korea and the United States signed a Status of Forces Agreement, establishing a more equal relationship between the two nations. With its growing economic strength and the security guarantee of the United States, the threat of a conventional invasion from the north seemed increasingly remote.<sup id="cite_ref-Bolger_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bolger-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 4–5">: 4–5 </span></sup> Following the escalation of the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> with the deployment of ground combat troops in March 1965, South Korea sent the <a href="/wiki/Capital_Mechanized_Infantry_Division_(Republic_of_Korea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital Mechanized Infantry Division (Republic of Korea)">Capital Division</a> and the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Marine_Brigade_(Republic_of_Korea)" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd Marine Brigade (Republic of Korea)">2nd Marine Brigade</a> to <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a> in September 1965, followed by the <a href="/wiki/9th_Infantry_Division_(Republic_of_Korea)" class="mw-redirect" title="9th Infantry Division (Republic of Korea)">White Horse Division</a> in September 1966. </p><p>The start of the hostilities can be traced to a speech given by North Korean leader Kim Il-sung on 5 October 1966, at the <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Workers' Party of Korea">Workers' Party of Korea</a> Conference, where the status quo of the 1953 Armistice Agreement was challenged. He apparently perceived that the division of effort by the South Korean military and the ever-growing escalation of the US commitment in Vietnam had created an environment where irregular warfare could succeed in a way conventional warfare could not.<sup id="cite_ref-Bolger_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bolger-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 33–34">: 33–34 </span></sup> Kim believed that he could force a split between the U.S. and South Korea through armed provocations targeting U.S. forces that, together with other worldwide commitments and small wars, would force the U.S. to reassess or relinquish its commitment to South Korea, allowing North Korea to incite an insurgency in the South that would topple the Park administration.<sup id="cite_ref-Bolger_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bolger-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 35">: 35 </span></sup> </p><p>There were ongoing propaganda campaigns between the north and south, such as <a href="/wiki/Korean_Demilitarized_Zone_loudspeakers" title="Korean Demilitarized Zone loudspeakers">loudspeaker broadcasts</a> across the DMZ at each other.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc-20040615_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-20040615-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leafleting of North Korea had been <a href="/wiki/Psychological_Operations_(United_States)#Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological Operations (United States)">resumed</a>, such as <i>Operation Jilli</i> from 1964 to 1968 which delivered a few hundred million leaflets to the north.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_forces">Military forces</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_DMZ_Conflict&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Military forces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_Korea">North Korea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_DMZ_Conflict&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: North Korea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1966, the <a href="/wiki/Korean_People%27s_Army" title="Korean People's Army">Korean People's Army</a> (KPA) deployed eight infantry divisions along the DMZ, backed by eight more infantry divisions, three motorized infantry divisions, a tank division and a collection of separate infantry and tank brigades and regiments. Its total armed forced personnel numbered 386,000.<sup id="cite_ref-Bolger_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bolger-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 13–14">: 13–14 </span></sup> While strong, this conventional force was smaller than the South's ground forces of about 585,000,<sup id="cite_ref-cia-19670921_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia-19670921-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it was unlikely that the North could deliver a knockout blow before the U.S. could deploy additional forces.<sup id="cite_ref-Bolger_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bolger-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 15">: 15 </span></sup> </p><p>The main unconventional warfare arm was the Reconnaissance Bureau of the Ministry of Defense under the operational control of the Liaison Department of the Workers' Party of Korea which included the 17th Foot Reconnaissance Brigade and the all-officer <a href="/wiki/Unit_124" title="Unit 124">Unit 124</a> and 283rd Army Units. These units were all highly trained and indoctrinated, skilled in demolitions and small-unit tactics, they would usually operate in small teams of 2–12 men, lightly armed with either <a href="/wiki/PPS_submachine_gun" title="PPS submachine gun">PPS submachine guns</a> or <a href="/wiki/AK-47" title="AK-47">AK-47s</a>. The Reconnaissance Bureau also controlled the 23d Amphibious Brigade, which used specially made infiltration boats to operate along the South Korean coastline. The Reconnaissance Bureau could also use conventional KPA and <a href="/wiki/Korean_People%27s_Navy" title="Korean People's Navy">Korean People's Navy</a> forces to support the infiltration and exfiltration of its teams.<sup id="cite_ref-Bolger_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bolger-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 15–18">: 15–18 </span></sup> </p><p>In addition to the offensive irregular forces, North Korea also deployed several thousand operator-agitators to select, train, and supervise informants and guerrilla recruits, while others attempted to cause individual defections and unit dissatisfaction in the ROK military and generally undermine the morale of both the ROKs and the Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-Bolger_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bolger-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 18">: 18 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_and_South_Korea">United States and South Korea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_DMZ_Conflict&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: United States and South Korea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The major U.S. ground combat units in Korea were the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="2nd Infantry Division (United States)">2nd Infantry Division</a> (2ID) and <a href="/wiki/7th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="7th Infantry Division (United States)">7th Infantry Division</a> (7ID), <a href="/wiki/I_Corps_(United_States)" title="I Corps (United States)">I Corps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eighth_United_States_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Eighth United States Army">8th Army</a>. 2ID stood with the 3rd Brigade manning 29.8 km of the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) essentially due north of <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a> on either side of <a href="/wiki/Panmunjom" title="Panmunjom">Panmunjom</a>, with another nine <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Korea_Army" title="Republic of Korea Army">Republic of Korea Army</a> (ROK) Divisions manning the remaining 212.8 km of the DMZ. All U.S. and ROKA forces were under the unified operational control of <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Command_(Korea)" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Command (Korea)">United Nations Command (Korea)</a> (who was also the commander <a href="/wiki/United_States_Forces_Korea" title="United States Forces Korea">United States Forces Korea</a>), General <a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Bonesteel_III" title="Charles H. Bonesteel III">Charles H. Bonesteel III</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bolger_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bolger-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 25–26">: 25–26 </span></sup> Both U.S. Army Divisions were seriously under strength as Vietnam had priority for manpower and equipment. Troops were equipped with <a href="/wiki/M14_rifle" title="M14 rifle">M14 rifles</a> rather than <a href="/wiki/M16_rifle" title="M16 rifle">M16s</a>, the only available tanks were older gasoline powered <a href="/wiki/M48_Patton" title="M48 Patton">M48A2Cs</a>, and there were a total of only 12 <a href="/wiki/Bell_UH-1_Iroquois" title="Bell UH-1 Iroquois">UH-1 Huey</a> helicopters in South Korea seriously restricting the ability to hunt and engage infiltrators. Troops were generally draftees serving a 13-month tour, while experienced officers and NCOs preferred service in Vietnam to Korea.<sup id="cite_ref-Bolger_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bolger-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 27">: 27 </span></sup> The ROK Divisions were well trained and highly motivated with many of the officers and NCOs veterans of the Korean War, but all their equipment dated back to that war; their standard rifle was still the <a href="/wiki/M1_Garand" title="M1 Garand">M1 Garand</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bolger_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bolger-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 27–29">: 27–29 </span></sup> </p><p>The main operational objective of the US and ROK Divisions was to defend against a conventional invasion from North Korea in a repeat of the attack of <a href="/wiki/Korean_War#The_conflict_begins_(June_1950)" title="Korean War">June 1950</a>. While there were regular infiltrations into the South for intelligence-gathering, unconventional warfare was not seen as a particular threat and the troops were not generally trained or equipped for this role.<sup id="cite_ref-Bolger_1-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bolger-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 11–12">: 11–12 </span></sup> No counter-guerilla units or village militias existed in South Korea in 1966 and infiltrators were variously hunted by the ROK Army, <a href="/wiki/National_Police_Agency_(Republic_of_Korea)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Police Agency (Republic of Korea)">Police</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Service_(South_Korea)" title="National Intelligence Service (South Korea)">Korean Central Intelligence Agency</a> with no unified control.<sup id="cite_ref-Bolger_1-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bolger-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 30">: 30 </span></sup> </p><p>In 1976, in now-declassified meeting minutes, U.S. Deputy Secretary of Defense <a href="/wiki/William_Clements" class="mw-redirect" title="William Clements">William Clements</a> told <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a> that there had been 200 raids or incursions into North Korea from the south, though not by the U.S. military.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Details of only a few of these incursions have become public, including raids by South Korean forces in 1967 that had sabotaged about 50 North Korean facilities.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Up to 7,700 South Korean soldiers and agents infiltrated North Korea from the end of the Korean war until 1972, an estimated 5,300 of whom never made it back.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ground forces were supported by fighter-bombers of the USAF <a href="/wiki/314th_Air_Division" title="314th Air Division">314th Air Division</a> and by the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Korea_Air_Force" title="Republic of Korea Air Force">Republic of Korea Air Force</a>. The seas around Korea were under the control of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Seventh_Fleet" title="United States Seventh Fleet">United States Seventh Fleet</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Korea_Navy" title="Republic of Korea Navy">Republic of Korea Navy</a>. As with the Army, the war in Vietnam was the main focus of the USAF and the USN in the Pacific.<sup id="cite_ref-Bolger_1-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bolger-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 30">: 30 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Defense_strategies">Defense strategies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_DMZ_Conflict&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Defense strategies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From October 1964 the North Koreans increased the infiltration of intelligence-gatherers and propagandists into the South. By October 1966, more than 30 South Korean soldiers and at least 10 civilians had been killed in clashes with North Korean infiltrators; however, no similar clashes had taken place along the U.S.-controlled section of the DMZ. In October 1966, South Korea staged a retaliatory attack without seeking the approval of General Bonesteel, causing tension between the U.S. command, which wished to avoid violations of the armistice, and the South Koreans, who were suffering ongoing losses.<sup id="cite_ref-Bolger_1-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bolger-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 33">: 33 </span></sup> </p><p>Following the first KPA attack on US forces in November 1966, Bonesteel formed a working group to analyse the North Korean strategy and develop a counter-strategy to defeat it. Finding the existing U.S. Army tactical doctrines to be inapplicable to the situation they were facing, the working group developed its own doctrine to meet its operational needs. Three types of operations were identified: first to guard against infiltration across the DMZ; second was a similar naval effort along the coasts; and third was counterguerrilla operations in the interior. All three types of operations had to be accomplished without jeopardizing the conventional defense of South Korea or escalating the conflict from low-intensity to a full war.<sup id="cite_ref-Bolger_1-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bolger-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 40–43">: 40–43 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demilitarized_Zone">Demilitarized Zone</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_DMZ_Conflict&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Demilitarized Zone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GP%EC%9D%98_%EA%B2%BD%EA%B3%84_(7438456102).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/GP%EC%9D%98_%EA%B2%BD%EA%B3%84_%287438456102%29.jpg/220px-GP%EC%9D%98_%EA%B2%BD%EA%B3%84_%287438456102%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/GP%EC%9D%98_%EA%B2%BD%EA%B3%84_%287438456102%29.jpg/330px-GP%EC%9D%98_%EA%B2%BD%EA%B3%84_%287438456102%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/GP%EC%9D%98_%EA%B2%BD%EA%B3%84_%287438456102%29.jpg/440px-GP%EC%9D%98_%EA%B2%BD%EA%B3%84_%287438456102%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2953" data-file-height="2252" /></a><figcaption>A South Korean DMZ Guard Post</figcaption></figure> <p>Starting in 1967 the UN Command developed a layered defense of the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Demilitarized_Zone" title="Korean Demilitarized Zone">Korean Demilitarized Zone</a> (DMZ). The Armistice restricted fortification within the DMZ, where defences were limited to patrols and observation posts without heavy weapons. More aggressive patrolling of the DMZ was ordered with patrols going out for 24 hours, reconnoitering by day and establishing ambushes at night; most U.S. casualties occurred during these patrols. The observation posts were fortified with sandbags and machine-guns and recoilless rifles were frequently kept hidden there in breach of the Armistice. Bonesteel obtained $30m in funding from the U.S. Army Combat Developments Command to create a DMZ test barrier along the portion of the DMZ occupied by the 2ID and the ROKA 21st Infantry Division. Beyond the southern boundary or "south tape" of the DMZ, no defensive restrictions applied and a combined U.S.–Korean engineer force constructed an in-depth Barrier comprising a 3m tall chain-link fence, topped by triple strands of concertina wire and reinforced by interwoven saplings and steel engineer pickets, behind it a narrow, raked-sand path paralleled the fence to highlight footprints. </p><p>Behind the sand strip was a 120m wide cleared <a href="/wiki/Kill_zone" title="Kill zone">kill zone</a> in which mines and tanglefoot wire fronted a line of conventional defensive positions of interlocking machine guns and pre-registered mortar and artillery fire which dominated the kill zone. Observation towers stood at intervals along the trace to permit clear view of the open areas. Various electronics and sensors were tested on the Barrier similar to the <a href="/wiki/McNamara_Line" title="McNamara Line">McNamara Line</a> in Vietnam, but with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Starlight_scope" class="mw-redirect" title="Starlight scope">Starlight scopes</a> they were largely ineffective. The Barrier could not prevent infiltration (it was estimated that the North Koreans could cut through the fence in 30–40 seconds), rather it was intended to slow movement and provide easy observation. </p><p>Behind the Barrier were the quick-reaction forces of mechanized infantry, tanks and armored cavalry that would hunt down infiltrators. The rules of engagement were also loosened to allow the frontline troops to use artillery and mortar fire against known KPA elements in or south of the DMZ and against KPA firing from north of the <a href="/wiki/Military_Demarcation_Line" title="Military Demarcation Line">Military Demarcation Line</a>, although in practice this was only used sparingly. A new four monthly rotation scheme was introduced in October 1967 to ensure that each Battalion received only its fair share of time manning and patrolling the Barrier. 7ID sent one infantry battalion at a time to augment the 3rd Brigade, 2ID, this increased the defense to four Battalions on the line plus the quick-reaction forces.<sup id="cite_ref-Bolger_1-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bolger-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 49–52">: 49–52 </span></sup> </p><p>South Korea launched at least three retaliatory cross-border raids in late 1967 using small teams of <a href="/wiki/North_Korean_defectors" title="North Korean defectors">North Korean defectors</a>. The raids killed 33 KPA soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Korean_coastline">Korean coastline</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_DMZ_Conflict&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Korean coastline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Preventing infiltration at sea created an impossible challenge for the UN Command, which lacked suitable aircraft, ships, radar and communications. The ROK Navy possessed only 72 vessels to patrol over 7,000 kilometers of rugged coastline. Along the coasts, some 20,000 unarmed coastwatchers, sometimes supplemented by ROKA reservists, patrolled the beaches and when signs of landings were discovered these would be reported to the National Police and quick reaction forces would be deployed. Poor communications and a lack of helicopters meant that the quick reaction forces seldom arrived in time before the infiltrators dispersed in the Korean hinterland.<sup id="cite_ref-Bolger_1-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bolger-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 55–57">: 55–57 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Counterinsurgency_operations">Counterinsurgency operations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_DMZ_Conflict&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Counterinsurgency operations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During 1966 and into 1967, there was no coordinated counterinsurgency plan in South Korea. Infiltrations were dealt with on an ad hoc basis by the ROKA, National Police, Army counter-intelligence units and the KCIA usually depending on the estimate of the threat and whichever units happened to be nearby. Park was reluctant to raise and arm a civilian militia as he did not fully trust the loyalty of the populace to his government. </p><p>Bonesteel regarded counterinsurgency as entirely an internal responsibility for the South Korean Government. While he provided some material support including his helicopters and several <a href="/wiki/Special_Forces_(United_States_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Forces (United States Army)">Special Forces A-Teams</a> from the <a href="/wiki/1st_Special_Forces_Group_(United_States)" title="1st Special Forces Group (United States)">1st Special Forces Group</a> on Okinawa to train the ROKA and the newly formed <a href="/wiki/National_Police_Agency_(Republic_of_Korea)#Combat_police" class="mw-redirect" title="National Police Agency (Republic of Korea)">Combat Police</a> in counterinsurgency tactics, he declined to take responsibility for counterinsurgency operations. </p><p>By late 1967 it was clear that the North Koreans were attempting to develop a full-scale insurgency in the South with strongholds in the <a href="/wiki/Taebaek_Mountains" title="Taebaek Mountains">Taebaek Mountains</a> and around <a href="/wiki/Jirisan" title="Jirisan">Jirisan</a> mountain. Park in consultation with Bonesteel, developed a counterinsurgency strategy in the form of Presidential Instruction #18. The instruction established a national coordinating council with clear chains of command for all classes of incidents ranging from individual agent sightings to province-level unrest. Eight (later ten) new ROKA counter-infiltration battalions were to be formed, together with further expansion of the Combat Police.<sup id="cite_ref-Bolger_1-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bolger-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 57–59">: 57–59 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="January_1968">January 1968</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_DMZ_Conflict&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: January 1968"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Blue_House_Raid">The Blue House Raid</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_DMZ_Conflict&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: The Blue House Raid"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Blue_House_Raid" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue House Raid">Blue House Raid</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Korea-Seoul-Cheongwadae-Blue.House-Bukhansan-03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Korea-Seoul-Cheongwadae-Blue.House-Bukhansan-03.jpg/220px-Korea-Seoul-Cheongwadae-Blue.House-Bukhansan-03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Korea-Seoul-Cheongwadae-Blue.House-Bukhansan-03.jpg/330px-Korea-Seoul-Cheongwadae-Blue.House-Bukhansan-03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Korea-Seoul-Cheongwadae-Blue.House-Bukhansan-03.jpg/440px-Korea-Seoul-Cheongwadae-Blue.House-Bukhansan-03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Blue_House" title="Blue House">Blue House</a> complex in Seoul, South Korea, in April 2007. It served as the executive office and official residence of the South Korean president.</figcaption></figure> <p>On the night of 17 January 1968, 31 men of <a href="/wiki/Unit_124" title="Unit 124">Unit 124</a> penetrated the 2ID sector of the DMZ by cutting through the chain-link fence and passing undetected within 30m of a manned 2ID position. The mission of Unit 124, as explained to them by KPA Reconnaissance Bureau chief, Lieutenant General Kim Chung-tae, was "to go to Seoul and cut off the head of Park Chung Hee". It was believed that by assassinating Park, the South would be thrown into turmoil, causing the South Korean populace to rise up and fight against the South Korean government and American soldiers, leading to reunification.<sup id="cite_ref-Bolger_1-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bolger-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 62–63">: 62–63 </span></sup> </p><p>On the afternoon of 19 January Unit 124 encountered four woodcutters, but rather than killing them the Unit 124 commander proceeded to try to indoctrinate them with details of the coming insurrection and the glories of North Korean communism. The North Koreans released the woodcutters with warnings not to notify the authorities. The woodcutters notified the police as soon as possible, and an alert went up the chain of command in accordance with Presidential Instruction #18. By the morning of 20 January the police and military were on full alert, but not knowing the mission of Unit 124 they were attempting to guard important sites as well as the approaches to Seoul.<sup id="cite_ref-Bolger_1-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bolger-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 63">: 63 </span></sup> </p><p>Unit 124 entered Seoul in 2–3-man cells on 20 January, and noting the heightened security and by eavesdropping of ROKA radio frequencies they devised a new assault plan. Changing into uniforms of the 26th Infantry Division they proceeded to march the last 2 km to the <a href="/wiki/Blue_House" title="Blue House">Blue House</a>, posing as a unit returning from a counter-guerilla patrol. After passing several ROKA and police units, Unit 124 was stopped by a police unit only 100m from the Blue House. The police began questioning the Unit 124 members and when a police officer grew suspicious and drew his pistol he was shot by a Unit 124 member.<sup id="cite_ref-Bolger_1-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bolger-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 63–64">: 63–64 </span></sup> </p><p>A running gun battle then developed in which two members of Unit 124 were killed. The ROKA, police and U.S. Army began a massive manhunt as the remaining members of Unit 124 attempted to escape north and cross the DMZ. A further 26 members of Unit 124 were killed, one captured (<a href="/wiki/Kim_Shin-Jo" class="mw-redirect" title="Kim Shin-Jo">Kim Shin-Jo</a>) and two missing presumed killed (though at least one member of the Unit apparently survived and returned to North Korea<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) while 26 South Koreans and four U.S. Army soldiers were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-Bolger_1-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bolger-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 64–65">: 64–65 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Pueblo_Incident">The <i>Pueblo</i> Incident</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_DMZ_Conflict&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: The Pueblo Incident"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/USS_Pueblo_(AGER-2)" title="USS Pueblo (AGER-2)">USS Pueblo (AGER-2)</a></div> <p>On 23 January 1968 North Korean patrol boats operating under cover of <a href="/wiki/MiG-21" class="mw-redirect" title="MiG-21">MiG-21</a> fighters captured the <a href="/wiki/USS_Pueblo_(AGER-2)" title="USS Pueblo (AGER-2)">USS <i>Pueblo</i> (AGER-2)</a> in international waters northeast of <a href="/wiki/Wonsan" title="Wonsan">Wonsan</a>, killing one crewman. Bonesteel was unaware of the mission of the <i>Pueblo</i> and the 314th Air Division had no suitable aircraft available to give assistance to the <i>Pueblo</i>. By the time that attack aircraft could be sent to the area, the <i>Pueblo</i> and her remaining 82 crewmen were in captivity in Wonsan harbour.<sup id="cite_ref-Bolger_1-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bolger-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 65–69">: 65–69 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American-South_Korean_reactions">American-South Korean reactions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_DMZ_Conflict&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: American-South Korean reactions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/1969_%22Korea_Revisited%22_-_Deadly_North_Korean_Ambushes_at_DMZ.webm/220px--1969_%22Korea_Revisited%22_-_Deadly_North_Korean_Ambushes_at_DMZ.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="191" data-mwtitle="1969_"Korea_Revisited"_-_Deadly_North_Korean_Ambushes_at_DMZ.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:1969_%22Korea_Revisited%22_-_Deadly_North_Korean_Ambushes_at_DMZ.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b0/1969_%22Korea_Revisited%22_-_Deadly_North_Korean_Ambushes_at_DMZ.webm/1969_%22Korea_Revisited%22_-_Deadly_North_Korean_Ambushes_at_DMZ.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b0/1969_%22Korea_Revisited%22_-_Deadly_North_Korean_Ambushes_at_DMZ.webm/1969_%22Korea_Revisited%22_-_Deadly_North_Korean_Ambushes_at_DMZ.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/1969_%22Korea_Revisited%22_-_Deadly_North_Korean_Ambushes_at_DMZ.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b0/1969_%22Korea_Revisited%22_-_Deadly_North_Korean_Ambushes_at_DMZ.webm/1969_%22Korea_Revisited%22_-_Deadly_North_Korean_Ambushes_at_DMZ.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b0/1969_%22Korea_Revisited%22_-_Deadly_North_Korean_Ambushes_at_DMZ.webm/1969_%22Korea_Revisited%22_-_Deadly_North_Korean_Ambushes_at_DMZ.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b0/1969_%22Korea_Revisited%22_-_Deadly_North_Korean_Ambushes_at_DMZ.webm/1969_%22Korea_Revisited%22_-_Deadly_North_Korean_Ambushes_at_DMZ.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b0/1969_%22Korea_Revisited%22_-_Deadly_North_Korean_Ambushes_at_DMZ.webm/1969_%22Korea_Revisited%22_-_Deadly_North_Korean_Ambushes_at_DMZ.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b0/1969_%22Korea_Revisited%22_-_Deadly_North_Korean_Ambushes_at_DMZ.webm/1969_%22Korea_Revisited%22_-_Deadly_North_Korean_Ambushes_at_DMZ.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Video on the clashes in 1969</figcaption></figure> <p>The seizure of the <i>Pueblo</i> was one of a number of crises facing the Johnson Administration in January 1968: in Vietnam, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khe_Sanh" title="Battle of Khe Sanh">Battle of Khe Sanh</a> had commenced on 21 January. President Johnson ordered a show of force with a massive deployment of U.S. air and navy assets to Korea under the code-names <a href="/wiki/Operation_Combat_Fox" title="Operation Combat Fox">Operation Combat Fox</a> (200+ combat aircraft) and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Formation_Star" title="Operation Formation Star">Operation Formation Star</a> (six aircraft carriers plus support vessels) as well as the partial mobilization of reservists for the first time since the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bolger_1-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bolger-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 69">: 69 </span></sup> </p><p>Despite this military buildup, Johnson wished to avoid escalating the existing conflict in Korea and instructed Bonesteel to begin negotiations for the return of the <i>Pueblo</i> crew with the North Koreans through the <a href="/wiki/UNCMAC" class="mw-redirect" title="UNCMAC">Military Armistice Commission</a> at <a href="/wiki/Panmunjom" title="Panmunjom">Panmunjom</a>. Even as the extra forces were deploying to South Korea, the <a href="/wiki/Tet_Offensive" title="Tet Offensive">Tet Offensive</a> in South Vietnam began on 30 January 1968. Johnson regarded the seizure of the <i>Pueblo</i> and the timing of the Tet Offensive to have been coordinated to divert U.S. resources away from Vietnam and to force the South Koreans to withdraw their two Divisions and Marine Brigade from South Vietnam.<sup id="cite_ref-Bolger_1-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bolger-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 69–70">: 69–70 </span></sup> </p><p>Unlike Johnson, Bonesteel saw no such connection. He regarded the Blue House Raid as having been planned at the highest levels in North Korea, while the seizure of the <i>Pueblo</i> seemed merely opportunistic and the timing of the Tet Offensive as helpful but coincidental. He saw no change to his mission of defending South Korea and preventing an escalation of the existing low-intensity conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-Bolger_1-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bolger-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 70">: 70 </span></sup> </p><p>The South Koreans saw things differently. They regarded the Blue House Raid and the seizure of the <i>Pueblo</i> as signs of a North Korean threat that had to be dealt with strongly by both the ROK and the U.S. When news of negotiations between the U.S. and North Koreans at Panmunjom became public on 6 February, the Park Administration accused the U.S. of a policy of appeasement. Newspaper editorials and Government officials suggested that the Korean units in South Vietnam should be recalled to deal with the North Korean threat, while various advisers coaxed Park to "go North" with or without the Americans. Park refused to negotiate seriously with either Bonesteel or Ambassador <a href="/wiki/William_J._Porter" title="William J. Porter">William J. Porter</a>. It appeared that the split that Kim Il-sung hoped to create between the ROK and the U.S. was becoming a reality.<sup id="cite_ref-Bolger_1-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bolger-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 69–70">: 69–70 </span></sup> </p><p>On 10 February <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Vance" title="Cyrus Vance">Cyrus Vance</a> arrived in Seoul to negotiate with Park on behalf of Johnson. Vance met with Park on 11 February and set out the Johnson Administration's position: there would be no wider war in Korea, any ROK cross-border action was subject to approval by Bonesteel who would himself need approval from Johnson and the U.S. would negotiate as necessary to secure the release of the <i>Pueblo</i> crew. Vance offered Park $100M in immediate military aid (including <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F-4_Phantom_II" title="McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II">F-4D Phantom II</a> fighter jets) with more to follow, provided Park agreed not to "go North." Four days later Park agreed to Vance's terms.<sup id="cite_ref-Bolger_1-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bolger-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 74–75">: 74–75 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implementing_the_American_and_South_Korean_strategy">Implementing the American and South Korean strategy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_DMZ_Conflict&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Implementing the American and South Korean strategy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Blue House Raid and the <i>Pueblo</i> Incident both served to raise the profile of the low-intensity conflict being fought in South Korea and finally brought in the resources needed to fully implement the joint U.S./ROK counterinsurgency strategy. </p><p>The massive surge deployment of U.S. warships and combat aircraft in operations Formation Star and Combat Fox served to deter further large-scale incursions. Once the immediate threat subsided, the U.S. Seventh Fleet withdrew its ships by mid-1968, while the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Air Force">U.S. Air Force</a> gradually reduced its Combat Fox deployment over a period of 16 months.<sup id="cite_ref-Bolger_1-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bolger-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 71–72">: 71–72 </span></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DMZ_south_boundary_fence_and_guard_towers,_August_1968.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/DMZ_south_boundary_fence_and_guard_towers%2C_August_1968.png/220px-DMZ_south_boundary_fence_and_guard_towers%2C_August_1968.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/DMZ_south_boundary_fence_and_guard_towers%2C_August_1968.png/330px-DMZ_south_boundary_fence_and_guard_towers%2C_August_1968.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/DMZ_south_boundary_fence_and_guard_towers%2C_August_1968.png/440px-DMZ_south_boundary_fence_and_guard_towers%2C_August_1968.png 2x" data-file-width="3483" data-file-height="2324" /></a><figcaption>DMZ south boundary fence and guard towers, 14 August 1968</figcaption></figure> <p>On 1 April 1968, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">Department of Defense</a> on Bonesteel's recommendation declared the DMZ-<a href="/wiki/Imjin_River" title="Imjin River">Imjin River</a> area as a hostile fire zone, entitling service members stationed in the area to hostile-fire pay and later for the award of the <a href="/wiki/Combat_Infantryman_Badge" title="Combat Infantryman Badge">Combat Infantryman Badge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Combat_Medical_Badge" title="Combat Medical Badge">Combat Medical Badge</a> to all qualified men serving north of the Imjin River.<sup id="cite_ref-Bolger_1-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bolger-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 76">: 76 </span></sup> This change in designation also meant that Korea would now receive priority second only to South Vietnam. In addition to the $100M promised to the ROK by envoy Vance, Congress also allocated $230M to improve U.S. and ROK facilities and combat readiness across the DMZ. $32M worth of material for the construction of the DMZ barrier and communications equipment was airlifted to South Korea, allowing the completion of the improved anti-infiltration barrier along the entire DMZ by 30 July 1968. The 6th Aviation Platoon which was en route to South Vietnam was instead deployed to South Korea, with its 12 <a href="/wiki/Bell_UH-1_Iroquois_variants#UH-1D" title="Bell UH-1 Iroquois variants">UH-1D Hueys</a> more than doubled the number of UH-1s available, allowing some to remain on alert with quick reaction forces while others conducted counter-infiltration operations. Several thousand additional enlisted men were allocated to Eighth Army alleviating manpower shortages while the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Imjin_Scouts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Imjin Scouts (page does not exist)">Imjin Scouts</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%84%EC%A7%84%EC%8A%A4%EC%B9%B4%EC%9A%B0%ED%8A%B8" class="extiw" title="ko:임진스카우트">ko</a>]</span> programme improved training in counterinfiltration tactics. Dog-tracker teams were deployed allowing improved detection of infiltrators, while several hundred <a href="/wiki/M16_rifle" title="M16 rifle">M16 rifles</a> were procured allowing patrols to match the firepower of KPA infiltrators. These improvements taken together resulted in a dramatic increase in the detection and elimination of KPA infiltrators in 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-Bolger_1-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bolger-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 77–82">: 77–82 </span></sup> </p><p>The Blue House Raid convinced Park to make one crucial change to Presidential Directive #18, in February 1968 he ordered the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Korea_Reserve_Forces" title="Republic of Korea Reserve Forces">Homeland Defense Reserve Force</a> (HDRF), publicly announced in April, within six months more than two million South Korean citizens had volunteered, forming more than 60,000 local defense platoons and companies. Park also ordered the establishment of 20 Reconstruction Villages just south of the DMZ, populated by armed ex-soldiers and their families and the dispatch of ROKA civic action Medical/Enlightenment Teams into remote areas, particularly in the Taebaek and Jiri Mountain areas.<sup id="cite_ref-Bolger_1-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bolger-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 83–84">: 83–84 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ulchin-Samcheok_landings">Ulchin-Samcheok landings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_DMZ_Conflict&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Ulchin-Samcheok landings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ulchin-Samcheok_Landings" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulchin-Samcheok Landings">Ulchin-Samcheok Landings</a></div> <p>While the DMZ became increasingly difficult to penetrate during 1968, South Korea's coastline, despite some improvements in ROK Navy capabilities, remained vulnerable to infiltration.<sup id="cite_ref-Bolger_1-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bolger-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 82–83">: 82–83 </span></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PPS-43,_compasses_and_fake_ID_from_the_Ulchin-Samcheok_Landings.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/PPS-43%2C_compasses_and_fake_ID_from_the_Ulchin-Samcheok_Landings.jpg/220px-PPS-43%2C_compasses_and_fake_ID_from_the_Ulchin-Samcheok_Landings.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/PPS-43%2C_compasses_and_fake_ID_from_the_Ulchin-Samcheok_Landings.jpg/330px-PPS-43%2C_compasses_and_fake_ID_from_the_Ulchin-Samcheok_Landings.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/PPS-43%2C_compasses_and_fake_ID_from_the_Ulchin-Samcheok_Landings.jpg/440px-PPS-43%2C_compasses_and_fake_ID_from_the_Ulchin-Samcheok_Landings.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/PPS-43" class="mw-redirect" title="PPS-43">PPS-43</a>, compasses, grenade and fake ID from the Ulchin-Samcheok Landings at the <a href="/wiki/War_Memorial_of_Korea" title="War Memorial of Korea">War Memorial of Korea</a></figcaption></figure> <p>On the night of 30 October 1968, 120 men of Unit 124 landed at eight separate locations between <a href="/wiki/Ulchin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulchin">Ulchin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samcheok" title="Samcheok">Samcheok</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gangwon-do_(South_Korea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangwon-do (South Korea)">Gangwon province</a> and moved inland on a 30-day mission to create guerilla bases in the Taebaek Mountains. On the morning of 31 October they entered several villages and began indoctrinating the villagers, several of whom slipped away to alert the authorities. ROKA forces soon arrived in the area aboard the UH-1 Hueys of the 6th Aviation Platoon and some of the new UH-1s provided to the ROKA under the Military Assistance Program. The 36th Homeland Defense Infantry Division, parts of two other Divisions, an <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Korea_Marine_Corps" title="Republic of Korea Marine Corps">ROK Marine Corps</a> battalion, Combat Police companies, an ROK Special Forces Group and thousands of Home Defense Reserves took part in the manhunt that followed. Within two weeks most of the infiltrators had been killed. On 9 December several commandos murdered 9-year-old <a href="/wiki/Lee_Seung-bok" title="Lee Seung-bok">Lee Seung-bok</a> and three other members of his family at their home on the remote northern slope of <a href="/wiki/Gyebangsan_(Gangwon)" title="Gyebangsan (Gangwon)">Gyebang mountain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the time Park suspended the operation on 26 December 110 North Koreans had been killed and seven captured, for the loss of 40 regular army, police and militia and 23 civilians.<sup id="cite_ref-Bolger_1-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bolger-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 86–87">: 86–87 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="North_Korean_strategy_changes">North Korean strategy changes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_DMZ_Conflict&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: North Korean strategy changes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the end of 1968 it was apparent that despite two years of unconventional operations, North Korea had failed to ignite an insurgency in the South, the U.S.–ROK relationship was stronger than ever and Park had cemented his legitimacy with the population. In late December Kim Il-sung purged the senior military officers responsible for the unconventional warfare campaign accusing them of failing to correctly implement the Party line, there could be no suggestion that the KWP line simply did not appeal to South Koreans. Defense Minister, General Kim Chongbong and KPA Political Bureau chairman, General Ho Pong-haek were both executed, while the chief of the General Staff, the Reconnaissance Bureau chief, the KPN commander and the commanders of three frontline KPA Corps were all imprisoned. Units 124 and 283 were disbanded and special warfare capabilities were made explicitly subordinate to conventional military operations. The KPA was transformed by the institution of a Commissar system in all units down to Company level to ensure KWP control over all military activity. Despite the change in strategy North Korea continued to conduct infiltrations, apparently as cover while the purge and restructuring was carried out.<sup id="cite_ref-Bolger_1-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bolger-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 90–93">: 90–93 </span></sup> </p><p>The UN Command did not initially appreciate the changes in Pyongyang, regarding the reduction in infiltrations as being caused by effective UN action rather than the abandonment by Pyongyang of its failed strategy; limited intelligence sources and few published speeches by Kim Il-Sung gave few clues as to the KWP's policy change.<sup id="cite_ref-Bolger_1-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bolger-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 94">: 94 </span></sup> In mid-March the combined forces Exercise Focus Retina began in South Korea, this exercise was condemned by the North as a dress rehearsal for an invasion and KPA regulars began a series of attacks and infiltrations against 2ID position on the DMZ that lasted until mid-May.<sup id="cite_ref-Bolger_1-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bolger-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 99">: 99 </span></sup> </p><p>On 15 April 1969 (the <a href="/wiki/Day_of_the_Sun" title="Day of the Sun">birthday</a> of Kim Il-sung), two KPAF MiGs <a href="/wiki/1969_EC-121_shootdown_incident" title="1969 EC-121 shootdown incident">shot down</a> a USAF <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_EC-121_Warning_Star" title="Lockheed EC-121 Warning Star">EC-121M Warning Star</a> on an electronic intelligence mission 167 km off the east coast of North Korea, killing all 31 crewmen. President <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> and National Security Advisor <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a> considered a reprisal air strike or an aerial escort linked to a diplomatic complaint at the truce table, both initially favored an air strike on the basis that force should be met with force. Nixon's advisers opposed an airstrike, fearing that this could provoke a full-scale war when the U.S. was already committed in Vietnam and they were supported in this by Bonesteel and Ambassador Porter. On 18 April Nixon announced that future intelligence flights would have fighter escorts (which had been the case until the end of 1968 when the tensions on the Korean peninsula were believed to have subsided) and a protest was lodged with the North Koreans at Panmunjom which was accepted without comment. From 19 to 26 April the Seventh Fleet's Task Force 71 (including 4 carriers and their escorts) conducted operations off the east coast of North Korea as a show of force.<sup id="cite_ref-Bolger_1-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bolger-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 101–107">: 101–107 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conflict_diffusion">Conflict diffusion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_DMZ_Conflict&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Conflict diffusion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By May 1969, the level of intensity of the conflict had reduced substantially. Isolated incidents continued to occur particularly along the ROKA-controlled sectors of the DMZ, but it had become clear that the North had abandoned its hopes of starting an insurgency in the South. Qualitative improvements in the ROK Army meant that the U.S. could start to contemplate reducing its military presence in South Korea. On 25 July 1969, Nixon announced his <a href="/wiki/Nixon_Doctrine" title="Nixon Doctrine">Nixon Doctrine</a> that, henceforth, the U.S. expected its allies to defend themselves with U.S. air and seapower support (and the nuclear umbrella), but not U.S. ground troops. </p><p>While aimed primarily at South Vietnam, this policy would also apply to South Korea (however, Nixon assured Park that his commitment to South Korea was unchanged). On 1 October 1969 Bonesteel handed over command of USFK to General <a href="/wiki/John_H._Michaelis" title="John H. Michaelis">John H. Michaelis</a>. One of Michaelis' early tasks was negotiating the release of three U.S. soldiers captured when their <a href="/wiki/Hiller_OH-23_Raven" title="Hiller OH-23 Raven">OH-23</a> helicopter was shot down after straying across the DMZ; their release on 3 December 1969 is regarded as the official end of the conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-Bolger_1-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bolger-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 107–109">: 107–109 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline">Timeline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_DMZ_Conflict&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Timeline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Violent_Incident_in_Korean_DMZ_1964-1969.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Violent_Incident_in_Korean_DMZ_1964-1969.png/440px-Violent_Incident_in_Korean_DMZ_1964-1969.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Violent_Incident_in_Korean_DMZ_1964-1969.png/660px-Violent_Incident_in_Korean_DMZ_1964-1969.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Violent_Incident_in_Korean_DMZ_1964-1969.png/880px-Violent_Incident_in_Korean_DMZ_1964-1969.png 2x" data-file-width="1042" data-file-height="615" /></a><figcaption>Major incidents – Korean DMZ, 1964–1969<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea#Post_Korean_War_infiltrations,_incursions_and_incidents" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea § Post Korean War infiltrations, incursions and incidents</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1966">1966</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_DMZ_Conflict&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 1966"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>2 November:</b> 2nd Infantry Division (2ID) patrol (1st Battalion, <a href="/wiki/23rd_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="23rd Infantry Regiment (United States)">23rd Infantry Regiment</a>) ambushed south of DMZ. Six U.S. KIA, one <a href="/wiki/KATUSA" class="mw-redirect" title="KATUSA">KATUSA</a> KIA, one U.S. WIA; unknown KPA losses. Private Ernest Reynolds was posthumously awarded the <a href="/wiki/Silver_Star" title="Silver Star">Silver Star</a> for his actions during the ambush.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An ROKA patrol was ambushed the same night. Two ROK KIA.<sup id="cite_ref-Bolger_1-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bolger-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 36–39">: 36–39 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bolger_1-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bolger-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 127–130">: 127–130 </span></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1967">1967</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_DMZ_Conflict&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: 1967"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>19 January:</b> The <a href="/wiki/ROKS_Dangpo_(PCEC_56)" class="mw-redirect" title="ROKS Dangpo (PCEC 56)">ROKS <i>Dangpo</i> (PCEC 56)</a> (formerly the USS <i>Marfa</i> (PCE-842)), was sunk by North Korean coastal artillery north of the maritime demarcation line off the east coast of Korea,<sup id="cite_ref-Marta_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marta-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 39 sailors of the crew of 79 are killed.</li> <li><b>12 February:</b> 2ID patrol (3/23 Infantry) ambushed south of DMZ. One U.S. KIA; unknown KPA losses.</li> <li><b>5 April:</b> 2ID guard post engaged KPA infiltrators south of DMZ. No U.S. losses; five KPA KIA.</li> <li><b>29 April:</b> 2ID patrol ambushed KPA infiltrators south of DMZ. No U.S. losses; one KPA KIA, one KPA WIA, one KPA captured.</li> <li><b>22 May:</b> 2ID barracks (1/23 Infantry) demolished by night time explosion south of DMZ. Two U.S. KIA, 17 U.S. WIA.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>16 July</b>: 2ID barrier position #32 overrun. Three U.S. KIA (2-23 Infantry), one KATUSA WIA.</li> <li><b>10 August:</b> 7ID construction team (B Company 2nd Battalion, <a href="/wiki/31st_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="31st Infantry Regiment (United States)">31st Infantry Regiment</a>, 7th ID) ambushed well south of DMZ in daylight. Three U.S. KIA, sixteen U.S. WIA, one WIA later died of his wounds at 121st EVAC; unknown KPA losses.</li> <li><b>15 August:</b> 2ID Barrier position near Crab Island. Three armed enemy agents engaged in fire fight. Two agents killed and bodies recovered, one other believed killed in river, trying to escape.</li> <li><b>22 August:</b> 2ID jeep destroyed by mine and ambush south of DMZ. One U.S. KIA, one U.S. WIA; unknown KPA losses.</li> <li><b>28 August:</b> Eighth Army construction team (76th Engineers) ambushed in daylight near the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Security_Area" title="Joint Security Area">Joint Security Area</a> but still south of the DMZ. Two U.S. KIA, two KATUSA KIA, fourteen U.S. WIA, nine KATUSA WIA, three civilians WIA; unknown KPA losses.</li> <li><b>29 August:</b> 2ID jeep destroyed by mine south of DMZ. Three U.S. KIA, five U.S. WIA; no KPA losses.</li> <li><b>7 October:</b> 2ID patrol boat ambushed on Imjin River south of DMZ. One U.S. KIA; unknown KPA losses.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1968">1968</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_DMZ_Conflict&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: 1968"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>20–21 January</b>: 31 North Korean <a href="/wiki/Unit_124" title="Unit 124">Unit 124</a> commandos crossed the border disguised as South Korean soldiers in an <a href="/wiki/Blue_House_raid" title="Blue House raid">attempt to assassinate</a> President <a href="/wiki/Park_Chung_Hee" title="Park Chung Hee">Park Chung Hee</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Blue_House" title="Blue House">Blue House</a>. The failed mission resulted in 28 commandos killed, two presumed dead, and the last captured. 68 South Koreans were killed and 66 wounded, including about 24 civilians. Three Americans were killed and another three wounded in an attempt to prevent the commandos from escaping back via the DMZ.<sup id="cite_ref-Bolger_1-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bolger-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 65">: 65 </span></sup></li> <li><b>22 January:</b> 2ID guard post engaged by KPA infiltrators. Three U.S. WIA; unknown KPA losses.</li> <li><b>23 January:</b> Seizure of the <a href="/wiki/USS_Pueblo_(AGER-2)" title="USS Pueblo (AGER-2)">USS <i>Pueblo</i> (AGER-2)</a> off the east coast of North Korea. One U.S. KIA, nine U.S. WIA</li> <li><b>24 January:</b> 2ID position (1/23 Infantry) attacked south of DMZ by KPA <a href="/wiki/Unit_124" title="Unit 124">Unit 124</a> exfiltrators. Two U.S. KIA; three KPA WIA.</li> <li><b>26 January:</b> 2ID defensive position (2/72 Armor) attacked south of DMZ by KPA <a href="/wiki/Unit_124" title="Unit 124">Unit 124</a> exfiltrators</li> <li><b>29 January:</b> 2ID patrols and outposts engaged and repulsed four teams of KPA infiltrators. No U.S. losses; unknown KPA losses.</li> <li><b>6 February:</b> 2ID guard post attacked. No U.S. losses; one KPA WIA.</li> <li><b>27 March:</b> 2ID reaction forces and <a href="/wiki/25th_Infantry_Division_(South_Korea)" title="25th Infantry Division (South Korea)">ROK 25th Infantry Division</a> ambushed KPA infiltrators. No U.S. losses; three KPA KIA.</li> <li><b>14 April:</b> U.S. Army Support Group truck ambushed south of the Joint Security Area, close to midnight on Easter Sunday.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two U.S. KIA, two KATUSA KIA, two U.S. WIA; unknown KPA losses.</li> <li><b>20 April:</b> 2ID (2/23 Infantry) patrol ambushed in DMZ near MDL one U.S. WIA one KPA KIA</li> <li><b>21 April:</b> 7ID patrol (2/31 Infantry) engaged KPA infiltrator company in the DMZ. One U.S. KIA, three U.S. WIA; five KPA KIA, fifteen KPA WIA.</li> <li><b>27 April:</b> 7ID patrol (2/31 Infantry) ambushed in the DMZ. One KATUSA KIA, two U.S. WIA; unknown KPA losses.</li> <li><b>3 July:</b> 2ID patrol ambushed in the DMZ. One U.S. WIA; unknown KPA losses.</li> <li><b>20 July:</b> 2ID patrol ambushed in the DMZ. One U.S. KIA; unknown KPA losses. 7ID patrol (1st Battalion, <a href="/wiki/32nd_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="32nd Infantry Regiment (United States)">32nd Infantry Regiment</a>) ambushed in the DMZ. One U.S. KIA; unknown KPA losses.</li> <li><b>21 July:</b> 2ID patrol (2nd Battalion, <a href="/wiki/38th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="38th Infantry Regiment (United States)">38th Infantry Regiment</a>) ambushed in the DMZ. One U.S. WIA, one KATUSA WIA.</li> <li><b>30 July:</b> 2ID patrol (3/23 Infantry) ambushed in the DMZ. One U.S. KIA, three U.S. WIA; unknown KPA losses.</li> <li><b>5 August:</b> 2ID patrol (1/38 Infantry) ambushed south of the DMZ in daylight. One U.S. KIA, four U.S. WIA; one KPA KIA.</li> <li><b>18 August:</b> 7ID patrol (1/32 Infantry) ambushed south of the DMZ. Two U.S. KIA; two KPA WIA.</li> <li><b>19 September:</b> 2ID patrols (2/38 Infantry) and quick reaction forces (4th Squadron, <a href="/wiki/7th_Cavalry_Regiment_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="7th Cavalry Regiment (United States)">7th Cavalry Regiment</a>, 2nd Battalion, <a href="/wiki/9th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="9th Infantry Regiment (United States)">9th Infantry Regiment (Mechanized)</a> and the 2nd Division Counter Agent Company) isolated and destroyed KPA infiltrator squad. Two KATUSA KIA, six KATUSA WIA; four KPA KIA, one KPA WIA.</li> <li><b>27 September:</b> 2ID jeep ambushed in the DMZ. Two U.S. KIA; unknown KPA losses.</li> <li><b>3 October:</b> 7ID guard post (1/31 Infantry) engaged KPA exfiltrator south of DMZ. No U.S. losses; one KPA KIA.</li> <li><b>5 October:</b> 2ID patrol ambushed in the DMZ. One U.S. KIA, two U.S. WIA; unknown KPA losses.</li> <li><b>10 October:</b> 2ID boat patrol engaged KPA infiltrator crossing the Imjin River. No U.S. losses; one KPA KIA.</li> <li><b>11 October:</b> 2ID patrol ambushed KPA infiltrators in the DMZ. No U.S. losses; two KPA KIA.</li> <li><b>23 October:</b> 2ID patrol engaged KPA infiltrators in the DMZ. One U.S. KIA and five WIA; one KPA KIA.</li> <li><b>30 October:</b> <a href="/wiki/Ulchin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulchin">Ulchin</a>-<a href="/wiki/Samcheok" title="Samcheok">Samcheok</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gangwon-do_(South_Korea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangwon-do (South Korea)">Gangwon-do</a>) landings by 120 men of KPA <a href="/wiki/Unit_124" title="Unit 124">Unit 124</a>; 110 of them were killed, 7 were captured and 3 escaped. 40 ROKA and Police were KIA and 23 civilians were killed. Three U.S. KIA and three WIA.<sup id="cite_ref-Bolger_1-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bolger-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 86–87">: 86–87 </span></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1969">1969</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_DMZ_Conflict&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: 1969"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>23 January:</b> 2ID guard posts repulsed KPA infiltrators. No U.S. losses; unknown KPA losses.</li> <li><b>4 February:</b> 2ID guard posts repulsed KPA infiltrators. No U.S. losses; unknown KPA losses.</li> <li><b>13 March:</b> 2ID fence repair patrol (2/38 Infantry) engaged by KPA infiltrators. No U.S. losses; unknown KPA losses.</li> <li><b>15 March:</b> 2ID marker maintenance patrol ambushed in the DMZ. One U.S. KIA, two U.S. WIA, one KATUSA WIA. Medical evacuation helicopter crashed after takeoff, killing five airmen and the three wounded.</li> <li><b>16 March:</b> 2ID patrol engaged KPA infiltrators in the DMZ. No U.S. losses; unknown KPA losses.</li> <li><b>20 March:</b> 2ID patrol engaged KPA patrol in the DMZ. No U.S. losses; unknown KPA losses.</li> <li><b>29 March:</b> 2ID patrol engaged KPA patrol in the DMZ. No U.S. losses; unknown KPA losses.</li> <li><b>7 April:</b> Six North Korean infiltrators crossed the border near Chumunjin, <a href="/wiki/Gangwon-do_(South_Korea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangwon-do (South Korea)">Gangwon-do</a> and killed a South Korean policeman on guard duty</li> <li><b>15 April:</b> <a href="/wiki/KPAF" class="mw-redirect" title="KPAF">KPAF</a> fighters shoot down a <a href="/wiki/EC-121_shootdown_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="EC-121 shootdown incident">US Navy EC-121 Warning Star</a> aircraft over the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Japan" title="Sea of Japan">Sea of Japan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Japan_naming_dispute" title="Sea of Japan naming dispute">East Sea</a>); 31 U.S. crewmen killed.</li> <li><b>15 May:</b> 2ID patrol engaged KPA infiltrator. One U.S. WIA, one KATUSA WIA; unknown KPA losses.</li> <li><b>20 May:</b> 2ID guard post engaged KPA infiltrators. No U.S. losses; one KPA KIA.</li> <li><b>21 July:</b> 2ID guard posts engaged and repulsed KPA infiltrators. No U.S. losses; unknown KPA losses.</li> <li><b>17 August:</b> Eighth Army <a href="/wiki/Hiller_OH-23_Raven" title="Hiller OH-23 Raven">OH-23</a> helicopter (59th Aviation Company) strayed north of the DMZ and was shot down. Three U.S. captured and finally released on 3 December 1969.</li> <li><b>18 October:</b> 7ID jeep ambushed in the DMZ. Four U.S. KIA; unknown KPA losses</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_DMZ_Conflict&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Flowerpowerportfolio.jpg/32px-Flowerpowerportfolio.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Flowerpowerportfolio.jpg/48px-Flowerpowerportfolio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Flowerpowerportfolio.jpg/64px-Flowerpowerportfolio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="698" data-file-height="361" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:1960s" title="Portal:1960s">1960s portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_Nations_Supervisory_Commission" title="Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission">Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission</a> (NNSC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_border_incidents_involving_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="List of border incidents involving North Korea">List of border incidents involving North Korea</a></li> <li>1976 <a href="/wiki/Axe_murder_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Axe murder incident">Axe murder incident</a></li> <li>1999 <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Yeonpyeong" class="mw-redirect" title="First Battle of Yeonpyeong">First Battle of Yeonpyeong</a></li> <li>2002 <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Yeonpyeong" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Battle of Yeonpyeong">Second Battle of Yeonpyeong</a></li> <li>2009 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Daecheong" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Daecheong">Battle of Daecheong</a></li> <li>2010 <a href="/wiki/ROKS_Cheonan_sinking" title="ROKS Cheonan sinking">ROKS <i>Cheonan</i> sinking</a></li> <li>2010 <a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Yeonpyeong" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombardment of Yeonpyeong">Bombardment of Yeonpyeong</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_DMZ_Conflict&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Bolger-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bolger_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bolger_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bolger_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bolger_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bolger_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bolger_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bolger_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bolger_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bolger_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bolger_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bolger_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bolger_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bolger_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bolger_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bolger_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bolger_1-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bolger_1-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bolger_1-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bolger_1-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bolger_1-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bolger_1-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bolger_1-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bolger_1-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bolger_1-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bolger_1-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bolger_1-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bolger_1-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bolger_1-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bolger_1-28"><sup><i><b>ac</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bolger_1-29"><sup><i><b>ad</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bolger_1-30"><sup><i><b>ae</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bolger_1-31"><sup><i><b>af</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bolger_1-32"><sup><i><b>ag</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bolger_1-33"><sup><i><b>ah</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bolger_1-34"><sup><i><b>ai</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bolger_1-35"><sup><i><b>aj</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bolger_1-36"><sup><i><b>ak</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bolger_1-37"><sup><i><b>al</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bolger_1-38"><sup><i><b>am</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bolger_1-39"><sup><i><b>an</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bolger_1-40"><sup><i><b>ao</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bolger_1-41"><sup><i><b>ap</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bolger_1-42"><sup><i><b>aq</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bolger_1-43"><sup><i><b>ar</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bolger_1-44"><sup><i><b>as</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bolger_1-45"><sup><i><b>at</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bolger_1-46"><sup><i><b>au</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bolger_1-47"><sup><i><b>av</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bolger_1-48"><sup><i><b>aw</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBolger1991" class="citation book cs1">Bolger, Daniel (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA245460.pdf"><i>Scenes from an Unfinished War: Low intensity conflict in Korea 1966–1969</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Diane Publishing Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0788112089" title="Special:BookSources/978-0788112089"><bdi>978-0788112089</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210907061520/https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA245460.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 7 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scenes+from+an+Unfinished+War%3A+Low+intensity+conflict+in+Korea+1966%E2%80%931969&rft.pub=Diane+Publishing+Co&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0788112089&rft.aulast=Bolger&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapps.dtic.mil%2Fsti%2Fpdfs%2FADA245460.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+DMZ+Conflict" class="Z3988"></span><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marta-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marta_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marta_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071026102811/http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/m5/marta.htm">"Marta"</a>. <i>Naval Historical Center Official Website</i>. Department of the Navy. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/m5/marta.htm">the original</a> on 26 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Naval+Historical+Center+Official+Website&rft.atitle=Marta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.navy.mil%2Fdanfs%2Fm5%2Fmarta.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+DMZ+Conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell_Lerner2010" class="citation web cs1">Mitchell Lerner (December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130615024822/http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/NKIDP_WP_3.pdf">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Mostly Propaganda in Nature:' Kim Il Sung, the Juche Ideology, and the Second Korean War"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The North Korea International Documentation Project</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/NKIDP_WP_3.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 15 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+North+Korea+International+Documentation+Project&rft.atitle=%27Mostly+Propaganda+in+Nature%3A%27+Kim+Il+Sung%2C+the+Juche+Ideology%2C+and+the+Second+Korean+War&rft.date=2010-12&rft.au=Mitchell+Lerner&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wilsoncenter.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FNKIDP_WP_3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+DMZ+Conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCosmas2009" class="citation book cs1">Cosmas, Graham (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jcs.mil/Portals/36/Documents/History/Vietnam/Vietnam_1960-1968_P003.pdf"><i>The Joint Chiefs of Staff and The War in Vietnam 1960–1968 Part 3</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Office of Joint History Office of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. p. 152. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1482378696" title="Special:BookSources/978-1482378696"><bdi>978-1482378696</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Joint+Chiefs+of+Staff+and+The+War+in+Vietnam+1960%E2%80%931968+Part+3&rft.pages=152&rft.pub=Office+of+Joint+History+Office+of+the+Chairman+of+the+Joint+Chiefs+of+Staff&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1482378696&rft.aulast=Cosmas&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jcs.mil%2FPortals%2F36%2FDocuments%2FHistory%2FVietnam%2FVietnam_1960-1968_P003.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+DMZ+Conflict" class="Z3988"></span><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Seldon-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Seldon_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seldon_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seldon_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeldon2004" class="citation book cs1">Seldon, Mark (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D0icvm2EQLIC&q=korean+Armistice+Agreement+13d+nuclear"><i>War and state terrorism: the United States, Japan, and the Asia-Pacific in the long twentieth century</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 77–80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0742523913" title="Special:BookSources/978-0742523913"><bdi>978-0742523913</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+and+state+terrorism%3A+the+United+States%2C+Japan%2C+and+the+Asia-Pacific+in+the+long+twentieth+century&rft.pages=77-80&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0742523913&rft.aulast=Seldon&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD0icvm2EQLIC%26q%3Dkorean%2BArmistice%2BAgreement%2B13d%2Bnuclear&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+DMZ+Conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jaebong-2009-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jaebong-2009_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jaebong-2009_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee_Jae-Bong2009" class="citation journal cs1">Lee Jae-Bong (17 February 2009) [15 December 2008]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.japanfocus.org/-Lee-Jae_Bong/3053">"U.S. Deployment of Nuclear Weapons in 1950s South Korea & North Korea's Nuclear Development: Toward Denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula (English version)"</a>. <i>The Asia-Pacific Journal</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Asia-Pacific+Journal&rft.atitle=U.S.+Deployment+of+Nuclear+Weapons+in+1950s+South+Korea+%26+North+Korea%27s+Nuclear+Development%3A+Toward+Denuclearization+of+the+Korean+Peninsula+%28English+version%29&rft.date=2009-02-17&rft.au=Lee+Jae-Bong&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.japanfocus.org%2F-Lee-Jae_Bong%2F3053&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+DMZ+Conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-time-19570701-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-time-19570701_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111019193112/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,809583,00.html">"Korea: The End of 13D"</a>. <i>Time</i>. 1 July 1957. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,809583,00.html">the original</a> on 19 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Koreans Was True"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Chosun_Ilbo" title="The Chosun Ilbo">The Chosun Ilbo</a></i>. 28 October 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Chosun+Ilbo&rft.atitle=Report+of+Ghastly+1968+Murder+of+Boy+by+N.+Koreans+Was+True&rft.date=2004-10-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.chosun.com%2Fsite%2Fdata%2Fhtml_dir%2F2004%2F10%2F28%2F2004102861020.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+DMZ+Conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMobley2003" class="citation book cs1">Mobley, Richard A. (2003). <i>Flash Point North Korea: The Pueblo and EC-121 Crises</i>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Institute" title="United States Naval Institute">Naval Institute Press</a>. pp. 14 (Table 1), 149 (Table 8). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1557504036" title="Special:BookSources/978-1557504036"><bdi>978-1557504036</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flash+Point+North+Korea%3A+The+Pueblo+and+EC-121+Crises&rft.pages=14+%28Table+1%29%2C+149+%28Table+8%29&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1557504036&rft.aulast=Mobley&rft.aufirst=Richard+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+DMZ+Conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://militarytimes.com/citations-medals-awards/recipient.php?recipientid=23819">"Valor awards for Ernest D. Reynolds"</a>. <i>Military Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Military+Times&rft.atitle=Valor+awards+for+Ernest+D.+Reynolds&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmilitarytimes.com%2Fcitations-medals-awards%2Frecipient.php%3Frecipientid%3D23819&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+DMZ+Conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rokdrop.net/2015/06/dmz-flashpoints-the-1967-camp-walley-barracks-bombing/">"DMZ Flashpoints: The 1967 Camp Walley Barracks Bombing"</a>. 27 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DMZ+Flashpoints%3A+The+1967+Camp+Walley+Barracks+Bombing&rft.date=2015-06-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rokdrop.net%2F2015%2F06%2Fdmz-flashpoints-the-1967-camp-walley-barracks-bombing%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+DMZ+Conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220122112416/http://www.2ida.org/1968-easter-ambush/">"1968 Easter Ambush"</a>. 19 April 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.2ida.org/1968-easter-ambush/">the original</a> on 22 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1968+Easter+Ambush&rft.date=2019-04-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.2ida.org%2F1968-easter-ambush%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+DMZ+Conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_DMZ_Conflict&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Taik-young Hamm (1999) <i>Arming the Two Koreas: State, Capital and Military Power</i>. London: Routledge.</li> <li>Narushige Michishita (2010) <i>North Korea's Military–Diplomatic Campaigns, 1966–2008</i>. London: Routledge.</li> <li>Nicholas Evan Sarantakes (2000) The Quiet War: Combat Operations along the Korean Demilitarized Zone, 1966–1969, <i>Journal of Military History</i>, Vol. 64, Issue 2: 439–458.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_DMZ_Conflict&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.military.com/NewsContent/0,13319,79954,00.html">U.S. Victory Lost in History</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.koreanwar.org/html/dmz_war.html">"The Forgotten DMZ" at Korean War Project</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130415051822/http://www.koreanwar.org/html/dmz_war.html">Archived</a> 15 April 2013 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/collection/119/the-second-korean-war-1967-1969">"The 'Second' Korean War, 1967–1969," Wilson Center Digital Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3hpFsKqaIuc&t=15s">The Second Korean War: A Forgotten Conflict 1966–1969</a> – <a href="/wiki/Mark_Felton" title="Mark Felton">Mark Felton Productions</a> – 13 August 2020</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cold_War" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cold_War" title="Template:Cold War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cold_War" title="Template talk:Cold War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cold_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cold War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cold_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANZUS" title="ANZUS">ANZUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Treaty_Organization" title="Central Treaty Organization">METO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">SEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Northeast Asia Treaty Organization">NEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Treaty_of_Reciprocal_Assistance" title="Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance">Rio Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1940s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Morgenthau_Plan" title="Morgenthau Plan">Morgenthau Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hukbalahap_rebellion" title="Hukbalahap rebellion">Hukbalahap rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_political_conflict" title="Jamaican political conflict">Jamaican political conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dekemvriana" title="Dekemvriana">Dekemvriana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Guerrilla war in the Baltic states">Guerrilla war in the Baltic states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Priboi" title="Operation Priboi">Operation <i>Priboi</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jungle" title="Operation Jungle">Operation <i>Jungle</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Occupation of the Baltic states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursed_soldiers" title="Cursed soldiers">Cursed soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Unthinkable" title="Operation Unthinkable">Operation <i>Unthinkable</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouzenko_Affair" title="Gouzenko Affair">Gouzenko Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%931946)" title="War in Vietnam (1945–1946)">Operation <i>Masterdom</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Beleaguer" title="Operation Beleaguer">Operation <i>Beleaguer</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blacklist_Forty" title="Operation Blacklist Forty">Operation <i>Blacklist Forty</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_crisis_of_1946" title="Iran crisis of 1946">Iran crisis of 1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Plan" title="Baruch Plan">Baruch Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corfu_Channel_incident" title="Corfu Channel incident">Corfu Channel incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Straits_crisis" title="Turkish Straits crisis">Turkish Straits crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restatement_of_Policy_on_Germany" title="Restatement of Policy on Germany">Restatement of Policy on Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Polish_parliamentary_election" title="1947 Polish parliamentary election">1947 Polish parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Relations_Conference" title="Asian Relations Conference">Asian Relations Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1947_crises" title="May 1947 crises">May 1947 crises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1947%E2%80%931948" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948">Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestine_war" title="1948 Palestine war">1947–1949 Palestine war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1947%E2%80%931948_civil_war_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine">1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état">1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Control_Council#Incapacitation_of_the_council" title="Allied Control Council">Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wathbah_uprising" title="Al-Wathbah uprising">Al-Wathbah uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Blockade" title="Berlin Blockade">Berlin Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Hyderabad" title="Annexation of Hyderabad">Annexation of Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madiun_Affair" title="Madiun Affair">Madiun Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_betrayal" title="Western betrayal">Western betrayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1949_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="March 1949 Syrian coup d'état">March 1949 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Valuable" title="Operation Valuable">Operation Valuable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1950s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_curtain" title="Bamboo curtain">Bamboo curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Cold_War" title="Arab Cold War">Arab Cold War (1952–1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Egyptian_revolution" title="1952 Egyptian revolution">1952 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Intifada_(1952)" title="Iraqi Intifada (1952)">Iraqi Intifada (1952)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mau_Mau_rebellion" title="Mau Mau rebellion">Mau Mau rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_German_uprising_of_1953" title="East German uprising of 1953">East German uprising of 1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 Iranian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Madrid" title="Pact of Madrid">Pact of Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bricker_Amendment" title="Bricker Amendment">Bricker Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Syrian coup d'état">1954 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrov_Affair" title="Petrov Affair">Petrov Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">Domino theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Geneva_Conference" title="1954 Geneva Conference">1954 Geneva Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Guatemalan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Guatemalan coup d'état">1954 Guatemalan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Tuapse" title="Capture of the Tuapse">Capture of the <i>Tuapse</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="First Taiwan Strait Crisis">First Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebel_Akhdar_War" title="Jebel Akhdar War">Jebel Akhdar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Princess" title="Kashmir Princess">Kashmir Princess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandung_Conference" title="Bandung Conference">Bandung Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Summit_(1955)" title="Geneva Summit (1955)">Geneva Summit (1955)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Emergency" title="Cyprus Emergency">Cyprus Emergency</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/On_the_Cult_of_Personality_and_Its_Consequences" title="On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences">On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Pozna%C5%84_protests" title="1956 Poznań protests">1956 Poznań protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_October" title="Polish October">Polish October</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/We_will_bury_you" title="We will bury you">We will bury you</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gladio" title="Operation Gladio">Operation <i>Gladio</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Crisis_of_1957" title="Syrian Crisis of 1957">Syrian Crisis of 1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_crisis" title="Sputnik crisis">Sputnik crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifni_War" title="Ifni War">Ifni War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">Iraqi 14 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Lebanon_crisis" title="1958 Lebanon crisis">1958 Lebanon crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="Second Taiwan Strait Crisis">Second Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Mosul_uprising" title="1959 Mosul uprising">1959 Mosul uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Tibetan_uprising" title="1959 Tibetan uprising">1959 Tibetan uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_Civil_War" title="Laotian Civil War">Laotian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_Debate" title="Kitchen Debate">Kitchen Debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consolidation_of_the_Cuban_Revolution" title="Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution">Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simba_rebellion" title="Simba rebellion">Simba rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_U-2_incident" title="1960 U-2 incident">1960 U-2 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1960 Turkish coup d'état">1960 Turkish coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian%E2%80%93Soviet_split" title="Albanian–Soviet split">Albanian–Soviet split</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Soviets_from_Albania" title="Expulsion of Soviets from Albania">Expulsion of Soviets from Albania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict" title="Iraqi–Kurdish conflict">Iraqi–Kurdish conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="First Iraqi–Kurdish War">First Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Crisis_of_1961" title="Berlin Crisis of 1961">Berlin Crisis of 1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">Annexation of Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_conflict" title="Papua conflict">Papua conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" title="Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation">Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_War" title="Sand War">Sand War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_War" title="Portuguese Colonial War">Portuguese Colonial War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_War_of_Independence" title="Angolan War of Independence">Angolan War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau_War_of_Independence" title="Guinea-Bissau War of Independence">Guinea-Bissau War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_War_of_Independence" title="Mozambican War of Independence">Mozambican War of Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Porte%C3%B1azo" title="El Porteñazo">El Porteñazo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Sarawak" title="Communist insurgency in Sarawak">Communist insurgency in Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Revolution" title="Ramadan Revolution">Ramadan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Yemen_civil_war" title="North Yemen civil war">North Yemen civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Syrian coup d'état">1963 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">Assassination of John F. Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Emergency" title="Aden Emergency">Aden Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_intercommunal_violence#Crisis_of_1963–1964" title="Cypriot intercommunal violence">Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shifta_War" title="Shifta War">Shifta War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Dirty_War" title="Mexican Dirty War">Mexican Dirty War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tlatelolco_massacre" title="Tlatelolco massacre">Tlatelolco massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Civil_War" title="Guatemalan Civil War">Guatemalan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_conflict" title="Colombian conflict">Colombian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1964 Brazilian coup d'état">1964 Brazilian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Civil_War" title="Dominican Civil War">Dominican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Bush_War" title="Rhodesian Bush War">Rhodesian Bush War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_mass_killings_of_1965%E2%80%9366" title="Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66">Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_to_the_New_Order" title="Transition to the New Order">Transition to the New Order (Indonesia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Declaration" title="ASEAN Declaration">ASEAN Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Syrian coup d'état">1966 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Revolution" title="Argentine Revolution">Argentine Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">South African Border War</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Korean DMZ Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12-3_incident" title="12-3 incident">12-3 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_junta" title="Greek junta">Greek junta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Hong_Kong_riots" title="1967 Hong Kong riots">1967 Hong Kong riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Attrition" title="War of Attrition">War of Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhofar_War" title="Dhofar War">Dhofar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wadiah_War" title="Al-Wadiah War">Al-Wadiah War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_War" title="Nigerian Civil War">Nigerian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_of_1968" title="Protests of 1968">Protests of 1968</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 68</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Pueblo_(AGER-2)#Pueblo_incident" title="USS Pueblo (AGER-2)">USS <i>Pueblo</i> incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Polish_political_crisis" title="1968 Polish political crisis">1968 Polish political crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968%E2%80%931971_East_Pakistan_communist_insurgency" title="1968–1971 East Pakistan communist insurgency">1968–1971 East Pakistan communist insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Malaysia_(1968%E2%80%931989)" title="Communist insurgency in Malaysia (1968–1989)">Communist insurgency in Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17_July_Revolution" title="17 July Revolution">17 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Peruvian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1968 Peruvian coup d'état">1968 Peruvian coup d'état</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Peru" title="Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces of Peru">Revolutionary Government</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1969 Sudanese coup d'état">1969 Sudanese coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Libyan_revolution" title="1969 Libyan revolution">1969 Libyan revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goulash_Communism" title="Goulash Communism">Goulash Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_border_conflict" title="Sino-Soviet border conflict">Sino-Soviet border conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_People%27s_Army_rebellion" title="New People's Army rebellion">New People's Army rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">Détente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons">Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_September" title="Black September">Black September</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcora_Exercise" title="Alcora Exercise">Alcora Exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_Movement_(Syria)" title="Corrective Movement (Syria)">Corrective Movement (Syria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Civil_War" title="Cambodian Civil War">Cambodian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Thailand" title="Communist insurgency in Thailand">Communist insurgency in Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Polish_protests" title="1970 Polish protests">1970 Polish protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koza_riot" title="Koza riot">Koza riot</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Realpolitik" title="Realpolitik">Realpolitik</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ping-pong_diplomacy" title="Ping-pong diplomacy">Ping-pong diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_JVP_insurrection" title="1971 JVP insurrection">1971 JVP insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_revolution_(Egypt)" title="Corrective revolution (Egypt)">Corrective revolution (Egypt)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Turkish_military_memorandum" title="1971 Turkish military memorandum">1971 Turkish military memorandum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1971 Sudanese coup d'état">1971 Sudanese coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Power_Agreement_on_Berlin" title="Four Power Agreement on Berlin">Four Power Agreement on Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_visit_by_Richard_Nixon_to_China" title="1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China">1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen#Disputes_with_North_Yemen" title="South Yemen">North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Yemenite_War" title="First Yemenite War">First Yemenite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_massacre" title="Munich massacre">Munich massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972%E2%80%931975_Bangladesh_insurgency" title="1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency">1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Civil_Wars" title="Eritrean Civil Wars">Eritrean Civil Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Uruguayan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Uruguayan coup d'état">1973 Uruguayan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Afghan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Afghan coup d'état">1973 Afghan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Chilean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Chilean coup d'état">1973 Chilean coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Spanish transition to democracy">Spanish transition to democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapolitefsi" title="Metapolitefsi">Metapolitefsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Arms_Limitation_Talks" title="Strategic Arms Limitation Talks">Strategic Arms Limitation Talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="Second Iraqi–Kurdish War">Second Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus" title="Turkish invasion of Cyprus">Turkish invasion of Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15_August_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_November_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="3 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">Siege of Dhaka (1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7_November_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="7 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">Sipahi-Janata revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angolan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1976_protests" title="June 1976 protests">June 1976 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War" title="Mozambican Civil War">Mozambican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromo_conflict" title="Oromo conflict">Oromo conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogaden_War" title="Ogaden War">Ogaden War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Somali_coup_attempt" title="1978 Somali coup attempt">1978 Somali coup attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_War" title="Western Sahara War">Western Sahara War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Civil_War" title="Ethiopian Civil War">Ethiopian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Albanian_split" title="Sino-Albanian split">Sino-Albanian split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Indochina_War" title="Third Indochina War">Third Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War" title="Cambodian–Vietnamese War">Cambodian–Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_conflict_(1979%E2%80%931998)" title="Cambodian conflict (1979–1998)">Cambodian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Condor" title="Operation Condor">Operation <i>Condor</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirty_War" title="Dirty War">Dirty War (Argentina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Argentine_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1976 Argentine coup d'état">1976 Argentine coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Egyptian–Libyan War">Egyptian–Libyan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Autumn" title="German Autumn">German Autumn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_902" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 902">Korean Air Lines Flight 902</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Revolution" title="Nicaraguan Revolution">Nicaraguan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda%E2%80%93Tanzania_War" title="Uganda–Tanzania War">Uganda–Tanzania War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NDF_Rebellion" title="NDF Rebellion">NDF Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Chadian–Libyan War">Chadian–Libyan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Yemenite_War" title="Second Yemenite War">Second Yemenite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_seizure" title="Grand Mosque seizure">Grand Mosque seizure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saur_Revolution" title="Saur Revolution">Saur Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_War" title="Sino-Vietnamese War">Sino-Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jewel_Movement" title="New Jewel Movement">New Jewel Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Herat_uprising" title="1979 Herat uprising">1979 Herat uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Days_to_the_River_Rhine" title="Seven Days to the River Rhine">Seven Days to the River Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Struggle_against_political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union">Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Civil_War" title="Salvadoran Civil War">Salvadoran Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1980 Summer Olympics boycott">1980</a> and <a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1984 Summer Olympics boycott">1984 Summer Olympics boycotts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gera_Demands" title="Gera Demands">Gera Demands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Civil_War_of_1980%E2%80%932000" title="Peruvian Civil War of 1980–2000">Peruvian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Agreement" title="Gdańsk Agreement">Gdańsk Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Civil_Wars" title="Eritrean Civil Wars">Eritrean Civil Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1980 Turkish coup d'état">1980 Turkish coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_Bush_War" title="Ugandan Bush War">Ugandan Bush War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Sidra_incident_(1981)" title="Gulf of Sidra incident (1981)">Gulf of Sidra incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Poland" title="Martial law in Poland">Martial law in Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casamance_conflict" title="Casamance conflict">Casamance conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Ethiopian%E2%80%93Somali_Border_War" title="1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War">1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndogboyosoi_War" title="Ndogboyosoi War">Ndogboyosoi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada" title="United States invasion of Grenada">United States invasion of Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Able_Archer_83" title="Able Archer 83">Able Archer 83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Defense_Initiative" title="Strategic Defense Initiative">Star Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Summit_(1985)" title="Geneva Summit (1985)">1985 Geneva Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Rebellion" title="Somali Rebellion">Somali Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk_Summit" title="Reykjavík Summit">Reykjavík Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Black_Sea_incident" title="1986 Black Sea incident">1986 Black Sea incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen_civil_war" title="South Yemen civil war">South Yemen civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyota_War" title="Toyota War">Toyota War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Lieyu_massacre" title="1987 Lieyu massacre">1987 Lieyu massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Denver" title="Operation Denver">Operation Denver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987%E2%80%931989_JVP_insurrection" title="1987–1989 JVP insurrection">1987–1989 JVP insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Resistance_Army_insurgency" title="Lord's Resistance Army insurgency">Lord's Resistance Army insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Black_Sea_bumping_incident" title="1988 Black Sea bumping incident">1988 Black Sea bumping incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8888_Uprising" title="8888 Uprising">8888 Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Solidarity" title="History of Solidarity">Solidarity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Soviet_reaction_to_the_Polish_crisis_of_1980%E2%80%931981" title="Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981">Soviet reaction</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contras" title="Contras">Contras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_crisis" title="Central American crisis">Central American crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_RYAN" title="Operation RYAN">Operation RYAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_007" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 007">Korean Air Lines Flight 007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">People Power Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">Glasnost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bougainville_conflict" title="Bougainville conflict">Bougainville conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First Nagorno-Karabakh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1989%E2%80%931992)" title="Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)">Afghan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">United States invasion of Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Polish_strikes" title="1988 Polish strikes">1988 Polish strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Round_Table_Agreement" title="Polish Round Table Agreement">Polish Round Table Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">Fall of the Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_inner_German_border" title="Fall of the inner German border">Fall of the inner German border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_revolution" title="Romanian revolution">Romanian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_Revolution" title="Peaceful Revolution">Peaceful Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1990" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1990">Mongolian Revolution of 1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Ping_Yu_No._5540_incident" title="Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident">Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Ping_Yu_No._5202" title="Min Ping Yu No. 5202">Min Ping Yu No. 5202</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_unification" title="Yemeni unification">Yemeni unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_communism_in_Albania" title="Fall of communism in Albania">Fall of communism in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_attempt" title="1991 Soviet coup attempt">1991 August Coup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">Dissolution of Czechoslovakia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Frozen_conflict" title="Frozen conflict">Frozen conflicts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia_conflict" title="Abkhazia conflict">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan" title="Political status of Taiwan">China-Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Kosovo" title="Political status of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Ossetian_conflict" title="Georgian–Ossetian conflict">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_War" title="Transnistria War">Transnistria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_border_dispute" title="Sino-Indian border dispute">Sino-Indian border dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_dispute" title="North Borneo dispute">North Borneo dispute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Foreign policy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">Containment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_Doctrine" title="Eisenhower Doctrine">Eisenhower Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">Domino theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallstein_Doctrine" title="Hallstein Doctrine">Hallstein Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Doctrine" title="Kennedy Doctrine">Kennedy Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_coexistence" title="Peaceful coexistence">Peaceful coexistence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostpolitik" title="Ostpolitik">Ostpolitik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Doctrine" title="Johnson Doctrine">Johnson Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_Doctrine" title="Brezhnev Doctrine">Brezhnev Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_Doctrine" title="Nixon Doctrine">Nixon Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulbricht_Doctrine" title="Ulbricht Doctrine">Ulbricht Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_Doctrine" title="Carter Doctrine">Carter Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollback" title="Rollback">Rollback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinmen_Agreement" title="Kinmen Agreement">Kinmen Agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">Chicago school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">American conservatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">Monetarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">Neoclassical economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">Democratic capitalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Fidel_Castro" title="Politics of Fidel Castro">Castroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocommunism" title="Eurocommunism">Eurocommunism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guevarism" title="Guevarism">Guevarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoxhaism" title="Hoxhaism">Hoxhaism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_Thought" title="Ho Chi Minh Thought">Ho Chi Minh Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titoism" title="Titoism">Titoism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultranationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethnic nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo-Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Liberal democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illiberal_democracy" title="Illiberal democracy">Illiberal democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guided_democracy" title="Guided democracy">Guided democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-worldism" title="Third-worldism">Third-worldism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">White nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy#White_separatism" title="White supremacy">White separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">SEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Treaty_Organization" title="Central Treaty Organization">METO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">EEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_and_Non-Aligned_European_States" title="Neutral and Non-Aligned European States">NN States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">SAARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari_Club" title="Safari Club">Safari Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Propaganda</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Pro-communist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_measures" title="Active measures">Active measures</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Izvestia" title="Izvestia">Izvestia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neues_Deutschland" title="Neues Deutschland">Neues Deutschland</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pravda" title="Pravda">Pravda</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Moscow" title="Radio Moscow">Radio Moscow</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rud%C3%A9_pr%C3%A1vo" title="Rudé právo">Rudé právo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trybuna_Ludu" title="Trybuna Ludu">Trybuna Ludu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TASS" title="TASS">TASS</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Russian_Life" title="Russian Life">Soviet Life</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Pro-Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amerika_(magazine)" title="Amerika (magazine)">Amerika</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_for_Freedom" title="Crusade for Freedom">Crusade for Freedom</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paix_et_Libert%C3%A9" title="Paix et Liberté">Paix et Liberté</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Technological<br />competition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_race" title="Arms race">Arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_arms_race" title="Nuclear arms race">Nuclear arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Historians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gar_Alperovitz" title="Gar Alperovitz">Gar Alperovitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Bailey" title="Thomas A. Bailey">Thomas A. Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Beschloss" title="Michael Beschloss">Michael Beschloss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archie_Brown_(historian)" title="Archie Brown (historian)">Archie Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_H._Carroll" title="Warren H. Carroll">Warren H. Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Cioroianu" title="Adrian Cioroianu">Adrian Cioroianu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Costello_(historian)" title="John Costello (historian)">John Costello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Cox_(academic)" title="Michael Cox (academic)">Michael Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_J._Cull" title="Nicholas J. Cull">Nicholas J. Cull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Norman Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Drees" title="Willem Drees">Willem Drees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_D._English" title="Robert D. English">Robert D. English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Feis" title="Herbert Feis">Herbert Feis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hugh_Ferrell" title="Robert Hugh Ferrell">Robert Hugh Ferrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Fontaine" title="André Fontaine">André Fontaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anneli_Ute_Gabanyi" title="Anneli Ute Gabanyi">Anneli Ute Gabanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis_Gaddis" title="John Lewis Gaddis">John Lewis Gaddis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Gardner" title="Lloyd Gardner">Lloyd Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Garton_Ash" title="Timothy Garton Ash">Timothy Garton Ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Gorodetsky" title="Gabriel Gorodetsky">Gabriel Gorodetsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Halliday" title="Fred Halliday">Fred Halliday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jussi_Hanhim%C3%A4ki" title="Jussi Hanhimäki">Jussi Hanhimäki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Earl_Haynes" title="John Earl Haynes">John Earl Haynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_J._Hearden" title="Patrick J. Hearden">Patrick J. Hearden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tvrtko_Jakovina" title="Tvrtko Jakovina">Tvrtko Jakovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Judt" title="Tony Judt">Tony Judt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Klehr" title="Harvey Klehr">Harvey Klehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Kolko" title="Gabriel Kolko">Gabriel Kolko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_LaFeber" title="Walter LaFeber">Walter LaFeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Laqueur" title="Walter Laqueur">Walter Laqueur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melvyn_P._Leffler" title="Melvyn P. Leffler">Melvyn P. Leffler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geir_Lundestad" title="Geir Lundestad">Geir Lundestad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vojtech_Mastny_(historian)" title="Vojtech Mastny (historian)">Vojtech Mastny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_F._Matlock_Jr." title="Jack F. Matlock Jr.">Jack F. Matlock Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._McCormick" title="Thomas J. McCormick">Thomas J. McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Naftali" title="Timothy Naftali">Timothy Naftali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marius_Oprea" title="Marius Oprea">Marius Oprea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_S._Painter" title="David S. Painter">David S. Painter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Pickett" title="William B. Pickett">William B. Pickett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_E._Powaski" title="Ronald E. Powaski">Ronald E. Powaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_M._Rabkin" title="Yakov M. Rabkin">Yakov M. Rabkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._E._Sarotte" title="M. E. Sarotte">M. E. Sarotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Schlesinger_Jr." title="Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.">Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Schrecker" title="Ellen Schrecker">Ellen Schrecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giles_Scott-Smith" title="Giles Scott-Smith">Giles Scott-Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Zhihua" title="Shen Zhihua">Shen Zhihua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Snyder" title="Timothy Snyder">Timothy Snyder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athan_Theoharis" title="Athan Theoharis">Athan Theoharis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Thorpe" title="Andrew Thorpe">Andrew Thorpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Tism%C4%83neanu" title="Vladimir Tismăneanu">Vladimir Tismăneanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Vaughan" title="Patrick Vaughan">Patrick Vaughan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_von_Tunzelmann" title="Alex von Tunzelmann">Alex von Tunzelmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odd_Arne_Westad" title="Odd Arne Westad">Odd Arne Westad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Appleman_Williams" title="William Appleman Williams">William Appleman Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Reed_Winkler" title="Jonathan Reed Winkler">Jonathan Reed Winkler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Winnacker" title="Rudolph Winnacker">Rudolph Winnacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Young" title="Ken Young">Ken Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Espionage and<br />intelligence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Eastern_Bloc_agents_in_the_United_States" title="List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States">List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Soviet espionage in the United States">Soviet espionage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Russian espionage in the United States">Russian espionage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_espionage_in_the_Soviet_Union_and_Russian_Federation" title="American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation">American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_and_the_Cultural_Cold_War" title="CIA and the Cultural Cold War">CIA and the Cultural Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI5" title="MI5">MI5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI6" title="MI6">MI6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_regime_change" title="United States involvement in regime change">United States involvement in regime change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_involvement_in_regime_change" title="Soviet involvement in regime change">Soviet involvement in regime change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Soviet Union)">MVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stasi" title="Stasi">Stasi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War">Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Soviet Union–United States relations">Soviet Union–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_summits" title="List of Soviet Union–United States summits">Soviet Union–United States summits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Russia–NATO relations">Russia–NATO relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brinkmanship#Cold_War" title="Brinkmanship">Brinkmanship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Cold_War" title="Second Cold War">Second Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cold_War" title="Category:Cold War">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_related_to_the_Cold_War" title="List of conflicts related to the Cold War">List of conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Cold_War" title="Timeline of the Cold War">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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