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Laotian Civil War subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Chronology_of_the_Laotian_Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1945:_Prelude_to_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1945:_Prelude_to_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 1945: Prelude to war </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1945:_Prelude_to_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1946:_French_return;_Vietnamese_arrive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1946:_French_return;_Vietnamese_arrive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 1946: French return; Vietnamese arrive </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1946:_French_return;_Vietnamese_arrive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1947–1952:_Build-up_of_forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1947–1952:_Build-up_of_forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 1947–1952: Build-up of forces </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1947–1952:_Build-up_of_forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1953–1954:_First_North_Vietnamese_invasion_and_French_defeat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1953–1954:_First_North_Vietnamese_invasion_and_French_defeat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 1953–1954: First North Vietnamese invasion and French defeat </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1953–1954:_First_North_Vietnamese_invasion_and_French_defeat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1955–1958:_The_lull" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1955–1958:_The_lull"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 1955–1958: The lull </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1955–1958:_The_lull-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1959:_Second_North_Vietnamese_invasion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1959:_Second_North_Vietnamese_invasion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 1959: Second North Vietnamese invasion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1959:_Second_North_Vietnamese_invasion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1960:_The_neutralist_coup" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1960:_The_neutralist_coup"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 1960: The neutralist coup </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1960:_The_neutralist_coup-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1961:_Superpowers'_involvement_deepens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1961:_Superpowers'_involvement_deepens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 1961: Superpowers' involvement deepens </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1961:_Superpowers'_involvement_deepens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1962:_Disaster_and_a_new_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1962:_Disaster_and_a_new_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 1962: Disaster and a new government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1962:_Disaster_and_a_new_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1963:_Stasis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1963:_Stasis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.10 1963: Stasis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1963:_Stasis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1964–1965:_Escalation_and_U.S._Air_Force_involvement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1964–1965:_Escalation_and_U.S._Air_Force_involvement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.11 1964–1965: Escalation and U.S. Air Force involvement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1964–1965:_Escalation_and_U.S._Air_Force_involvement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Operations_Steel_Tiger_and_Tiger_Hound" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operations_Steel_Tiger_and_Tiger_Hound"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.11.1 Operations Steel Tiger and Tiger Hound </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operations_Steel_Tiger_and_Tiger_Hound-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1966–1967" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1966–1967"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.12 1966–1967 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1966–1967-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1968:_Royal_Lao_Army_neutralized" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1968:_Royal_Lao_Army_neutralized"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.13 1968: Royal Lao Army neutralized </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1968:_Royal_Lao_Army_neutralized-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1969–1972" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1969–1972"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.14 1969–1972 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1969–1972-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1973–1974" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1973–1974"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.15 1973–1974 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1973–1974-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fall_of_Vientiane" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fall_of_Vientiane"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.16 Fall of Vientiane </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fall_of_Vientiane-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evacuation_of_the_Hmong" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evacuation_of_the_Hmong"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Evacuation of the Hmong </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evacuation_of_the_Hmong-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Aftermath </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Aftermath subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Unexploded_bombs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unexploded_bombs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Unexploded bombs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unexploded_bombs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plight_of_Hmong_and_other_U.S.-allied_veterans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plight_of_Hmong_and_other_U.S.-allied_veterans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Plight of Hmong and other U.S.-allied veterans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plight_of_Hmong_and_other_U.S.-allied_veterans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memorial_in_the_US" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memorial_in_the_US"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Memorial in the US </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memorial_in_the_US-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Government_documents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_documents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Government documents </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_documents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Histories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Histories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Histories </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Histories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memoirs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memoirs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Memoirs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memoirs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Secondary sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Laotian Civil War</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" > 40 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%87%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الحرب الأهلية اللاوسية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الحرب الأهلية اللاوسية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laosda_v%C9%99t%C9%99nda%C5%9F_m%C3%BCharib%C9%99si" title="Laosda vətəndaş müharibəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Laosda vətəndaş müharibəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%86_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="لائوس ایچ ساواشی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="لائوس ایچ ساواشی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%9E_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5" title="Грамадзянская вайна ў Лаосе – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Грамадзянская вайна ў Лаосе" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_Civil_laosiana" title="Guerra Civil laosiana – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Guerra Civil laosiana" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ob%C4%8Dansk%C3%A1_v%C3%A1lka_v_Laosu" title="Občanská válka v Laosu – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Občanská válka v Laosu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhyfel_Cartref_Laos" title="Rhyfel Cartref Laos – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rhyfel Cartref Laos" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borgerkrigen_i_Laos" title="Borgerkrigen i Laos – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Borgerkrigen i Laos" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laotischer_B%C3%BCrgerkrieg" title="Laotischer Bürgerkrieg – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Laotischer Bürgerkrieg" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laose_kodus%C3%B5da" title="Laose kodusõda – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Laose kodusõda" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_civil_de_Laos" title="Guerra civil de Laos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Guerra civil de Laos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laosa_Enlanda_Milito" title="Laosa Enlanda Milito – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Laosa Enlanda Milito" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C_%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%B3" title="جنگ داخلی لائوس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنگ داخلی لائوس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerre_civile_laotienne" title="Guerre civile laotienne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Guerre civile laotienne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9D%BC%EC%98%A4%EC%8A%A4_%EB%82%B4%EC%A0%84" title="라오스 내전 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="라오스 내전" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laotian_Civil_War" title="Laotian Civil War – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Laotian Civil War" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%A1%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%AB_%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Լաոսի քաղաքացիական պատերազմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լաոսի քաղաքացիական պատերազմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lao%C5%A1ki_gra%C4%91anski_rat" title="Laoški građanski rat – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Laoški građanski rat" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Saudara_Laos" title="Perang Saudara Laos – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perang Saudara Laos" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_civile_in_Laos" title="Guerra civile in Laos – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guerra civile in Laos" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%87%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B7%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A7" title="ສົງຄາມກາງເມືອງລາວ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ສົງຄາມກາງເມືອງລາວ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laosas_pilso%C5%86u_kar%C5%A1" title="Laosas pilsoņu karš – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Laosas pilsoņu karš" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Saudara_Laos" title="Perang Saudara Laos – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perang Saudara Laos" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laotiaanse_Burgeroorlog" title="Laotiaanse Burgeroorlog – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Laotiaanse Burgeroorlog" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%82%AA%E3%82%B9%E5%86%85%E6%88%A6" title="ラオス内戦 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ラオス内戦" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borgerkrigen_i_Laos" title="Borgerkrigen i Laos – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Borgerkrigen i Laos" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Civil War in Laos from 1959 to 1975</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Laotian Civil War</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Indochina_Wars" title="Indochina Wars">Indochina Wars</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Zones_bombard%C3%A9es_par_l%27Arm%C3%A9e_am%C3%A9ricaine_au_Laos_de_1964_%C3%A0_1973.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Zones_bombard%C3%A9es_par_l%27Arm%C3%A9e_am%C3%A9ricaine_au_Laos_de_1964_%C3%A0_1973.JPG/300px-Zones_bombard%C3%A9es_par_l%27Arm%C3%A9e_am%C3%A9ricaine_au_Laos_de_1964_%C3%A0_1973.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="432" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/Zones_bombard%C3%A9es_par_l%27Arm%C3%A9e_am%C3%A9ricaine_au_Laos_de_1964_%C3%A0_1973.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="411" data-file-height="592" /></a> Areas of <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a> controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Pathet_Lao" title="Pathet Lao">Pathet Lao</a> and bombed by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a> in support of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Laos" title="Kingdom of Laos">Kingdom of Laos</a>.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>23 May 1959 – 2 December 1975 (16 years, 6 months, 1 week and 2 days)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Laos" title="Kingdom of Laos">Laos</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <a href="/wiki/Pathet_Lao" title="Pathet Lao">Pathet Lao</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnamese</a> victory <ul><li>Establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Lao People's Democratic Republic</a></li> <li>End of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Laos" title="Kingdom of Laos">Kingdom of Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Laos" title="Insurgency in Laos">Small scale insurgency</a> by anti-<a href="/wiki/Pathet_Lao" title="Pathet Lao">Pathet Lao</a> factions</li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/23px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/35px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/45px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Pathet_Lao" title="Pathet Lao">Pathet Lao</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281955%E2%80%931976%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281955%E2%80%931976%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281955%E2%80%931976%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281955%E2%80%931976%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281955%E2%80%931976%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281955%E2%80%931976%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /> <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a> <a href="/wiki/Forces_Arm%C3%A9es_Neutralistes" title="Forces Armées Neutralistes">Neutralists</a> (1960–1962) Communist Neutralists (1963–1969)</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Laos" title="Kingdom of Laos">Kingdom of Laos</a> <a href="/wiki/Forces_Arm%C3%A9es_Neutralistes" title="Forces Armées Neutralistes">Neutralists</a> (1962–1966) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a> (until 1975) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/23px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/35px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/45px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Souphanouvong" title="Souphanouvong">Souphanouvong</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/23px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/35px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/45px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kaysone_Phomvihane" title="Kaysone Phomvihane">Kaysone Phomvihane</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/23px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/35px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/45px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Phoumi_Vongvichit" title="Phoumi Vongvichit">Phoumi Vongvichit</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/23px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/35px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/45px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Deuane_Sunnalath" title="Deuane Sunnalath">Deuane Sunnalath</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/23px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/35px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/45px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Nouhak_Phoumsavanh" title="Nouhak Phoumsavanh">Nouhak Phoumsavanh</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_Ch%C3%AD_Minh" class="mw-redirect" title="Hồ Chí Minh">Hồ Chí Minh</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/T%C3%B4n_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_Th%E1%BA%AFng" title="Tôn Đức Thắng">Tôn Đức Thắng</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_Chinh" title="Trường Chinh">Trường Chinh</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281955%E2%80%931976%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281955%E2%80%931976%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281955%E2%80%931976%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281955%E2%80%931976%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281955%E2%80%931976%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281955%E2%80%931976%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /> <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_Du%E1%BA%A9n" title="Lê Duẩn">Lê Duẩn</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%A1m_V%C4%83n_%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng" title="Phạm Văn Đồng">Phạm Văn Đồng</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_Th%E1%BB%8D" title="Lê Đức Thọ">Lê Đức Thọ</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281955%E2%80%931976%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281955%E2%80%931976%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281955%E2%80%931976%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281955%E2%80%931976%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281955%E2%80%931976%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281955%E2%80%931976%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /> <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B5_Nguy%C3%AAn_Gi%C3%A1p" title="Võ Nguyên Giáp">Võ Nguyên Giáp</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_Tr%E1%BB%8Dng_T%E1%BA%A5n" title="Lê Trọng Tấn">Lê Trọng Tấn</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/V%C4%83n_Ti%E1%BA%BFn_D%C5%A9ng" title="Văn Tiến Dũng">Văn Tiến Dũng</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Sisavang_Vatthana" title="Sisavang Vatthana">Sisavang Vatthana</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Souvanna_Phouma" title="Souvanna Phouma">Souvanna Phouma</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Phoumi_Nosavan" title="Phoumi Nosavan">Phoumi Nosavan</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Vang_Pao" title="Vang Pao">Vang Pao</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Boun_Oum" title="Boun Oum">Boun Oum</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kong_Le" title="Kong Le">Kong Le</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Robert_McNamara" title="Robert McNamara">Robert McNamara</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Clark_Clifford" title="Clark Clifford">Clark Clifford</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Laird" title="Melvin Laird">Melvin Laird</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Sarit_Thanarat" title="Sarit Thanarat">Sarit Thanarat</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Thanom_Kittikachorn" title="Thanom Kittikachorn">Thanom Kittikachorn</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/23px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/35px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/45px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> 8,000 (1960)<a href="#cite_note-REF1-1">[1]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/23px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/35px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/45px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> 48,000 (1970)<a href="#cite_note-REF1-1">[1]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> 10,000+ (1970)</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> 50,000 soldiers (1954)<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> 17,000−21,000 mercenaries (1962)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEly199370-3">[3]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> 19,000–23,000 <a href="/wiki/Hmong_people" title="Hmong people">Hmong</a> militiamen (1964)<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/23px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/35px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/45px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Unknown <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> c. 42,000 dead<a href="#cite_note-chuyen-5">[5]</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> 15,000 dead<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"> 20,000–62,000 total dead<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Laotian_Civil_War" title="Template:Campaignbox Laotian Civil War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Laotian_Civil_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Laotian Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Laotian_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Laotian Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Military_engagements_of_the_Laotian_Civil_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Military engagements of the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Laotian Civil War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/North_Vietnamese_invasion_of_Laos" title="North Vietnamese invasion of Laos">North Vietnamese invasion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Project_Hotfoot_(Laos)" title="Project Hotfoot (Laos)">Hotfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Laotian_coups" title="1960 Laotian coups">1960 Laotian coups</a> (<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vientiane" title="Battle of Vientiane">Battle of Vientiane</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ban_Pa_Dong" title="Battle of Ban Pa Dong">Battle of Ban Pa Dong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Luang_Namtha" title="Battle of Luang Namtha">Battle of Luang Namtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Momentum" title="Operation Momentum">Momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Pincushion" title="Operation Pincushion">Pincushion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lak_Sao" title="Battle of Lak Sao">Battle of Lak Sao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Hardnose" title="Operation Hardnose">Hardnose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wapi_Project" title="Wapi Project">Wapi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Laotian_coups" title="1964 Laotian coups">1964 Laotian coups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Triangle" title="Operation Triangle">Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unity_(military_operation)" title="Unity (military operation)">Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_Laotian_coups" title="1965 Laotian coups">1965 Laotian coups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Star_(Laos)" title="Operation Star (Laos)">Star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nam_Bac" title="Battle of Nam Bac">Battle of Nam Bac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Nakhang" title="Battles of Nakhang">Battles of Nakhang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Laotian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Laotian coup d'état">1966 Laotian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ban_Naden_raid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ban Naden raid">Ban Naden raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Opium_War" title="1967 Opium War">1967 Opium War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Team_Sone_Pet" title="Team Sone Pet">Sone Pet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ban_Houei_Sane" title="Battle of Ban Houei Sane">Battle of Ban Houei Sane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lima_Site_85" title="Battle of Lima Site 85">Battle of Lima Site 85</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Pigfat" title="Operation Pigfat">Pigfat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Junction_City_Jr." title="Operation Junction City Jr.">Junction City Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_Toan_Thang" title="Campaign Toan Thang">Toan Thang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Left_Jab" title="Operation Left Jab">Left Jab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Off_Balance" title="Operation Off Balance">Off Balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kou_Kiet" title="Kou Kiet">About Face</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_139" title="Campaign 139">139</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Diamond_Arrow" title="Operation Diamond Arrow">Diamond Arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Snake_Eyes" title="Operation Snake Eyes">Snake Eyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Maeng_Da" title="Operation Maeng Da">Maeng Da</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Honorable_Dragon" title="Operation Honorable Dragon">Honorable Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tailwind" title="Operation Tailwind">Tailwind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Counterpunch" title="Operation Counterpunch">Counterpunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tchepone_Operation" title="Tchepone Operation">Tchepone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Copper" title="Project Copper">Copper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Silver_Buckle" title="Operation Silver Buckle">Silver Buckle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_74B" title="Campaign 74B">74B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Lam_Son_719" title="Operation Lam Son 719">Lam Son 719</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Desert_Rat" title="Operation Desert Rat">Desert Rat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Xieng_Dong" title="Operation Xieng Dong">Xien Dong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Phoutah" title="Operation Phoutah">Phoutah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Phiboonpol" title="Operation Phiboonpol">Phiboonpol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Sayasila" title="Operation Sayasila">Sayasila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phou_Khao_Kham" title="Phou Khao Kham">Phou Khao Kham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Sourisak_Montry_VIII" title="Operation Sourisak Montry VIII">Sourisak Montry VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bedrock_(Laos)" title="Operation Bedrock (Laos)">Bedrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Thao_La" title="Operation Thao La">Thao La</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_Z" title="Campaign Z">Z</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Maharat" title="Operation Maharat">Maharat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Sinsay" title="Operation Sinsay">Sinsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Strength_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Strength I">Strength I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Strength_II" title="Operation Strength II">Strength II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Fa_Ngum" title="Operation Fa Ngum">Fa Ngum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Black_Lion" title="Operation Black Lion">Black Lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Phou_Phiang_II" title="Operation Phou Phiang II">Phou Phiang II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Black_Lion_III" title="Operation Black Lion III">Black Lion III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_972" title="Campaign 972">972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Maharat_II" title="Operation Maharat II">Maharat II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Phou_Phiang_III" title="Operation Phou Phiang III">Phou Phiang III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Laotian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1973 Laotian coup d'état attempt">1973 Laotian coup d'état attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hin_Heup_massacre" title="Hin Heup massacre">Hin Heup</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Aerial_warfare#Vietnam_War" title="Aerial warfare">Air operations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Booster_Shot" title="Operation Booster Shot">Booster Shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Millpond" title="Operation Millpond">Millpond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Barrel_Roll" title="Operation Barrel Roll">Barrel Roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Steel_Tiger" title="Operation Steel Tiger">Steel Tiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Pony_Express" title="Operation Pony Express">Pony Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tiger_Hound" title="Operation Tiger Hound">Tiger Hound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_404" title="Project 404">Project 404</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Commando_Hunt" title="Operation Commando Hunt">Commando Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Raindance" title="Operation Raindance">Raindance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Menu" title="Operation Menu">Menu</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> The Laotian Civil War was waged between the Communist <a href="/wiki/Pathet_Lao" title="Pathet Lao">Pathet Lao</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Lao_Government" title="Royal Lao Government">Royal Lao Government</a> from 23 May 1959 to 2 December 1975. The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Laos" title="Kingdom of Laos">Kingdom of Laos</a> was a covert <a href="/wiki/Theatre_(warfare)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatre (warfare)">theater</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> with both sides receiving heavy external support in a <a href="/wiki/Proxy_war" title="Proxy war">proxy war</a> between the global <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> superpowers. The fighting also involved the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam" title="People's Army of Vietnam">North Vietnamese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Republic_of_Vietnam" title="Army of the Republic of Vietnam">South Vietnamese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military_Assistance_Command_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Military Assistance Command Vietnam">American</a> and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_Armed_Forces" title="Royal Thai Armed Forces">Thai</a> armies, both directly and through irregular proxies. The war is known as the Secret War among the American <a href="/wiki/Special_Activities_Center" title="Special Activities Center">CIA Special Activities Center</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hmong_people" title="Hmong people">Hmong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iu_Mien_people" title="Iu Mien people">Mien</a> veterans of the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> The Franco–Lao Treaty of Amity and Association (signed 22 October 1953) transferred remaining French powers to the Royal Lao Government (except control of military affairs), establishing Laos as an independent member of the <a href="/wiki/French_Union" title="French Union">French Union</a>. However, this government did not include representatives from the <a href="/wiki/Lao_Issara" title="Lao Issara">Lao Issara</a> anti-colonial armed nationalist movement.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> The following years were marked by a rivalry between the neutralists under Prince <a href="/wiki/Souvanna_Phouma" title="Souvanna Phouma">Souvanna Phouma</a>, the right wing under Prince <a href="/wiki/Boun_Oum" title="Boun Oum">Boun Oum</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Champasak" title="Kingdom of Champasak">Champassak</a>, and the left-wing Lao Patriotic Front under <a href="/wiki/Prince_Souphanouvong" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Souphanouvong">Prince Souphanouvong</a> and half-Vietnamese future Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Kaysone_Phomvihane" title="Kaysone Phomvihane">Kaysone Phomvihane</a>. Several attempts were made to establish coalition governments, and a "tri-coalition" government was finally seated in <a href="/wiki/Vientiane" title="Vientiane">Vientiane</a>. The North Vietnamese Army, in collaboration with the Pathet Lao, <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnamese_invasion_of_Laos" title="North Vietnamese invasion of Laos">invaded Laos in 1958 and 1959</a>, occupying the east of the country to use for its <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_Trail" class="mw-redirect" title="Ho Chi Minh Trail">Ho Chi Minh Trail</a> supply corridor and as a staging area for offensives into South Vietnam. There were two major theatres of the war, one for control over the Laotian Panhandle and the other was fought around the northern <a href="/wiki/Plain_of_Jars" title="Plain of Jars">Plain of Jars</a>. From 1961 onward, the US trained <a href="/wiki/Hmong_people" title="Hmong people">Hmong tribesmen</a> to disrupt North Vietnamese operations and in 1964, the US began <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barrel_Roll" title="Operation Barrel Roll">bombing North Vietnamese supply routes</a>. The North Vietnamese and Pathet Lao eventually emerged victorious in December 1975, following from North Vietnam's final victory over South Vietnam in <a href="/wiki/1975_spring_offensive" title="1975 spring offensive">April 1975</a>. After the communist takeover in Laos, up to 300,000 people fled to neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>,<a href="#cite_note-The_Black_Book_of_Communism-12">[12]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hmong_people" title="Hmong people">Hmong</a> rebels began an insurgency against the new government. The Hmong were persecuted as traitors and "lackeys" of the Americans, with the government and its Vietnamese allies carrying out human rights abuses against Hmong civilians. The incipient conflict between <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> and <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> also played a role with Hmong rebels being accused of receiving support from China. Over 40,000 people died in the <a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Laos" title="Insurgency in Laos">conflict</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Lao_royal_family" title="Lao royal family">Lao royal family</a> were arrested by the Pathet Lao and sent to labor camps, where most of them died in the late 1970s and 1980s, including King <a href="/wiki/Savang_Vatthana" class="mw-redirect" title="Savang Vatthana">Savang Vatthana</a>, Queen <a href="/wiki/Khamphoui" title="Khamphoui">Khamphoui</a> and Crown Prince <a href="/wiki/Vong_Savang" title="Vong Savang">Vong Savang</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Laotian_Civil_War&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output 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3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Laos" title="Category:History of Laos">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Laos" title="History of Laos">History of Laos</a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><a href="/wiki/File:Pha_That_Luang,_Vientiane,_Laos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Pha_That_Luang%2C_Vientiane%2C_Laos.jpg/180px-Pha_That_Luang%2C_Vientiane%2C_Laos.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Pha_That_Luang%2C_Vientiane%2C_Laos.jpg/270px-Pha_That_Luang%2C_Vientiane%2C_Laos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Pha_That_Luang%2C_Vientiane%2C_Laos.jpg/360px-Pha_That_Luang%2C_Vientiane%2C_Laos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="664" /></a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee"> Muang city-states era</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Muang_Sua" title="Muang Sua">Muang Sua</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 698–1353</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee"> Lan Xang era</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Lan_Xang" title="Lan Xang">Lan Xang</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1353–1707</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee"> Regional kingdoms era</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Vientiane" title="Kingdom of Vientiane">Kingdom of Vientiane</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1707–1828</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Luang_Phrabang" title="Kingdom of Luang Phrabang">Kingdom of Luang Phrabang</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1707–1893</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Muang_Phuan" title="Muang Phuan">Muang Phuan</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1707–1899</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Champasak" title="Kingdom of Champasak">Kingdom of Champasak</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1713–1904</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee"> Colonial era</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Lao_rebellion_(1826%E2%80%9328)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lao rebellion (1826–28)">Lao rebellion</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1826–1828</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Haw_wars" title="Haw wars">Haw wars</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1865–1890</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1893_Franco-Siamese_crisis" title="1893 Franco-Siamese crisis">Franco-Siamese crisis</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1893</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/French_Protectorate_of_Laos" class="mw-redirect" title="French Protectorate of Laos">French Protectorate of Laos</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1893–1953</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Franco-Thai_War" title="Franco-Thai War">Franco-Thai War</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1940–1941</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Luang_Prabang_(Japanese_puppet_state)" title="Kingdom of Luang Prabang (Japanese puppet state)">Japanese puppet state</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1945</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Lao_Issara" title="Lao Issara">Free Lao Movement (Lao Issara)</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1945–1949</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee"> Independent era</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Laos" title="Kingdom of Laos">Kingdom of Laos</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1946–1975</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Laotian Civil War</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1953–1975</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnamese_invasion_of_Laos" title="North Vietnamese invasion of Laos">North Vietnamese invasion of Laos</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1958–1959</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Laos" title="Insurgency in Laos">Anti-Communist Insurgency</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1975–2007</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Laos_since_1945#Communist_Laos_(1975–1991)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Laos since 1945">Lao People's Democratic Republic</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1975–1991</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Laos_since_1945#Contemporary_Laos_(1991–present)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Laos since 1945">Laos after Soviet dominance</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1991–present</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee"> See also</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Laos" title="History of Laos">History of Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Isan" title="History of Isan">History of Isan</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Laos" title="Template:History of Laos"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Laos" title="Template talk:History of Laos"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Laos" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Laos"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The 1954 <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conference_(1954)" class="mw-redirect" title="Geneva Conference (1954)">Geneva Conference</a> established Laotian neutrality. The <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam" title="People's Army of Vietnam">People's Army of Vietnam</a> (PAVN), however, continued to operate in both northern and southeastern Laos. There were repeated attempts from 1954 onward to force the North Vietnamese out of Laos, but regardless of any agreements or concessions, <a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a> had no intention of withdrawing from the country or abandoning its Laotian communist allies. North Vietnam established the <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_trail" title="Ho Chi Minh trail">Ho Chi Minh trail</a> as a paved highway in southeast Laos paralleling the Vietnamese border. The trail was designed to transport North Vietnamese troops and supplies to <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a>, as well as to aid the <a href="/wiki/National_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_South_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam">National Liberation Front</a> (Viet Cong). North Vietnam also had a sizable military effort in northern Laos, while sponsoring and maintaining an indigenous communist rebellion, the Pathet Lao, to put pressure on the Royal Lao Government. The U.S. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> (CIA), in an attempt to disrupt these operations in northern Laos without direct military involvement, responded by training a guerrilla force of about thirty thousand Laotian hill tribesmen, mostly local <a href="/wiki/Hmong_people" title="Hmong people">Hmong</a> (Meo) tribesmen along with the <a href="/wiki/Yao_people" title="Yao people">Mien</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khmu_people" title="Khmu people">Khmu</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Royal_Lao_Army" title="Royal Lao Army">Royal Lao Army</a> General <a href="/wiki/Vang_Pao" title="Vang Pao">Vang Pao</a>, a Hmong military leader. This army, supported by the CIA proprietary airline <a href="/wiki/Air_America_(airline)" title="Air America (airline)">Air America</a>, Thailand, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Lao_Air_Force" title="Royal Lao Air Force">Royal Lao Air Force</a>, and a covert air operation directed by the United States ambassador to Laos, fought the People's Army of Vietnam, the National Liberation Front (NLF), and their Pathet Lao allies to a seesaw stalemate, greatly aiding U.S. interests in the war in Vietnam. The status of the war in the north throughout the year generally depended on the weather. As the <a href="/wiki/Dry_season" title="Dry season">dry season</a> started, in November or December, so did North Vietnamese military operations, as fresh troops and supplies flowed down out of North Vietnam on newly passable routes, either down from <a href="/wiki/Dien_Bien_Phu" class="mw-redirect" title="Dien Bien Phu">Dien Bien Phu</a>, across <a href="/wiki/Phong_Saly_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Phong Saly Province">Phong Saly Province</a> on all-weather highways, or on Route 7 through Ban Ban, Laos on the northeast corner of the <a href="/wiki/Plain_of_Jars" title="Plain of Jars">Plain of Jars</a>. The CIA's covert operation's clandestine army would give way, harrying the PAVN and Pathet Lao as they retreated; <a href="/wiki/Raven_Forward_Air_Controllers" title="Raven Forward Air Controllers">Raven Forward Air Controllers</a> would direct massive air strikes against the communists by <a href="/wiki/USAF" class="mw-redirect" title="USAF">USAF</a> jets and <a href="/wiki/RLAF" class="mw-redirect" title="RLAF">RLAF</a> <a href="/wiki/T-28_Trojan" class="mw-redirect" title="T-28 Trojan">T-28s</a> to prevent the capture of the Laotian capitals of <a href="/wiki/Vientiane" title="Vientiane">Vientiane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luang_Prabang" title="Luang Prabang">Luang Prabang</a>. When the <a href="/wiki/Rainy_season" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainy season">rainy season</a> six months later rendered North Vietnamese supply lines impassable, the Vietnamese communists would recede toward Vietnam. The war in the southeastern <a href="/wiki/Salient_(geography)" title="Salient (geography)">panhandle</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_trail" title="Ho Chi Minh trail">Ho Chi Minh Trail</a> was primarily a massive air interdiction program by the USAF and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> because political constraints kept the trail safe from ground assault from South Vietnam. Raven FACs also directed air strikes in the southeast. Other <a href="/wiki/Forward_Air_Control" class="mw-redirect" title="Forward Air Control">Forward Air Controllers</a> from South Vietnam, such as Covey FACs from the <a href="/wiki/20th_Tactical_Air_Support_Squadron" class="mw-redirect" title="20th Tactical Air Support Squadron">20th Tactical Air Support Squadron</a> and Nail FACs from the <a href="/wiki/23rd_Tactical_Air_Support_Squadron" class="mw-redirect" title="23rd Tactical Air Support Squadron">23rd Tactical Air Support Squadron</a>, also directed strikes. Other air strikes were planned ahead. Overall coordination of the air campaign was directed by an <a href="/wiki/Airborne_early_warning_and_control" title="Airborne early warning and control">Airborne Command and Control Center</a>, such as those deployed in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Igloo_White#Operations_in_Laos" title="Operation Igloo White">Operation Igloo White</a>. The existence of the conflict in Laos was sometimes reported in the U.S., and described in press reports as the CIA's "Secret War in Laos" because details were largely unavailable due to official government denials that the war existed. The denials were seen as necessary considering that the North Vietnamese government and the U.S. had both signed agreements specifying the neutrality of Laos. U.S. involvement was considered necessary because <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a> had effectively gained control over a large part of the country. Despite these denials, however, the civil war was the largest U.S. <a href="/wiki/Covert_operation" title="Covert operation">covert operation</a> prior to the <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a>, with areas of Laos controlled by North Vietnam subjected to years of intense U.S. aerial bombardment, representing the heaviest bombing campaign in history.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Overshadowing it all was the struggle of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, with the United States' policy of the <a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">containment</a> of communism and the policies of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> and the Soviet Union of spreading communism via subversion and insurgency. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chronology_of_the_Laotian_Civil_War">Chronology of the Laotian Civil War</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Laotian_Civil_War&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Chronology of the Laotian Civil War">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_military_operations_of_the_Laotian_Civil_War" title="List of military operations of the Laotian Civil War">List of military operations of the Laotian Civil War</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Laos_since_1945" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Laos since 1945">History of Laos since 1945</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1945:_Prelude_to_war">1945: Prelude to war</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Laotian_Civil_War&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1945: Prelude to war">edit</a>]</div> The end of World War II left Laos in political chaos. The French, who had been displaced from their protectorate by the Japanese, wanted to resume control of Laos, and sponsored guerrilla forces to regain control. The Japanese had proclaimed Laos independent even as they lost the war. Though King <a href="/wiki/Sisavang_Vong" title="Sisavang Vong">Sisavang Vong</a> thought Laos was too small for independence, he had proclaimed the end of the French protectorate status while simultaneously favoring the French return. He let it be known he would accept independence if it should occur. Thus there was a nascent movement for independence amid the turmoil. Underlying all this was a strong undercurrent of Vietnamese involvement. Sixty percent of the population of Laos' six urban areas were Vietnamese, with the Vietnamese holding key positions in the civil bureaucracies and the police. Since the 1930s the <a href="/wiki/Indochinese_Communist_Party" title="Indochinese Communist Party">Indochinese Communist Party</a> had established wholly Vietnamese cells in Laos. Prince <a href="/wiki/Phetsarath_Ratanavongsa" title="Phetsarath Ratanavongsa">Phetsarath Ratanavongsa</a>, as Viceroy and Prime Minister, established the Lao royal treasury account with the Indochinese treasury in Hanoi in an attempt to establish a functional economy.<a href="#cite_note-lcweb2.loc.gov-18">[18]</a> French commandos parachuted into Laos beginning in 1945 to organize guerrilla forces. By November, they had formed the guerrillas into four light infantry battalions of the newly founded French Union Army.<a href="#cite_note-War_in_Laos-19">[19]</a> The officers and sergeants of the new Lao battalions were French.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-20">[20]</a> In October 1945, a Lao nationalist movement called <a href="/wiki/Lao_Issara" title="Lao Issara">Lao Issara</a> (Free Laos) was founded as a new government for Laos. Among Lao Issara's prominent members were three European-educated princes; brothers <a href="/wiki/Phetsarath_Ratanavongsa" title="Phetsarath Ratanavongsa">Phetsarath Ratanavongsa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Souvanna_Phouma" title="Souvanna Phouma">Souvanna Phouma</a>, and their half brother, <a href="/wiki/Souphanouvong" title="Souphanouvong">Souphanouvong</a>. The former became the titular founder of Lao Issara. Souphanouvong became commander in chief, as well as minister of foreign affairs.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated7-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-22">[22]</a> Souvanna Phouma became minister of public works.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-20">[20]</a> Independence began with an uprising of the Vietnamese residents in <a href="/wiki/Savannakhet" title="Savannakhet">Savannakhet</a>. Prince Souphanouvong took command of a band of partisans armed with weapons looted from the local militia. The band moved northward to the administrative capitol of Vientiane with its provisional revolutionary government. Souphanouvong then urged the signing of a military cooperation treaty with the newly established North Vietnamese communist government, which was done. The French military mission was escorted out of Laos into Thailand by a contingent of Chinese troops.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-22">[22]</a> However, the Lao Issara never gained more than a tenuous hold on the entirety of Laos. Roving <a href="/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Viet Minh</a> detachments ruled the northeast, but the Viet Minh declined to aid the new government. Chinese troops,<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> including the <a href="/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Army" title="National Revolutionary Army">Chinese Nationalist</a> 93rd Division,<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> occupied cities as far south as Luang Prabang. The French-sponsored guerrillas controlled the southern provinces of Savannakhet and <a href="/wiki/Khammouan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khammouan">Khammouan</a>. Prince <a href="/wiki/Boun_Oum" title="Boun Oum">Boun Oum</a>, who sympathized with the French, occupied the rest of the southern panhandle.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-25">[25]</a> For these, and other reasons, Lao Issara could not hold the country against the returning French colonial government and its troops. The French negotiated a Chinese withdrawal from Laos prior to their own return, removing them from the field. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1946:_French_return;_Vietnamese_arrive">1946: French return; Vietnamese arrive</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Laotian_Civil_War&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1946: French return; Vietnamese arrive">edit</a>]</div> In January 1946, the French began the reconquest of Laos by sweeping the Bolovens Plateau.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-20">[20]</a> They had organized six battalions of light infantry, to which they added a minor force of French troops.<a href="#cite_note-War_in_Laos-19">[19]</a> On 21 March 1946, Souphanouvong and his largely Vietnamese force fought the French Union troops at Savannakhet, to no avail; the attackers mustered paratroopers, artillery, armored cars, and Spitfire fighter-bombers. The Lao Issara troops suffered 700 killed.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-25">[25]</a> They fled, leaving behind 250 bodies and 150 prisoners.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-20">[20]</a> On 24 April, the French dropped a paratroop battalion on the outskirts of Vientiane, and took the city without resistance. On 9 May, they repeated their airborne tactics with a drop outside Luang Prabang.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-20">[20]</a> This was coupled with a thrust to the north by the French forces, from Vientiane to Luang Prabang, that chased Phetsarath Ratanavongsa and the Lao Issara ministers out of Laos. The king reinstated the French rule by repudiating his actions that had been pressured from him by the Japanese, Chinese, and Lao Issara. By September 1946, the Lao Issara had been defeated and had fled to exile in Bangkok.<a href="#cite_note-lcweb2.loc.gov-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-25">[25]</a> One of its splinter groups, led by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thao_O_Anourack&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thao O Anourack (page does not exist)">Thao O Anourack</a>, fled to Hanoi. There he allied himself with two men trusted by <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho Chi Minh</a>; <a href="/wiki/Nouhak_Phoumsavanh" title="Nouhak Phoumsavanh">Nouhak Phoumsavanh</a> was Vietnamese, and <a href="/wiki/Kaysone_Phomvihane" title="Kaysone Phomvihane">Kaysone Phomvihane</a> was Vietnamese-Lao. These three men founded the military movement that would become the Pathet Lao (Land of Laos). Thao O Anourack established the initial Pathet Lao base at <a href="/wiki/Con_Cuong" class="mw-redirect" title="Con Cuong">Con Cuong</a>, Vietnam. Kaysone Phomvihane organized the first detachment of the new force. By the end of 1946, at least 500 Viet Minh agents had crossed into Laos.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1947–1952:_Build-up_of_forces">1947–1952: Build-up of forces</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Laotian_Civil_War&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1947–1952: Build-up of forces">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Royal_Lao_Army" title="Royal Lao Army">Royal Lao Army</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pathet_Lao" title="Pathet Lao">Pathet Lao</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anti-aircraft-troops-of-the-Laotian-Peoples-Liberation-Army-142341995246.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Anti-aircraft-troops-of-the-Laotian-Peoples-Liberation-Army-142341995246.jpg/220px-Anti-aircraft-troops-of-the-Laotian-Peoples-Liberation-Army-142341995246.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Anti-aircraft-troops-of-the-Laotian-Peoples-Liberation-Army-142341995246.jpg/330px-Anti-aircraft-troops-of-the-Laotian-Peoples-Liberation-Army-142341995246.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Anti-aircraft-troops-of-the-Laotian-Peoples-Liberation-Army-142341995246.jpg/440px-Anti-aircraft-troops-of-the-Laotian-Peoples-Liberation-Army-142341995246.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="735" /></a><figcaption>Anti-aircraft troops of the Laotian Peoples Liberation Army</figcaption></figure> On 11 May 1947, King Sisavang Vong granted a constitution declaring Laos an independent nation within the <a href="/wiki/French_Union" title="French Union">French Union</a>. This began the building of a new government over the next few years, including the establishment of a national army, the Armée Nationale Laotienne, which was the first iteration of the Royal Lao Army.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-27">[27]</a> The nascent army was plagued by lack of Lao leadership, and its weaponry was a hodgepodge.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Thus the new Armée Nationale Laotienne consisted of light infantry battalions officered by the French. There was one paratroop battalion included.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> The French began training Lao officers and non-commissioned officers even as they continued to lead and train the new army. In opposition, the Viet Minh raised a subsidiary revolutionary movement, the Pathet Lao, starting with an initial guerrilla band of 25 in January 1949.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> In October 1949, the exiled Lao Issara dissolved and the three royal brothers each chose a separate destiny. <a href="/wiki/Phetsarath_Rattanavongsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Phetsarath Rattanavongsa">Phetsarath Rattanavongsa</a> chose to remain in Bangkok. His stay was temporary. He would once again become the viceroy of Laos. Souvanna Phouma chose to return to Laos via an amnesty, believing that the Lao would soon free themselves. In 1951 he became Prime Minister for the first time and held that office until 1954. Souphanouvong, who had spent seven years in <a href="/wiki/Nha_Trang" title="Nha Trang">Nha Trang</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated7-21">[21]</a> during his sixteen years in <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>,<a href="#cite_note-lcweb2.loc.gov-18">[18]</a> met Ho Chi Minh and acquired a Vietnamese wife while in Vietnam, and he solicited Viet Minh aid in founding a guerrilla force. In August 1950, Souphanouvong had joined the Viet Minh in their headquarters north of Hanoi, Vietnam, and become the head of the Pathet Lao, along with its political arm dubbed <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo_Lao_Hak_Sat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neo Lao Hak Sat (page does not exist)">Neo Lao Hak Sat</a> (Lao Patriotic Front).<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> This was an attempt to give a false front of authority to the Lao communist movement by claiming to represent a united non-partisan effort. Two of its most important founders were members of the Indochinese Communist Party, which advocated overthrow of the monarchy as well as expulsion of the French. This got Laos involved in the First Indochina War, but it started off mainly against the French.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> On 23 December 1950, the Pentalateral Mutual Defense Assistance Pact was signed by the United States, France, Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos; it was a tool to transfer American military aid to the French war effort in Indochina.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> This year also marked the infiltration of at least 5,000 more Viet Minh into Laos. In February 1951, the Indochinese Communist Party decided to split in three to sponsor war against the French in <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> and Laos, along with the war in Vietnam. The new Laotian branch consisted of 2,091 members, but included only 31 Lao. Also, by 1951, the Pathet Lao had mustered sufficient trained troops to join the Viet Minh in military operations.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-26">[26]</a> By October 1951, the Armée Nationale Laotienne had raised two more battalions of infantry and began training a battalion of paratroops. The ANL ended the year with a strength of 5,091.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> By the end of 1952, the Royal Lao Army had grown to include a battalion of troops commanded by Laotian officers, as well as 17 other companies.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1953–1954:_First_North_Vietnamese_invasion_and_French_defeat">1953–1954: First North Vietnamese invasion and French defeat</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Laotian_Civil_War&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1953–1954: First North Vietnamese invasion and French defeat">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FrenchLaos1953.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/FrenchLaos1953.png/220px-FrenchLaos1953.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/FrenchLaos1953.png/330px-FrenchLaos1953.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/FrenchLaos1953.png/440px-FrenchLaos1953.png 2x" data-file-width="2517" data-file-height="2257" /></a><figcaption> French <a href="/wiki/Raoul_Salan" title="Raoul Salan">General Salan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sisavang_Vatthana" title="Sisavang Vatthana">Prince Sisavang</a> in the Lao capital, Luang Prabang, 4 May 1953</figcaption></figure> In April 1953, the Viet Minh's People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) invaded the northeastern part of what was still the <a href="/wiki/French_Protectorate_of_Laos" class="mw-redirect" title="French Protectorate of Laos">French Protectorate of Laos</a> with 40,000 troops commanded by General <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B5_Nguy%C3%AAn_Gi%C3%A1p" title="Võ Nguyên Giáp">Võ Nguyên Giáp</a>; including 2,000 Pathet Lao soldiers led by Souphanouvong. The objective of the two-pronged invasion was the capture of the royal capital of Luang Prabang and of the Plain of Jars. On 9 November the Pathet Lao began its conflict with the Kingdom of Laos, thus beginning the civil war and technically the Second Indochina War while the First Indochina War was still ongoing. They were opposed by 10,000 Lao troops and 3,000 French regulars. The North Vietnamese invaders succeeded in conquering the border provinces of <a href="/wiki/Phongsali" title="Phongsali">Phongsali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xam_Neua" title="Xam Neua">Xam Neua</a>, which were adjacent to northern Vietnam and on the northeastern verge of the Plain of Jars.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-35">[35]</a> They then moved aside to allow the Pathet Lao force with its mismatched scrounged equipment to occupy the captured ground,<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> and Souphanouvong moved the Pathet Lao headquarters into Xam Neua on 19 April. The other strike, moving from <a href="/wiki/%C4%90i%E1%BB%87n_Bi%C3%AAn_Ph%E1%BB%A7" title="Điện Biên Phủ">Điện Biên Phủ</a> and aimed downriver at <a href="/wiki/Luang_Prabang" title="Luang Prabang">Luang Prabang</a>, was thwarted by oncoming monsoons and resistance by the French.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-35">[35]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PathetLao002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/PathetLao002.jpg/220px-PathetLao002.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/PathetLao002.jpg/330px-PathetLao002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/PathetLao002.jpg/440px-PathetLao002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="998" /></a><figcaption>Pathet Lao soldiers in <a href="/wiki/Xam_Neua" title="Xam Neua">Xam Neua</a>, 1953</figcaption></figure> The Vietnamese invasion was stalled, but only because the French had airlifted in battalions of <a href="/wiki/French_Foreign_Legion" title="French Foreign Legion">Foreign Legionnaires</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moroccans" title="Moroccans">Moroccan</a> <a href="/wiki/Tirailleur" title="Tirailleur">Tirailleurs</a>. In December, the French Union Army, as part of its attempt to protect Laos from the PAVN, recaptured the Dien Bien Phu valley.<a href="#cite_note-War_in_Laos-19">[19]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dien_Bien_Phu" title="Battle of Dien Bien Phu">Battle of Dien Bien Phu</a></div> In January 1954, the PAVN launched two assaults on Laos. One thrust crossed the top of the panhandle to the Mekong River town of <a href="/wiki/Thakhek" title="Thakhek">Thakhek</a>. The other was again aimed at Luang Prabang. Both were thwarted in a month. These were diversions<a href="#cite_note-War_in_Laos-19">[19]</a> to the famous <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dien_Bien_Phu" title="Battle of Dien Bien Phu">Battle of Dien Bien Phu</a>, which took place from March through May 1954 within ten kilometers of the Lao border, on the lines of communication into the Plain of Jars.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-35">[35]</a> The ruggedness of the karst mountains of northern Laos channels movement into a few canyons; small watercraft could move from Điện Biên Phủ down to the <a href="/wiki/Nam_Ou" title="Nam Ou">Nam Ou</a>, and thence directly downriver to Luang Prabang, or they cross into the PDJ via Ban Ban.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> The United States used <a href="/wiki/Civil_Air_Transport" title="Civil Air Transport">Civil Air Transport</a>, which later morphed into Air America, in a covert operation to fly supplies to the embattled French in <a href="/wiki/%C4%90i%E1%BB%87n_Bi%C3%AAn_Ph%E1%BB%A7" title="Điện Biên Phủ">Điện Biên Phủ</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> The PAVN also launched a diversionary thrust at <a href="/wiki/Seno,_Laos" title="Seno, Laos">Seno, Laos</a> aimed at cutting away the panhandle from the main body of Laos. This thrust was foiled by paratroopers from the French Union's Army of the Republic of Vietnam. When the relief troops failed to lift the siege in time, the French and their local allies lost the bastion of Điện Biên Phủ. One of the troopers in the relief column marching from Luang Prabang was a young Hmong named Vang Pao. The French loss at <a href="/wiki/%C4%90i%E1%BB%87n_Bi%C3%AAn_Ph%E1%BB%A7" title="Điện Biên Phủ">Điện Biên Phủ</a> marked the end of the First Indochina War; the French were driven to negotiate for peace.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> On 20 July, the Agreement on the Cessation of Hostilities in Laos was signed, ending French rule.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Two months later, the North Vietnamese established a support group for Pathet Lao forces at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ban_Nameo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ban Nameo (page does not exist)">Ban Nameo</a>,<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> well within northeastern Laos.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gen-commons.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Gen-commons.jpg/250px-Gen-commons.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Gen-commons.jpg/375px-Gen-commons.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Gen-commons.jpg/500px-Gen-commons.jpg 2x" data-file-width="742" data-file-height="570" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conference_(1954)" class="mw-redirect" title="Geneva Conference (1954)">Geneva Conference of 1954</a></figcaption></figure> The Agreement radically changed the geography of Indochina, resulting in independence for Laos. On 1 August 1954 the French army withdrew from Laos declaring independence for the nation alongside North Vietnam, South Vietnam and Cambodia which ended the First Indochina War but the Laotian Civil War was still ongoing. The northern half of Vietnam became independent of the French imperialist enterprise and was ruled by an independent Vietnamese Communist government. Lao French Union troops joined the military of independent Laos, however France kept two military bases in Laos and maintained its "military advisors" in the new Lao military. The Royal Lao government military also received its first aircraft from the French in 1954; nine <a href="/wiki/Morane-Saulnier_MS-500" class="mw-redirect" title="Morane-Saulnier MS-500">Morane-Saulnier MS-500</a> Criquets were supplied for support and medevac.<a href="#cite_note-War_in_Laos-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1955–1958:_The_lull">1955–1958: The lull</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Laotian_Civil_War&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1955–1958: The lull">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Booster_Shot" title="Operation Booster Shot">Operation Booster Shot</a></div> In January, 1955, French advisors began training the first Lao aviation force. Later that year, Thailand would supply <a href="/wiki/Sikorsky_H-19" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikorsky H-19">Sikorsky H-19</a> helicopters and volunteer pilots to the Lao military. The Thais also trained thirty Lao officers in weapons use at <a href="/wiki/Hua_Hin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hua Hin">Hua Hin</a>, Thailand.<a href="#cite_note-War_in_Laos-19">[19]</a> In early 1955, a United States Operation Mission was set up in Laos. Its primary purpose was supply of military defense materials to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Lao_Government" title="Royal Lao Government">Royal Lao Government</a>; 80% of its budget was dedicated to this purpose.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-43">[43]</a> The United States paid 100% of the Lao military budget.<a href="#cite_note-War_in_Laos-19">[19]</a> However, the embassy staff was not up to monitoring this program. There was an obvious need for a <a href="/wiki/Military_Assistance_Advisory_Group" title="Military Assistance Advisory Group">Military Assistance Advisory Group</a>; however, the United States had signed a treaty that expressly forbade such. U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a>'s solution was to establish the <a href="/wiki/Programs_Evaluation_Office" title="Programs Evaluation Office">Programs Evaluation Office</a> (PEO) in December, 1955, staffed by American civilians with prior military experience and headed up by retired <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Brigadier General">Brigadier General</a> Rothwell Brown. These civilians were given U.S. State Department status. However, they did not work strictly for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">State Department</a>. On military matters, they reported to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Pacific_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Pacific Command">Commander in Chief Pacific Command</a>, with information supplied to the American ambassador; on non-military matters, they reported directly to the ambassador.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-43">[43]</a> 1955 was also notable for the despatch of Royal Lao Government troops to <a href="/wiki/Sam_Neua" class="mw-redirect" title="Sam Neua">Sam Neua</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phong_Saly" class="mw-redirect" title="Phong Saly">Phong Saly</a>, which was much resented by the Pathet Lao. As a result of this resentment, and disputes about electoral procedures, the Laotian communists boycotted that year's national elections. On 21 March 1956, Souvanna Phouma began his second term as prime minister. He opened a dialogue with his brother, Souphanouvong. In August, they announced the intention of declaring a ceasefire and reintegrating the Pathet Lao and their occupied territory into the government. However, the Pathet Lao claimed the right to administer the provinces they occupied. At the same time, they and their North Vietnamese backers ran a massive recruitment campaign, with the aim of forming nine battalions of troops. Many of the new recruits were sent into North Vietnam for schooling and training. This led to United States concern that the Royal Lao Army would be inadequately equipped and trained because there was only one small French military mission working with the RLA.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> In February, 1957, the PEO personnel began supplying training materials to the French Military Mission that was charged with training the Royal Lao Army. The rationale was that improved training would better fit the army with defending its country. As part of this process, the United States even took over paying the Royal Lao Army's salaries.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Beginning in March, 1957, the Royal Lao Army began shuttling arms to Hmong guerrillas, to enable them to fight on the side of the RLA.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated5-46">[46]</a> In November, 1957, a coalition government incorporating the Pathet Lao was finally established. Using the slogan, "one vote to the right, one vote to the left to prevent civil war", pro-communist parties received one-third of the popular vote and won 13 of 21 contested seats in the elections of 4 May 1958.<a href="#cite_note-Martin103-47">[47]</a> With these additional seats, the left controlled a total of 16 seats in the 59 member <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Kingdom_of_Laos" title="Parliament of the Kingdom of Laos">National Assembly</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Martin103-47">[47]</a> Combined with independents, this was enough to deny Souvanna's center right, neutralist coalition the two-thirds majority it needed to form a government.<a href="#cite_note-Martin103-47">[47]</a> With parliament deadlocked, the U.S. suspended aid in June to force a devaluation of the overpriced currency, which was leading to the abuse of U.S. aid.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> The National Assembly responded by confirming a right-wing government led by <a href="/wiki/Phuy_Xananik%C3%B4n" class="mw-redirect" title="Phuy Xananikôn">Phuy Xananikôn</a> in August.<a href="#cite_note-Martin105-49">[49]</a> This government included four members of the U.S.-backed Committee for the Defence of the National Interest (none of them National Assembly members).<a href="#cite_note-Martin105-49">[49]</a> Three more unelected CDNI members were added in December, when Phuy received emergency powers to govern without the National Assembly.<a href="#cite_note-Martin105-49">[49]</a> In November 1958, Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/John_A._Heintges" title="John A. Heintges">John A. Heintges</a> reviewed the PEO. He promptly replaced General Brown and forged a new agreement with the Lao and the French. Integral to the new agreement was the displacement of the French military trainers by Americans. As a result, PEO expanded over twentyfold. Included in the expansion were 149 <a href="/wiki/Special_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Forces">Special Forces</a> on temporary duty, and 103 Filipino military veterans working for a newly formed front company named Eastern Construction Company in Laos.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1959:_Second_North_Vietnamese_invasion">1959: Second North Vietnamese invasion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Laotian_Civil_War&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1959: Second North Vietnamese invasion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnamese_invasion_of_Laos" title="North Vietnamese invasion of Laos">North Vietnamese invasion of Laos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Group_559" title="Group 559">Group 559</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_Trail" class="mw-redirect" title="Ho Chi Minh Trail">Ho Chi Minh Trail</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HoChiMinhTrial001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/HoChiMinhTrial001.jpg/220px-HoChiMinhTrial001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/HoChiMinhTrial001.jpg/330px-HoChiMinhTrial001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/HoChiMinhTrial001.jpg/440px-HoChiMinhTrial001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1242" data-file-height="1003" /></a><figcaption>The Ho Chi Minh trail was used by Vietnamese and Laotian people from the very beginning. Captured Viet Cong, circa 1959</figcaption></figure> On 15 May 1959, the PAVN established <a href="/wiki/Group_559" title="Group 559">Group 559</a>; this unit was charged with the logistics of moving the necessities of war from North Vietnam to the South. Its foremost feat was building and maintaining the Ho Chi Minh trail down the eastern spine of Laos. Eventually, this transportation network would power the Vietnamese communists to victory. It would have to survive a relentless air campaign comparable to any interdiction bombing in World War II. According to assistant secretary of state <a href="/wiki/Roger_Hilsman" title="Roger Hilsman">Roger Hilsman</a>, if the communists Pathet Laos regular forces assisted by medium sized NVA forces successfully overthrew the Kingdom of Laos government before the mid-1960s, then other SE Asian nations feared the massive revolutionary communists expansions from town to town illusioning the domino effect.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Also in May, the long-awaited integration of 1,500 Pathet Lao troops into the national army was scheduled. The U.S. embassy told the Lao government that it would be difficult to gain congressional approval of aid to Laos with communists serving in the army. The Pathet Lao stalled.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated6-51">[51]</a> The North Vietnamese government (Hanoi) deployed about 30,000-40,000 NVA soldiers to penetrate northern Laos to assist the battalions of Pathet Laos forces beyond major military campaigns.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Under orders from Souphanouvong, the Pathet Lao battalions refused to be integrated into the Royal Lao Army. Souphanouvong was then arrested and imprisoned, along with his aides. The two Pathet Lao battalions, one after the other, escaped during the night with no shots fired, taking their equipment, families, and domestic animals with them. On 23 May, Souphanouvong and his companions also escaped unscathed.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> In July, U.S. Special Forces Mobile Training Teams from the <a href="/wiki/77th_Special_Forces_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="77th Special Forces Group">77th Special Forces Group</a>, working under the code name Hotfoot, began training the Royal Laotian army. The Green Berets were attached to the Programs Evaluation Office, and like other PEO employees, were nominal civilians and dressed as such. The RLA was being formed into Groupement Mobiles – regimental-sized units of three battalions. The training teams were assigned one per GM, with some battalions also meriting a team.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> On 28 July, PAVN units attacked all along the North Vietnamese-Lao border. As they took ground from the Royal Lao Army, they moved in Pathet Lao as occupation troops.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated6-51">[51]</a> Poor battle performance by the RLA seemed to verify the need for further training; the RLA outnumbered the attackers, but still gave ground. Also in July, the American embassy began to contract for aerial resupply for RLA troops, hiring Robert Brongersma and his <a href="/wiki/Beech_18" class="mw-redirect" title="Beech 18">Beech 18</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> In September, Group 100 was succeeded by Group 959; the North Vietnamese were upgrading their military mission to the Pathet Lao, just as the Americans had expanded PEO. Both sides were raising larger client armies, in hopes the Lao would fight.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated6-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1960:_The_neutralist_coup">1960: The neutralist coup</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Laotian_Civil_War&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 1960: The neutralist coup">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LaosTraining.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/LaosTraining.jpg/220px-LaosTraining.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/LaosTraining.jpg/330px-LaosTraining.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/LaosTraining.jpg/440px-LaosTraining.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1055" data-file-height="1149" /></a><figcaption>PEO adviser Jack F. Mathews with then Major <a href="/wiki/Vang_Pao" title="Vang Pao">Vang Pao</a>, commander of the 10éme Bataillon de Infanterie (10 BI), at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nong_Net,_Laos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nong Net, Laos (page does not exist)">Nong Net, Laos</a>, July 1960</figcaption></figure> On 9 August 1960, Captain <a href="/wiki/Kong_Le" title="Kong Le">Kong Le</a> and his Special Forces-trained Neutralist <a href="/wiki/Paratroop" class="mw-redirect" title="Paratroop">paratrooper</a> battalion were able to seize control of the administrative capital of Vientiane in a virtually bloodless coup,<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated8-56">[56]</a> while Prime Minister <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiao_Samsanith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tiao Samsanith (page does not exist)">Tiao Samsanith</a>, government officials, and military leaders met in Luang Prabang.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-nakquda.com-58">[58]</a> His stated aim for the coup was an end to fighting in Laos, the end of foreign interference in his country, an end to the consequent corruption caused by foreign aid, and better treatment for his soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated8-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> However, Kong Le's coup did not end opposition to him, and there was a scramble among unit commanders to choose sides. If one was not pro-coup, then he had the further decision to make as to whom he would back to counter the coup. The front runner was General <a href="/wiki/Phoumi_Nosavan" title="Phoumi Nosavan">Phoumi Nosavan</a>, first cousins with the prime minister of <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, Field Marshal <a href="/wiki/Sarit_Thanarat" title="Sarit Thanarat">Sarit Thanarat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-60">[60]</a> With CIA support, Field Marshal Sarit set up a covert Thai military advisory group, called Kaw Taw. Kaw Taw supported a counter-coup against the new Neutralist Lao government in Vientiane, supplying artillery, artillerymen, and advisers to Phoumi's forces. It also committed the CIA-sponsored <a href="/wiki/Border_Patrol_Police#Police_Aerial_Reinforcement_Unit" title="Border Patrol Police">Police Aerial Reinforcement Unit</a> (PARU) to operations within Laos.<a href="#cite_note-:1-60">[60]</a> Alongside its covert Kaw Taw operation, immediately after Kong Le's coup the government of Thailand began an <a href="/wiki/Embargo" class="mw-redirect" title="Embargo">embargo</a> via <a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_blockade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Land blockade (page does not exist)">land blockade</a>, cutting off the main source of imported goods for Vientiane. The United States Secretary of State, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Herter" title="Christian Herter">Christian Herter</a>, stated that the United States supported the "legitimate government under the King's direction." The United States supported the pro-Western government of Prime Minister Tiao Samsanith while at the same time the CIA supported the covert counter-coup effort organized by Sarit against the Neutralist government in Vientiane. The Neutralist forces in Vientiane organized the executive committee of the High Command of the Revolution as the interim government in Laos the following day. General Phoumi Nosavan, stated on 10 August that he planned to retake Vientiane by force. The United States Ambassador to Laos, <a href="/wiki/Winthrop_G._Brown" title="Winthrop G. Brown">Winthrop G. Brown</a>, responded to General Phoumi by stating that the United States supported a restoration of peace "through quick and decisive action."<a href="#cite_note-nakquda.com-58">[58]</a> PEO had turned its support to General Phoumi. With the help of Air America and covert aid from Thailand, the general and his troops moved north toward Vientiane from Savannakhet in southern Laos, in November.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated8-56">[56]</a> The Soviet Union began a military air bridge into Vientiane in early December; it was characterized as the largest Soviet airlift since World War II.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated9-61">[61]</a> This air bridge flew in PAVN artillery and gunners to reinforce the Neutralist/Pathet Lao coalition.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> On their side, the United States flew four <a href="/wiki/B-26_Invader" class="mw-redirect" title="B-26 Invader">B-26 Invader</a> bombers from <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> into <a href="/wiki/Takhli_Royal_Thai_Air_Force_Base" title="Takhli Royal Thai Air Force Base">Takhli Royal Thai Air Force Base</a>, poised to strike into Laos. They were later joined by an additional eight B26s. With a dozen guns, half a dozen rockets, and a napalm canister apiece, they were a potent threat, but were never used.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> On 13 December, Phoumi's army began a three-day bombardment of Vientiane. Five hundred civilians and seventeen of Kong Le's paratroopers were killed by the shellfire. On the 14th, a U.S. carrier task force went on alert, and the Second Airborne Brigade stood by to seize selected Laotian airfields. The U.S. was poised to rescue its paramilitary and diplomatic advisers in Laos. Kong Le and his Neutralists finally withdrew northward to the Plain of Jars. Their withdrawal was covered by artillery fire from the PAVN 105 mm howitzers rushed in from Hanoi, and supported by Soviet airdrops of crucial supplies of rations, munitions, and radios. In the retreat, Kong Le picked up 400 recruits, swelling his force to 1,200 men.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated9-61">[61]</a> Phoumi's coup was thus successful, but the result was the alliance of the Neutralists with the Pathet Lao on 23 December. As 1960 ended, the nation of Laos had become an arena of confrontation for the world's superpowers.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated9-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1961:_Superpowers'_involvement_deepens">1961: Superpowers' involvement deepens</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Laotian_Civil_War&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 1961: Superpowers' involvement deepens">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hmongs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Hmongs.jpg/300px-Hmongs.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Hmongs.jpg/450px-Hmongs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Hmongs.jpg/600px-Hmongs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2208" data-file-height="1439" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Auto_Defense_Choc" title="Auto Defense Choc">Auto Defense de Choc (ADC)</a> <a href="/wiki/Hmong_people" title="Hmong people">Hmong</a> guerrilla company assembles at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Phou_Vieng&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phou Vieng (page does not exist)">Phou Vieng</a>, Spring 1961</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vang_Pao" title="Vang Pao">Vang Pao</a></div> Beginning on 1 January, a new coalition of Kong Le's Neutralists, Pathet Lao, and PAVN drove 9,000 Royal Lao Army troops from the Plain of Jars.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated9-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> On 3 January, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Laotian_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Laotian Air Force">Royal Laotian Air Force</a> (RLAF) received its first counter-insurgency aircraft, American-built <a href="/wiki/North_American_T-6_Texan" title="North American T-6 Texan">T-6 Texans</a>, via the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_Air_Force" title="Royal Thai Air Force">Royal Thai Air Force</a> (RTAF). These four reconfigured trainers were armed with two .30 caliber machine guns and five-inch rockets, and could carry 100-pound bombs. Four previously trained Lao pilots undertook transition training in Thailand; on 9 January, the pilots flew the new RLAF fighter-bombers to Vientiane. Two days later, they flew their first combat sorties, against PAVN and Pathet Lao covering Kong Le's retreat into the Plain of Jars.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Russian Soviet air supply continued, bringing in heavy weapons to supplement the light arms previously delivered. On 7 January, the North Vietnamese presence was escalated by an additional four battalions; two of the battalions immediately moved to the point of conflict, on Route 7, which connected to Vientiane. A third PAVN battalion moved into action at Tha Thom, south of the Plain of Jars.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated5-46">[46]</a> On 15 January, the entire <a href="/w/index.php?title=925th_Independent_Brigade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="925th Independent Brigade (page does not exist)">925th Independent Brigade</a> of the PAVN had crossed into Laos to reinforce the Pathet Lao/Neutralist coalition.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> The U.S. decided to counter-escalate by airdropping arms to a force of 7,000 Hmong guerrillas later in the month.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated5-46">[46]</a> The U.S. Navy transferred four <a href="/wiki/Sikorsky_H-34" title="Sikorsky H-34">H-34</a> helicopters to Air America. By the beginning of February 1961, the first four Thai pilots arrived to fly four more T-6s supplied to the Royal Laotian Air Force (RLAF). The Thai pilots had been officially discharged from the Royal Thai Air Force (RTAF) and held no official position in the RLAF. The growth of the RLAF would be nullified by its casualties, as five of the T-6s were lost in action by the end of March.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> An inter-agency task force set up by the incoming <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Kennedy administration">Kennedy administration</a> in early February undertook a two-month study of possible American responses to the Laotian civil war. Even as the French ended their training mission, American training efforts were ramped up: Sixteen H-34 helicopters were transferred from the U.S. Marine Corps to Air America; maintenance facilities were established at <a href="/wiki/Udorn_Royal_Thai_Air_Force_Base" title="Udorn Royal Thai Air Force Base">Udorn</a> in northern Thailand, about 85 kilometres south of Vientiane. The most drastic alternative the task force envisioned was a 60,000-man commitment of American ground troops in southern Laos, with a possible use of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear weapons">nuclear weapons</a>. These latter options were not elected. On 9 March, the communists captured the only road junction between Luang Prabang and Vientiane. When RLA troops were ordered to counterattack and retake the junction, they dropped their weapons and ran. Special Forces Team Moon was assigned as advisers to the RLA unit.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> On 22 April 1961, Team Moon was overrun. Two sergeants were killed, and team leader Captain Walter H. Moon was captured; he was later executed while trying to escape captivity. Another sergeant was released sixteen months later.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated10-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Operation_Millpond" title="Operation Millpond">Operation Millpond</a> B-26s had been scheduled to strike at Kong Le, but the strike was stayed by an event on the far side of the world. The <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a> failed, and that failure gave pause to U.S. actions in Laos. A ceasefire was sought. Simultaneously, the PEO shed its civilian guise and went above ground to become a <a href="/wiki/Military_Advisory_Assistance_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Military Advisory Assistance Group">Military Advisory Assistance Group</a>. Emblematic of the change, the Hotfoot teams donned their U.S. uniforms and became White Star Mobile Training Teams. The truce supposedly went into effect the first week of May, but was repeatedly breached by the communists.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated12-72">[72]</a> With the Royal Lao Army ineffective, the Hmong guerrillas were left as the only opposition to the communists. In early June, they were forced from their beleaguered position at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ban_Pa_Dong" title="Battle of Ban Pa Dong">Ban Padong</a> by an artillery barrage followed by a ground assault. Under command of General Vang Pao, they fell back to <a href="/wiki/Long_Tieng" title="Long Tieng">Long Tieng</a>.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> The U.S. Central Intelligence Agency had begun secretly recruiting Lao montagnards into <a href="/wiki/Table_of_organization_and_equipment_for_an_ADC_company" title="Table of organization and equipment for an ADC company">100-man militia companies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated10-70">[70]</a> Riflemen trained for these militias would receive eight weeks basic training, then serve several months in their militia. Once they had that experience, which often included their first combat, they were further recruited into battalions of irregular troops called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Special_Guerrilla_Units&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Special Guerrilla Units (page does not exist)">Special Guerrilla Units</a>. The battalions were filled out along ethnic lines, most being Hmong, but some being Yao (<a href="/wiki/Iu-Mien" class="mw-redirect" title="Iu-Mien">Iu-Mien</a>) or <a href="/wiki/Lao_Theung" title="Lao Theung">Lao Theung</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lao_Saetern&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lao Saetern (page does not exist)">Lao Saetern</a>). SGUs, once formed up, underwent three further months training by Thai officers and sergeants in <a href="/wiki/Phitsanuloke" class="mw-redirect" title="Phitsanuloke">Phitsanuloke</a>, Thailand.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> By summer, the CIA had mustered 9,000 hill tribesmen into the ranks of the Armée Clandestine. It was aided by nine CIA agents, nine Special Forces augmenters, and 99 Thai Special Forces troopers from the Police Aerial Resupply Unit.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> By autumn, the future course of American involvement was set. Paramilitary trainers would train guerrilla units, with resupply coming via airdrops, and specialized short takeoff and landing aircraft using makeshift dirt airstrips. Other trainers would try to mold the Royalist regulars into a fighting force. Fighter-bombers would serve as flying artillery to blast the communist forces into retreat or submission. In December, the Royalists decided to assert control over the provincial capital of <a href="/wiki/Nam_Tha" class="mw-redirect" title="Nam Tha">Nam Tha</a>, which was on the northwestern border, almost in southern China. Laotian Army Groupement Mobiles (GMs) 11 and 18 were stationed there, and soon came under pressure from the communists.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated12-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1962:_Disaster_and_a_new_government">1962: Disaster and a new government</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Laotian_Civil_War&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 1962: Disaster and a new government">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Luang_Namtha" title="Battle of Luang Namtha">Battle of Luang Namtha</a></div> By February, the Royal Lao Government's hold on Nam Tha seemed tenuous enough that it was reinforced by the paratroopers of GM 15. That gave a numerical edge to the defenders and should have guaranteed Nam Tha's retention. The presence of armed <a href="/wiki/American_Special_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="American Special Forces">American Special Forces</a> advisors should have stiffened them with military expertise.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In May, a PAVN assault broke the RLG forces and routed them. The Royalist soldiers fled southward across the entirety of northwestern Laos into Thailand, a retreat of over a hundred miles.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Faced with this fiasco, the U.S. and other foreign powers pressured the RLG into a coalition with the Pathet Lao and Kong Le's Forces Armee Neutrale. The <a href="/wiki/International_Agreement_on_the_Neutrality_of_Laos" title="International Agreement on the Neutrality of Laos">International Agreement on the Neutrality of Laos</a> signed on July 23, 1962, in Geneva, Switzerland as intention for the respect Laos neutrality to attempt the cessation of civil war. This technically fulfilled the Geneva Agreements on Laos and triggered the treaty requirement that foreign military technicians be withdrawn from Laos by October. The United States disbanded its Military Assistance Advisory Group and withdrew its military mission. The Vietnamese communists did not; they repatriated only a token 40 technicians out of an estimated 2,000.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Several companies of hill tribes irregulars were sent to Hua Hin, Thailand for training.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1963:_Stasis">1963: Stasis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Laotian_Civil_War&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 1963: Stasis">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lak_Sao" title="Battle of Lak Sao">Battle of Lak Sao</a></div> By the middle of the year, the Pathet Lao and Neutralists had begun to squabble with one another. The neutralist group was soon divided between right-leaning neutralists (headed by Kong Le) and left-leaning neutralists (headed by Quinim Polsena and Colonel Deuane Sunnalath). On 12 February 1963 Kong Le's second in command, Colonel Ketsana, was assassinated. Shortly afterwards Quinim Polsena and his deputy were also assassinated. The neutralist camp was split with some going over to the Pathēt Lao. Fighting between the Pathet Lao and government troops soon resumed.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Vang Pao gathered three SGU battalions into Groupement Mobile 21 and spearheaded a drive into Sam Neua against the Pathet Lao. His offensive was resupplied by supplies airdropped by the civilian aircraft of Air America and Bird and Sons.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In the meantime, the United States re-established a Military Assistance Advisory Group to support its efforts in Laos, basing it in <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a>. The Requirements Office of the U.S. Embassy in Vientiane was manned by civilians and monitored the need for U.S. military aid to Laos.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In August, the Royal Laotian Air Force received its first four T-28 Trojans that had been adapted for counter-insurgency warfare.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The irregular companies trained the previous year in Thailand were now formed into a battalion called SGU 1. Irregular forces proliferated throughout the country. In Military Regions 3 and 4, action, intelligence, and road watch teams infiltrated the Ho Chi Minh Trail. In December, Vang Pao was promoted to Brigadier General by King Sisavong.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1964–1965:_Escalation_and_U.S._Air_Force_involvement">1964–1965: Escalation and U.S. Air Force involvement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Laotian_Civil_War&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 1964–1965: Escalation and U.S. Air Force involvement">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barrel_Roll" title="Operation Barrel Roll">Operation Barrel Roll</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BR65.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/BR65.jpg/250px-BR65.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="404" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/BR65.jpg/375px-BR65.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/BR65.jpg/500px-BR65.jpg 2x" data-file-width="693" data-file-height="1120" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Operation_Barrel_Roll" title="Operation Barrel Roll">Barrel Roll</a> operational area, 1964</figcaption></figure> On 1 April, the USAF set up <a href="/wiki/Project_Waterpump" title="Project Waterpump">Project Waterpump</a>, which was a pilot training program at Udorn Royal Thai Air Force Base to supply Lao pilots for the Royal Laotian Air Force.<a href="#cite_note-chancefac.net-79">[79]</a> The RLAF also began augmenting its ranks with Thai volunteer pilots in 1964.<a href="#cite_note-:0-80">[80]</a> Run by a 41-man team from Detachment 6 of the <a href="/wiki/1st_Air_Commando_Wing" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Air Commando Wing">1st Air Commando Wing</a>, this facility was an end run around the treaty obligation that forbade training in Laos. Besides training pilots, Waterpump encouraged cooperation between the RLAF and the Royal Thai Air Force. It was also tasked, as a last resort, to augment the RLAF to counter a renewed Communist offensive in Laos.<a href="#cite_note-chancefac.net-79">[79]</a> In Laos itself, there was an effort to train Laotians as forward air guides. Meantime, the Butterfly forward air control program began.<a href="#cite_note-:0-80">[80]</a> Even as the air commandos established themselves in Udorn and Laos, several Lao generals attempted a coup in Vientiane. With the capital in turmoil, the Communists on the Plain of Jars attacked and overran the Royalist and Neutralist positions.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated11-81">[81]</a> The United States then released the necessary ordnance for the RLAF to bomb Communist encampments, beginning on 18 May. On 19 May, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a> began flying mid and low-level missions over the renewed fighting, under the code name Yankee Team.<a href="#cite_note-chancefac.net-79">[79]</a> They also began reconnaissance missions over the Laotian panhandle to obtain target information on men and material being moved into South Vietnam over the Ho Chi Minh Trail. By this time, the footpaths on the trail had been enlarged to truck roads, with smaller paths for bicycles and walking. The Trail had become the major artery for use by North Vietnam to infiltrate South Vietnam. On 9 June, U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> ordered an <a href="/wiki/F-100_Super_Sabre" class="mw-redirect" title="F-100 Super Sabre">F-100</a> strike against the enemy in retaliation for the shoot down of another U.S. aircraft. The summer of 1964 was marked by a successful attack by the Forces Armee Royale. <a href="/wiki/Operation_Triangle" title="Operation Triangle">Operation Triangle</a> cleared one of the few roads in Laos; Route 13 connected the administrative capitol of Vientiane with the royal capitol of Luang Prabang.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated11-81">[81]</a> The Plain of Jars activities expanded by December 1964, were named <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barrel_Roll" title="Operation Barrel Roll">Operation Barrel Roll</a>, and were under the control of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_Laos" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to Laos">U.S. ambassador to Laos</a>, who approved all targets before they were attacked. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Operations_Steel_Tiger_and_Tiger_Hound">Operations Steel Tiger and Tiger Hound</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Laotian_Civil_War&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Operations Steel Tiger and Tiger Hound">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Steel_Tiger" title="Operation Steel Tiger">Operation Steel Tiger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Tiger_Hound" title="Operation Tiger Hound">Operation Tiger Hound</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Laos_showing_area_of_operations_for_Barrel_Roll_and_Steel_Tiger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Map_of_Laos_showing_area_of_operations_for_Barrel_Roll_and_Steel_Tiger.jpg/250px-Map_of_Laos_showing_area_of_operations_for_Barrel_Roll_and_Steel_Tiger.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="393" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Map_of_Laos_showing_area_of_operations_for_Barrel_Roll_and_Steel_Tiger.jpg/375px-Map_of_Laos_showing_area_of_operations_for_Barrel_Roll_and_Steel_Tiger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Map_of_Laos_showing_area_of_operations_for_Barrel_Roll_and_Steel_Tiger.jpg/500px-Map_of_Laos_showing_area_of_operations_for_Barrel_Roll_and_Steel_Tiger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="729" data-file-height="1146" /></a><figcaption>Barrel Roll and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Steel_Tiger" title="Operation Steel Tiger">Steel Tiger</a> operational area, 1965</figcaption></figure> 1965 began with an event that showed how the commanding generals of the five military regions of Laos were essentially warlords of their own domains. In February, Commanding General of Military Region 5 <a href="/wiki/Kouprasith_Abhay" title="Kouprasith Abhay">Kouprasith Abhay</a> mounted a coup against the group of generals who had attempted a coup the previous year. Among the losers fleeing into exile were General Phoumi Nosavan.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated11-81">[81]</a> On 3 April, the U.S. began Operation Steel Tiger over the Laotian panhandle and the <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Demilitarized_Zone" title="Vietnamese Demilitarized Zone">Vietnamese DMZ</a> to locate and destroy enemy forces and materiel being moved southward at night on the Ho Chi Minh Trail into South Vietnam. However, since circumstances made it a highly complex matter in regard to the apparent neutrality of Laos, target approval had to come from the U.S. government in Washington, D.C.. Additionally, the U.S. ambassadors in South Vietnam, Laos, and Thailand were involved in controlling these U.S. air operations. Late in 1965, the communists greatly increased their infiltration along the Ho Chi Minh Trail. The United States decided to concentrate airpower upon a small segment of the Trail closest to South Vietnam and used most extensively by the enemy. As a result, Operation Tiger Hound was initiated in December 1965, utilizing aircraft from the Air Force, the United States Navy and <a href="/wiki/U.S._Marines" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Marines">U.S. Marines</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnamese Air Force">Vietnamese Air Force</a>, and the Royal Laotian Air Force. On 11 December, <a href="/wiki/B-52_Stratofortress" class="mw-redirect" title="B-52 Stratofortress">B-52</a> heavy bombers were called in to this tactical operation, in their first use over Laos. From 1965 to 1973, the civil war moved back and forth in northern Laos, characterized by short but often very intense engagements.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated13-82">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1966–1967">1966–1967</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Laotian_Civil_War&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 1966–1967">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nam_Bac" title="Battle of Nam Bac">Battle of Nam Bac</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Damaged_Laotian_North_American_T-28D_aircraft_at_Luang_Prabang,_Laos,_in_1967_(110329-F-XN622-002).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Damaged_Laotian_North_American_T-28D_aircraft_at_Luang_Prabang%2C_Laos%2C_in_1967_%28110329-F-XN622-002%29.jpg/220px-Damaged_Laotian_North_American_T-28D_aircraft_at_Luang_Prabang%2C_Laos%2C_in_1967_%28110329-F-XN622-002%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Damaged_Laotian_North_American_T-28D_aircraft_at_Luang_Prabang%2C_Laos%2C_in_1967_%28110329-F-XN622-002%29.jpg/330px-Damaged_Laotian_North_American_T-28D_aircraft_at_Luang_Prabang%2C_Laos%2C_in_1967_%28110329-F-XN622-002%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Damaged_Laotian_North_American_T-28D_aircraft_at_Luang_Prabang%2C_Laos%2C_in_1967_%28110329-F-XN622-002%29.jpg/440px-Damaged_Laotian_North_American_T-28D_aircraft_at_Luang_Prabang%2C_Laos%2C_in_1967_%28110329-F-XN622-002%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1431" /></a><figcaption>Damage caused by a communist ground attack on Luang Prabang airfield, 1967</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nvamarch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Nvamarch.jpg/220px-Nvamarch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Nvamarch.jpg/330px-Nvamarch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Nvamarch.jpg/440px-Nvamarch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="493" data-file-height="626" /></a><figcaption>North Vietnamese troops march through Laos, 1967</figcaption></figure> In the far northwest, Team Fox, an intelligence team of Mien hill tribesmen began long range reconnaissance of southern China. In July, Royal Lao Government (RLG) forces seized the Nam Bac Valley. Three Infantry Regiments, one independent infantry battalion, and one artillery battalion took Nam Bac and established a defensive line north of Luang Prabang.<a href="#cite_note-Victory_in_Vietnam,_p._213-83">[83]</a> On the Plain of Jars, the Pathet Lao advance gradually slowed due to the destruction of its supplies by airpower, and Laotian troops then counter-attacked. By August 1966, they had advanced to within 45 miles of the DRV border. North Vietnam then sent thousands of its regular troops into the battle and once again the Laotians were forced to retreat. Steel Tiger operations continued down the length of the panhandle in 1966, with special emphasis upon the Tiger Hound area. Since most of the communist truck traffic was at night, the Air Force developed and began using special equipment to detect the nighttime traffic. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Steel_Tiger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Steel_Tiger.jpg/250px-Steel_Tiger.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="407" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Steel_Tiger.jpg/375px-Steel_Tiger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Steel_Tiger.jpg/500px-Steel_Tiger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="1040" /></a><figcaption>Barrel Roll, Steel Tiger and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Tiger_Hound" title="Operation Tiger Hound">Tiger Hound</a> operational areas</figcaption></figure> In eastern Laos, U.S., Royal Laotian, and VNAF aircraft continued their attacks on traffic along the Ho Chi Minh Trail. During 1967, B-52s flew 1,718 sorties in this area, almost triple their 1966 record. The major targets were trucks which had to be hunted down and destroyed one-by-one. This seemed to be irrational thinking to many Americans flying these combat missions for these trucks could have been destroyed en masse before, during, or after their unloading from the freighters that had hauled them to North Vietnam if bombing of <a href="/wiki/Haiphong" title="Haiphong">Haiphong</a> had been permitted. The presence of Soviet, British, Greek and Panamanian neutral ships in Haiphong prevented any United States bombing for the duration of the war.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> In northern Laos, the Communists continued their slow advance across the Plain of Jars in 1967. Laotian victories were few and far between, and by the end of the year, the situation had become critical even with the air support which had been provided by the Royal Lao Air Force.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Laotian tribal irregulars were operating out of Nam Bac, under CIA direction from Luang Prabang, some 60 miles south of the guerrilla base. In midyear, over the objections of Lao colonels, American advisors pressured Royal Lao troops into forming their smaller units into combat battalions. Despite the poor training of the Lao soldiers, some of whom had never fired a weapon, these raw new units were moved northward out of Luang Prabang over a several month period to garrison Nam Bac. By mid-October, some 4,500 government troops held the valley to secure the air strip for their resupply. The American intent was the establishment of Nam Bac as the keystone of an "iron arc" of defensive positions across northern Laos.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated153-85">[85]</a> In response, the PAVN <a href="/wiki/316th_Infantry_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="316th Infantry Division">316th Infantry Division</a> was dispatched to Laos to assault Nam Bac.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Royalist garrison was soon surrounded. They had American-supplied 105 mm howitzers for artillery support. They could also call on Royal Lao Air Force T-28s for close air support. U.S. Air Force fighter-bombers struck the Communist supply lines. Communist gunfire closed the Nam Bac airstrip to fixed wing resupply. Air America copters flew in supplies and evacuated the wounded; American C-123s parachuted supplies ferried from Udorn RTAFB to the beleaguered government troops. The Royalist troops would not launch a clearing attack to regain use of the runway for resupply. On 25 December, a Vietnamese artillery barrage kicked off their offensive.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated153-85">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1968:_Royal_Lao_Army_neutralized">1968: Royal Lao Army neutralized</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Laotian_Civil_War&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 1968: Royal Lao Army neutralized">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HoCMT.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/HoCMT.png/250px-HoCMT.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="410" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/HoCMT.png/375px-HoCMT.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/HoCMT.png/500px-HoCMT.png 2x" data-file-width="1260" data-file-height="2068" /></a><figcaption>A map of the <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_Trail" class="mw-redirect" title="Ho Chi Minh Trail">Ho Chi Minh Trail</a>, 1967</figcaption></figure> On 13 January the North Vietnamese launched a multi-division attack on the Royal Lao Army at Nam Bac, Laos. Some of the government troops began withdrawing from the valley. After about a third of the defenders had retreated, the final assault on the Royalist garrison came out of a heavy mist and hit the Royalist command post. Its communications with the defenders was cut; the rout was on.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated154-86">[86]</a> The heavy weapons and scale of the PAVN attack could not be matched by the national army and it was effectively sidelined for several years.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Most of the government soldiers scattered into the surrounding hills; about 200 of the defenders were killed in action. Of the 3,278 Royalist soldiers, only about a third returned to government service. The Royalists had suffered such a staggering defeat that their army never recovered; the government was left with only tribal irregulars using guerrilla tactics fighting on its side.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated154-86">[86]</a> Throughout 1968, the communists slowly advanced across the northern part of Laos, defeating Laotian forces time and time again. An important U.S. navigation aids site fell in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lima_Site_85" title="Battle of Lima Site 85">Battle of Lima Site 85</a> on 10 March 1968. This success was achieved despite U.S. military advice and assistance. In November, the U.S. launched an air campaign against the Ho Chi Minh Trail because North Vietnam was sending more troops and supplies than ever along this route to South Vietnam. This new operation, named <a href="/wiki/Operation_Commando_Hunt" title="Operation Commando Hunt">Operation Commando Hunt</a>, continued until 1972, with little success. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1969–1972">1969–1972</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Laotian_Civil_War&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: 1969–1972">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SOS_Huey_in_Laos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/SOS_Huey_in_Laos.jpg/220px-SOS_Huey_in_Laos.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/SOS_Huey_in_Laos.jpg/330px-SOS_Huey_in_Laos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/SOS_Huey_in_Laos.jpg/440px-SOS_Huey_in_Laos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1182" /></a><figcaption>A U.S. Air Force Bell UH-1P from the 20th Special Operations Squadron "Green Hornets" at a base in Laos, 1970</figcaption></figure> On 23 March 1969, the Royal Lao Army launched a large attack against the communists in the Plain of Jars/Xieng Khoang areas, supported by its own air units and the U.S. Air Force (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Raindance" title="Operation Raindance">Operation Raindance</a>). In June, Pathet Lao and PAVN launched an attack of its own and gained ground; but by August, Royal Laotian forces attacked again and regained what had been lost, recovering the Plain of Jars in September 1969 in the <a href="/wiki/Kou_Kiet" title="Kou Kiet">Kou Kiet Campaign</a>. In all these operations, the U.S. Air Force flew hundreds of Barrel Roll missions; however, many were canceled because of poor weather. Pathet Lao forces were supported by PAVN's 174th Vietnamese Volunteer Regiment. By September 1969, the 174th had to fall back to regroup. North Vietnamese forces participating in the campaign included the 316th and 312th Infantry Divisions, the 866th Infantry Regiment, the 16th Artillery Regiment, one tank company, six sapper and engineer battalions, one <a href="/wiki/Ngh%E1%BB%87_An_province" title="Nghệ An province">Nghệ An province</a> local force battalion, and ten PL battalions. On 11 February 1970, a PAVN and Pathet Lao offensive (part of <a href="/wiki/Campaign_139" title="Campaign 139">Campaign 139</a>) opened. By the 20th, control of the Plain of Jars was secure. RLG forces withdrew to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Muong_Xui&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muong Xui (page does not exist)">Muong Xui</a>. On 25 February, the RLG abandoned <a href="/w/index.php?title=Xieng_Khoang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xieng Khoang (page does not exist)">Xieng Khoang</a> city. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Xam_Thong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xam Thong (page does not exist)">Xam Thong</a> fell on 18 March and Long Tieng was threatened. On 25 April, the campaign ended, with PAVN forces mostly withdrawing from the Plain of Jars; according to Vietnamese sources, after the end of the campaign, the "316th Division, the 866th Regiment, and a number of specialty branch units were ordered to stay behind to work with our Lao friends."<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> At the beginning of 1970, fresh troops from North Vietnam <a href="/wiki/Campaign_139" title="Campaign 139">advanced through northern Laos</a>. The Air Force called in B-52s and, on 17 February, they were used to bomb targets in northern Laos. The enemy advance was halted by Laotian reinforcements, and for the remainder of the year it was a "seesaw" military campaign. On 1 May, elements of SVN PAVN units (28th and 24A regiments) joined with North Vietnamese Army and Pathet Lao to seize <a href="/wiki/Attapeu" title="Attapeu">Attapeu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Although communist movements down the Ho Chi Minh Trail grew during the year, the U.S. war effort was reduced because authorities in Washington, believing the U.S. objectives in Southeast Asia were being achieved, imposed budget limits, which reduced the number of combat missions the USAF could fly. Because of significant logistical stockpiling by PAVN in the Laotian Panhandle, South Vietnam launched <a href="/wiki/Operation_Lam_Son_719" title="Operation Lam Son 719">Operation Lam Son 719</a>, a military thrust on 8 February 1971. Its goals were to cross into Laos toward the city of <a href="/wiki/Sekong_province" title="Sekong province">Tchepone</a> and cut the Ho Chi Minh Trail, hopefully thwarting a planned North Vietnamese offensive. Aerial support by the U.S. was massive since no American ground units could participate in the operation. On 25 February, PAVN launched a counterattack, and in the face of heavy opposition, the South Vietnamese force withdrew from Laos after losing approximately a third of its men. On 18 December, PAVN and Pathet Lao forces launched counteroffensive (<a href="/wiki/Campaign_Z" title="Campaign Z">Campaign Z</a>) to recover the Plain of Jars. Volunteer forces included the 312th and 316th Divisions, the 335th and 866th Infantry Regiments, and six artillery and tank battalions. Xam Thong fell and the push continued toward Long Tieng.<a href="#cite_note-Victory_in_Vietnam,_p._288-90">[90]</a> Lower Laos – the 968th Infantry Regiment and Pathet Lao forces reclaimed the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tha_Teng&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tha Teng (page does not exist)">Tha Teng</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lao_Nam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lao Nam (page does not exist)">Lao Nam</a> areas, and captured the <a href="/wiki/Bolaven_Plateau" title="Bolaven Plateau">Bolaven Plateau</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Victory_in_Vietnam,_p._288-90">[90]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laotian_North_American_T-28D-5_at_Long_Tien,_Laos,_in_September_1972.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Laotian_North_American_T-28D-5_at_Long_Tien%2C_Laos%2C_in_September_1972.jpg/220px-Laotian_North_American_T-28D-5_at_Long_Tien%2C_Laos%2C_in_September_1972.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Laotian_North_American_T-28D-5_at_Long_Tien%2C_Laos%2C_in_September_1972.jpg/330px-Laotian_North_American_T-28D-5_at_Long_Tien%2C_Laos%2C_in_September_1972.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Laotian_North_American_T-28D-5_at_Long_Tien%2C_Laos%2C_in_September_1972.jpg/440px-Laotian_North_American_T-28D-5_at_Long_Tien%2C_Laos%2C_in_September_1972.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1066" data-file-height="737" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Royal_Lao_Air_Force" title="Royal Lao Air Force">Royal Lao Air Force</a> (RLAF) <a href="/wiki/North_American_T-28_Trojan" title="North American T-28 Trojan">North American T-28D-5 Trojan</a> armed trainer loaded with bombs at <a href="/wiki/Long_Tieng" title="Long Tieng">Long Tieng</a> airfield in Laos, September 1972</figcaption></figure> During the dry season 1971–72, PL/PAVN forces dug into defensive positions and fought for permanent control of the Plain of Jars. Units participating included the 316th Infantry Division, the 866th, 335th, and 88th Regiments, and nine specialty branch battalions under the command of Senior Colonel Le Linh. Seven PL battalions also participated. On 21 May, RLG forces attempted to seize the Plain. The battle lasted 170 days (until 15 November 1972). The communists claimed to have killed 1,200 troops and captured 80.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> When PAVN launched the Nguyễn Huệ Offensive (known in the West as the <a href="/wiki/Easter_Offensive" title="Easter Offensive">Easter Offensive</a>) into South Vietnam on 30 March, massive U.S. air support was required inside South Vietnam and its air strikes in Laos dropped to their lowest point since 1965. In northern Laos, the communists made additional gains during the year but failed to overwhelm government forces. In November, the Pathet Lao agreed to meet with Laotian government representatives to discuss a cease-fire. The war had resulted in a large number of refugees with a peak number of 378,800 internally displaced persons under government control in October 1973.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated13-82">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1973–1974">1973–1974</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Laotian_Civil_War&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 1973–1974">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vientianne1973.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Vientianne1973.jpg/220px-Vientianne1973.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Vientianne1973.jpg/330px-Vientianne1973.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Vientianne1973.jpg/440px-Vientianne1973.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2260" data-file-height="1822" /></a><figcaption>Pathet Lao soldiers in Vientiane, Laos, 1973</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Accords" title="Paris Peace Accords">Paris Peace Accords</a></div> The U.S. pulled out of Laos in 1973, as stipulated by the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Accords" title="Paris Peace Accords">Paris Peace Accords</a>. Thailand likewise began to withdraw its troops from Laos following the signing of the Paris Accords.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> North Vietnam was not required to remove its forces under the terms of the treaty. The national government was forced to accept the Pathet Lao into the government. During 1974 and 1975 the balance of power in Laos shifted steadily in favour of the Pathēt Lao as the U.S. disengaged itself from Indochina. Prime Minister Souvanna Phouma was tired and demoralised, and following a heart attack in mid-1974 he spent some months recuperating in France, after which he announced that he would retire from politics following the elections scheduled for early 1976. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hmong_woman_and_child_in_Laos_1973.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Hmong_woman_and_child_in_Laos_1973.jpg/220px-Hmong_woman_and_child_in_Laos_1973.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Hmong_woman_and_child_in_Laos_1973.jpg/330px-Hmong_woman_and_child_in_Laos_1973.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Hmong_woman_and_child_in_Laos_1973.jpg/440px-Hmong_woman_and_child_in_Laos_1973.jpg 2x" data-file-width="607" data-file-height="726" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hmong_people" title="Hmong people">Hmong</a> woman and child at <a href="/wiki/Long_Tieng" title="Long Tieng">Long Tieng</a>, Laos military base in 1973.</figcaption></figure> The anti-communist forces were thus leaderless, and also divided and deeply mired in corruption. Souphanouvong, by contrast, was confident and a master political tactician, and had behind him the disciplined cadres of the communist party and the Pathēt Lao forces and the North Vietnamese army. The end of American aid also meant the mass demobilization of most of the non-Pathēt Lao military forces in the country. The Pathēt Lao on the other hand continued to be both funded and equipped by North Vietnam. In May 1974 Souphanouvong put forward an 18-point plan for "National Reconstruction", which was unanimously adopted – a sign of his increasing dominance. The plan was mostly uncontroversial, with renewed promises of free elections, democratic rights and respect for religion, as well as constructive economic policies. But press censorship was introduced in the name of "national unity", making it more difficult for non-communist forces to organise politically in response to the creeping Pathēt Lao takeover. In January 1975 all public meetings and demonstrations were banned. Recognising the trend of events, influential business and political figures began to move their assets, and in some cases themselves, to Thailand, France or the U.S. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fall_of_Vientiane">Fall of Vientiane</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Laotian_Civil_War&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Fall of Vientiane">edit</a>]</div> In March 1975 the North Vietnamese began their final military offensive in South Vietnam, which by the end of April carried them to victory with the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Saigon" title="Fall of Saigon">fall of Saigon</a>. Thirteen days earlier the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge" title="Khmer Rouge">Khmer Rouge</a> army <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Phnom_Penh" title="Fall of Phnom Penh">had captured Phnom Penh</a>. The Pathēt Lao now knew that victory was within reach, and with the Vietnam War over the North Vietnamese authorised the seizure of power in Laos. Pathēt Lao forces on the Plain of Jars supported by North Vietnamese heavy artillery and other units began advancing westward.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In late April, the Pathēt Lao took the government outpost at Sala Phou Khoum crossroads which opened up Route 13 to a Pathēt Lao advance toward Muang Kassy. For the non-Pathēt Lao elements in the government, compromise seemed better than allowing what had happened in Cambodia and South Vietnam to happen in Laos. A surrender was thought to be better than a change of power by force.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In the city of Savannakhet, border at Mekong River on opposite side Thailand, several Pathet Laos underground organization members launched smaller uprising revolution against current Laotian right-wing leaders. The small uprising revolution started shortly after the enjoyable Laotian New Year festivity. Around late May 1975, after South Vietnamese government collapsed to VC, Savannakhet residents, as well as college students, joined the political rally to praise the support of new political shift toward Pathet Laos. Most of Royal Laotian troops couldn't quelled the main demonstrations. On May 31, 1975, the largely Pathet Laos troops arrived at Savannakhet without bloodshed of battle at the provincial capital. Presumably, some handful of Laotian residents from Savannakhet, as well as right wing political members, fled to Thailand by boat either before or during a swift Pathet Lao takeover. The Pathet Lao soldiers and high-ranking officials marched north to target Vientiane as anti-monarchy protests raged in Vientiane.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Demonstrations broke out in Vientiane, denouncing the rightists and demanding political change. Rightist ministers resigned from the government and fled the country, followed by senior Royal Lao Army commanders. A Pathēt Lao minister took over the defence portfolio, removing any chance of the Army resisting the Pathēt Lao takeover. Prime Minister Souvanna Phouma, dreading further conflict and apparently trusting Souphanouvong's promises of a moderate policy, gave instructions that the Pathēt Lao were not to be resisted, and the U.S. began to withdraw its diplomatic personnel. The Pathēt Lao army entered the major towns of southern Laos during May, and in early June occupied Luang Phrabāng. Panic broke out in Vientiane as most of the business class and many officials, officers and others who had collaborated with the U.S. scrambled to get their families and property across the Mekong to Thailand. Recognising that the cause was lost, Vang Pao led thousands of his Hmong fighters and their families into exile – eventually about a third of all the Lao Hmong left the country. Pathēt Lao forces captured Vientiane in August.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] For a few months the Pathēt Lao appeared to honour their promises of moderation. The shell of the coalition government was preserved, there were no arrests or show-trials, and private property was respected. Diplomatic relations with the U.S. were maintained, despite an immediate cut-off of all U.S. aid. (Other western countries continued to offer aid, and Soviet and eastern European technicians began to arrive to replace the departed Americans.) But in December there was a sharp change in policy. A joint meeting of the government and the Consultative Council was held, at which Souphanouvong demanded immediate change. There was no resistance.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Most Western countries, including prominent long-time ally United States, closed their embassies either shortly before or after the rise of the establishment of Laos PDR claimed the new communist authoritarian government hasn't implement a new Constitution and the affliction of ideological deterioration.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> In September 1975, during an interview, Prime Minister Phouma stated his wish to stay in office until 1976 so he could plan the major steps needed for the long-term reunification process, and to ensure the Pathet Lao did not take away some of the political powers of the monarchy. Phouma hoped that the 1976 election will select a new head of state from the majority faction, assumed to be the Pathet Lao, who will create the new nonprovisional Vientiane government, with the promise of retaining some liberties and potentially be more open diplomatically with non-communist Thailand.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> On 2 December, when Vientiane fell to the Pathet Lao, King Savang Vatthana agreed to abdicate and Souvanna Phouma resigned. The <a href="/wiki/Lao_People%27s_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Lao People's Democratic Republic">Lao People's Democratic Republic</a> was proclaimed, with Souphanouvong as <a href="/wiki/President_of_Laos" title="President of Laos">President</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kais%C3%B4n_Phomvih%C4%81n" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaisôn Phomvihān">Kaisôn Phomvihān</a> emerged from the shadows to become <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Laos" title="Prime Minister of Laos">Prime Minister</a> and the real ruler of the country. A few royal family members, including a Prince, crossed the Mekong River and evacuated to Thailand a few days before the establishment of the Laos PDR, fearing societal upheaval and persecution.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> By this point, the Pathēt Lao dropped all pretense of moderation, and no more was heard of elections or political freedoms. Non-communist newspapers were closed, and a large-scale purge of the civil service, army and police was launched. Furthermore, the communist Vietnamese government prevented the re-emergence of Laotian Neutralist Party (LNP) and other right-wing political parties and organisations across Laos, blaming them for instigating the chaotic upheaval on behalf of "foreign imperialists" without direct evidence.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Thousands were dispatched for "re-education" in remote parts of the country, where many died and many more were kept for up to ten years. The vast majority of the royal family of Laos, including the deposed king, were also sent to the "re-education camps", where most eventually died from starvation and hard labor during the <a href="/wiki/Totalitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Totalitarian">totalitarian</a> period of the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> This prompted a renewed flight from the country. "About 90 percent" of Laos's "intellectuals, technicians, and officials" left Laos following the communist takeover. Many of the professional and intellectual class, who had initially been willing to work for the new regime, changed their minds and left; a much easier thing to do from Laos than from either Vietnam or Cambodia. In proportional terms, Laos experienced the largest refugee flight of the Indochinese nations, with a full 10% of the population – 300,000 people out of a total of 3 million – crossing the border into Thailand.<a href="#cite_note-The_Black_Book_of_Communism-12">[12]</a> Once in power, the Pathet Lao economically cut its ties to all its neighbors (including China) with the exception of reunified Vietnam, and signed a treaty of friendship with Hanoi. The treaty allowed the Vietnamese to station soldiers within Laos and to place advisers throughout the government and economy. This is considered by most historians and journalists to be the end of the Second Indochina War.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Consequently, neighboring Thailand banned any export and transit goods to Mekong River at Laos until 1989, when Thai Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Chatichai_Choonhavan" title="Chatichai Choonhavan">Chatichai Choonhavan</a> eased the trade restrictions, citing the gradual diplomatic normalization between Thailand and Laos.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evacuation_of_the_Hmong">Evacuation of the Hmong</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Laotian_Civil_War&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Evacuation of the Hmong">edit</a>]</div> A dramatic event during the takeover of Laos by the communists was the evacuation of Vang Pao and other Hmong leaders by air from Long Tieng. The end came for Vang Pao on 5 May 1975 when he was called before Souvanna Phouma, the Prime Minister of Laos, and ordered to cooperate with the communist Pathet Lao. Vang Pao took the general's stars off his collar, threw them on the desk of Souvanna Phouma, and stalked out of the room. Four days later the official Pathet Lao newspaper warned that the Hmong people would be exterminated "to the last root."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson201054-101">[101]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Daniels" title="Jerry Daniels">Jerry Daniels</a>, Vang Pao's CIA case officer, was the only American remaining in Long Tieng and he began to plan an evacuation of the Hmong. However, he had only one airplane to evacuate the 3,500 Hmong leaders and families he judged to be at risk of execution by the Pathet Lao then advancing on Long Tieng. Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Harry_C._Aderholt" title="Harry C. Aderholt">Heinie Aderholt</a> in Bangkok helped to find additional planes and sent three pilots flying two C-46 and one C-130 transport aircraft to Long Tieng. The planes were "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sheep-dip" class="extiw" title="wikt:sheep-dip">sheep-dipped</a>" to remove any U.S. markings as the operation was carried out in secret. The pilots were American civilians: Les Strouse, Matt Hoff, and Al Rich.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson201055–56-102">[102]</a> With the three American planes, the evacuation began in earnest on 13 May with each transport aircraft making four flights each that day from Long Tieng to Udorn, Thailand and transporting more than 65 people per airplane on each trip – far more than the 35 maximum passengers dictated by safety conditions at mountain-ringed Long Tieng. Thousands of Hmong clustered around the airstrip at Long Tieng awaiting evacuation. On 14 May, Vang Pao and Jerry Daniels were evacuated secretly by helicopter to Thailand and the air evacuation came to an end. The next day the Pathet Lao marched into Long Tieng unopposed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson201057–58-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Daniels accompanied Vang Pao to exile in Montana and then returned to Thailand to help the Hmong refugees there.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson201060–61-105">[105]</a> What nobody had anticipated was how tens of thousands of Hmong, left behind in Long Tieng and Laos, would follow Vang Pao and other Hmong leaders to Thailand. By the end of 1975, about 40,000 Hmong had succeeded to reaching Thailand, traveling on foot through the mountains and floating across the <a href="/wiki/Mekong_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Mekong River">Mekong River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson201060-106">[106]</a> How many died or were killed in their attempt to escape Laos is not known, but the flight of Hmong and other Laotian highland peoples into Thailand would continue for many more years. They faced repression at home from the communist government for their collaboration with the Americans. Most of the Hmong in Thailand would eventually be resettled in the United States and other countries. Between 1975 and 1982, 53,700 Hmong and other highland Laotian refugees were <a href="/wiki/Hmong_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Hmong American">resettled in the United States</a> and thousands more in other countries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2010244<-107">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Laotian_Civil_War&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Aftermath">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LaosRecovery01b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/LaosRecovery01b.jpg/220px-LaosRecovery01b.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/LaosRecovery01b.jpg/330px-LaosRecovery01b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/LaosRecovery01b.jpg/440px-LaosRecovery01b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>Laotians hired to assist U.S. troops assigned with the Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command sift then move tons of dirt on a mountain near <a href="/wiki/X%C3%A9p%C3%B4n" title="Xépôn">Xépôn</a>, Laos (July 2004)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BLU-26_cluster_sub-munition.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/BLU-26_cluster_sub-munition.JPG/220px-BLU-26_cluster_sub-munition.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/BLU-26_cluster_sub-munition.JPG/330px-BLU-26_cluster_sub-munition.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/BLU-26_cluster_sub-munition.JPG/440px-BLU-26_cluster_sub-munition.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Unexploded cluster sub-munition, probably a <a href="/wiki/BLU-26" class="mw-redirect" title="BLU-26">BLU-26</a> type. Plain of Jars, Laos. 2012</figcaption></figure> Due to the Vietnam War, the Laotian War has been almost forgotten by the majority of people around the world, even in the United States and Vietnam. According to the Vietnamese government, from 1994 to 2012, the remains of 14,549 North Vietnamese soldiers, who were killed during the war, were found in Laos.<a href="#cite_note-chuyen-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unexploded_bombs">Unexploded bombs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Laotian_Civil_War&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Unexploded bombs">edit</a>]</div> The U.S. dropped 2,756,941 tons of <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_ordnance" title="Aircraft ordnance">ordnance</a> on 113,716 Laotian sites in 230,516 sorties between 1965 and 1973 alone, making Laos the most heavily bombed country in history relative to the size of its population; <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> notes this was "nearly a ton for every person in Laos".<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-109">[109]</a> By September 1969, the Plain of Jars was largely deserted.<a href="#cite_note-:2-109">[109]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UXO_Display_-_COPE_Office_-_VIentiane_-_Laos.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/UXO_Display_-_COPE_Office_-_VIentiane_-_Laos.JPG/220px-UXO_Display_-_COPE_Office_-_VIentiane_-_Laos.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/UXO_Display_-_COPE_Office_-_VIentiane_-_Laos.JPG/330px-UXO_Display_-_COPE_Office_-_VIentiane_-_Laos.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/UXO_Display_-_COPE_Office_-_VIentiane_-_Laos.JPG/440px-UXO_Display_-_COPE_Office_-_VIentiane_-_Laos.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>UXO on display at a museum in <a href="/wiki/Vientiane" title="Vientiane">Vientiane</a></figcaption></figure> U.S. aircraft dropped more ordnance on Laos than on all countries during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, leaving Laos with about 78 million pieces of <a href="/wiki/Unexploded_ordnance" title="Unexploded ordnance">unexploded ordnance</a> (UXO) by the end of the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhamvongsaRussell2009282-110">[110]</a> Casualties continue to mount from UXO dropped by the U.S. and Laotian Air Forces from 1964 to 1973. It has been reported that, between 1964 and 1973, areas controlled by the invading North Vietnamese and Pathet Lao were hit by an average of one B‑52 bomb-load every eight minutes, 24 hours a day. <a href="/wiki/Xiangkhouang_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Xiangkhouang Province">Xiangkhouang Province</a> was the most heavily bombed province. Thirty per cent of bombs failed to explode immediately.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> UXO remains dangerous to persons coming in contact, purposefully or accidentally, with bombs. According to a Laotian government survey, casualties from explosive ordnance during the civil war period, between 1964 and 1975, are estimated at 30,000, while casualties since the end of the war from UXO are estimated at 20,000. They estimate 50,000 casualties from explosive ordnance in total, including 29,522 killed and 21,048 injured. Explosive remnants of war (ERW) caused most of the casualties, followed by landmines, and then cluster munitions which caused 15% of casualties.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> 59 people were known to have been killed or injured by UXO in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> So abundant are the remnants of bombs on the Plain of Jars that the collection and sale of scrap metal from bombs has been a major industry since the Civil War.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson201047-114">[114]</a> Currently 50 people are killed or maimed every year from UXO.<a href="#cite_note-Wright-115">[115]</a> Due to the particularly heavy impact of cluster bombs during this war, Laos was a strong advocate of the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Cluster_Munitions" title="Convention on Cluster Munitions">Convention on Cluster Munitions</a> to ban the weapons and was host to the First Meeting of States Parties to the convention in November 2010.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plight_of_Hmong_and_other_U.S.-allied_veterans">Plight of Hmong and other U.S.-allied veterans</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Laotian_Civil_War&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Plight of Hmong and other U.S.-allied veterans">edit</a>]</div> Many former ethnic Hmong and Laotian veterans and their families, led by Colonel Wangyee Vang of the <a href="/wiki/Lao_Veterans_of_America_Institute" title="Lao Veterans of America Institute">Lao Veterans of America Institute</a> and Lao Veterans of America, worked to establish a non-profit organization and advocate for honorary <a href="/wiki/U.S._citizen" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. citizen">U.S. citizenship</a> for the Secret Army veterans. In 2000, the <a href="/wiki/Hmong_Veterans%27_Naturalization_Act_of_2000" title="Hmong Veterans' Naturalization Act of 2000">Hmong Veterans' Naturalization Act of 2000</a> was passed by the Republican-controlled U.S. Congress and signed into law by US President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>. Many of the Hmong people came down from the mountains and surrendered to the Lao government, while others found their way to refugee camps in Thailand. In 2008, however, a repatriation agreement between the Thai and Lao governments resulted in a mass forced deportation of the people in these camps, and reports of atrocities committed against them by the Lao military spurred activist groups to try to persuade the Thai government to keep granting asylum to the refugees, but to no avail.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 2004, following several years of pressure from a coalition of U.S. <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_activists" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights activists">human rights activists</a>,<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> the U.S. government reversed its policy of denying immigration to Hmong who had fled Laos in the 1990s for refugee camps in Thailand. In a major victory for the Hmong, the U.S. government recognized some 15,000 Hmong as political refugees and afforded them expedited U.S. immigration rights.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Memorial_in_the_US">Memorial in the US</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Laotian_Civil_War&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Memorial in the US">edit</a>]</div> Twenty-two years following the end of the Laotian War, on 15 May 1997, the U.S. officially acknowledged its role in the Secret War. A memorial to American and Hmong contributions to U.S. air and ground combat efforts during the conflict was established by the <a href="/wiki/Lao_Veterans_of_America" title="Lao Veterans of America">Lao Veterans of America</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Center_for_Public_Policy_Analysis" title="The Center for Public Policy Analysis">the Center for Public Policy Analysis</a>, in cooperation with the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">U.S. Congress</a> and others. The <a href="/wiki/Laos_Memorial" title="Laos Memorial">Laos Memorial</a> is located on the grounds of the <a href="/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery" title="Arlington National Cemetery">Arlington National Cemetery</a> between the <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Eternal_Flame" title="John F. Kennedy Eternal Flame">John F. Kennedy Eternal Flame</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Unknown_Soldier" title="Tomb of the Unknown Soldier">Tomb of the Unknown Soldier</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Laotian_Civil_War&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bomb_Harvest" title="Bomb Harvest">Bomb Harvest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Center_for_Public_Policy_Analysis" title="The Center for Public Policy Analysis">The Center for Public Policy Analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Laos" title="CIA activities in Laos">CIA activities in Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_Veterans%27_Naturalization_Act_of_2000" title="Hmong Veterans' Naturalization Act of 2000">Hmong Veterans' Naturalization Act of 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Laos" title="Insurgency in Laos">Conflict in Laos involving the Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_Human_Rights_Council" title="Lao Human Rights Council">Lao Human Rights Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_Veterans_of_America" title="Lao Veterans of America">Lao Veterans of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos_Memorial" title="Laos Memorial">Laos Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Lue" title="Lee Lue">Lee Lue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_League_for_Democracy_in_Laos" title="United League for Democracy in Laos">United League for Democracy in Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vang_Pao" title="Vang Pao">Vang Pao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vang_Sue" title="Vang Sue">Vang Sue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weapons_of_the_Laotian_Civil_War" title="Weapons of the Laotian Civil War">Weapons of the Laotian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Opium_War" title="1967 Opium War">1967 Opium War</a></li></ul> General: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_people" title="Hmong people">Hmong</a>. (1962-02-27 Suphan Buri Province (สุพรรณบุรี): Ruam Wongphan (รวม วงษ์พันธ์, 1922 - 1962), allegedly "chief communist conspirator in Central Thailand" is arrested. He is executed on 1962-04-24 (see below!).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Laotian_Civil_War&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-REF1-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-REF1_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-REF1_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.country-data.com/frd/cs/laos/la_glos.html#Lao">"Area Handbook Series – Laos – Glossary"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160307033933/http://www.country-data.com/frd/cs/laos/la_glos.html#Lao">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 21 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Area+Handbook+Series+%E2%80%93+Laos+%E2%80%93+Glossary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.country-data.com%2Ffrd%2Fcs%2Flaos%2Fla_glos.html%23Lao&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaotian+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101117114707/http://footprinttravelguides.com/c/4999/the-rise-of-communism/">"The rise of Communism"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.footprinttravelguides.com/c/4999/the-rise-of-communism/">the original</a> on 17 November 2010. Retrieved 22 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+rise+of+Communism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.footprinttravelguides.com%2Fc%2F4999%2Fthe-rise-of-communism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaotian+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEly199370-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEly199370_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEly1993">Ely 1993</a>, p. 70. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://members.ozemail.com.au/~yeulee/Topical/Hmong%20rebellion%20in%20Laos.html">"Hmong rebellion in Laos"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100114073355/http://members.ozemail.com.au/~yeulee/Topical/Hmong%20rebellion%20in%20Laos.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2010. Retrieved 22 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hmong+rebellion+in+Laos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmembers.ozemail.com.au%2F~yeulee%2FTopical%2FHmong%2520rebellion%2520in%2520Laos.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaotian+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-chuyen-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chuyen_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chuyen_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404230151/http://datafile.chinhsachquandoi.gov.vn/Qu%E1%BA%A3n%20l%C3%BD%20ch%E1%BB%89%20%C4%91%E1%BA%A1o/Chuy%C3%AAn%20%C4%91%E1%BB%81%204.doc">"Chuyên đề 4 CÔNG TÁC TÌM KIẾM, QUY TẬP HÀI CỐT LIỆT SĨ TỪ NAY ĐẾN NĂM 2020 VÀ NHỮNG NĂM TIẾP THEO"</a> [Topic 4 WORKS FOR SEARCH AND COLLECTION OF SHOCKS WILL BE FROM NOW TO 2020 AND THE NEXT YEARS]. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://datafile.chinhsachquandoi.gov.vn/Qu%E1%BA%A3n%20l%C3%BD%20ch%E1%BB%89%20%C4%91%E1%BA%A1o/Chuy%C3%AAn%20%C4%91%E1%BB%81%204.doc">the original</a> on 4 April 2023. <q>The Vietnamese government officially lists 1.15 million confirmed soldier deaths in the Indochina Wars. Of these, 909,000 have had their bodies recovered. Of those with bodies recovered, 33,393 (17,404 in one search, 15,989 in a second), or 3.67%, were recovered within the borders of Laos.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chuy%C3%AAn+%C4%91%E1%BB%81+4+C%C3%94NG+T%C3%81C+T%C3%8CM+KI%E1%BA%BEM%2C+QUY+T%E1%BA%ACP+H%C3%80I+C%E1%BB%90T+LI%E1%BB%86T+S%C4%A8+T%E1%BB%AA+NAY+%C4%90%E1%BA%BEN+N%C4%82M+2020+V%C3%80+NH%E1%BB%AENG+N%C4%82M+TI%E1%BA%BEP+THEO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdatafile.chinhsachquandoi.gov.vn%2FQu%25E1%25BA%25A3n%2520l%25C3%25BD%2520ch%25E1%25BB%2589%2520%25C4%2591%25E1%25BA%25A1o%2FChuy%25C3%25AAn%2520%25C4%2591%25E1%25BB%2581%25204.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaotian+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> T. Lomperis, From People's War to People's Rule (1996) </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObermeyerMurrayGakidou2008" class="citation journal cs1">Obermeyer, Ziad; Murray, Christopher J. L.; Gakidou, Emmanuela (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2440905">"Fifty years of violent war deaths from Vietnam to Bosnia: analysis of data from the world health survey programme"</a>. <a href="/wiki/British_Medical_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="British Medical Journal">British Medical Journal</a>. 336 (7659): 1482–1486. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.a137">10.1136/bmj.a137</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2440905">2440905</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18566045">18566045</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Medical+Journal&rft.atitle=Fifty+years+of+violent+war+deaths+from+Vietnam+to+Bosnia%3A+analysis+of+data+from+the+world+health+survey+programme&rft.volume=336&rft.issue=7659&rft.pages=1482-1486&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2440905%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18566045&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.a137&rft.aulast=Obermeyer&rft.aufirst=Ziad&rft.au=Murray%2C+Christopher+J.+L.&rft.au=Gakidou%2C+Emmanuela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2440905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaotian+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> See Table 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161126132658/http://www.stephenmbland.com/">"Stephen M Bland | Journalist and Author | Central Asia Caucasus"</a>. stephenmbland. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stephenmbland.com/">the original</a> on 26 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stephenmbland&rft.atitle=Stephen+M+Bland+%26%23124%3B+Journalist+and+Author+%26%23124%3B+Central+Asia+Caucasus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stephenmbland.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaotian+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legaciesofwar.org/legacies-library">"LEGACIES LIBRARY"</a>. Legacies of War. Retrieved 19 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Legacies+of+War&rft.atitle=LEGACIES+LIBRARY&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.legaciesofwar.org%2Flegacies-library&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaotian+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUppsala_Conflict_Data_Program2011" class="citation web cs1">Uppsala Conflict Data Program (2 November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120121090251/http://www.ucdp.uu.se/gpdatabase/gpcountry.php?id=90&regionSelect=7-Eastern_Asia">"Laos"</a>. Uppsala University Department of Peace and Conflict Research. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucdp.uu.se/gpdatabase/gpcountry.php?id=90&regionSelect=7-Eastern_Asia">the original</a> on 21 January 2012. Retrieved 11 November 2002. <q>In October 1953, the Franco-Lao Treaty of Amity and Association transferred power....</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Laos&rft.pub=Uppsala+University+Department+of+Peace+and+Conflict+Research&rft.date=2011-11-02&rft.au=Uppsala+Conflict+Data+Program&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucdp.uu.se%2Fgpdatabase%2Fgpcountry.php%3Fid%3D90%26regionSelect%3D7-Eastern_Asia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaotian+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ampltd.co.uk/digital_guides/fo_files_usa_series_two_part_2/brief-chronology.aspx">"Brief Chronology, 1959–1963"</a>. Foreign Office Files: United States of America, Series Two: Vietnam, 1959–1975; Part 2: Laos, 1959–1963. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120113215512/http://www.ampltd.co.uk/digital_guides/fo_files_usa_series_two_part_2/brief-chronology.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2012. Retrieved 2 November 2011. <q>October 22 Franco-Lao Treaty of Amity and Association</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brief+Chronology%2C+1959%E2%80%931963&rft.pub=Foreign+Office+Files%3A+United+States+of+America%2C+Series+Two%3A+Vietnam%2C+1959%E2%80%931975%3B+Part+2%3A+Laos%2C+1959%E2%80%931963&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ampltd.co.uk%2Fdigital_guides%2Ffo_files_usa_series_two_part_2%2Fbrief-chronology.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaotian+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Black_Book_of_Communism-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Black_Book_of_Communism_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Black_Book_of_Communism_12-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCourtoisWerthPannePaczkowski1997" class="citation book cs1">Courtois, Stephane; et al. (1997). <a href="/wiki/The_Black_Book_of_Communism" title="The Black Book of Communism">The Black Book of Communism</a>. Harvard University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/blackbookcommuni00wert/page/n626">575</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-07608-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-07608-2"><bdi>978-0-674-07608-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Black+Book+of+Communism&rft.pages=575&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-674-07608-2&rft.aulast=Courtois&rft.aufirst=Stephane&rft.au=Werth%2C+Nicolas&rft.au=Panne%2C+Jean-Louis&rft.au=Paczkowski%2C+Andrzej&rft.au=Bartosek%2C+Karel&rft.au=Margolin%2C+Jean-Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaotian+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sozialwiss.uni-hamburg.de/onTEAM/preview/Ipw/Akuf/kriege/183_laos.htm">Laos (Erster Guerillakrieg der Meo (Hmong)).</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101209005259/http://www.sozialwiss.uni-hamburg.de/onTEAM/preview/Ipw/Akuf/kriege/183_laos.htm">Archived</a> 9 December 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Kriege-Archiv der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Kriegsursachenforschung, Institut für Politikwissenschaft, Universität Hamburg. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://factsanddetails.com/southeast-asia/Laos/sub5_3a/entry-2943.html">http://factsanddetails.com/southeast-asia/Laos/sub5_3a/entry-2943.html</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612070431/http://factsanddetails.com/southeast-asia/Laos/sub5_3a/entry-2943.html">Archived</a> 12 June 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 17 April 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/54/057.html">"Bombing Laos"</a>. Hartford-hwp.com. 9 October 1995. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180119205442/http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/54/057.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2018. Retrieved 3 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hartford-hwp.com&rft.atitle=Bombing+Laos&rft.date=1995-10-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hartford-hwp.com%2Farchives%2F54%2F057.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaotian+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBranfman2001" class="citation cs2">Branfman, Fred (18 May 2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110130154904/http://www.salon.com/books/feature/2001/05/18/kissinger">"Wanted"</a>, Salon, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salon.com/books/feature/2001/05/18/kissinger/">the original</a> on 30 January 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Salon&rft.atitle=Wanted&rft.date=2001-05-18&rft.aulast=Branfman&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.salon.com%2Fbooks%2Ffeature%2F2001%2F05%2F18%2Fkissinger%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaotian+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiseman2003" class="citation news cs1">Wiseman, Paul (11 December 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2003-12-11-laos-bombs_x.htm">"30-year-old bombs still very deadly in Laos"</a>. USA Today. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101117023424/http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2003-12-11-laos-bombs_x.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2010. Retrieved 7 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=30-year-old+bombs+still+very+deadly+in+Laos&rft.date=2003-12-11&rft.aulast=Wiseman&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2F2003-12-11-laos-bombs_x.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaotian+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lcweb2.loc.gov-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lcweb2.loc.gov_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lcweb2.loc.gov_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lcweb2.loc.gov_18-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041031095538/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID%2Bla0026%29">"Archived copy"</a>. lcweb2.loc.gov. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID%2Bla0026%29">the original</a> on 31 October 2004. Retrieved 17 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lcweb2.loc.gov&rft.atitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr%3Ffrd%252Fcstdy%253A%2540field%2528DOCID%252Bla0026%2529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaotian+Civil+War" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-War_in_Laos-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-War_in_Laos_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-War_in_Laos_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-War_in_Laos_19-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-War_in_Laos_19-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-War_in_Laos_19-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-War_in_Laos_19-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-War_in_Laos_19-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">War in Laos. p. 5.</cite> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated2-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_20-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_20-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_20-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_20-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Shadow War: The CIA's Secret War in Laos. p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shadow+War%3A+The+CIA%27s+Secret+War+in+Laos&rft.pages=2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaotian+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated7-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated7_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated7_21-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">At War in the Shadow of Vietnam: U.S. Military Aid to the Royal Lao Government, 1955–1975. p. 7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=At+War+in+the+Shadow+of+Vietnam%3A+U.S.+Military+Aid+to+the+Royal+Lao+Government%2C+1955%E2%80%931975&rft.pages=7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaotian+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_22-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050228065607/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query2/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID%2Bla0027%29">"Archived copy"</a>. lcweb2.loc.gov. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query2/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID%2Bla0027%29">the original</a> on 28 February 2005. Retrieved 17 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lcweb2.loc.gov&rft.atitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery2%2Fr%3Ffrd%252Fcstdy%253A%2540field%2528DOCID%252Bla0027%2529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaotian+Civil+War" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050228065502/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query2/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID%2Bla0028%29">"Archived copy"</a>. lcweb2.loc.gov. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query2/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID%2Bla0028%29">the original</a> on 28 February 2005. Retrieved 17 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lcweb2.loc.gov&rft.atitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery2%2Fr%3Ffrd%252Fcstdy%253A%2540field%2528DOCID%252Bla0028%2529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaotian+Civil+War" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050228065416/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query2/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID%2Bla0032%29">"Archived copy"</a>. lcweb2.loc.gov. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query2/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID%2Bla0032%29">the original</a> on 28 February 2005. Retrieved 17 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lcweb2.loc.gov&rft.atitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery2%2Fr%3Ffrd%252Fcstdy%253A%2540field%2528DOCID%252Bla0032%2529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaotian+Civil+War" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated3-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated3_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated3_25-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated3_25-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041031092223/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID%2Bla0028%29">"Archived copy"</a>. lcweb2.loc.gov. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID%2Bla0028%29">the original</a> on 31 October 2004. Retrieved 17 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lcweb2.loc.gov&rft.atitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr%3Ffrd%252Fcstdy%253A%2540field%2528DOCID%252Bla0028%2529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaotian+Civil+War" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_26-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050228065410/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query2/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID%2Bla0031%29">"Archived copy"</a>. lcweb2.loc.gov. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query2/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID%2Bla0031%29">the original</a> on 28 February 2005. Retrieved 17 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lcweb2.loc.gov&rft.atitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery2%2Fr%3Ffrd%252Fcstdy%253A%2540field%2528DOCID%252Bla0031%2529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaotian+Civil+War" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated4-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated4_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated4_27-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050228065658/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query2/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID%2Bla0030%29">"Archived copy"</a>. lcweb2.loc.gov. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query2/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID%2Bla0030%29">the original</a> on 28 February 2005. Retrieved 17 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lcweb2.loc.gov&rft.atitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery2%2Fr%3Ffrd%252Fcstdy%253A%2540field%2528DOCID%252Bla0030%2529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaotian+Civil+War" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Shadow War: The CIA's Secret War in Laos. pp. 3–4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shadow+War%3A+The+CIA%27s+Secret+War+in+Laos&rft.pages=3-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaotian+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">War in Laos. p. 4 & 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+in+Laos&rft.pages=4+%26+5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaotian+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Shadow War: The CIA's Secret War in Laos. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shadow+War%3A+The+CIA%27s+Secret+War+in+Laos&rft.pages=3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaotian+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">At War in the Shadow of Vietnam: U.S. Military Aid to the Royal Lao Government, 1955–1975. pp. 7, 142–143.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=At+War+in+the+Shadow+of+Vietnam%3A+U.S.+Military+Aid+to+the+Royal+Lao+Government%2C+1955%E2%80%931975&rft.pages=7%2C+142-143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaotian+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041031093445/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID%2Bla0031%29">"Archived copy"</a>. lcweb2.loc.gov. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID%2Bla0031%29">the original</a> on 31 October 2004. Retrieved 17 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lcweb2.loc.gov&rft.atitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr%3Ffrd%252Fcstdy%253A%2540field%2528DOCID%252Bla0031%2529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaotian+Civil+War" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Kathryn Statler, Replacing France: The Origins of American Intervention in Vietnam (University Press of Kentucky, 2007) p. 197; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">At War in the Shadow of Vietnam: U.S. Military Aid to the Royal Lao Government, 1955–1975. p. 9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=At+War+in+the+Shadow+of+Vietnam%3A+U.S.+Military+Aid+to+the+Royal+Lao+Government%2C+1955%E2%80%931975&rft.pages=9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaotian+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Shadow War: The CIA's Secret War in Laos. p. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shadow+War%3A+The+CIA%27s+Secret+War+in+Laos&rft.pages=4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaotian+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_35-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_35-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">At War in the Shadow of Vietnam: U.S. Military Aid to the Royal Lao Government, 1955–1975. pp. 9–10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=At+War+in+the+Shadow+of+Vietnam%3A+U.S.+Military+Aid+to+the+Royal+Lao+Government%2C+1955%E2%80%931975&rft.pages=9-10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaotian+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">War in Laos. p. 4.</cite> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ravens.org/">"EAPLS – Raven FAC"</a>. Ravens.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171124114828/http://ravens.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 November 2017. Retrieved 3 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ravens.org&rft.atitle=EAPLS+%E2%80%93+Raven+FAC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ravens.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaotian+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">At War in the Shadow of Vietnam: U.S. Military Aid to the Royal Lao Government, 1955–1975. p. 10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=At+War+in+the+Shadow+of+Vietnam%3A+U.S.+Military+Aid+to+the+Royal+Lao+Government%2C+1955%E2%80%931975&rft.pages=10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaotian+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">War in Laos. pp. 4–5.</cite> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041031095421/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID%2Bla0004%29">"Archived copy"</a>. lcweb2.loc.gov. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID%2Bla0004%29">the original</a> on 31 October 2004. Retrieved 17 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lcweb2.loc.gov&rft.atitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr%3Ffrd%252Fcstdy%253A%2540field%2528DOCID%252Bla0004%2529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaotian+Civil+War" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170904014932/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/D?cstdy%3A1%3A.%2Ftemp%2F~frd_6n5k%3A%3A">"Archived copy"</a>. lcweb2.loc.gov. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/D?cstdy%3A1%3A.%2Ftemp%2F~frd_6n5k%3A%3A">the original</a> on 4 September 2017. Retrieved 17 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lcweb2.loc.gov&rft.atitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2FD%3Fcstdy%253A1%253A.%252Ftemp%252F~frd_6n5k%253A%253A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaotian+Civil+War" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fallingrain.com/world/LA/14/Ban_Nameo.html">"Maps, Weather, and Airports for Ban Nameo, Laos"</a>. Fallingrain.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170904021630/http://www.fallingrain.com/world/LA/14/Ban_Nameo.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2017. Retrieved 3 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fallingrain.com&rft.atitle=Maps%2C+Weather%2C+and+Airports+for+Ban+Nameo%2C+Laos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fallingrain.com%2Fworld%2FLA%2F14%2FBan_Nameo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaotian+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceC-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_43-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_43-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">At War in the Shadow of Vietnam: U.S. Military Aid to the Royal Lao Government 1955–1975. p. 18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=At+War+in+the+Shadow+of+Vietnam%3A+U.S.+Military+Aid+to+the+Royal+Lao+Government+1955%E2%80%931975&rft.pages=18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaotian+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041031091017/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID%2Bla0033%29">"Archived copy"</a>. lcweb2.loc.gov. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID%2Bla0033%29">the original</a> on 31 October 2004. Retrieved 17 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lcweb2.loc.gov&rft.atitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr%3Ffrd%252Fcstdy%253A%2540field%2528DOCID%252Bla0033%2529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaotian+Civil+War" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050228065816/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query2/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID%2Bla0036%29">"Archived copy"</a>. lcweb2.loc.gov. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query2/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID%2Bla0036%29">the original</a> on 28 February 2005. Retrieved 17 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lcweb2.loc.gov&rft.atitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery2%2Fr%3Ffrd%252Fcstdy%253A%2540field%2528DOCID%252Bla0036%2529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaotian+Civil+War" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated5-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated5_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated5_46-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated5_46-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041031095001/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID%2Bla0042%29">"Archived copy"</a>. lcweb2.loc.gov. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID%2Bla0042%29">the original</a> on 31 October 2004. Retrieved 17 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lcweb2.loc.gov&rft.atitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr%3Ffrd%252Fcstdy%253A%2540field%2528DOCID%252Bla0042%2529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaotian+Civil+War" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Martin103-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Martin103_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martin103_47-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martin103_47-2">c</a> Stuart-Fox, Martin, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8VvvevRkX-EC">A history of Laos</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150321023542/http://books.google.com/books?id=8VvvevRkX-EC">Archived</a> 21 March 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 103. </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Martin, p. 104. </li> <li id="cite_note-Martin105-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Martin105_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martin105_49-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martin105_49-2">c</a> Martin, p. 105. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuong2008" class="citation book cs1">Duong, Van (2008). The Tragedy of the Vietnam War: A South Vietnamese Officer's Analysis. p. 74.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tragedy+of+the+Vietnam+War%3A+A+South+Vietnamese+Officer%27s+Analysis&rft.pages=74&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Duong&rft.aufirst=Van&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaotian+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated6-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated6_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated6_51-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated6_51-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041031093035/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID%2Bla0037%29">"Archived copy"</a>. lcweb2.loc.gov. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID%2Bla0037%29">the original</a> on 31 October 2004. Retrieved 17 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lcweb2.loc.gov&rft.atitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr%3Ffrd%252Fcstdy%253A%2540field%2528DOCID%252Bla0037%2529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaotian+Civil+War" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuong2008" class="citation book cs1">Duong, Van (2008). The Tragedy of the Vietnam War: A South Vietnamese Officer's Analysis. p. 75.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tragedy+of+the+Vietnam+War%3A+A+South+Vietnamese+Officer%27s+Analysis&rft.pages=75&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Duong&rft.aufirst=Van&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaotian+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">At War in the Shadow of Vietnam: U.S. Military Aid to the Royal Lao Government 1955–1975. pp. 19–22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=At+War+in+the+Shadow+of+Vietnam%3A+U.S.+Military+Aid+to+the+Royal+Lao+Government+1955%E2%80%931975&rft.pages=19-22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaotian+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">War in Laos. pp. 7, 13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+in+Laos&rft.pages=7%2C+13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaotian+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">War in Laos. p. 7.</cite> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated8-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated8_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated8_56-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated8_56-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041031091831/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID%2Bla0039%29">"Archived copy"</a>. lcweb2.loc.gov. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID%2Bla0039%29">the original</a> on 31 October 2004. Retrieved 17 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lcweb2.loc.gov&rft.atitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr%3Ffrd%252Fcstdy%253A%2540field%2528DOCID%252Bla0039%2529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaotian+Civil+War" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Shadow War: The CIA's Secret War in Laos. pp. 32–33.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shadow+War%3A+The+CIA%27s+Secret+War+in+Laos&rft.pages=32-33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaotian+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nakquda.com-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nakquda.com_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nakquda.com_58-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJarred_James_Breaux" class="citation web cs1">Jarred James Breaux. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090125115450/http://nakquda.com/essays/history/laotiancivilwar">"NAKQUDA.com – Anthropology, Architecture, Art, Computer Science, Foreign Language, History, Humanities, Literature, Music, Philosophy, Politics, Psychology, Religion, Science, Sociology, Miscellaneous, Mathematics, Rocktry, & Theoretical Physics Essays"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nakquda.com/essays/history/laotiancivilwar">the original</a> on 25 January 2009. Retrieved 3 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NAKQUDA.com+%E2%80%93+Anthropology%2C+Architecture%2C+Art%2C+Computer+Science%2C+Foreign+Language%2C+History%2C+Humanities%2C+Literature%2C+Music%2C+Philosophy%2C+Politics%2C+Psychology%2C+Religion%2C+Science%2C+Sociology%2C+Miscellaneous%2C+Mathematics%2C+Rocktry%2C+%26+Theoretical+Physics+Essays&rft.au=Jarred+James+Breaux&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnakquda.com%2Fessays%2Fhistory%2Flaotiancivilwar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaotian+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">At War in the Shadow of Vietnam: U.S. Military Aid to the Royal Lao Government 1955–1975. p. 20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=At+War+in+the+Shadow+of+Vietnam%3A+U.S.+Military+Aid+to+the+Royal+Lao+Government+1955%E2%80%931975&rft.pages=20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaotian+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_60-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Shadow War: The CIA's Secret War in Laos. pp. 33–35, 40, 59.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shadow+War%3A+The+CIA%27s+Secret+War+in+Laos&rft.pages=33-35%2C+40%2C+59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaotian+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated9-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated9_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated9_61-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated9_61-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated9_61-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041031093740/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID%2Bla0041%29">"Archived copy"</a>. lcweb2.loc.gov. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID%2Bla0041%29">the original</a> on 31 October 2004. Retrieved 17 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lcweb2.loc.gov&rft.atitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr%3Ffrd%252Fcstdy%253A%2540field%2528DOCID%252Bla0041%2529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaotian+Civil+War" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Shadow War: The CIA's Secret War in Laos. p. 39.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shadow+War%3A+The+CIA%27s+Secret+War+in+Laos&rft.pages=39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaotian+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">War in Laos. p. 10.</cite> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">At War in the Shadow of Vietnam: U.S. Military Aid to the Royal Lao Government 1955–1975. pp. 21–25, 27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=At+War+in+the+Shadow+of+Vietnam%3A+U.S.+Military+Aid+to+the+Royal+Lao+Government+1955%E2%80%931975&rft.pages=21-25%2C+27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaotian+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041031092528/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID%2Bla0043%29">"Archived copy"</a>. lcweb2.loc.gov. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID%2Bla0043%29">the original</a> on 31 October 2004. Retrieved 17 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lcweb2.loc.gov&rft.atitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr%3Ffrd%252Fcstdy%253A%2540field%2528DOCID%252Bla0043%2529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaotian+Civil+War" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Shadow War: The CIA's Shadow War in Laos. pp. 48–49.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shadow+War%3A+The+CIA%27s+Shadow+War+in+Laos&rft.pages=48-49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaotian+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Shadow War: The CIA's Shadow War in Laos. p. 50.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shadow+War%3A+The+CIA%27s+Shadow+War+in+Laos&rft.pages=50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaotian+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Shadow War: The CIA's Shadow War in Laos. pp. 47, 50–51.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shadow+War%3A+The+CIA%27s+Shadow+War+in+Laos&rft.pages=47%2C+50-51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaotian+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">At War in the Shadow of Vietnam. pp. 29–31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=At+War+in+the+Shadow+of+Vietnam&rft.pages=29-31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaotian+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated10-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated10_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated10_70-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">War in Laos. p. 9.</cite> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">At War in the Shadow of Vietnam. p. 31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=At+War+in+the+Shadow+of+Vietnam&rft.pages=31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaotian+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated12-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated12_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated12_72-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">War in Laos. p. 13.</cite> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041031095109/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID%2Bla0045%29">"Archived copy"</a>. lcweb2.loc.gov. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID%2Bla0045%29">the original</a> on 31 October 2004. Retrieved 17 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lcweb2.loc.gov&rft.atitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr%3Ffrd%252Fcstdy%253A%2540field%2528DOCID%252Bla0045%2529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaotian+Civil+War" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Spymaster. p. 158.</cite> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">The Ravens: The Men Who Flew in America's Secret War in Laos. p. 134.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ravens%3A+The+Men+Who+Flew+in+America%27s+Secret+War+in+Laos&rft.pages=134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaotian+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">War in Laos. pp. 13, 15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+in+Laos&rft.pages=13%2C+15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaotian+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">War in Laos. p. 17.</cite> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">War in Laos. pp. 14–18.</cite> </li> <li id="cite_note-chancefac.net-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chancefac.net_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chancefac.net_79-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chancefac.net_79-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chancefac.net/Laos/begin__air_ops_Laos.htm">"Beginning of Air Operations in Laos"</a>. Chancefac.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130221092713/http://chancefac.net/Laos/begin__air_ops_Laos.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2013. Retrieved 3 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chancefac.net&rft.atitle=Beginning+of+Air+Operations+in+Laos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchancefac.net%2FLaos%2Fbegin__air_ops_Laos.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaotian+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_80-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">War in Laos. p. 18.</cite> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated11-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated11_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated11_81-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated11_81-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">War in Laos. p. 14.</cite> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated13-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated13_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated13_82-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041031094446/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID%2Bla0047%29">"Archived copy"</a>. lcweb2.loc.gov. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID%2Bla0047%29">the original</a> on 31 October 2004. Retrieved 17 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lcweb2.loc.gov&rft.atitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr%3Ffrd%252Fcstdy%253A%2540field%2528DOCID%252Bla0047%2529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaotian+Civil+War" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Victory_in_Vietnam,_p._213-83"><a href="#cite_ref-Victory_in_Vietnam,_p._213_83-0">^</a> Victory in Vietnam, p. 213. </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1928&dat=19651118&id=9lEpAAAAIBAJ&pg=6969,5403245&hl=en">"Debate Bombing Russian Ships at Haiphong"</a>. The Lewiston Daily Sun. 18 November 1965. Retrieved 15 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Debate+Bombing+Russian+Ships+at+Haiphong&rft.date=1965-11-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D1928%26dat%3D19651118%26id%3D9lEpAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D6969%2C5403245%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaotian+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated153-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated153_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated153_85-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Blond Ghost: Ted Shackley and the CIA's Crusaders. pp. 153–154.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blond+Ghost%3A+Ted+Shackley+and+the+CIA%27s+Crusaders&rft.pages=153-154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaotian+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated154-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated154_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated154_86-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Blond Ghost: Ted Shackley and the CIA's Crusaders. pp. 154–156.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blond+Ghost%3A+Ted+Shackley+and+the+CIA%27s+Crusaders&rft.pages=154-156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaotian+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> Victory in Vietnam, p. 214. </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Victory in Vietnam, p. 255. </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> Victory in Vietnam, p. 257. </li> <li id="cite_note-Victory_in_Vietnam,_p._288-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Victory_in_Vietnam,_p._288_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Victory_in_Vietnam,_p._288_90-1">b</a> Victory in Vietnam, p. 288. </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> Victory in Vietnam, p. 302. </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsornprasop2007" class="citation journal cs1">Osornprasop, Sutayut (12 July 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14682740701474832">"Amidst the Heat of the Cold War in Asia: Thailand and the American Secret War in Indochina (1960–74)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cold_War_History_(journal)" title="Cold War History (journal)">Cold War History</a>. 7 (3): 349–371. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14682740701474832">10.1080/14682740701474832</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154772129">154772129</a>. Retrieved 14 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cold+War+History&rft.atitle=Amidst+the+Heat+of+the+Cold+War+in+Asia%3A+Thailand+and+the+American+Secret+War+in+Indochina+%281960%E2%80%9374%29&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=349-371&rft.date=2007-07-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14682740701474832&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154772129%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Osornprasop&rft.aufirst=Sutayut&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F14682740701474832&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaotian+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhetphouthay2016" class="citation book cs1">Phetphouthay, Sithiphone (2016). The Keng Khanh Concentration Camp of 1975 in Laos: A Story of Hatred, Hope, and Redemption. Strategic Book Publishing & Rights Agency. pp. 44–46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781681816418" title="Special:BookSources/9781681816418"><bdi>9781681816418</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Keng+Khanh+Concentration+Camp+of+1975+in+Laos%3A+A+Story+of+Hatred%2C+Hope%2C+and+Redemption&rft.pages=44-46&rft.pub=Strategic+Book+Publishing+%26+Rights+Agency&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781681816418&rft.aulast=Phetphouthay&rft.aufirst=Sithiphone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaotian+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhetphouthay2016" class="citation book cs1">Phetphouthay, Sithiphone (2016). The Keng Khanh Concentration Camp of 1975 in Laos: A Story of Hatred, Hope, and Redemption. Strategic Book Publishing & Rights Agency. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1681816418" title="Special:BookSources/978-1681816418"><bdi>978-1681816418</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Keng+Khanh+Concentration+Camp+of+1975+in+Laos%3A+A+Story+of+Hatred%2C+Hope%2C+and+Redemption&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Strategic+Book+Publishing+%26+Rights+Agency&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1681816418&rft.aulast=Phetphouthay&rft.aufirst=Sithiphone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaotian+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211203180925/https://www.nytimes.com/1975/09/06/archives/souvanna-phouma-says-he-plans-to-retire-in-76.html">"Souvanna Phouma Says He Plans to Retire in '76"</a>. The New York Times. 6 September 1975. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1975/09/06/archives/souvanna-phouma-says-he-plans-to-retire-in-76.html">the original</a> on 3 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Souvanna+Phouma+Says+He+Plans+to+Retire+in+%2776&rft.date=1975-09-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1975%2F09%2F06%2Farchives%2Fsouvanna-phouma-says-he-plans-to-retire-in-76.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaotian+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220615174810/https://www.nytimes.com/1975/12/02/archives/laotian-coalition-seen-near-an-end-prime-minister-reported-to-have.html">"Laotian Coalition Seen Near an End"</a>. The New York Times. 1 December 1975. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1975/12/02/archives/laotian-coalition-seen-near-an-end-prime-minister-reported-to-have.html">the original</a> on 15 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Laotian+Coalition+Seen+Near+an+End&rft.date=1975-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1975%2F12%2F02%2Farchives%2Flaotian-coalition-seen-near-an-end-prime-minister-reported-to-have.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaotian+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhetphouthay2016" class="citation book cs1">Phetphouthay, Sithiphone (2016). The Keng Khanh Concentration Camp of 1975 in Laos: A Story of Hatred, Hope, and Redemption. Strategic Book Publishing & Rights Agency. p. 154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1681816418" title="Special:BookSources/978-1681816418"><bdi>978-1681816418</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Keng+Khanh+Concentration+Camp+of+1975+in+Laos%3A+A+Story+of+Hatred%2C+Hope%2C+and+Redemption&rft.pages=154&rft.pub=Strategic+Book+Publishing+%26+Rights+Agency&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1681816418&rft.aulast=Phetphouthay&rft.aufirst=Sithiphone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaotian+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton-Merritt1993" class="citation book cs1">Hamilton-Merritt, Jane (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dWIj5Q8l08wC&q=laotian+royal+family+executed&pg=PR18">Tragic Mountains: The Hmong, the Americans, and the Secret Wars for Laos, 1942–1992</a>. Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0253207562" title="Special:BookSources/978-0253207562"><bdi>978-0253207562</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tragic+Mountains%3A+The+Hmong%2C+the+Americans%2C+and+the+Secret+Wars+for+Laos%2C+1942%E2%80%931992&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0253207562&rft.aulast=Hamilton-Merritt&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdWIj5Q8l08wC%26q%3Dlaotian%2Broyal%2Bfamily%2Bexecuted%26pg%3DPR18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaotian+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCreakBarney2018" class="citation journal cs1">Creak, Simon; Barney, Keith (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00472336.2018.1494849">"Conceptualising Party-State Governance and Rule in Laos"</a>. Journal of Contemporary Asia. 48 (5): 693–716. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00472336.2018.1494849">10.1080/00472336.2018.1494849</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+Asia&rft.atitle=Conceptualising+Party-State+Governance+and+Rule+in+Laos&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=693-716&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00472336.2018.1494849&rft.aulast=Creak&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft.au=Barney%2C+Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F00472336.2018.1494849&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaotian+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNgaosyvathn2021" class="citation book cs1">Ngaosyvathn, Pheuiphanh (2021). Southeast Asian Affairs. ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute. pp. 163–164. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789814951180" title="Special:BookSources/9789814951180"><bdi>9789814951180</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southeast+Asian+Affairs&rft.pages=163-164&rft.pub=ISEAS-Yusof+Ishak+Institute&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9789814951180&rft.aulast=Ngaosyvathn&rft.aufirst=Pheuiphanh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaotian+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson201054-101"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson201054_101-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThompson2010">Thompson 2010</a>, p. 54. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson201055–56-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson201055–56_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThompson2010">Thompson 2010</a>, pp. 55–56. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson201057–58-103"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson201057–58_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThompson2010">Thompson 2010</a>, pp. 57–58. </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> See also Morrison, Gayle, L. Sky is Falling: an Oral History of the CIA's evacuation of the Hmong from Laos, Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland, 1999 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson201060–61-105"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson201060–61_105-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThompson2010">Thompson 2010</a>, pp. 60–61. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson201060-106"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson201060_106-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThompson2010">Thompson 2010</a>, p. 60. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2010244<-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson2010244<_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThompson2010">Thompson 2010</a>, p. 244<. </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiernanOwen2015" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ben_Kiernan" title="Ben Kiernan">Kiernan, Ben</a>; Owen, Taylor (26 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apjjf.org/2015/13/16/Ben-Kiernan/4313.html">"Making More Enemies than We Kill? Calculating U.S. Bomb Tonnages Dropped on Laos and Cambodia, and Weighing Their Implications"</a>. The Asia-Pacific Journal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170301041322/http://apjjf.org/2015/13/16/Ben-Kiernan/4313.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 March 2017. Retrieved 18 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Asia-Pacific+Journal&rft.atitle=Making+More+Enemies+than+We+Kill%3F+Calculating+U.S.+Bomb+Tonnages+Dropped+on+Laos+and+Cambodia%2C+and+Weighing+Their+Implications&rft.date=2015-04-26&rft.aulast=Kiernan&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft.au=Owen%2C+Taylor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapjjf.org%2F2015%2F13%2F16%2FBen-Kiernan%2F4313.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaotian+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_109-1">b</a> Stone, Oliver and Kuznick, Peter, "The Untold History of the United States" (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2012), p. 389 citing Marilyn B. Young, The Vietnam Wars, 1945–1990 (New York: <a href="/wiki/Harper_Perennial" title="Harper Perennial">Harper Perennial</a>, 1991), pp. 234–236; and Fred Branfman, Voices of the Plain of Jars: Life Under an Air War (New York: <a href="/wiki/Harper_%26_Row" class="mw-redirect" title="Harper & Row">Harper & Row</a>, 1972), pp. 3 and 18–20 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhamvongsaRussell2009282-110"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhamvongsaRussell2009282_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKhamvongsaRussell2009">Khamvongsa & Russell 2009</a>, p. 282. </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacKinnon2008" class="citation news cs1">MacKinnon, Ian (3 December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/dec/03/laos-cluster-bombs-uxo-deaths">"Forty years on, Laos reaps bitter harvest of the secret war"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130905090454/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/dec/03/laos-cluster-bombs-uxo-deaths">Archived</a> from the original on 5 September 2013. Retrieved 7 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Forty+years+on%2C+Laos+reaps+bitter+harvest+of+the+secret+war&rft.date=2008-12-03&rft.aulast=MacKinnon&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2008%2Fdec%2F03%2Flaos-cluster-bombs-uxo-deaths&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaotian+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230407114839/http://www.the-monitor.org/en-gb/reports/2016/lao-pdr/casualties-and-victim-assistance.aspx">"Lao PDR – Casualties and Victim Assistance"</a>. Landmine and Clustering Munition Monitor. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.the-monitor.org/en-gb/reports/2016/lao-pdr/casualties-and-victim-assistance.aspx#ftn4">the original</a> on 7 April 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Landmine+and+Clustering+Munition+Monitor&rft.atitle=Lao+PDR+%E2%80%93+Casualties+and+Victim+Assistance&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.the-monitor.org%2Fen-gb%2Freports%2F2016%2Flao-pdr%2Fcasualties-and-victim-assistance.aspx%23ftn4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaotian+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://maic.jmu.edu/journal/12.1cp/laopdr/laopdr.htm">"James Madison University – CISR Home"</a>. Maic.jmu.edu. Retrieved 3 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Maic.jmu.edu&rft.atitle=James+Madison+University+%E2%80%93+CISR+Home&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmaic.jmu.edu%2Fjournal%2F12.1cp%2Flaopdr%2Flaopdr.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaotian+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson201047-114"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson201047_114-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThompson2010">Thompson 2010</a>, p. 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-Wright-115"><a href="#cite_ref-Wright_115-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2016" class="citation news cs1">Wright, Rebecca (6 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230406022133/https://www.cnn.com/2016/09/05/asia/united-states-laos-secret-war/">"'My friends were afraid of me': What 80 million unexploded US bombs did to Laos"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2016/09/05/asia/united-states-laos-secret-war/">the original</a> on 6 April 2023. Retrieved 18 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=%27My+friends+were+afraid+of+me%27%3A+What+80+million+unexploded+US+bombs+did+to+Laos&rft.date=2016-09-06&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2016%2F09%2F05%2Fasia%2Funited-states-laos-secret-war%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaotian+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unog.ch/80256EE600585943/(httpPages)/B3F3E37A2838630FC125772E0050F4F7?OpenDocument">"Disarmament"</a>. The United Nations Office at Geneva. United Nations. November 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060643/http://www.unog.ch/80256EE600585943/(httpPages)/B3F3E37A2838630FC125772E0050F4F7?OpenDocument">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 20 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+United+Nations+Office+at+Geneva&rft.atitle=Disarmament&rft.date=2011-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unog.ch%2F80256EE600585943%2F%28httpPages%29%2FB3F3E37A2838630FC125772E0050F4F7%3FOpenDocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaotian+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20070705214752/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1282/is_n20_v47/ai_17443642">""Acts of Betrayal: Persecution of Hmong", by Michael Johns, National Review, 23 October 1995"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nvo.com/beaulier/hmongimmigration/">the original</a> on 7 May 2016. Retrieved 3 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nvo.com&rft.atitle=Hmong+Immigration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nvo.com%2Fbeaulier%2Fhmongimmigration%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaotian+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Laotian_Civil_War&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government_documents">Government documents</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Laotian_Civil_War&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Government documents">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Military History Institute of Vietnam, Victory in Vietnam: The Official History of the People's Army of Vietnam, 1954–1975. Trans. by Merle Pribbenow. Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 2002</li> <li>Nalty, Bernard C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA476352">War Against Trucks: Aerial Interdiction in Southern Laos, 1968–1973</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130717075839/http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA476352">Archived</a> 17 July 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Washington, D.C.: Air Force Museums and History Program, 2005</li> <li>Van Staaveren, Jacob, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afhso.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-100927-078.pdf">Interdiction in Southern Laos, 1960–1968</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111127011649/http://www.afhso.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-100927-078.pdf">Archived</a> 27 November 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Washington, D.C.: Center of Air Force History, 1993</li> <li>Vongsavanh, Brig. Gen. Soutchay, RLG Military Operations and Activities in the Laotian Panhandle. Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Center_of_Military_History" title="United States Army Center of Military History">United States Army Center of Military History</a>, 1980</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Relations_Series" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Relations Series">Foreign Relations Series</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230424213044/https://static.history.state.gov/frus/frus1961-63v24/ebook/frus1961-63v24.epub">1961–1963, Laos Crises</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Histories">Histories</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Laotian_Civil_War&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Histories">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>War in Laos, 1954–1975. Kenneth J. Conboy. Squadron/Signal Publications, 1994. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89747-315-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89747-315-6">978-0-89747-315-6</a></li> <li>At War in the Shadow of Vietnam: United States Military Aid to the Royal Lao Government, 1955–1975. Timothy Castle. Columbia University Press, 1993. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-07977-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-07977-8">978-0-231-07977-8</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Memoirs">Memoirs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Laotian_Civil_War&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Memoirs">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mervyn_Brown" title="Mervyn Brown">Mervyn Brown</a>, War in Shangri-La: A Memoir of Civil War in Laos</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a>, White House Years</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>, RN: The Memoirs of Richard Nixon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kao_Kalia_Yang" title="Kao Kalia Yang">Kao Kalia Yang</a>, The Latehomecomer</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_sources">Secondary sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Laotian_Civil_War&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Secondary sources">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Adams, Nina S. and Alfred W. McCoy, eds. Laos: War and Revolution. New York: Harper & Row, 1970</li> <li>Breaux, Jarred James, The Laotian Civil War: The Intransigence of General Phoumi Nosavan and American Intervention in the Fall of 1960. Morrisville, North Carolina: Lulu, 2008</li> <li>Blaufarb, Douglas, The Counterinsurgency Era</li> <li>Champassak, Sisouk Na, Storm Over Laos. New York: Praeger, 1961</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConboyMorrison1995" class="citation book cs1">Conboy, Kenneth; Morrison, James (1995). Shadow War: The CIA's Secret War in Laos (Paper ed.). Boulder, CO: Paladin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1581605358" title="Special:BookSources/978-1581605358"><bdi>978-1581605358</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Standard_Identification_Number" title="Amazon Standard Identification Number">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.ca/dp/1581605358">1581605358</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shadow+War%3A+The+CIA%27s+Secret+War+in+Laos&rft.place=Boulder%2C+CO&rft.edition=Paper&rft.pub=Paladin+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1581605358&rft.aulast=Conboy&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft.au=Morrison%2C+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaotian+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Corn" title="David Corn">Corn, David</a>, Blond Ghost: Ted Shackley and the CIA's Crusades. Simon & Schuster, 1994. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-69525-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-69525-5">978-0-671-69525-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duiker,_William_J." class="mw-redirect" title="Duiker, William J.">Duiker, William J.</a>, The Communist Road to Power in Vietnam 2nd ed. Westview Press, 1996</li> <li>Issacs, Arnold, Gordon Hardy, MacAlister Brown, et al., Pawns of War: Cambodia and Laos. Boston: Boston Publishing co, 1987</li> <li>Karnow, Stanley, Vietnam: A History. New York: Viking, 1983</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhamvongsaRussell2009" class="citation journal cs1">Khamvongsa, Channapha; Russell, Elaine (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210830041119/http://legaciesofwar.org/files/Critical_Asian_Studies-Legacies_of_War_Cluster_Bombs_in_Laos.pdf">"Legacies of War: Cluster Bombs in Laos"</a> (PDF). Critical Asian Studies. 41 (2): 281–306. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14672710902809401">10.1080/14672710902809401</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:142615236">142615236</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legaciesofwar.org/files/Critical_Asian_Studies-Legacies_of_War_Cluster_Bombs_in_Laos.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 30 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Critical+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Legacies+of+War%3A+Cluster+Bombs+in+Laos&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=281-306&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14672710902809401&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A142615236%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Khamvongsa&rft.aufirst=Channapha&rft.au=Russell%2C+Elaine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flegaciesofwar.org%2Ffiles%2FCritical_Asian_Studies-Legacies_of_War_Cluster_Bombs_in_Laos.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaotian+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCoyRead1972" class="citation cs2">McCoy, Alfred W.; Read, Kathleen B. (1972), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150216015848/http://www.drugtext.org/Table/The-Politics-of-Heroin-in-Southeast-Asia/">The Politics of Heroin in Southeast Asia</a>, Harper & Row, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0060129019" title="Special:BookSources/978-0060129019"><bdi>978-0060129019</bdi></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.drugtext.org/Table/The-Politics-of-Heroin-in-Southeast-Asia/">the original</a> on 16 February 2015</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Heroin+in+Southeast+Asia&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0060129019&rft.aulast=McCoy&rft.aufirst=Alfred+W.&rft.au=Read%2C+Kathleen+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.drugtext.org%2FTable%2FThe-Politics-of-Heroin-in-Southeast-Asia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaotian+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li>McGehee, Ralph W. Deadly Deceits: My 25 Years in the CIA. New York: Sheridan Square, 1983</li> <li>Morrison, Gayle L. Sky is Falling: an Oral History of the CIA evacuation of the Hmong from Laos, Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 1999</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsornprasop2012" class="citation cs2">Osornprasop, Sutayut (2012), "Thailand and the secret War in Laos, 1960–1974", in Lau, Albert (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-KiXjPZXc-wC&q=Thailand+and+the+secret+war+in+laos">Southeast Asia and the Cold War</a> (hardback), Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon; New York: Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-68450-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-68450-7"><bdi>978-0-415-68450-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Thailand+and+the+secret+War+in+Laos%2C+1960%E2%80%931974&rft.btitle=Southeast+Asia+and+the+Cold+War&rft.place=Milton+Park%2C+Abingdon%2C+Oxon%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-415-68450-7&rft.aulast=Osornprasop&rft.aufirst=Sutayut&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-KiXjPZXc-wC%26q%3DThailand%2Band%2Bthe%2Bsecret%2Bwar%2Bin%2Blaos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaotian+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobbins1985" class="citation cs2">Robbins, Christopher (1985), Air America, New York: Avon</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Air+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Avon&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Robbins&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaotian+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobbins2000" class="citation cs2">——— (2000), The Ravens: Pilots of the Secret War in Laos, Bangkok: Asia Books</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ravens%3A+Pilots+of+the+Secret+War+in+Laos&rft.place=Bangkok&rft.pub=Asia+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Robbins&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaotian+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchanche1970" class="citation cs2">Schanche, Don A. (1970), Mister Pop, New York: David McKay Company, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/68288">68288</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mister+Pop&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=David+McKay+Company&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F68288&rft.aulast=Schanche&rft.aufirst=Don+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaotian+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2010" class="citation cs2">Thompson, Larry Clinton (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zI5S5eS4_LQC">Refugee Workers in the Indochina Exodus, 1975–1982</a>, Jefferson, NC: <a href="/wiki/McFarland_%26_Co." class="mw-redirect" title="McFarland & Co.">McFarland & Co.</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786445295" title="Special:BookSources/9780786445295"><bdi>9780786445295</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Refugee+Workers+in+the+Indochina+Exodus%2C+1975%E2%80%931982&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+NC&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Co.&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780786445295&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Larry+Clinton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzI5S5eS4_LQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaotian+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarner1996" class="citation cs2">Warner, Roger (1996), Shooting at the moon : the story of America' clandestine war in Laos, South Royalton, VT: Steerforth Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1883642365" title="Special:BookSources/978-1883642365"><bdi>978-1883642365</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shooting+at+the+moon+%3A+the+story+of+America%27+clandestine+war+in+Laos&rft.place=South+Royalton%2C+VT&rft.pub=Steerforth+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1883642365&rft.aulast=Warner&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaotian+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Watry, David M. Diplomacy at the Brink: Eisenhower, Churchill, and Eden in the Cold War. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2014</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEly1993" class="citation book cs1">Ely, John Hart (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ngk5cEryNUoC">War and Responsibility: Constitutional Lessons of Vietnam and Its Aftermath</a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-02552-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-02552-0"><bdi>978-0-691-02552-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+and+Responsibility%3A+Constitutional+Lessons+of+Vietnam+and+Its+Aftermath&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-691-02552-0&rft.aulast=Ely&rft.aufirst=John+Hart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dngk5cEryNUoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaotian+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Laotian_Civil_War&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220816141334/https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/6_UNDERCOVER_ARMIES.pdf">Undercover Armies</a>, CIA and Surrogate Warfare in Laos, from CIA's FOIA Reading Room</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211017223650/https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/collection/air-america-upholding-airmens-bond">CIA Declassified Air America Collection</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211022114558/https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/collection/vietnam-collection">CIA Vietnam FOIA Collection</a>. Documents declassified by CIA under <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_Information_Act_(United_States)" title="Freedom of Information Act (United States)">FOIA</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230518182610/https://www.worldpress.org/Asia/2562.cfm">"'Secret War' Still Killing Thousands", Andre Vltchek, Worldpress.org correspondent</a>, 14 November 2006.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080320030208/http://plainofjars.net/war.htm">The Secret War in Laos</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20070705214752/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1282/is_n20_v47/ai_17443642">"Acts of Betrayal"</a> at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a> (archived 5 July 2007), by Michael Johns, <a href="/wiki/National_Review" title="National Review">National Review</a>, New York City, 23 October 1995.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.air-america.org/">Air America Association web site</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vietnam.ttu.edu/virtualarchive/redirects/air.htm">Online Archive Materials about Air America in the Vietnam Archive at Texas Tech</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍]</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140321094655/http://www.dcothai.com/product_info.php?products_id=382">Air America</a> by Christopher Robbins</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140321094723/http://www.dcothai.com/product_info.php?products_id=362">The Ravens, Pilots of the Secret War in Laos</a> by Christopher Robbins</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221021231817/https://www.neme.org/texts/hmong-in-transition">Hmong In Transition</a> by Sheila Pinkel</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050223094251/http://www.clemson.edu/caah/history/FacultyPages/EdMoise/laos.html">Bibliography: Laos</a> (bibliography mainly devoted to the portions of the Second Indochina War that occurred in Laos)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221205114958/http://www.pbs.org/video/the-hmong-and-the-secret-war-zwwpgu/">PBS.org – The Hmong and the Secret War</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Laos_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Laos_topics" title="Template:Laos topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Laos_topics" title="Template talk:Laos topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Laos_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Laos topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laos_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Laos-related_topics" title="List of Laos-related topics">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Laos" title="History of Laos">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peopling_of_Laos" class="mw-redirect" title="Peopling of Laos">Peopling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khun_Borom" title="Khun Borom">Khun Borom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_people" title="Lao people">Lao people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_peoples" title="Tai peoples">Tai peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lan_Xang" title="Lan Xang">Lan Xang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vat_Phou" title="Vat Phou">Vat Phou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Luang_Phrabang" title="Kingdom of Luang Phrabang">Luang Phrabang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Vientiane" title="Kingdom of Vientiane">Vientiane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Champasak" title="Kingdom of Champasak">Champasak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muang_Phuan" title="Muang Phuan">Muang Phuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_protectorate_of_Laos" title="French protectorate of Laos">French protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">Japanese invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Luang_Prabang_(Japanese_puppet_state)" title="Kingdom of Luang Prabang (Japanese puppet state)">Japanese puppet state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_Issara" title="Lao Issara">Lao Issara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Laos" title="Kingdom of Laos">Kingdom of Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indochina_Wars" title="Indochina Wars">Indochina Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_trail" title="Ho Chi Minh trail">Ho Chi Minh trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathet_Lao" title="Pathet Lao">Pathet Lao</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Laotian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Vietnamese_invasion_of_Laos" title="North Vietnamese invasion of Laos">Vietnamese invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Agreement_on_the_Neutrality_of_Laos" title="International Agreement on the Neutrality of Laos">Neutrality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Laos_to_1945" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Laos to 1945">History until 1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Laos_(1945%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Laos (1945–present)">History since 1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Laos" title="Insurgency in Laos">Insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Laotian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_conspiracy_allegation" title="2007 Laotian coup d'état conspiracy allegation">2007 coup attempt</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/Ancient_emblem_of_Laos" title="Ancient emblem of Laos"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Airavata_emblem_white.png/60px-Airavata_emblem_white.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Airavata_emblem_white.png/90px-Airavata_emblem_white.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Airavata_emblem_white.png/120px-Airavata_emblem_white.png 2x" data-file-width="173" data-file-height="298" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Laos" title="Geography of Laos">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Laos" title="Template:Borders of Laos">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Laos" title="Deforestation in Laos">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Laos" title="List of ecoregions in Laos">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mekong" title="Mekong">Mekong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phou_Bia" title="Phou Bia">Phou Bia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Laos" title="List of rivers of Laos">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Conservation_Area" title="National Biodiversity Conservation Area">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Laos" title="List of cities in Laos">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Laos" title="Wildlife of Laos">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Laos" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Laos">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Laos" title="Politics of Laos">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Laos" title="Administrative divisions of Laos">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Laos" title="Constitution of Laos">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Laos" title="Elections in Laos">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Laos" title="Foreign relations of Laos">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="General Secretary of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party">General Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Laos" title="Human rights in Laos">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Laos" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Laos">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Laos" title="Law of Laos">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Security_(Laos)" title="Ministry of Public Security (Laos)">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_People%27s_Armed_Forces" title="Lao People's Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Laos)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly (Laos)">National Assembly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Laos" title="President of the National Assembly of Laos">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Laos" title="List of political parties in Laos">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Laos" title="President of Laos">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Laos" title="Vice President of Laos">Vice President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Laos" title="Prime Minister of Laos">Prime Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Laos" title="Economy of Laos">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Laos" title="Agriculture in Laos">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_the_Lao_P.D.R." title="Bank of the Lao P.D.R.">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_kip" title="Lao kip">Kip (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Laos" title="Energy in Laos">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_Laos" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing in Laos">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_Securities_Exchange" title="Lao Securities Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Laos" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunications in Laos">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Laos" title="Tourism in Laos">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Laos" title="Trade unions in Laos">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Laos" title="Transport in Laos">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Laos" title="Category:Society of Laos">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Laos" title="Crime in Laos">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Laos" title="Demographics of Laos">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Laos" title="Education in Laos">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_Laos" title="List of ethnic groups in Laos">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Laos" title="Health in Laos">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Laos" title="HIV/AIDS in Laos">HIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Laos" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Laos">COVID-19</a> and <a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Delta_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant">Delta</a><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant">cron</a> hybrid variant</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_language" title="Lao language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Laos" title="Prostitution in Laos">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Laos" title="Religion in Laos">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Laos" title="Sex trafficking in Laos">Sex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Laos" title="Women in Laos">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Laos" title="Culture of Laos">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pheng_Xat_Lao" title="Pheng Xat Lao">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_cuisine" title="Lao cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_and_theatre_of_Laos" title="Dance and theatre of Laos">Dramatic arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Laos" title="Emblem of Laos">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Laos" title="List of festivals in Laos">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Laos" title="Flag of Laos">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Laos" title="Literature of Laos">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Laos" title="Music of Laos">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Laos" title="Public holidays in Laos">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Laos" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Laos">Sports</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Laos" title="Outline of Laos">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Laos-related_topics" title="List of Laos-related topics">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Laos" title="Category:Laos">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Laos" title="Portal:Laos">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cold_War" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cold_War" title="Template:Cold War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cold_War" title="Template talk:Cold War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cold_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cold War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cold_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANZUS" title="ANZUS">ANZUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Treaty_Organization" title="Central Treaty Organization">METO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">SEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Northeast Asia Treaty Organization">NEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Treaty_of_Reciprocal_Assistance" title="Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance">Rio Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1940s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Morgenthau_Plan" title="Morgenthau Plan">Morgenthau Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hukbalahap_rebellion" title="Hukbalahap rebellion">Hukbalahap rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_political_conflict" title="Jamaican political conflict">Jamaican political conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dekemvriana" title="Dekemvriana">Dekemvriana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Guerrilla war in the Baltic states">Guerrilla war in the Baltic states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Priboi" title="Operation Priboi">Operation Priboi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jungle" title="Operation Jungle">Operation Jungle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Occupation of the Baltic states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursed_soldiers" title="Cursed soldiers">Cursed soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Unthinkable" title="Operation Unthinkable">Operation Unthinkable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouzenko_Affair" title="Gouzenko Affair">Gouzenko Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%931946)" title="War in Vietnam (1945–1946)">Operation Masterdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Beleaguer" title="Operation Beleaguer">Operation Beleaguer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blacklist_Forty" title="Operation Blacklist Forty">Operation Blacklist Forty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_crisis_of_1946" title="Iran crisis of 1946">Iran crisis of 1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Plan" title="Baruch Plan">Baruch Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corfu_Channel_incident" title="Corfu Channel incident">Corfu Channel incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Straits_crisis" title="Turkish Straits crisis">Turkish Straits crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restatement_of_Policy_on_Germany" title="Restatement of Policy on Germany">Restatement of Policy on Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Polish_parliamentary_election" title="1947 Polish parliamentary election">1947 Polish parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Relations_Conference" title="Asian Relations Conference">Asian Relations Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1947_crises" title="May 1947 crises">May 1947 crises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1947%E2%80%931948" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948">Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestine_war" title="1948 Palestine war">1947–1949 Palestine war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1947%E2%80%931948_civil_war_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine">1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état">1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Control_Council#Incapacitation_of_the_council" title="Allied Control Council">Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wathbah_uprising" title="Al-Wathbah uprising">Al-Wathbah uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Blockade" title="Berlin Blockade">Berlin Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Hyderabad" title="Annexation of Hyderabad">Annexation of Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madiun_Affair" title="Madiun Affair">Madiun Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_betrayal" title="Western betrayal">Western betrayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1949_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="March 1949 Syrian coup d'état">March 1949 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Valuable" title="Operation Valuable">Operation Valuable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1950s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_curtain" title="Bamboo curtain">Bamboo curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Cold_War" title="Arab Cold War">Arab Cold War (1952–1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Egyptian_revolution" title="1952 Egyptian revolution">1952 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Intifada_(1952)" title="Iraqi Intifada (1952)">Iraqi Intifada (1952)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mau_Mau_rebellion" title="Mau Mau rebellion">Mau Mau rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_German_uprising_of_1953" title="East German uprising of 1953">East German uprising of 1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 Iranian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Madrid" title="Pact of Madrid">Pact of Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bricker_Amendment" title="Bricker Amendment">Bricker Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Syrian coup d'état">1954 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrov_Affair" title="Petrov Affair">Petrov Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">Domino theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Geneva_Conference" title="1954 Geneva Conference">1954 Geneva Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Guatemalan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Guatemalan coup d'état">1954 Guatemalan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Tuapse" title="Capture of the Tuapse">Capture of the Tuapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="First Taiwan Strait Crisis">First Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebel_Akhdar_War" title="Jebel Akhdar War">Jebel Akhdar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Princess" title="Kashmir Princess">Kashmir Princess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandung_Conference" title="Bandung Conference">Bandung Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Summit_(1955)" title="Geneva Summit (1955)">Geneva Summit (1955)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Emergency" title="Cyprus Emergency">Cyprus Emergency</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/On_the_Cult_of_Personality_and_Its_Consequences" title="On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences">On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Pozna%C5%84_protests" title="1956 Poznań protests">1956 Poznań protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_October" title="Polish October">Polish October</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/We_will_bury_you" title="We will bury you">We will bury you</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gladio" title="Operation Gladio">Operation Gladio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Crisis_of_1957" title="Syrian Crisis of 1957">Syrian Crisis of 1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_crisis" title="Sputnik crisis">Sputnik crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifni_War" title="Ifni War">Ifni War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">Iraqi 14 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Lebanon_crisis" title="1958 Lebanon crisis">1958 Lebanon crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="Second Taiwan Strait Crisis">Second Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Mosul_uprising" title="1959 Mosul uprising">1959 Mosul uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Tibetan_uprising" title="1959 Tibetan uprising">1959 Tibetan uprising</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Laotian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_Debate" title="Kitchen Debate">Kitchen Debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consolidation_of_the_Cuban_Revolution" title="Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution">Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simba_rebellion" title="Simba rebellion">Simba rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_U-2_incident" title="1960 U-2 incident">1960 U-2 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1960 Turkish coup d'état">1960 Turkish coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian%E2%80%93Soviet_split" title="Albanian–Soviet split">Albanian–Soviet split</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Soviets_from_Albania" title="Expulsion of Soviets from Albania">Expulsion of Soviets from Albania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict" title="Iraqi–Kurdish conflict">Iraqi–Kurdish conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="First Iraqi–Kurdish War">First Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Crisis_of_1961" title="Berlin Crisis of 1961">Berlin Crisis of 1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">Annexation of Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_conflict" title="Papua conflict">Papua conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" title="Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation">Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_War" title="Sand War">Sand War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_War" title="Portuguese Colonial War">Portuguese Colonial War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_War_of_Independence" title="Angolan War of Independence">Angolan War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau_War_of_Independence" title="Guinea-Bissau War of Independence">Guinea-Bissau War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_War_of_Independence" title="Mozambican War of Independence">Mozambican War of Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Porte%C3%B1azo" title="El Porteñazo">El Porteñazo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Sarawak" title="Communist insurgency in Sarawak">Communist insurgency in Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Revolution" title="Ramadan Revolution">Ramadan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Yemen_civil_war" title="North Yemen civil war">North Yemen civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Syrian coup d'état">1963 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">Assassination of John F. Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Emergency" title="Aden Emergency">Aden Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_intercommunal_violence#Crisis_of_1963–1964" title="Cypriot intercommunal violence">Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shifta_War" title="Shifta War">Shifta War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Dirty_War" title="Mexican Dirty War">Mexican Dirty War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tlatelolco_massacre" title="Tlatelolco massacre">Tlatelolco massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Civil_War" title="Guatemalan Civil War">Guatemalan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_conflict" title="Colombian conflict">Colombian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1964 Brazilian coup d'état">1964 Brazilian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Civil_War" title="Dominican Civil War">Dominican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Bush_War" title="Rhodesian Bush War">Rhodesian Bush War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_mass_killings_of_1965%E2%80%9366" title="Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66">Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_to_the_New_Order" title="Transition to the New Order">Transition to the New Order (Indonesia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Declaration" title="ASEAN Declaration">ASEAN Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Syrian coup d'état">1966 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Revolution" title="Argentine Revolution">Argentine Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">South African Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_DMZ_Conflict" title="Korean DMZ Conflict">Korean DMZ Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12-3_incident" title="12-3 incident">12-3 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_junta" title="Greek junta">Greek junta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Hong_Kong_riots" title="1967 Hong Kong riots">1967 Hong Kong riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Attrition" title="War of Attrition">War of Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhofar_War" title="Dhofar War">Dhofar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wadiah_War" title="Al-Wadiah War">Al-Wadiah War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_War" title="Nigerian Civil War">Nigerian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_of_1968" title="Protests of 1968">Protests of 1968</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 68</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Pueblo_(AGER-2)#Pueblo_incident" title="USS Pueblo (AGER-2)">USS Pueblo incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Polish_political_crisis" title="1968 Polish political crisis">1968 Polish political crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968%E2%80%931971_East_Pakistan_communist_insurgency" title="1968–1971 East Pakistan communist insurgency">1968–1971 East Pakistan communist insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Malaysia_(1968%E2%80%931989)" title="Communist insurgency in Malaysia (1968–1989)">Communist insurgency in Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17_July_Revolution" title="17 July Revolution">17 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Peruvian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1968 Peruvian coup d'état">1968 Peruvian coup d'état</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Peru" title="Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces of Peru">Revolutionary Government</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1969 Sudanese coup d'état">1969 Sudanese coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Libyan_revolution" title="1969 Libyan revolution">1969 Libyan revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goulash_Communism" title="Goulash Communism">Goulash Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_border_conflict" title="Sino-Soviet border conflict">Sino-Soviet border conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_People%27s_Army_rebellion" title="New People's Army rebellion">New People's Army rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">Détente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons">Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_September" title="Black September">Black September</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcora_Exercise" title="Alcora Exercise">Alcora Exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_Movement_(Syria)" title="Corrective Movement (Syria)">Corrective Movement (Syria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Civil_War" title="Cambodian Civil War">Cambodian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Thailand" title="Communist insurgency in Thailand">Communist insurgency in Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Polish_protests" title="1970 Polish protests">1970 Polish protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koza_riot" title="Koza riot">Koza riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realpolitik" title="Realpolitik">Realpolitik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ping-pong_diplomacy" title="Ping-pong diplomacy">Ping-pong diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_JVP_insurrection" title="1971 JVP insurrection">1971 JVP insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_revolution_(Egypt)" title="Corrective revolution (Egypt)">Corrective revolution (Egypt)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Turkish_military_memorandum" title="1971 Turkish military memorandum">1971 Turkish military memorandum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1971 Sudanese coup d'état">1971 Sudanese coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Power_Agreement_on_Berlin" title="Four Power Agreement on Berlin">Four Power Agreement on Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_visit_by_Richard_Nixon_to_China" title="1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China">1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen#Disputes_with_North_Yemen" title="South Yemen">North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Yemenite_War" title="First Yemenite War">First Yemenite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_massacre" title="Munich massacre">Munich massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972%E2%80%931975_Bangladesh_insurgency" title="1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency">1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Civil_Wars" title="Eritrean Civil Wars">Eritrean Civil Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Uruguayan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Uruguayan coup d'état">1973 Uruguayan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Afghan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Afghan coup d'état">1973 Afghan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Chilean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Chilean coup d'état">1973 Chilean coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Spanish transition to democracy">Spanish transition to democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapolitefsi" title="Metapolitefsi">Metapolitefsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Arms_Limitation_Talks" title="Strategic Arms Limitation Talks">Strategic Arms Limitation Talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="Second Iraqi–Kurdish War">Second Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus" title="Turkish invasion of Cyprus">Turkish invasion of Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15_August_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_November_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="3 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">Siege of Dhaka (1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7_November_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="7 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">Sipahi-Janata revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angolan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1976_protests" title="June 1976 protests">June 1976 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War" title="Mozambican Civil War">Mozambican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromo_conflict" title="Oromo conflict">Oromo conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogaden_War" title="Ogaden War">Ogaden War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Somali_coup_attempt" title="1978 Somali coup attempt">1978 Somali coup attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_War" title="Western Sahara War">Western Sahara War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Civil_War" title="Ethiopian Civil War">Ethiopian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Albanian_split" title="Sino-Albanian split">Sino-Albanian split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Indochina_War" title="Third Indochina War">Third Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War" title="Cambodian–Vietnamese War">Cambodian–Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_conflict_(1979%E2%80%931998)" title="Cambodian conflict (1979–1998)">Cambodian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Condor" title="Operation Condor">Operation Condor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirty_War" title="Dirty War">Dirty War (Argentina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Argentine_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1976 Argentine coup d'état">1976 Argentine coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Egyptian–Libyan War">Egyptian–Libyan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Autumn" title="German Autumn">German Autumn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_902" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 902">Korean Air Lines Flight 902</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Revolution" title="Nicaraguan Revolution">Nicaraguan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda%E2%80%93Tanzania_War" title="Uganda–Tanzania War">Uganda–Tanzania War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NDF_Rebellion" title="NDF Rebellion">NDF Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Chadian–Libyan War">Chadian–Libyan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Yemenite_War" title="Second Yemenite War">Second Yemenite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_seizure" title="Grand Mosque seizure">Grand Mosque seizure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saur_Revolution" title="Saur Revolution">Saur Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_War" title="Sino-Vietnamese War">Sino-Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jewel_Movement" title="New Jewel Movement">New Jewel Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Herat_uprising" title="1979 Herat uprising">1979 Herat uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Days_to_the_River_Rhine" title="Seven Days to the River Rhine">Seven Days to the River Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Struggle_against_political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union">Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Civil_War" title="Salvadoran Civil War">Salvadoran Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1980 Summer Olympics boycott">1980</a> and <a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1984 Summer Olympics boycott">1984 Summer Olympics boycotts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gera_Demands" title="Gera Demands">Gera Demands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Civil_War_of_1980%E2%80%932000" title="Peruvian Civil War of 1980–2000">Peruvian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Agreement" title="Gdańsk Agreement">Gdańsk Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Civil_Wars" title="Eritrean Civil Wars">Eritrean Civil Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1980 Turkish coup d'état">1980 Turkish coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_Bush_War" title="Ugandan Bush War">Ugandan Bush War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Sidra_incident_(1981)" title="Gulf of Sidra incident (1981)">Gulf of Sidra incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Poland" title="Martial law in Poland">Martial law in Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casamance_conflict" title="Casamance conflict">Casamance conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Ethiopian%E2%80%93Somali_Border_War" title="1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War">1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndogboyosoi_War" title="Ndogboyosoi War">Ndogboyosoi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada" title="United States invasion of Grenada">United States invasion of Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Able_Archer_83" title="Able Archer 83">Able Archer 83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Defense_Initiative" title="Strategic Defense Initiative">Star Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Summit_(1985)" title="Geneva Summit (1985)">1985 Geneva Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Rebellion" title="Somali Rebellion">Somali Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk_Summit" title="Reykjavík Summit">Reykjavík Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Black_Sea_incident" title="1986 Black Sea incident">1986 Black Sea incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen_civil_war" title="South Yemen civil war">South Yemen civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyota_War" title="Toyota War">Toyota War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Lieyu_massacre" title="1987 Lieyu massacre">1987 Lieyu massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Denver" title="Operation Denver">Operation Denver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987%E2%80%931989_JVP_insurrection" title="1987–1989 JVP insurrection">1987–1989 JVP insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Resistance_Army_insurgency" title="Lord's Resistance Army insurgency">Lord's Resistance Army insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Black_Sea_bumping_incident" title="1988 Black Sea bumping incident">1988 Black Sea bumping incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8888_Uprising" title="8888 Uprising">8888 Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Solidarity" title="History of Solidarity">Solidarity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Soviet_reaction_to_the_Polish_crisis_of_1980%E2%80%931981" title="Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981">Soviet reaction</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contras" title="Contras">Contras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_crisis" title="Central American crisis">Central American crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_RYAN" title="Operation RYAN">Operation RYAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_007" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 007">Korean Air Lines Flight 007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">People Power Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">Glasnost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bougainville_conflict" title="Bougainville conflict">Bougainville conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First Nagorno-Karabakh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1989%E2%80%931992)" title="Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)">Afghan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">United States invasion of Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Polish_strikes" title="1988 Polish strikes">1988 Polish strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Round_Table_Agreement" title="Polish Round Table Agreement">Polish Round Table Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">Fall of the Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_inner_German_border" title="Fall of the inner German border">Fall of the inner German border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_revolution" title="Romanian revolution">Romanian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_Revolution" title="Peaceful Revolution">Peaceful Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1990" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1990">Mongolian Revolution of 1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Ping_Yu_No._5540_incident" title="Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident">Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Ping_Yu_No._5202" title="Min Ping Yu No. 5202">Min Ping Yu No. 5202</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_unification" title="Yemeni unification">Yemeni unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_communism_in_Albania" title="Fall of communism in Albania">Fall of communism in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_attempt" title="1991 Soviet coup attempt">1991 August Coup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">Dissolution of Czechoslovakia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Frozen_conflict" title="Frozen conflict">Frozen conflicts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia_conflict" title="Abkhazia conflict">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan" title="Political status of Taiwan">China-Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Kosovo" title="Political status of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Ossetian_conflict" title="Georgian–Ossetian conflict">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_War" title="Transnistria War">Transnistria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_border_dispute" title="Sino-Indian border dispute">Sino-Indian border dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_dispute" title="North Borneo dispute">North Borneo dispute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Foreign policy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">Containment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_Doctrine" title="Eisenhower Doctrine">Eisenhower Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">Domino theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallstein_Doctrine" title="Hallstein Doctrine">Hallstein Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Doctrine" title="Kennedy Doctrine">Kennedy Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_coexistence" title="Peaceful coexistence">Peaceful coexistence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostpolitik" title="Ostpolitik">Ostpolitik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Doctrine" title="Johnson Doctrine">Johnson Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_Doctrine" title="Brezhnev Doctrine">Brezhnev Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_Doctrine" title="Nixon Doctrine">Nixon Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulbricht_Doctrine" title="Ulbricht Doctrine">Ulbricht Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_Doctrine" title="Carter Doctrine">Carter Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollback" title="Rollback">Rollback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinmen_Agreement" title="Kinmen Agreement">Kinmen Agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">Chicago school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">American conservatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">Monetarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">Neoclassical economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">Democratic capitalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Fidel_Castro" title="Politics of Fidel Castro">Castroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocommunism" title="Eurocommunism">Eurocommunism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guevarism" title="Guevarism">Guevarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoxhaism" title="Hoxhaism">Hoxhaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_Thought" title="Ho Chi Minh Thought">Ho Chi Minh Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titoism" title="Titoism">Titoism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultranationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethnic nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo-Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Liberal democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illiberal_democracy" title="Illiberal democracy">Illiberal democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guided_democracy" title="Guided democracy">Guided democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-worldism" title="Third-worldism">Third-worldism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">White nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy#White_separatism" title="White supremacy">White separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">SEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Treaty_Organization" title="Central Treaty Organization">METO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">EEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_and_Non-Aligned_European_States" title="Neutral and Non-Aligned European States">NN States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">SAARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari_Club" title="Safari Club">Safari Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Propaganda</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Pro-communist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_measures" title="Active measures">Active measures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izvestia" title="Izvestia">Izvestia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neues_Deutschland" title="Neues Deutschland">Neues Deutschland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pravda" title="Pravda">Pravda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Moscow" title="Radio Moscow">Radio Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rud%C3%A9_pr%C3%A1vo" title="Rudé právo">Rudé právo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trybuna_Ludu" title="Trybuna Ludu">Trybuna Ludu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TASS" title="TASS">TASS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Life" title="Russian Life">Soviet Life</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Pro-Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amerika_(magazine)" title="Amerika (magazine)">Amerika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_for_Freedom" title="Crusade for Freedom">Crusade for Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paix_et_Libert%C3%A9" title="Paix et Liberté">Paix et Liberté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Technological competition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_race" title="Arms race">Arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_arms_race" title="Nuclear arms race">Nuclear arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Historians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gar_Alperovitz" title="Gar Alperovitz">Gar Alperovitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Bailey" title="Thomas A. Bailey">Thomas A. Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Beschloss" title="Michael Beschloss">Michael Beschloss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archie_Brown_(historian)" title="Archie Brown (historian)">Archie Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_H._Carroll" title="Warren H. Carroll">Warren H. Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Cioroianu" title="Adrian Cioroianu">Adrian Cioroianu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Costello_(historian)" title="John Costello (historian)">John Costello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Cox_(academic)" title="Michael Cox (academic)">Michael Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_J._Cull" title="Nicholas J. Cull">Nicholas J. Cull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Norman Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Drees" title="Willem Drees">Willem Drees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_D._English" title="Robert D. English">Robert D. English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Feis" title="Herbert Feis">Herbert Feis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hugh_Ferrell" title="Robert Hugh Ferrell">Robert Hugh Ferrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Fontaine" title="André Fontaine">André Fontaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anneli_Ute_Gabanyi" title="Anneli Ute Gabanyi">Anneli Ute Gabanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis_Gaddis" title="John Lewis Gaddis">John Lewis Gaddis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Gardner" title="Lloyd Gardner">Lloyd Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Garton_Ash" title="Timothy Garton Ash">Timothy Garton Ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Gorodetsky" title="Gabriel Gorodetsky">Gabriel Gorodetsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Halliday" title="Fred Halliday">Fred Halliday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jussi_Hanhim%C3%A4ki" title="Jussi Hanhimäki">Jussi Hanhimäki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Earl_Haynes" title="John Earl Haynes">John Earl Haynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_J._Hearden" title="Patrick J. Hearden">Patrick J. Hearden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tvrtko_Jakovina" title="Tvrtko Jakovina">Tvrtko Jakovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Judt" title="Tony Judt">Tony Judt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Klehr" title="Harvey Klehr">Harvey Klehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Kolko" title="Gabriel Kolko">Gabriel Kolko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_LaFeber" title="Walter LaFeber">Walter LaFeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Laqueur" title="Walter Laqueur">Walter Laqueur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melvyn_P._Leffler" title="Melvyn P. Leffler">Melvyn P. Leffler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geir_Lundestad" title="Geir Lundestad">Geir Lundestad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vojtech_Mastny_(historian)" title="Vojtech Mastny (historian)">Vojtech Mastny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_F._Matlock_Jr." title="Jack F. Matlock Jr.">Jack F. Matlock Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._McCormick" title="Thomas J. McCormick">Thomas J. McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Naftali" title="Timothy Naftali">Timothy Naftali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marius_Oprea" title="Marius Oprea">Marius Oprea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_S._Painter" title="David S. Painter">David S. Painter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Pickett" title="William B. Pickett">William B. Pickett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_E._Powaski" title="Ronald E. Powaski">Ronald E. Powaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_M._Rabkin" title="Yakov M. Rabkin">Yakov M. Rabkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._E._Sarotte" title="M. E. Sarotte">M. E. Sarotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Schlesinger_Jr." title="Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.">Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Schrecker" title="Ellen Schrecker">Ellen Schrecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giles_Scott-Smith" title="Giles Scott-Smith">Giles Scott-Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Zhihua" title="Shen Zhihua">Shen Zhihua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Snyder" title="Timothy Snyder">Timothy Snyder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athan_Theoharis" title="Athan Theoharis">Athan Theoharis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Thorpe" title="Andrew Thorpe">Andrew Thorpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Tism%C4%83neanu" title="Vladimir Tismăneanu">Vladimir Tismăneanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Vaughan" title="Patrick Vaughan">Patrick Vaughan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_von_Tunzelmann" title="Alex von Tunzelmann">Alex von Tunzelmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odd_Arne_Westad" title="Odd Arne Westad">Odd Arne Westad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Appleman_Williams" title="William Appleman Williams">William Appleman Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Reed_Winkler" title="Jonathan Reed Winkler">Jonathan Reed Winkler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Winnacker" title="Rudolph Winnacker">Rudolph Winnacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Young" title="Ken Young">Ken Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Espionage and intelligence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Eastern_Bloc_agents_in_the_United_States" title="List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States">List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Soviet espionage in the United States">Soviet espionage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Russian espionage in the United States">Russian espionage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_espionage_in_the_Soviet_Union_and_Russian_Federation" title="American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation">American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_and_the_Cultural_Cold_War" title="CIA and the Cultural Cold War">CIA and the Cultural Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI5" title="MI5">MI5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI6" title="MI6">MI6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_regime_change" title="United States involvement in regime change">United States involvement in regime change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_involvement_in_regime_change" title="Soviet involvement in regime change">Soviet involvement in regime change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Soviet Union)">MVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stasi" title="Stasi">Stasi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War">Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Soviet Union–United States relations">Soviet Union–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_summits" title="List of Soviet Union–United States summits">Soviet Union–United States summits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Russia–NATO relations">Russia–NATO relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brinkmanship#Cold_War" title="Brinkmanship">Brinkmanship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Cold_War" title="Second Cold War">Second Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cold_War" title="Category:Cold War">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_related_to_the_Cold_War" title="List of conflicts related to the Cold War">List of conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Cold_War" title="Timeline of the Cold War">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wars_of_the_20th_century" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wars_of_the_20th_century" title="Template:Wars of the 20th century"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wars_of_the_20th_century" title="Template talk:Wars of the 20th century"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wars_of_the_20th_century" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wars of the 20th century"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wars_of_the_20th_century" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Wars of the 20th century</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1900s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thousand_Days%27_War" title="Thousand Days' War">Thousand Days' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Golden_Stool" title="War of the Golden Stool">War of the Golden Stool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoubak_revolts#Shoubak_revolt_of_1900" title="Shoubak revolts">Shoubak revolt of 1900</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Russian invasion of Manchuria">Russian invasion of Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saqr_bin_Khalid_Al_Qasimi#Retaking_Ras_Al_Khaimah" title="Saqr bin Khalid Al Qasimi">Sharjah conquest of Ras Al Khaimah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_campaign" title="Somaliland campaign">Somaliland campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti%E2%80%93Rashidi_war" title="Kuwaiti–Rashidi war">Kuwaiti–Rashidi war</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revoluci%C3%B3n_Libertadora_(Venezuela)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Revolución Libertadora (Venezuela) (page does not exist)">Revolución Libertadora</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3n_Libertadora_(Venezuela)" class="extiw" title="es:Revolución Libertadora (Venezuela)">es</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Aro_War" title="Anglo-Aro War">Anglo-Aro War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Holy_Apostles_Monastery" title="Battle of Holy Apostles Monastery">Battle of Holy Apostles Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Matabele_War#1901_Mapondera_Rebellion" title="Second Matabele War">1901 Mapondera Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Man%27s_Rebellion" title="Holy Man's Rebellion">Holy Man's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuanhama_Rebellion_of_1902-1904&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuanhama Rebellion of 1902-1904 (page does not exist)">Kuanhama Rebellion of 1902-1904</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailundo_revolt" title="Bailundo revolt">Bailundo revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_crisis_of_1902%E2%80%931903" title="Venezuelan crisis of 1902–1903">Venezuelan crisis of 1902–1903</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Jo-Laban&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Jo-Laban (page does not exist)">Battle of Jo-Laban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theriso_revolt" title="Theriso revolt">Theriso revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_Coup_(Serbia)" title="May Coup (Serbia)">May Coup (Serbia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilinden%E2%80%93Preobrazhenie_Uprising" title="Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising">Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_expedition_to_Tibet" title="British expedition to Tibet">British expedition to Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_conquest_of_the_Sokoto_Caliphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="British conquest of the Sokoto Caliphate (page does not exist)">British conquest of the Sokoto Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi%E2%80%93Rashidi_War_(1903%E2%80%931907)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi–Rashidi War (1903–1907)">Saudi–Rashidi War (1903–1907)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_West_African_Revolt_of_1904-1906&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="South West African Revolt of 1904-1906 (page does not exist)">South West African Revolt of 1904-1906</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mufilo" title="Battle of Mufilo">Portuguese campaign against the Ovambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_Revolt" title="Vaccine Revolt">Vaccine Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_1904" title="Revolution of 1904">Revolution of 1904</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904_Sasun_uprising" title="1904 Sasun uprising">1904 Sasun uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herero_Wars" title="Herero Wars">Herero Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni%E2%80%93Ottoman_conflicts#Yemeni_rebellion_of_1904" title="Yemeni–Ottoman conflicts">Yemeni Rebellion of 1904</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Struggle" title="Macedonian Struggle">Macedonian Struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Revolution_of_1905" title="Argentine Revolution of 1905">Argentine Revolution of 1905</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoubak_revolts#Shoubak_revolt_of_1905" title="Shoubak revolts">Shoubak Revolt of 1905</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_insurrection" title="Łódź insurrection">Łódź insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batang_uprising" title="Batang uprising">Batang uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1905_Russian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="1905 Russian Revolution">1905 Russian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maji_Maji_Rebellion" title="Maji Maji Rebellion">Maji Maji Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni%E2%80%93Ottoman_conflicts#Yemeni_expedition_of_1905" title="Yemeni–Ottoman conflicts">Yemeni Expedition of 1905</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sokoto_Uprising_of_1906&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sokoto Uprising of 1906 (page does not exist)">Sokoto Uprising of 1906</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1906_Mesopotamia_uprising" title="1906 Mesopotamia uprising">1906 Mesopotamia uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_intervention_in_Bali_(1906)" title="Dutch intervention in Bali (1906)">Dutch intervention in Bali (1906)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bambatha_Rebellion" title="Bambatha Rebellion">Bambatha Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dembos_War_of_1907-1910&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dembos War of 1907-1910 (page does not exist)">Dembos War of 1907-1910</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Foreign_Revolt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anti-Foreign Revolt (page does not exist)">Anti-Foreign Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mutair_revolt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mutair revolt (page does not exist)">Mutair revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1907_Romanian_Peasants%27_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="1907 Romanian Peasants' Revolt">1907 Romanian Peasants' Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Honduras_(1838%E2%80%931932)#Expanded_role_of_the_United_States_.281907.E2.80.931919.29" title="History of Honduras (1838–1932)">Honduran-Nicaraguan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beipu_uprising" title="Beipu uprising">Beipu uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buraida_rebellion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buraida rebellion (page does not exist)">Buraida rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dersim_insurgencies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dersim insurgencies (page does not exist)">Dersim insurgencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marrakesh" title="Battle of Marrakesh">Battle of Marrakesh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mau_uprising&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mau uprising (page does not exist)">Mau uprising</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mau_a_Pule#Aufstand_gegen_die_deutsche_Kolonialherrschaft" class="extiw" title="de:Mau a Pule">de</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Turk_Revolution" title="Young Turk Revolution">Young Turk Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_intervention_in_Bali_(1908)" title="Dutch intervention in Bali (1908)">Dutch intervention in Bali (1908)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch%E2%80%93Venezuelan_crisis_of_1908" title="Dutch–Venezuelan crisis of 1908">Dutch–Venezuelan crisis of 1908</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Nicaragua#Estrada's_rebellion_(1909)" title="United States occupation of Nicaragua">Estrada's rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kola%C5%A1in_Affair_(1909)" title="Kolašin Affair (1909)">Kolašin Affair (1909)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaraniq_rebellion_(1909%E2%80%931910)" title="Zaraniq rebellion (1909–1910)">Zaraniq rebellion (1909–1910)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crazy_Snake_Rebellion" title="Crazy Snake Rebellion">Crazy Snake Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Melillan_campaign" title="Second Melillan campaign">Second Melillan campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hauran_Druze_Rebellion" title="Hauran Druze Rebellion">Hauran Druze Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadai_War" title="Wadai War">Wadai War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1910s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Hadia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Hadia (page does not exist)">Battle of Hadia</a> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D9%87%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" class="extiw" title="ar:معركة هدية">ar</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karak_revolt" title="Karak revolt">Karak revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1910" title="Albanian revolt of 1910">Albanian revolt of 1910</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_October_1910_revolution" title="5 October 1910 revolution">5 October 1910 revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_expedition_to_Tibet_(1910)" title="Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)">Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokehs_rebellion" title="Sokehs rebellion">Sokehs rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Border_War_(1910%E2%80%931919)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican Border War (1910–1919)">Mexican Border War (1910–1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandit_War" title="Bandit War">Bandit War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magonista_rebellion_of_1911" title="Magonista rebellion of 1911">Magonista rebellion of 1911</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_Civil_War_(1911%E2%80%931912)" title="Paraguayan Civil War (1911–1912)">Paraguayan Civil War (1911–1912)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Tabriz" title="Russian occupation of Tabriz">Russian occupation of Tabriz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1911" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian revolt of 1911">Albanian revolt of 1911</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Guangzhou_Uprising" title="Second Guangzhou Uprising">Second Guangzhou Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Civil_War_(1911%E2%80%931912)" title="Dominican Civil War (1911–1912)">Dominican Civil War (1911–1912)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Morocco" title="French conquest of Morocco">French conquest of Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Italo-Turkish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timorese_rebellion_of_1911%E2%80%931912" title="East Timorese rebellion of 1911–1912">East Timorese Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1911_Revolution" title="1911 Revolution">1911 Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Generals" title="War of the Generals">War of the Generals</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sirte_revolt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sirte revolt (page does not exist)">Sirte revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khost_rebellion_(1912)" title="Khost rebellion (1912)">Khost rebellion (1912)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">First Balkan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1912" title="Albanian revolt of 1912">Albanian revolt of 1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contestado_War" title="Contestado War">Contestado War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Nicaragua" title="United States occupation of Nicaragua">United States occupation of Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royalist_attack_on_Chaves" title="Royalist attack on Chaves">Royalist attack on Chaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negro_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Negro Rebellion">Negro Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urtatagai_conflict_(1913)" title="Urtatagai conflict (1913)">Urtatagai conflict (1913)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atmene_uprising&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atmene uprising (page does not exist)">Atmene uprising</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Атменьское восстание">ru</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_al-Hasa" title="Conquest of al-Hasa">Conquest of al-Hasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Balkan_War" title="Second Balkan War">Second Balkan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikve%C5%A1_uprising" title="Tikveš uprising">Tikveš uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohrid%E2%80%93Debar_uprising" title="Ohrid–Debar uprising">Ohrid–Debar uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Revolution_(Republic_of_China)" title="Second Revolution (Republic of China)">Second Revolution (Republic of China)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bai_Lang_Rebellion" title="Bai Lang Rebellion">Bai Lang Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_in_the_Tochi" title="Operations in the Tochi">Operations in the Tochi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolt_of_Juazeiro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Revolt of Juazeiro (page does not exist)">Revolt of Juazeiro</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedi%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_Juazeiro" class="extiw" title="pt:Sedição de Juazeiro">pt</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaian_War" title="Zaian War">Zaian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Civil_War_(1914)" title="Dominican Civil War (1914)">Dominican Civil War (1914)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant_Revolt_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Peasant Revolt in Albania">Peasant Revolt in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truku_War" title="Truku War">Truku War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Veracruz" class="mw-redirect" title="United States occupation of Veracruz">United States occupation of Veracruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluff_War" title="Bluff War">Bluff War</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Mongua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Mongua (page does not exist)">Ovambo insurrection in Portuguese Angola</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_de_Mongua" class="extiw" title="fr:Bataille de Mongua">fr</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritz_rebellion" title="Maritz rebellion">Maritz rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapani_incident" title="Tapani incident">Tapani incident</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Kinzaan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Kinzaan (page does not exist)">Battle of Kinzaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jarrab" title="Battle of Jarrab">Battle of Jarrab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilembwe_uprising" title="Chilembwe uprising">Chilembwe uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bussa_rebellion" title="Bussa rebellion">Bussa rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_Singapore_Mutiny" title="1915 Singapore Mutiny">1915 Singapore Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volta-Bani_War" title="Volta-Bani War">Volta-Bani War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Protection_War" title="National Protection War">National Protection War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senussi_campaign" title="Senussi campaign">Senussi campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Haiti" title="United States occupation of Haiti">United States occupation of Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_against_the_Mohmands,_Bunerwals_and_Swatis_in_1915" title="Operations against the Mohmands, Bunerwals and Swatis in 1915">Operations against the Mohmands, Bunerwals and Swatis in 1915</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohmand_blockade" title="Mohmand blockade">Mohmand blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuban Civil War">Cuban Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaocen_revolt" title="Kaocen revolt">Kaocen revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_Cochinchina_uprising" title="1916 Cochinchina uprising">1916 Cochinchina uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Segale" title="Battle of Segale">Battle of Segale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noemvriana" title="Noemvriana">Noemvriana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_revolt_of_1916" title="Central Asian revolt of 1916">Central Asian revolt of 1916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_the_Dominican_Republic_(1916%E2%80%931924)" class="mw-redirect" title="United States occupation of the Dominican Republic (1916–1924)">United States occupation of the Dominican Republic (1916–1924)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Arab Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basmachi_movement" title="Basmachi movement">Basmachi movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_Days" title="July Days">July Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_Restoration" title="Manchu Restoration">Manchu Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A1i_Nguy%C3%AAn_uprising" title="Thái Nguyên uprising">Thái Nguyên uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polubotkivtsi_uprising" title="Polubotkivtsi uprising">Polubotkivtsi uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toplica_Uprising" title="Toplica Uprising">Toplica Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kornilov_affair" title="Kornilov affair">Kornilov affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Corn_Rebellion" title="Green Corn Rebellion">Green Corn Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerensky%E2%80%93Krasnov_uprising" title="Kerensky–Krasnov uprising">Kerensky–Krasnov uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Protection_Movement" title="Constitutional Protection Movement">Constitutional Protection Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_War_of_Independence" title="Ukrainian War of Independence">Ukrainian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golok_conflicts_(1917%E2%80%931949)" title="Golok conflicts (1917–1949)">Golok conflicts (1917–1949)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_against_the_Marri_and_Khetran_tribes" title="Operations against the Marri and Khetran tribes">Operations against the Marri and Khetran tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adubi_War" title="Adubi War">Adubi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simko_Shikak_revolt_(1918%E2%80%931922)" title="Simko Shikak revolt (1918–1922)">Simko Shikak revolt (1918–1922)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judenburg_mutiny" title="Judenburg mutiny">Judenburg mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattaro_mutiny" title="Cattaro mutiny">Cattaro mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aster_Revolution" title="Aster Revolution">Aster Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandar_Stamboliyski#Radomir_Rebellion_(1918)" title="Aleksandar Stamboliyski">Radomir Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_SR_uprising" title="Left SR uprising">Left SR uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War" title="Finnish Civil War">Finnish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armeno-Georgian_War" title="Armeno-Georgian War">Armeno-Georgian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Czechoslovak_border_conflicts" title="Polish–Czechoslovak border conflicts">Polish–Czechoslovak border conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viena_expedition" title="Viena expedition">Viena expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petsamo_expeditions" title="Petsamo expeditions">First Pechenga expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Slovene_conflict_in_Carinthia" title="Austro-Slovene conflict in Carinthia">Austro-Slovene conflict in Carinthia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution of 1918–1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_uprising_(1918%E2%80%931919)" title="Greater Poland uprising (1918–1919)">Greater Poland uprising (1918–1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian%E2%80%93Czechoslovak_War" title="Hungarian–Czechoslovak War">Hungarian–Czechoslovak War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ukrainian_War" title="Polish–Ukrainian War">Polish–Ukrainian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Ossetian_conflict_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Georgian–Ossetian conflict (1918–1920)">Georgian–Ossetian conflict (1918–1920)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sochi_conflict" title="Sochi conflict">Sochi conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_war_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)">Armenian–Azerbaijani War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_War_of_Independence" title="Estonian War of Independence">Estonian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_War_of_Independence" title="Latvian War of Independence">Latvian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Lithuanian–Soviet War">Lithuanian–Soviet War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Khurma_dispute" title="Al-Khurma dispute">Al-Khurma dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vue_Pa_Chay%27s_revolt" title="Vue Pa Chay's revolt">Vue Pa Chay's revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Ingrian_Finns" title="Revolt of the Ingrian Finns">Revolt of the Ingrian Finns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Turkish_War" title="Franco-Turkish War">Franco-Turkish War</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjab_Rebellion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Punjab Rebellion (page does not exist)">Punjab Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_mutiny" title="Black Sea mutiny">Black Sea mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_North" title="Monarchy of the North">1919 Royalist uprising in Northern Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Uprising" title="Christmas Uprising">Christmas Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartacist_uprising" title="Spartacist uprising">Spartacist uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Wars_of_Independence#War_against_the_Bermontians" title="Lithuanian Wars of Independence">Lithuanian War of Independence (War against the Bermontians)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sejny_Uprising" title="Sejny Uprising">Sejny Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Barzanji_revolts#1919_Kurdish_revolt" title="Mahmud Barzanji revolts">First Barzanji Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Czechoslovak_War" title="Polish–Czechoslovak War">Polish–Czechoslovak War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khotyn_Uprising" title="Khotyn Uprising">Khotyn Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian%E2%80%93Romanian_War" title="Hungarian–Romanian War">Hungarian–Romanian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Third Anglo-Afghan War">Third Anglo-Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waziristan_campaign_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Waziristan campaign (1919–1920)">Waziristan campaign (1919–1920)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Regency_of_Carnaro" title="Italian Regency of Carnaro">Italian Regency of Carnaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rijeka#The_"Fiume_Question"_and_the_Italian-Yugoslav_dispute" title="Rijeka">Italo-Yugoslav War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Honduran_Civil_War" title="First Honduran Civil War">First Honduran Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Uprisings" title="Silesian Uprisings">First Silesian Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aunus_expedition" title="Aunus expedition">Aunus expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alawite_revolt_of_1919" title="Alawite revolt of 1919">Alawite revolt of 1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">Irish War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait%E2%80%93Najd_War" title="Kuwait–Najd War">Kuwait–Najd War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)">Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolts_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Revolts during the Turkish War of Independence">Revolts during the Turkish War of Independence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1920s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhili%E2%80%93Anhui_War" title="Zhili–Anhui War">Zhili–Anhui War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Turkish_War" title="Franco-Turkish War">Franco-Turkish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Red Army invasion of Georgia">Red Army invasion of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Karelian_uprising" title="East Karelian uprising">East Karelian uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Zhili%E2%80%93Fengtian_War" title="First Zhili–Fengtian War">First Zhili–Fengtian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Zhili%E2%80%93Fengtian_War" title="Second Zhili–Fengtian War">Second Zhili–Fengtian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_War" title="Rif War">Rif War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Civil_War" title="Irish Civil War">Irish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_Civil_War_(1922)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraguayan Civil War (1922)">Paraguayan Civil War (1922)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cristero_War" title="Cristero War">Cristero War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1928%E2%80%931929)" title="Afghan Civil War (1928–1929)">Afghan Civil War (1928–1929)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1930s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-Tibetan War">Sino-Tibetan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Japanese invasion of Manchuria">Japanese invasion of Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaco_War" title="Chaco War">Chaco War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia%E2%80%93Peru_War" title="Colombia–Peru War">Colombia–Peru War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi%E2%80%93Yemeni_War_(1934)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi–Yemeni War (1934)">Saudi–Yemeni War (1934)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Civil_War" title="Austrian Civil War">Austrian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Khasan" title="Battle of Lake Khasan">Battle of Lake Khasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Czechoslovak_War" title="Polish–Czechoslovak War">Polish–Czechoslovak War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_invasion_of_Carpatho-Ukraine" title="Hungarian invasion of Carpatho-Ukraine">Hungarian invasion of Carpatho-Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak%E2%80%93Hungarian_War" title="Slovak–Hungarian War">Slovak–Hungarian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Khalkhin_Gol" title="Battles of Khalkhin Gol">Battles of Khalkhin Gol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland" title="Soviet invasion of Poland">Soviet invasion of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italian invasion of Albania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1940s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Italian_War" title="Greco-Italian War">Greco-Italian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Thai_War" title="Franco-Thai War">Franco-Thai War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">German–Soviet War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Continuation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Anglo-Iraqi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">Lapland War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_War" title="Soviet–Japanese War">Soviet–Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian%E2%80%93Peruvian_War" title="Ecuadorian–Peruvian War">Ecuadorian–Peruvian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_Civil_War_(1947)" title="Paraguayan Civil War (1947)">Paraguayan Civil War (1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rican_Civil_War" title="Costa Rican Civil War">Costa Rican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1947%E2%80%931948" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948">Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Violencia" title="La Violencia">La Violencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947%E2%80%931949_Palestine_war" class="mw-redirect" title="1947–1949 Palestine war">1947–1949 Palestine war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1950s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Sudanese_Civil_War" title="First Sudanese Civil War">First Sudanese Civil War</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Laotian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifni_War" title="Ifni War">Ifni War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Lebanon_crisis" title="1958 Lebanon crisis">1958 Lebanon crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Civil_War" title="Guatemalan Civil War">Guatemalan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bizerte_crisis" title="Bizerte crisis">Bizerte crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">Annexation of Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_War_of_Independence" title="Angolan War of Independence">Angolan War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhofar_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhofar Rebellion">Dhofar Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau_War_of_Independence" title="Guinea-Bissau War of Independence">Guinea-Bissau War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_War" title="Sand War">Sand War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_conflict" title="Colombian conflict">Colombian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_War_of_Independence" title="Mozambican War of Independence">Mozambican War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1965" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1965">Indo-Pakistani War of 1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Civil_War" title="Dominican Civil War">Dominican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">South African Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Bush_War" title="Rhodesian Bush War">Rhodesian Bush War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Opium_War" title="1967 Opium War">1967 Opium War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadian_Civil_War_(1965%E2%80%931979)" title="Chadian Civil War (1965–1979)">Chadian Civil War (1965–1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_War" title="Nigerian Civil War">Nigerian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Civil_War" title="Cambodian Civil War">Cambodian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_War" title="Football War">Football War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_border_conflict" title="Sino-Soviet border conflict">Sino-Soviet border conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tielieketi" title="Tielieketi">Tielieketi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_September" title="Black September">Black September</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1971">Indo-Pakistani War of 1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_War" title="Western Sahara War">Western Sahara War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus" title="Turkish invasion of Cyprus">Turkish invasion of Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Civil_War" title="Ethiopian Civil War">Ethiopian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cod_Wars" title="Cod Wars">Cod Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War" title="Cambodian–Vietnamese War">Cambodian–Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angolan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War" title="Mozambican Civil War">Mozambican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_occupation_of_East_Timor" title="Indonesian occupation of East Timor">Indonesian occupation of East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Egyptian–Libyan War">Egyptian–Libyan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogaden_War" title="Ogaden War">Ogaden War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_South_Lebanon_conflict" title="1978 South Lebanon conflict">1978 South Lebanon conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ration_Lamantin" title="Opération Lamantin">Opération Lamantin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda%E2%80%93Tanzania_War" title="Uganda–Tanzania War">Uganda–Tanzania War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadian%E2%80%93Libyan_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Chadian–Libyan conflict">Chadian–Libyan conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_War" title="Sino-Vietnamese War">Sino-Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Civil_War" title="Salvadoran Civil War">Salvadoran Civil War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paquisha_War" title="Paquisha War">Paquisha War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Lebanon_War" title="1982 Lebanon War">1982 Lebanon War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada" title="United States invasion of Grenada">United States invasion of Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sudanese_Civil_War" title="Second Sudanese Civil War">Second Sudanese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan Civil War">Sri Lankan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blue_Star" title="Operation Blue Star">Operation Blue Star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_conflict_(1978%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)">Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agacher_Strip_War" title="Agacher Strip War">Agacher Strip War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War" title="Somali Civil War">Somali Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">United States invasion of Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Liberian_Civil_War" title="First Liberian Civil War">First Liberian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1989%E2%80%931992)" title="Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)">Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1991%E2%80%931992_South_Ossetia_War" class="mw-redirect" title="1991–1992 South Ossetia War">1991–1992 South Ossetia War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Civil_War" title="Rwandan Civil War">Rwandan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Civil_War" title="Georgian Civil War">Georgian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djiboutian_Civil_War" title="Djiboutian Civil War">Djiboutian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Kuwait">Invasion of Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten-Day_War" title="Ten-Day War">Slovenian Independence War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_War_of_Independence" title="Croatian War of Independence">Croatian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">Bosnian War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First Nagorno-Karabakh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Civil_War" title="Algerian Civil War">Algerian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Civil_War" title="Sierra Leone Civil War">Sierra Leone Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1992%E2%80%931996)" title="Afghan Civil War (1992–1996)">Afghan Civil War (1992–1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_War" title="Transnistria War">Transnistria War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz%E2%80%93Georgian_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhaz–Georgian conflict">Abkhaz–Georgian conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Abkhazia_(1992%E2%80%931993)" title="War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)">War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Abkhazia_(1998)" title="War in Abkhazia (1998)">War in Abkhazia (1998)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistani_Civil_War" title="Tajikistani Civil War">Tajikistani Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundian_Civil_War" title="Burundian Civil War">Burundian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Civil_War_(1994)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemeni Civil War (1994)">Yemeni Civil War (1994)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Chechen_War" title="First Chechen War">First Chechen War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdish_Civil_War" title="Iraqi Kurdish Civil War">Iraqi Kurdish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenepa_War" title="Cenepa War">Cenepa War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Congo_War" title="First Congo War">First Congo War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Civil_War" title="Nepalese Civil War">Nepalese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo_Civil_War_(1997%E2%80%931999)" title="Republic of the Congo Civil War (1997–1999)">Republic of the Congo Civil War (1997–1999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_War" title="Kosovo War">Kosovo War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO_bombing_of_Yugoslavia" title="NATO bombing of Yugoslavia">NATO bombing of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau_Civil_War" title="Guinea-Bissau Civil War">Guinea-Bissau Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Congo_War" title="Second Congo War">Second Congo War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean%E2%80%93Ethiopian_War" title="Eritrean–Ethiopian War">Eritrean–Ethiopian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Dagestan" class="mw-redirect" title="War of Dagestan">War of Dagestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kargil_War" title="Kargil War">Kargil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Chechen_War" title="Second Chechen War">Second Chechen War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Liberian_Civil_War" title="Second Liberian Civil War">Second Liberian Civil War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Lists of wars of the 20th century <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars:_1900%E2%80%931944" title="List of wars: 1900–1944">1900–1944</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars:_1945%E2%80%931989" title="List of wars: 1945–1989">1945–1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars:_1990%E2%80%932002" title="List of wars: 1990–2002">1990–2002</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" 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