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<span>Achievements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Achievements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Awards and honors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academic_lineage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academic_lineage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Academic lineage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academic_lineage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Publications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 77 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-77" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">77 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Louis_Gay-Lussac" title="Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A_%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%81_%D8%BA%D9%8A_%D9%80_%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%83" title="لوي جوزيف غي ـ لوساك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لوي جوزيف غي ـ لوساك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Joseph_Gay-Lussac" title="Louis Joseph Gay-Lussac – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Louis Joseph Gay-Lussac" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jozef_Lui_Gey-L%C3%BCssak" title="Jozef Lui Gey-Lüssak – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Jozef Lui Gey-Lüssak" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%81_%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D9%82%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%DA%A9" title="ژوزف لویی قیلوساک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ژوزف لویی قیلوساک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Joseph_Gay-Lussac" title="Louis Joseph Gay-Lussac – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Louis Joseph Gay-Lussac" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84_%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%96_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B9-%D0%9B%D1%8E%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Жазеф Луі Гей-Люсак – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Жазеф Луі Гей-Люсак" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%8D%D1%84_%D0%9B%D1%8E%D1%96_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B9-%D0%9B%D1%8E%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Жазэф Люі Гей-Люсак – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Жазэф Люі Гей-Люсак" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8_%D0%96%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B9-%D0%9B%D1%8E%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Луи Жозеф Гей-Люсак – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Луи Жозеф Гей-Люсак" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Louis_Gay-Lussac" title="Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph-Louis_Gay-Lussac" title="Joseph-Louis Gay-Lussac – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Joseph-Louis Gay-Lussac" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Louis_Gay-Lussac" title="Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph-Louis_Gay-Lussac" title="Joseph-Louis Gay-Lussac – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Joseph-Louis Gay-Lussac" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Louis_Gay-Lussac" title="Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Louis_Gay-Lussac" title="Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%96%CE%BF%CE%B6%CE%AD%CF%86_%CE%9B%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%AF_%CE%93%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9-%CE%9B%CF%85%CF%83%CE%AC%CE%BA" title="Ζοζέφ Λουί Γκαι-Λυσάκ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ζοζέφ Λουί Γκαι-Λυσάκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Joseph_Gay-Lussac" title="Louis Joseph Gay-Lussac – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Louis Joseph Gay-Lussac" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Joseph_Gay-Lussac" title="Louis Joseph Gay-Lussac – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Louis Joseph Gay-Lussac" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Joseph_Gay-Lussac" title="Louis Joseph Gay-Lussac – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Louis Joseph Gay-Lussac" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%81_%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%8C_%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%DA%A9" title="ژوزف لویی گیلوساک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ژوزف لویی گیلوساک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Joseph_Gay-Lussac" title="Louis Joseph Gay-Lussac – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Louis Joseph Gay-Lussac" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Louis_Gay-Lussac" title="Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Joseph_Gay-Lussac" title="Louis Joseph Gay-Lussac – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Louis Joseph Gay-Lussac" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EC%A0%9C%ED%94%84_%EB%A3%A8%EC%9D%B4_%EA%B2%8C%EC%9D%B4%EB%A4%BC%EC%82%AD" title="조제프 루이 게이뤼삭 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="조제프 루이 게이뤼삭" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BA%D5%B8%D5%A6%D5%A5%D6%86_%D4%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AB_%D4%B3%D5%A5%D5%B5-%D4%BC%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="Ժոզեֆ Լուի Գեյ-Լյուսակ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ժոզեֆ Լուի Գեյ-Լյուսակ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Louis_Gay-Lussac" title="Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Louis_Gay-Lussac" title="Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Louis_Gay-Lussac" title="Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Louis_Gay-Lussac" title="Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%27%D7%95%D7%96%D7%A3_%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99_%D7%92%D7%94-%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%A7" title="ז'וזף לואי גה-ליסאק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ז'וזף לואי גה-ליסאק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%AB%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%86_%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D" title="ಜೋಸೆಫ್ ಗೆ ಲುಸಾಕ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜೋಸೆಫ್ ಗೆ ಲುಸಾಕ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%98_%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%98-%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="ლუი გეი-ლუსაკი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლუი გეი-ლუსაკი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Louis_Gay-Lussac" title="Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84_%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B9-%D0%9B%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Жозеф Луи Гей-Люссак – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жозеф Луи Гей-Люссак" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iosephus_Aloisius_Gay-Lussac" title="Iosephus Aloisius Gay-Lussac – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Iosephus Aloisius Gay-Lussac" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDozefs_Luijs_G%C4%93-Lisaks" title="Žozefs Luijs Gē-Lisaks – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Žozefs Luijs Gē-Lisaks" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Louis_Gay-Lussac" title="Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Louis_Gay-Lussac" title="Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%98-%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Жозеф Геј-Лисак – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Жозеф Геј-Лисак" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Joseph_Gay-Lussac" title="Louis Joseph Gay-Lussac – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Louis Joseph Gay-Lussac" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Louis_Gay-Lussac" title="Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9F%E1%83%9D%E1%83%96%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%98_%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%98-%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="ჟოზეფ ლუი გეი-ლუსაკი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჟოზეფ ლუი გეი-ლუსაკი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%89_%DA%86%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%81_%D8%AC%D9%89_%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%83" title="لوى چوزيف جى لوساك – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لوى چوزيف جى لوساك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Louis_Gay-Lussac" title="Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9A%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%87%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AE_%E1%80%82%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B0%E1%80%86%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA" title="ယောဇက် လူဝီ ဂေးလူဆက် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ယောဇက် လူဝီ ဂေးလူဆက်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Gay-Lussac" title="Louis Gay-Lussac – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Louis Gay-Lussac" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%82%BB%E3%83%95%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B2%E3%82%A4%EF%BC%9D%E3%83%AA%E3%83%A5%E3%82%B5%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF" title="ジョセフ・ルイ・ゲイ＝リュサック – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジョセフ・ルイ・ゲイ＝リュサック" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Gay-Lussac" title="Joseph Gay-Lussac – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Joseph Gay-Lussac" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Louis_Gay-Lussac" title="Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Louis_Gay-Lussac" title="Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Louis_Gay-Lussac" title="Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Gay-Lussac" title="Joseph Gay-Lussac – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Joseph Gay-Lussac" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Joseph_Gay-Lussac" title="Louis Joseph Gay-Lussac – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Louis Joseph Gay-Lussac" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Louis_Gay-Lussac" title="Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Joseph_Gay-Lussac" title="Louis Joseph Gay-Lussac – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Louis Joseph Gay-Lussac" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B9-%D0%9B%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA,_%D0%96%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84_%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8" title="Гей-Люссак, Жозеф Луи – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гей-Люссак, Жозеф Луи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Louis_Gay-Lussac" title="Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Louis_Gay-Lussac" title="Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%9D%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%93_%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A" title="ජෝසප් ලුවී ගේලුසැක් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ජෝසප් ලුවී ගේලුසැක්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Louis_Gay-Lussac" title="Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Louis_Gay-Lussac" title="Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Louis_Gay-Lussac" title="Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84_%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%98_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%98-%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Жозеф Луј Геј-Лисак – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Жозеф Луј Геј-Лисак" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Gay-Lussac" title="Joseph Gay-Lussac – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Joseph Gay-Lussac" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Louis_Gay-lussac" title="Joseph Louis Gay-lussac – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Joseph Louis Gay-lussac" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Joseph_Gay-Lussac" title="Louis-Joseph Gay-Lussac – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Louis-Joseph Gay-Lussac" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Louis_Gay-Lussac" title="Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%9F_%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81-%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81" title="โฌแซ็ฟ หลุยส์ แก-ลูว์ซัก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โฌแซ็ฟ หลุยส์ แก-ลูว์ซัก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B9-%D0%9B%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA,_%D0%96%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84_%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8" title="Гей-Люссак, Жозеф Луи – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Гей-Люссак, Жозеф Луи" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Joseph_Gay-Lussac" title="Louis Joseph Gay-Lussac – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Louis Joseph Gay-Lussac" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84_%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%97_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B9-%D0%9B%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Жозеф Луї Гей-Люссак – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Жозеф Луї Гей-Люссак" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%81_%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A6%D8%B3_%DA%AF%DB%92%DB%94%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%DA%A9" title="جوزف لوئس گے۔لوساک – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جوزف لوئس گے۔لوساک" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Louis_Gay-Lussac" title="Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Louis_Gay-Lussac" title="Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%C2%B7%E7%9B%96-%E5%90%95%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B" title="约瑟夫·路易·盖-吕萨克 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="约瑟夫·路易·盖-吕萨克" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%C2%B7%E7%B5%A6%E5%91%82%E8%96%A9%E5%85%8B" title="約瑟夫·路易·給呂薩克 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="約瑟夫·路易·給呂薩克" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%C2%B7%E7%9B%96-%E5%90%95%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B" title="约瑟夫·路易·盖-吕萨克 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="约瑟夫·路易·盖-吕萨克" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q153185#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">French chemist and physicist (1778–1850)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gaylussac.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Gaylussac.jpg/225px-Gaylussac.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Gaylussac.jpg/338px-Gaylussac.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Gaylussac.jpg/450px-Gaylussac.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1876" data-file-height="2335" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Joseph Louis Gay</div><br />6 December 1778<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtstart bday">1778-12-06</span>)</span><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Saint-L%C3%A9onard-de-Noblat" title="Saint-Léonard-de-Noblat">Saint-Léonard-de-Noblat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">Kingdom of France</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">9 May 1850<span style="display:none">(1850-05-09)</span> (aged 71)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Second_Republic" title="French Second Republic">France</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">French</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique" title="École polytechnique">École polytechnique</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gay-Lussac%27s_law" title="Gay-Lussac's law">Gay-Lussac's law</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_by_volume" title="Alcohol by volume">Degrees Gay-Lussac</a><br />Co-discovery of <a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">boron</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Combustion_analysis" title="Combustion analysis">Combustion analysis</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Cyanogen" title="Cyanogen">Cyanogen</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Volta_Prize" title="Volta Prize">Galvanism Prize</a> (1809)<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_recipients_of_the_Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite_for_Sciences_and_Arts" title="List of recipients of the Pour le Mérite for Sciences and Arts">Pour le Mérite</a> (1842)<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_G,_H,_I" title="List of fellows of the Royal Society G, H, I">ForMemRS</a> (1815)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">Chemistry</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gay-Lussac_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Gay-Lussac_Signature.svg/150px-Gay-Lussac_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Gay-Lussac_Signature.svg/225px-Gay-Lussac_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Gay-Lussac_Signature.svg/300px-Gay-Lussac_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="995" data-file-height="473" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">gay-<span style="font-size:90%">LOO</span>-sak</i></a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">GAY</span>-lə-<span style="font-size:90%">SAK</span></i></a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[ʒozɛf<span class="wrap"> </span>lwi<span class="wrap"> </span>ɡɛlysak]</a></span>; 6 December 1778 – 9 May 1850) was a <a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French</a> <a href="/wiki/Chemist" title="Chemist">chemist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">physicist</a>. He is known mostly for his discovery that water is made of two parts hydrogen and one part oxygen by volume (with <a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Alexander von Humboldt</a>), for <a href="/wiki/Gay-Lussac%27s_law" title="Gay-Lussac's law">two laws</a> related to <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gases</a>, and for his work on alcohol–water mixtures, which led to the <a href="/wiki/Degrees_Gay-Lussac" class="mw-redirect" title="Degrees Gay-Lussac">degrees Gay-Lussac</a> used to measure alcoholic beverages in many countries. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Louis_Gay-Lussac&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Louis_Gay-Lussac,_French_physician_and_scientist_(1778%E2%80%931850)_MET_31566.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Joseph_Louis_Gay-Lussac%2C_French_physician_and_scientist_%281778%E2%80%931850%29_MET_31566.jpg/150px-Joseph_Louis_Gay-Lussac%2C_French_physician_and_scientist_%281778%E2%80%931850%29_MET_31566.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Joseph_Louis_Gay-Lussac%2C_French_physician_and_scientist_%281778%E2%80%931850%29_MET_31566.jpg/225px-Joseph_Louis_Gay-Lussac%2C_French_physician_and_scientist_%281778%E2%80%931850%29_MET_31566.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Joseph_Louis_Gay-Lussac%2C_French_physician_and_scientist_%281778%E2%80%931850%29_MET_31566.jpg/300px-Joseph_Louis_Gay-Lussac%2C_French_physician_and_scientist_%281778%E2%80%931850%29_MET_31566.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1992" data-file-height="1992" /></a><figcaption>Gay-Lussac by <a href="/wiki/David_d%27Angers" title="David d'Angers">David d'Angers</a>, 1830s</figcaption></figure> <p>Gay-Lussac was born at <a href="/wiki/Saint-L%C3%A9onard-de-Noblat" title="Saint-Léonard-de-Noblat">Saint-Léonard-de-Noblat</a> in the present-day department of <a href="/wiki/Haute-Vienne" title="Haute-Vienne">Haute-Vienne</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His father, Anthony Gay, son of a doctor, was a lawyer and prosecutor and worked as a judge in Noblat Bridge.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Father of two sons and three daughters, he owned much of the Lussac village and began to add the name of this hamlet to his name, following a custom of the <a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a>. Towards the year 1803, father and son formally adopted the name Gay-Lussac.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">Revolution</a>, under the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Suspects" title="Law of Suspects">Law of Suspects</a>, his father, former king's attorney, was imprisoned in Saint Léonard from 1793 to 1794. </p><p>Gay-Lussac received his early education at the hands of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> Abbey of Bourdeix.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the care of the Abbot of Dumonteil, he began his education in Paris, finally entering the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Polytechnique" class="mw-redirect" title="École Polytechnique">École Polytechnique</a> in 1798. </p><p>Three years later, Gay-Lussac transferred to the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Nationale_des_Ponts_et_Chauss%C3%A9es" class="mw-redirect" title="École Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées">École des Ponts et Chaussées</a>, and shortly afterward was assigned to <a href="/wiki/C._L._Berthollet" class="mw-redirect" title="C. L. Berthollet">C. L. Berthollet</a> as his assistant. In 1804 he was appointed répétiteur (demonstrator) to <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Fran%C3%A7ois_Fourcroy" class="mw-redirect" title="Antoine François Fourcroy">Antoine François Fourcroy</a> at the École Polytechnique, whom he succeeded in 1809 as professor of chemistry. From 1809 to 1832, he was also the professor of physics at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">Sorbonne</a>, a post which he only resigned for the chair of chemistry at the <a href="/wiki/Jardin_des_Plantes" class="mw-redirect" title="Jardin des Plantes">Jardin des Plantes</a>. In 1821, he was elected a foreign member of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences">Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences</a>. In 1831 he was elected to represent Haute-Vienne in the chamber of deputies, and in 1839 he entered the chamber of peers. He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> in 1832.<sup id="cite_ref-AAAS_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAAS-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gay-Lussac married Geneviève-Marie-Joseph Rojot in 1809. He had first met her when she worked as a linen draper's shop assistant; he noticed she was studying a chemistry textbook under the counter, which led to their acquaintance. The couple had five children, of whom the eldest (Jules) became a student of <a href="/wiki/Justus_Liebig" class="mw-redirect" title="Justus Liebig">Justus Liebig</a> in Giessen. Some publications by Jules are mistaken as his father's today since they share the same first initial (J. Gay-Lussac). </p><p>Gay-Lussac had a reputation as one of the greatest European scientists of his day, well justified by his innumerable discoveries in both chemistry and physics. The restored royalty made him a Peer of France, although he worked politically with the anti-clerical party. He was closely associated with <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Arago" title="François Arago">François Arago</a>. </p><p>Gay-Lussac died in Paris, and his grave is there at <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_Lachaise_Cemetery" title="Père Lachaise Cemetery">Père Lachaise Cemetery</a>. His name is one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_72_names_on_the_Eiffel_Tower" title="List of the 72 names on the Eiffel Tower">72 names inscribed on the Eiffel Tower</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Achievements">Achievements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Louis_Gay-Lussac&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Achievements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Early_flight_02561u_(5).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Early_flight_02561u_%285%29.jpg/170px-Early_flight_02561u_%285%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Early_flight_02561u_%285%29.jpg/255px-Early_flight_02561u_%285%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Early_flight_02561u_%285%29.jpg/340px-Early_flight_02561u_%285%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="972" data-file-height="1422" /></a><figcaption>Gay-Lussac and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Biot" title="Jean-Baptiste Biot">Biot</a> ascend in a hydrogen balloon, 1804. Illustration from the late 19th century.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>1802 – Gay-Lussac first published the law that at constant pressure, the volume of any gas increases in proportion to its absolute temperature. Since in his paper announcing the law he cited earlier unpublished work on this subject by <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Charles" title="Jacques Charles">Jacques Charles</a>, the law is usually called <a href="/wiki/Charles%27s_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles's Law">Charles's Law</a>, though some sources use the expression <a href="/wiki/Gay-Lussac%27s_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay-Lussac's Law">Gay-Lussac's Law</a>. This law was independently and nearly simultaneously stated by <a href="/wiki/John_Dalton" title="John Dalton">John Dalton</a>.</li> <li>1804 – He and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Biot" title="Jean-Baptiste Biot">Jean-Baptiste Biot</a> made a hydrogen-balloon ascent; a second ascent the same year by Gay-Lussac alone attained a height of 7,016 metres (23,018 ft) in an early investigation of the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_atmosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's atmosphere">Earth's atmosphere</a>. He wanted to collect air samples at different heights to record differences in temperature and moisture.</li> <li>1805 – Together with his friend and scientific collaborator <a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Alexander von Humboldt</a>, he discovered that the composition of the atmosphere does not change with decreasing pressure (increasing altitude). They also discovered that water is formed by two parts of hydrogen and one part of oxygen (by volume).</li> <li>1808 – He was the co-discoverer of <a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">boron</a>.</li> <li>1808 – Discovery and announcement of the <a href="/wiki/Gay-Lussac%27s_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay-Lussac's Law">law of combining volumes of gases</a>; published in 1809.</li> <li>1810 – In collaboration with <a href="/wiki/Louis_Jacques_Th%C3%A9nard" title="Louis Jacques Thénard">Louis Jacques Thénard</a>, he developed a method for quantitative elemental organic combustion analysis by measuring the CO<sub>2</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>O evolved when an organic compound is fully oxidized by potassium chlorate. He also summarised the equation of alcoholic <a href="/wiki/Fermentation" title="Fermentation">fermentation</a>.</li> <li>1811 – He recognized <a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">iodine</a> as a new element, described its properties, and suggested the name <i>iode</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1815 – He synthesized <a href="/wiki/Cyanogen" title="Cyanogen">cyanogen</a>, determined its empirical formula, and named it.</li> <li>1824 – He developed an improved version of the <a href="/wiki/Burette" title="Burette">burette</a> that included a side arm, and coined the terms "<a href="/wiki/Pipette" title="Pipette">pipette</a>" and "burette" in an 1824 paper about the standardization of indigo solutions.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gay-Lussac_(by_Tardieu).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Gay-Lussac_%28by_Tardieu%29.jpg/170px-Gay-Lussac_%28by_Tardieu%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Gay-Lussac_%28by_Tardieu%29.jpg/255px-Gay-Lussac_%28by_Tardieu%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Gay-Lussac_%28by_Tardieu%29.jpg/340px-Gay-Lussac_%28by_Tardieu%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1530" data-file-height="2720" /></a><figcaption>Engraving of Gay-Lussac (1824)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_honors">Awards and honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Louis_Gay-Lussac&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Awards and honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Along with Thénard, Gay Lussac received 30,000 francs from <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> in the third edition of the <a href="/wiki/Volta_Prize" title="Volta Prize">Galvanism Prize</a> in 1809 for their research.</li> <li>In Paris, a street and a hotel near the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">Sorbonne</a> are named after him as are a square and a street in his birthplace, <a href="/wiki/Saint-L%C3%A9onard-de-Noblat" title="Saint-Léonard-de-Noblat">Saint-Léonard-de-Noblat</a>.</li> <li>In Australia, the "Gay-Lussac Room" at AB Mauri STC, Sydney, was named after him in honor of his work with yeast fermentation.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Academic_lineage">Academic lineage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Louis_Gay-Lussac&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Academic lineage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gay_Lussac_grave.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Gay_Lussac_grave.jpg/170px-Gay_Lussac_grave.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Gay_Lussac_grave.jpg/255px-Gay_Lussac_grave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Gay_Lussac_grave.jpg/340px-Gay_Lussac_grave.jpg 2x" data-file-width="594" data-file-height="735" /></a><figcaption>Gravesite of Gay-Lussac</figcaption></figure> <table class="wiki table"> <caption>Academic genealogy </caption> <tbody><tr style="text-align: center;"> <th width="50%">Notable teachers </th> <th width="50%">Notable students </th></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C._L._Berthollet" class="mw-redirect" title="C. L. Berthollet">C. L. Berthollet</a> (1748–1822), Paris</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Fran%C3%A7ois,_comte_de_Fourcroy" class="mw-redirect" title="Antoine François, comte de Fourcroy">Antoine François, comte de Fourcroy</a> (1755–1809), Paris</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Jacques_Colin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Jacques Colin (page does not exist)">Jean-Jacques Colin</a> (1784–1865), répétiteur in 1809–1817</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Robiquet" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Robiquet">Pierre Robiquet</a> (1780–1840), répétiteur in 1813–1818</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar-Mansu%C3%A8te_Despretz" title="César-Mansuète Despretz">César Despretz</a> (1791–1863), répétiteur in 1817–?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Pelouze" class="mw-redirect" title="Jules Pelouze">Jules Pelouze</a> (1807–1867), répétiteur in 1831–1837?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmond_Fr%C3%A9my" title="Edmond Frémy">Edmond Frémy</a> (1814–1894)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri-Victor_Regnault" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri-Victor Regnault">Henri-Victor Regnault</a> (1810–1878)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justus_Liebig" class="mw-redirect" title="Justus Liebig">Justus Liebig</a> (1803–1873)</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Louis_Gay-Lussac&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i> Chemistry courses of the École Polytechnique</i>, Vol.1&2</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1FAIAAAAIAAJ"><i>Lessons of Physics</i></a>, Faculty of Sciences in Paris, (November 6, 1827, March 18, 1828)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Louis_Gay-Lussac&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brin_process" title="Brin process">Brin process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joule_expansion" title="Joule expansion">Joule expansion</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Louis_Gay-Lussac&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/gay-lussac">"Gay-Lussac"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Collins_English_Dictionary" title="Collins English Dictionary">Collins English Dictionary</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Collins+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Gay-Lussac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fgay-lussac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Louis+Gay-Lussac" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210511221758/https://www.lexico.com/definition/gay-lussac's_law?s=t">"Gay-Lussac's law"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Lexico" title="Lexico">Lexico</a> UK English Dictionary</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexico.com/definition/Gay-Lussac%27s+law">the original</a> on 2021-05-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gay-Lussac%27s+law&rft.btitle=Lexico+UK+English+Dictionary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fdefinition%2FGay-Lussac%2527s%2Blaw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Louis+Gay-Lussac" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/gay-lussac">"Gay-Lussac"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Random_House_Webster%27s_Unabridged_Dictionary" title="Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary">Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Gay-Lussac">"Gay-Lussac"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a></i>. Merriam-Webster<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Gay-Lussac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FGay-Lussac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Louis+Gay-Lussac" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Gay-Lussac, Joseph Louis"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Gay-Lussac,_Joseph_Louis">"Gay-Lussac, Joseph Louis" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 542.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gay-Lussac%2C+Joseph+Louis&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=542&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Louis+Gay-Lussac" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Biographical Dictionary Ancient and Modern, Volume 16, Michaud</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Biographical sketch by Gay de Vernon</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://freethoughtalmanac.com/?p=4190">"December 6: Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac"</a>. <i>Freethought Almanac</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-02-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Freethought+Almanac&rft.atitle=December+6%3A+Joseph+Louis+Gay-Lussac&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffreethoughtalmanac.com%2F%3Fp%3D4190&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Louis+Gay-Lussac" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AAAS-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AAAS_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterG.pdf">"Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter G"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. American Academy of Arts and Sciences<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Book+of+Members%2C+1780%E2%80%932010%3A+Chapter+G&rft.pub=American+Academy+of+Arts+and+Sciences&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amacad.org%2Fpublications%2FBookofMembers%2FChapterG.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Louis+Gay-Lussac" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEde2006" class="citation book cs1">Ede, A. (2006). <i>The Chemical Element: A Historical Perspective</i>. <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenwood Press">Greenwood Press</a>. p. 133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-33304-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-33304-1"><bdi>0-313-33304-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chemical+Element%3A+A+Historical+Perspective&rft.pages=133&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-313-33304-1&rft.aulast=Ede&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Louis+Gay-Lussac" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenfeld1999" class="citation book cs1">Rosenfeld, L. (1999). <i>Four Centuries of Clinical Chemistry</i>. <a href="/wiki/CRC_Press" title="CRC Press">CRC Press</a>. pp. 72–75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-5699-645-2" title="Special:BookSources/90-5699-645-2"><bdi>90-5699-645-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Four+Centuries+of+Clinical+Chemistry&rft.pages=72-75&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=90-5699-645-2&rft.aulast=Rosenfeld&rft.aufirst=L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Louis+Gay-Lussac" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Louis_Gay-Lussac&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Joseph_Louis_Gay-Lussac" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac">Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about:<br /><b style="text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Joseph_Louis_Gay-Lussac" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac">Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac</a></i></b></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPartington1950" class="citation journal cs1">Partington, J. R. (1950). "J. L. Gay-Lussac (1778–1850)". <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i>. <b>165</b> (4201): 708–709. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1950Natur.165..708P">1950Natur.165..708P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F165708a0">10.1038/165708a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15416794">15416794</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:36973995">36973995</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=J.+L.+Gay-Lussac+%281778%E2%80%931850%29&rft.volume=165&rft.issue=4201&rft.pages=708-709&rft.date=1950&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F165708a0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A36973995%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15416794&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1950Natur.165..708P&rft.aulast=Partington&rft.aufirst=J.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Louis+Gay-Lussac" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGay-Lussacvon_Humboldt1805" class="citation journal cs1">Gay-Lussac, L. J.; von Humboldt, A. (1805). "Expériences sur les moyens eudiométriques et sur la proportion des principes constituans de l'atmosphère". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_de_Physique" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal de Physique">Journal de Physique</a></i>. <b>60</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+de+Physique&rft.atitle=Exp%C3%A9riences+sur+les+moyens+eudiom%C3%A9triques+et+sur+la+proportion+des+principes+constituans+de+l%27atmosph%C3%A8re&rft.volume=60&rft.date=1805&rft.aulast=Gay-Lussac&rft.aufirst=L.+J.&rft.au=von+Humboldt%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Louis+Gay-Lussac" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrosland1978" class="citation book cs1">Crosland, M. (1978). <i>Gay-Lussac, Scientist and Bourgeois</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-21979-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-21979-5"><bdi>0-521-21979-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gay-Lussac%2C+Scientist+and+Bourgeois&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-521-21979-5&rft.aulast=Crosland&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Louis+Gay-Lussac" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.1902encyclopedia.com/G/GAY/joseph-louis-gay-lussac.html">Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac, French chemist (1778–1850)</a> from the Encyclopædia Britannica, 10th Edition (1902)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://maps.google.com/maps/ms?hl=en&ie=UTF8&msa=0&msid=103015796427039682952.00046ac5940f4335f749d&ll=48.845034,2.342105&spn=0.00723,0.015557&z=16">Rue Gay-Lussac</a>, Paris</li> <li>Gay-Lussac's article (1809) "On the combination of gaseous substances", online and analyzed on <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bibnum.education.fr/chimie/theorie-chimique/sur-la-combinaison-des-substances-gazeuses-les-unes-avec-les-autres">BibNum</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190616081013/https://www.bibnum.education.fr/chimie/theorie-chimique/sur-la-combinaison-des-substances-gazeuses-les-unes-avec-les-autres">Archived</a> 2019-06-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> (for English, click 'à télécharger').</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118716581">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82000597">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12238576z">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12238576z">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35828565">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mzk2003202324&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070493006">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90524786">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000173259&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=247166">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/pm1335571qddvgz">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810631905305606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/195404">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007261527505171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058514481106706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/13957323">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA12356232?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=292997">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.assemblee-nationale.fr/sycomore/fiche/(num_dept)/16761">Sycomore</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1106186">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118716581.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118716581">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th 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