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<li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rites_of_passage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rites_of_passage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Rites of passage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rites_of_passage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rituals_surrounding_umtshato_(Xhosa_marriage)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rituals_surrounding_umtshato_(Xhosa_marriage)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Rituals surrounding <i>umtshato</i> (Xhosa marriage)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Rituals_surrounding_umtshato_(Xhosa_marriage)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Rituals surrounding <i>umtshato</i> (Xhosa marriage) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Rituals_surrounding_umtshato_(Xhosa_marriage)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ukuthwalwa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ukuthwalwa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Ukuthwalwa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ukuthwalwa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Isiduko" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isiduko"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Isiduko</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isiduko-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ikhazi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ikhazi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Ikhazi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ikhazi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ukuyalwa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ukuyalwa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Ukuyalwa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ukuyalwa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Xhosa_burial_practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Xhosa_burial_practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Xhosa burial practices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Xhosa_burial_practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_diet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_diet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Traditional diet</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Traditional_diet-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Traditional diet subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Traditional_diet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Xhosa_cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Xhosa_cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Xhosa cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Xhosa_cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Xhosa_beadwork" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Xhosa_beadwork"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Xhosa beadwork</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Xhosa_beadwork-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Xhosa_beadwork_and_its_symbolism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Xhosa_beadwork_and_its_symbolism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Xhosa beadwork and its symbolism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Xhosa_beadwork_and_its_symbolism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clothing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clothing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Clothing</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Clothing-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Clothing subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Clothing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Women</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Description" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Description"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1.1</span> <span>Description</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Men" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Men"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Men</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Men-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Description_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Description_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2.1</span> <span>Description</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Description_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Xhosas_in_modern_society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Xhosas_in_modern_society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Xhosas in modern society</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Xhosas_in_modern_society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_Xhosa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_Xhosa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notable Xhosa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_Xhosa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Xhosa people</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 48 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">48 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xhosas" title="Xhosas – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Xhosas" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="كوسيون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كوسيون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0_(%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Коса (народ) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Коса (народ)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Кхоса – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кхоса" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xhosa_(pobl)" title="Xhosa (pobl) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Xhosa (pobl)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xoses" title="Xoses – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Xoses" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xhosov%C3%A9" title="Xhosové – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Xhosové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaxhosa" title="Vaxhosa – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Vaxhosa" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xhosa_(pobl)" title="Xhosa (pobl) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Xhosa (pobl)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xhosa" title="Xhosa – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Xhosa" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xhosa_(Volk)" title="Xhosa (Volk) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Xhosa (Volk)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%8C%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Κόσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κόσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xhosa" title="Xhosa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Xhosa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosoj" title="Kosoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kosoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xhosa" title="Xhosa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Xhosa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xhosa_(peuple)" title="Xhosa (peuple) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Xhosa (peuple)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobo_xosa" title="Pobo xosa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pobo xosa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BD%94%EC%82%AC%EC%A1%B1" title="코사족 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="코사족" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xhosa" title="Xhosa – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Xhosa" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suku_Xhosa" title="Suku Xhosa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Suku Xhosa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmaXhosa" title="AmaXhosa – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="AmaXhosa" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xhosa" title="Xhosa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Xhosa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%94_(%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%94_%D7%90%D7%AA%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA)" title="קוסה (קבוצה אתנית) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קוסה (קבוצה אתנית)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosa_k%CA%8Bn%CA%8B%C5%8B" title="Sosa kʋnʋŋ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Sosa kʋnʋŋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0_(%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B)" title="Коса (халық) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Коса (халық)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waxhosa" title="Waxhosa – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Waxhosa" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D3%93" title="Косавлӓ – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Косавлӓ" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Коса – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Коса" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosi" title="Kosi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kosi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Xhosa" title="Orang Xhosa – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Orang Xhosa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xhosa_(volk)" title="Xhosa (volk) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Xhosa (volk)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%82%B5%E4%BA%BA" title="コサ人 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コサ人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xhosa" title="Xhosa – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Xhosa" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xhosaer" title="Xhosaer – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Xhosaer" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xhosa" title="Xhosa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Xhosa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xossas" title="Xossas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Xossas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xhosa_(grup_etnic)" title="Xhosa (grup etnic) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Xhosa (grup etnic)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0_(%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Коса (народ) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Коса (народ)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xhosa_people" title="Xhosa people – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Xhosa people" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0_(%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0)" title="Коса (етничка група) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Коса (етничка група)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xhosa" title="Xhosa – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Xhosa" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xhosat" title="Xhosat – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Xhosat" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xhosa_(folk)" title="Xhosa (folk) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Xhosa (folk)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0_(%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Коса (народ) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Коса (народ)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_Xhosa" title="Người Xhosa – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người Xhosa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80w%E1%BB%8Dn_%E1%BA%B9%CC%80y%C3%A0_Xhosa" title="Àwọn ẹ̀yà Xhosa – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Àwọn ẹ̀yà Xhosa" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E8%96%A9%E4%BA%BA" title="科薩人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="科薩人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jolma_Xhosa" title="Jolma Xhosa – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Jolma Xhosa" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q207996#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Xhosa_language" title="Xhosa language">Xhosa language</a></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Xhosa people <br /> AmaXhosa</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Zonnebloem_College_-_Xhosa_graduates_-_Cape_Town_Cape_Colony_1860.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Zonnebloem_College_-_Xhosa_graduates_-_Cape_Town_Cape_Colony_1860.jpg/220px-Zonnebloem_College_-_Xhosa_graduates_-_Cape_Town_Cape_Colony_1860.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Zonnebloem_College_-_Xhosa_graduates_-_Cape_Town_Cape_Colony_1860.jpg/330px-Zonnebloem_College_-_Xhosa_graduates_-_Cape_Town_Cape_Colony_1860.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Zonnebloem_College_-_Xhosa_graduates_-_Cape_Town_Cape_Colony_1860.jpg/440px-Zonnebloem_College_-_Xhosa_graduates_-_Cape_Town_Cape_Colony_1860.jpg 2x" data-file-width="710" data-file-height="501" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Xhosa graduates at Zonnebloem College in 1860, Cape Town, Cape Colony</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">9,660,004</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="South Africa"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">9,415,133 ~ (2022 estimate) <p><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Cape" title="Eastern Cape">Eastern Cape</a>: 5,102,053 <br /> <a href="/wiki/Western_Cape" title="Western Cape">Western Cape</a>: 2,326,704 <br /> <a href="/wiki/Gauteng" title="Gauteng">Gauteng</a>: 862,124 <br /> <a href="/wiki/Free_State_(province)" title="Free State (province)">Free State</a>: 320,645<br /> <a href="/wiki/KwaZulu-Natal" title="KwaZulu-Natal">KwaZulu-Natal</a>: 405,140 <br /> <a href="/wiki/North_West_(South_African_province)" title="North West (South African province)">North West</a>: 225,023 <br /> <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cape" title="Northern Cape">Northern Cape</a>: 101,062 <br /> <a href="/wiki/Mpumalanga" title="Mpumalanga">Mpumalanga</a>: 50,225 <br /> </p> <a href="/wiki/Limpopo" title="Limpopo">Limpopo</a>: 22,157</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Zimbabwe"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/46px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">200,000<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Botswana"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">12,000</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Namibia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">10,000</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Lesotho"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_Lesotho.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lesotho.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_Lesotho.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lesotho.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_Lesotho.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lesotho.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">23,000</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/IsiXhosa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="IsiXhosa language">IsiXhosa</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Zulu_language" title="Zulu language">IsiZulu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sesotho_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sesotho language">Sesotho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sepedi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sepedi language">Sepedi</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/UThixo" title="UThixo">uThixo</a>, <br /> <a href="/wiki/Qamata" title="Qamata">Qamata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Africa" title="Christianity in Africa">Christianity</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ndebele_people" title="Southern Ndebele people">Southern Ndebele</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zulu_people" title="Zulu people">Zulu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hlubi_people" title="Hlubi people">Hlubi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swazi_people" title="Swazi people">Swati</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ndebele_people" title="Northern Ndebele people">Northern Ndebele</a>, <a href="/wiki/Griqua_people" title="Griqua people">Griqua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khoisan" title="Khoisan">Khoisan</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_people" title="San people">San people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khoekhoe" title="Khoekhoe">Khoekhoe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phuthi_people" title="Phuthi people">Phuthi people</a>, <a href="/wiki//Xam" class="mw-redirect" title="/Xam">/Xam</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="background:#fff6d9"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Xhosa</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Person</th><td class="infobox-data">UmXhosa</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">People</th><td class="infobox-data">AmaXhosa</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Language</th><td class="infobox-data">IsiXhosa</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">KwaXhosa</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Xhosa people</b>, or <b><a href="/wiki/Xhosa_language" title="Xhosa language">Xhosa</a>-speaking people</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɔː/: 'au' in 'fraud'">ɔː</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">KAW</span>-sə</i></a>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">KOH</span>-sə</i></a>;<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Xhosa pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="xh-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Nguni" title="Help:IPA/Nguni">[kǁʰɔ́ːsa]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/7\/72\/Xhosa.ogg\/Xhosa.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Xhosa.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/72/Xhosa.ogg/Xhosa.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Xhosa.ogg" title="File:Xhosa.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>) are a <a href="/wiki/Bantu_peoples" title="Bantu peoples">Bantu</a> ethnic group native to <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>. They are the second largest ethnic group in South Africa and are native speakers of the <a href="/wiki/Xhosa_language" title="Xhosa language">isiXhosa language</a>. </p><p>Presently, over nine million Xhosa-speaking people are distributed across Southern Africa, although their traditional homeland is primarily the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Cape" title="Eastern Cape">Eastern Cape province of South Africa</a>. Their language, isiXhosa, is one of South Africa's most populous languages. The pre-1994 <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a> system of <a href="/wiki/Bantustan" title="Bantustan">Bantustan</a> assigned them to have self-governing "homelands" (native reserves), namely; <a href="/wiki/Transkei" title="Transkei">Transkei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ciskei" title="Ciskei">Ciskei</a>, both a part of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Cape" title="Eastern Cape">Eastern Cape</a> Province where most Xhosa remain. A notable population also thrives in the Western Cape province of the country. <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a> (<span title="Xhosa-language text"><i lang="xh">eKapa</i></span> in Xhosa), <a href="/wiki/East_London,_Eastern_Cape" class="mw-redirect" title="East London, Eastern Cape">East London</a> (<span title="Xhosa-language text"><i lang="xh">eMonti</i></span>), and <a href="/wiki/Gqeberha" title="Gqeberha">Gqeberha</a> (<span title="Xhosa-language text"><i lang="xh">e-Bhayi</i></span>). </p><p>As of 2003,<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xhosa_people&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> the majority of Xhosa speakers, approximately 5.3 million, lived in the Eastern Cape, followed by the Western Cape (approximately 1 million), <a href="/wiki/Gauteng" title="Gauteng">Gauteng</a> (971,045), the <a href="/wiki/Free_State_(province)" title="Free State (province)">Free State</a> (546,192), <a href="/wiki/KwaZulu-Natal" title="KwaZulu-Natal">KwaZulu-Natal</a> (219,826), <a href="/wiki/North_West_(South_African_province)" title="North West (South African province)">North West</a> (214,461), <a href="/wiki/Mpumalanga" title="Mpumalanga">Mpumalanga</a> (46,553), the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cape" title="Northern Cape">Northern Cape</a> (51,228), and <a href="/wiki/Limpopo" title="Limpopo">Limpopo</a> (14,225).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is a small but significant Xhosa-speaking (<a href="/wiki/Mfengu" class="mw-redirect" title="Mfengu">Mfengu</a>) community in Zimbabwe, and their language, isiXhosa, is recognised as an official <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Zimbabwe" title="Languages of Zimbabwe">national language</a>. This community is the remnant migrated from central Africa into South Africa upon the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Rhodesia</a> with <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes" title="Cecil Rhodes">Cecil Rhodes</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="did they move "with" Rhodes specifically, or just because Rhodesia had been created, or for some other reason? (January 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xhosa_people&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-right"><div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xhosa_settlement_in_eastern_cape_-_rsa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Xhosa_settlement_in_eastern_cape_-_rsa.jpg/220px-Xhosa_settlement_in_eastern_cape_-_rsa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Xhosa_settlement_in_eastern_cape_-_rsa.jpg/330px-Xhosa_settlement_in_eastern_cape_-_rsa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Xhosa_settlement_in_eastern_cape_-_rsa.jpg/440px-Xhosa_settlement_in_eastern_cape_-_rsa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2720" data-file-height="2040" /></a><figcaption>Xhosa village in Eastern Cape.</figcaption></figure></div></div> <p>Some archaeological evidence has been discovered that suggests that Xhosa-speaking people have lived in the Eastern Cape area since at least the <a href="/wiki/7th_century" title="7th century">7th century</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The modern Xhosa are <a href="/wiki/Nguni_people" title="Nguni people">Nguni</a> people, a stock of <a href="/wiki/Bantu_peoples" title="Bantu peoples">Bantu</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xhosa_people&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1034237262"><div class="stack mw-stack stack-right"><div><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baines1848.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Baines1848.jpg/210px-Baines1848.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Baines1848.jpg/315px-Baines1848.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Baines1848.jpg/420px-Baines1848.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="693" /></a><figcaption>An illustration of a group of Xhosa people by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Baines" title="Thomas Baines">Thomas Baines</a> (illustrated in 1848).</figcaption></figure></div></div> <p>The Xhosa people are descendants of the ancestors of Ngunis. Xhosa oral history also mentions a historical settlement called 'Eluhlangeni' believed to have been in East Africa in which the Ngunis lived in for some time before continuing with their migration.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Upon crossing mountains and rivers in South Africa, these farm-working agro-pastoralists brought their cattle and goats with them and absorbed the weaker <a href="/wiki/San_people" title="San people">San</a> groups in the region. They also brought weapons, notably their <a href="/wiki/Assegais" class="mw-redirect" title="Assegais">assegais</a> and their <a href="/wiki/Nguni_shield" title="Nguni shield">shields</a> and would form groups or <a href="/wiki/Chiefdoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiefdoms">chiefdoms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">kingdoms</a> mainly in what is now the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Cape" title="Eastern Cape">Eastern Cape</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M135Ihawu-X-largePremium_c5f2b019-9d0a-41ed-a7b5-2cb4fc45448f_580x.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/M135Ihawu-X-largePremium_c5f2b019-9d0a-41ed-a7b5-2cb4fc45448f_580x.webp/220px-M135Ihawu-X-largePremium_c5f2b019-9d0a-41ed-a7b5-2cb4fc45448f_580x.webp.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/M135Ihawu-X-largePremium_c5f2b019-9d0a-41ed-a7b5-2cb4fc45448f_580x.webp/330px-M135Ihawu-X-largePremium_c5f2b019-9d0a-41ed-a7b5-2cb4fc45448f_580x.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/M135Ihawu-X-largePremium_c5f2b019-9d0a-41ed-a7b5-2cb4fc45448f_580x.webp/440px-M135Ihawu-X-largePremium_c5f2b019-9d0a-41ed-a7b5-2cb4fc45448f_580x.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="557" /></a><figcaption>Xhosa shield</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kingdom">Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xhosa_people&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1034237262"><div class="stack mw-stack stack-right"><div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Throwing_the_Assegai,_(frontispiece)_of_%27Pen_and_pencil_reminiscences_of_a_campaign_in_South_Africa%27_1020253.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Throwing_the_Assegai%2C_%28frontispiece%29_of_%27Pen_and_pencil_reminiscences_of_a_campaign_in_South_Africa%27_1020253.jpg/220px-Throwing_the_Assegai%2C_%28frontispiece%29_of_%27Pen_and_pencil_reminiscences_of_a_campaign_in_South_Africa%27_1020253.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Throwing_the_Assegai%2C_%28frontispiece%29_of_%27Pen_and_pencil_reminiscences_of_a_campaign_in_South_Africa%27_1020253.jpg/330px-Throwing_the_Assegai%2C_%28frontispiece%29_of_%27Pen_and_pencil_reminiscences_of_a_campaign_in_South_Africa%27_1020253.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Throwing_the_Assegai%2C_%28frontispiece%29_of_%27Pen_and_pencil_reminiscences_of_a_campaign_in_South_Africa%27_1020253.jpg/440px-Throwing_the_Assegai%2C_%28frontispiece%29_of_%27Pen_and_pencil_reminiscences_of_a_campaign_in_South_Africa%27_1020253.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="689" /></a><figcaption>Xhosa spearman</figcaption></figure></div></div> <p>According to oral tradition, the modern Xhosa Kingdom was founded somewhere before the 15th century by Tshawe (whom the royal clan of the Xhosas is named after) who overthrew his brother Cirha (assisted by his brother Jwarha) with the help of the <span title="Xhosa-language text"><i lang="xh">amaNgwevu</i></span> clan of the <a href="/wiki/AmaMpondomise" title="AmaMpondomise">amaMpondomise</a> Kingdom. Tshawe and his army then incorporated formerly independent Nguni clans into the Xhosa Kingdom. <a href="/wiki/Khoekhoe" title="Khoekhoe">Khoekhoe</a> tribes were incorporated, including the Inqua, the Giqwa, and the <span title="Xhosa-language text"><i lang="xh">amaNgqosini</i></span> (both Khoi and Sotho origin). </p><p>Formerly independent clans (many of Khoekhoe origin) and chiefdoms in the region became tributary to the <span title="Xhosa-language text"><i lang="xh">amaTshawe</i></span> and spoke <a href="/wiki/IsiXhosa" class="mw-redirect" title="IsiXhosa">isiXhosa</a> as their primary language. </p><p>The Xhosa polity achieved political ascendancy over most of the Cape Khoe extending to the very fringes of the Cape Peninsula.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the settlement of the Cape by Europeans in 1652, the native populations were gradually pushed eastwards until, in the 1700s, the borders of the Cape Colony had pushed populations far enough east (with relations between colonist and native significantly broken down) to create a critical mass of hostile population to resist the colonists in the Eastern Cape. This sparked off the <a href="/wiki/Xhosa_Wars" title="Xhosa Wars">Cape frontier wars</a>, which represent some of the longest military resistance to colonialism.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The historical end result would be the containment of large portions of the Cape native population into native reserves in the Easternmost part of the Cape. However, these populations would also continually serve as labour inside the Cape Colony. These native reserves would be re-branded "homelands" in the 20th century and would only be fully dismantled in 1994, with populations moving back into the wider Cape. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lucas1861,_pg061_A_SKIRCMICH_IN_THE_OPEN.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Lucas1861%2C_pg061_A_SKIRCMICH_IN_THE_OPEN.jpg/220px-Lucas1861%2C_pg061_A_SKIRCMICH_IN_THE_OPEN.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Lucas1861%2C_pg061_A_SKIRCMICH_IN_THE_OPEN.jpg/330px-Lucas1861%2C_pg061_A_SKIRCMICH_IN_THE_OPEN.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Lucas1861%2C_pg061_A_SKIRCMICH_IN_THE_OPEN.jpg/440px-Lucas1861%2C_pg061_A_SKIRCMICH_IN_THE_OPEN.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2761" data-file-height="1825" /></a><figcaption>Skirmish during the <a href="/wiki/Xhosa_Wars" title="Xhosa Wars">Xhosa Wars</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the 19th century, the Xhosas fought and repulsed many tribes that were escaping the <a href="/wiki/Zulus" class="mw-redirect" title="Zulus">Zulus</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Natal" title="Colony of Natal">Colony of Natal</a>, this was during the historical <a href="/wiki/Mfecane" title="Mfecane">mfecane</a>. Those who were accepted were assimilated into the Xhosa cultural way of life and followed Xhosa traditions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Xhosas called these various tribes <a href="/wiki/Fengu_people" title="Fengu people">AmaMfengu</a>, meaning wanderers, and were made up of clans such as the <span title="Xhosa-language text"><i lang="xh"><a href="/wiki/AmaBhaca" class="mw-redirect" title="AmaBhaca">amaBhaca</a></i></span>, <span title="Xhosa-language text"><i lang="xh"><a href="/wiki/Bhele" title="Bhele">amaBhele</a></i></span>, <span title="Xhosa-language text"><i lang="xh"><a href="/wiki/Hlubi_people" title="Hlubi people">amaHlubi</a></i></span>, <span title="Xhosa-language text"><i lang="xh"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Dlamini" title="House of Dlamini">amaZizi</a></i></span> and Rhadebe. To this day, the descendants of the amaMfengu are part of the Xhosa people and they speak isiXhosa and practice the Xhosa culture.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Xhosa unity and ability to fight off colonial encroachment was to be weakened by the <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famines</a> and political divisions that followed the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Cape_Colony_from_1806_to_1870#Xhosa_cattle-killing_movement_and_famine_(1854–1858)" title="History of the Cape Colony from 1806 to 1870">cattle-killing movement of 1856–1858</a>. Historians now view this movement as a <a href="/wiki/Millennialism" title="Millennialism">millennialist</a> response, both directly to a lung disease spreading among Xhosa cattle at the time, and less directly to the stress to Xhosa society caused by the continuing loss of their territory and autonomy.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Some historians argue that this early absorption into the wage economy is the ultimate origin of the long history of trade union membership and political leadership among Xhosa people.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> That history manifests itself today in high degrees of Xhosa representation in the leadership of the <a href="/wiki/African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress">African National Congress</a> (ANC), South Africa's ruling political party in <a href="/wiki/Government_of_South_Africa" title="Government of South Africa">the government</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xhosa_people&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Xhosa_language" title="Xhosa language">Xhosa language</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Africa_2011_Xhosa_speakers_proportion_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/South_Africa_2011_Xhosa_speakers_proportion_map.svg/220px-South_Africa_2011_Xhosa_speakers_proportion_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/South_Africa_2011_Xhosa_speakers_proportion_map.svg/330px-South_Africa_2011_Xhosa_speakers_proportion_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/South_Africa_2011_Xhosa_speakers_proportion_map.svg/440px-South_Africa_2011_Xhosa_speakers_proportion_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="809" data-file-height="709" /></a><figcaption>Map of South Africa showing the primary <a href="/wiki/Xhosa_language" title="Xhosa language">Xhosa language</a> speech area in green</figcaption></figure> <p>Xhosa is an <a href="/wiki/Agglutinative" class="mw-redirect" title="Agglutinative">agglutinative</a> <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">tonal language</a> categorized under <a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu</a> linguistic classification. While the Xhosas call their language "isiXhosa", it is usually referred to as "Xhosa" in English. Written Xhosa uses a <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>–based system. Xhosa is spoken by about 18% of the South African population, and has some <a href="/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility" title="Mutual intelligibility">mutual intelligibility</a> with Zulu, especially Zulu spoken in urban areas. Many Xhosa speakers, particularly those living in urban areas, also speak Zulu and/or <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a> and/or English.<sup id="cite_ref-ucla_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ucla-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rites_of_passage">Rites of passage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xhosa_people&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Rites of passage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Xhosa_clan_names" title="Xhosa clan names">Xhosa clan names</a></div> <p>The Xhosa are a South African cultural group who emphasise traditional practices and customs inherited from their forefathers. Each person within the Xhosa culture has their place which is recognised by the entire community. Starting from birth, a Xhosa person goes through graduation stages which recognise their growth and assign them a recognised place in the community. Each stage is marked by a specific ritual aimed at introducing the individual to their counterparts and also to their ancestors. Starting from <i><span title="Xhosa-language text"><i lang="xh">imbeleko</i></span></i>, a ritual performed to introduce a new born to the ancestors, to <i><span title="Xhosa-language text"><i lang="xh">umphumo</i></span></i> (the homecoming), from <i><span title="Xhosa-language text"><i lang="xh">inkwenkwe</i></span></i> (a boy) to <i><span title="Xhosa-language text"><i lang="xh">indoda</i></span></i> (a man). These rituals and ceremonies are sacrosanct to the identity and heritage of the Xhosa and other African descendants. Though some western scholars question the relevance of these practices today, even urbanised Xhosa people do still follow them. The <i><a href="/wiki/Ulwaluko" title="Ulwaluko">ulwaluko</a></i> and <i><span title="Xhosa-language text"><i lang="xh">intonjane</i></span></i> are also traditions which separated this tribe from the rest of the Nguni tribes. These are performed to mark the transition from child to adulthood. Zulus once performed the ritual but King Shaka stopped it because of war in the 1810s. In 2009, it was reintroduced by King Goodwill Zwelithini Zulu, not as a custom, but as a medical procedure to curb HIV infections. </p><p>All these rituals are symbolic of one's development. Before each is performed, the individual spends time with community elders to prepare for the next stage. The elders' teachings are not written, but transmitted from generation to generation by oral tradition. The <i><a href="/wiki/Xhosa_clan_names" title="Xhosa clan names">iziduko</a></i> (clan) for instance—which matters most to the Xhosa identity (even more than names and surnames) are transferred from one to the other through oral tradition. Knowing your <i><span title="Xhosa-language text"><i lang="xh">isiduko</i></span></i> is vital to the Xhosas and it is considered a shame and <i><span title="Xhosa-language text"><i lang="xh">uburhanuka</i></span></i> (lack-of-identity) if one doesn't know one's clan. This is considered so important that when two strangers meet for the first time, the first identity that gets shared is <i><span title="Xhosa-language text"><i lang="xh">isiduko</i></span></i>. It is so important that two people with the same surname but different clan names are considered total strangers, but two people from the same clan but with different surnames are regarded as close relatives. This forms the roots of <i><a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_philosophy" title="Ubuntu philosophy">ubuntu</a></i> (human kindness) – a behaviour synonymous to this tribe as extending a helping hand to a complete stranger when in need. Ubuntu goes further than just helping one another – it is so deep that it even extends to looking after and reprimanding your neighbour's child when in the wrong. Hence the saying "it takes a village to raise a child". </p><p>One traditional ritual that is still regularly practiced is the manhood ritual, a secret rite that marks the transition from boyhood to manhood, <span title="Xhosa-language text"><i lang="xh"><a href="/wiki/Ulwaluko" title="Ulwaluko">ulwaluko</a></i></span>. After ritual <a href="/wiki/Circumcision" title="Circumcision">circumcision</a>, the initiates (<i><span title="Xhosa-language text"><i lang="xh">abakwetha</i></span></i>) live in isolation for up to several weeks, often in the mountains. During the process of healing they smear white clay on their bodies and observe numerous customs. </p><p>In modern times the practice has caused controversy, with over 825 circumcision- and initiation-related deaths since 1994, and the spread of <a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_infection" title="Sexually transmitted infection">sexually transmitted infections</a>, including <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a>, via the practice of circumcising initiates with the same blade.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 2007, a controversial mini-series dealing with Xhosa circumcision and initiation rites debuted on <a href="/wiki/South_African_Broadcasting_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="South African Broadcasting Corporation">South African Broadcasting Corporation</a>. Titled <i>Umthunzi Wentaba</i>, the series was taken off the air after complaints by traditional leaders that the rites are secret and not to be revealed to non-initiates and women.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 2014 the website <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ulwaluko.co.za/">ulwaluko.co.za</a> was released by a Dutch medical doctor. It features a gallery of photographs of injured penises, which sparked outrage amongst traditional leaders in the Eastern Cape.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The South African <a href="/wiki/Films_and_Publications_Act,_1996" title="Films and Publications Act, 1996">Film and Publication Board</a> ruled that the website was "scientific with great educative value", addressing a "societal problem needing urgent intervention".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Girls are also initiated into womanhood (Intonjane). They too are secluded, though for a shorter period. Female initiates are not <a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">circumcised</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other rites include the seclusion of mothers for ten days after giving birth, and the burial of the <a href="/wiki/Placental_expulsion" title="Placental expulsion">afterbirth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Umbilical_cord" title="Umbilical cord">umbilical cord</a> near the village. This is reflected in the traditional greeting <i><span title="Xhosa-language text"><i lang="xh">Inkaba yakho iphi</i></span>?</i>, literally "where is your navel?" The answer "tells someone where you live, what your clan affiliation is, and what your social status is and contains a wealth of undisclosed cultural information. Most importantly, it determines where you belong".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rituals_surrounding_umtshato_(Xhosa_marriage)"><span id="Rituals_surrounding_umtshato_.28Xhosa_marriage.29"></span>Rituals surrounding <i>umtshato</i> (Xhosa marriage)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xhosa_people&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Rituals surrounding umtshato (Xhosa marriage)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Xhosa marriage, <i><span title="Xhosa-language text"><i lang="xh">umtshato</i></span></i>, is one that is filled with a number of customs and rituals which relate to the upkeep of Xhosa traditional practices. These rituals have been practiced for decades by the Xhosa people and have been incorporated into modern day Xhosa marriages as well. The purpose of the practices is to bring together two different families and to give guidance to the newly wed couple throughout.<sup id="cite_ref-middelburgec.co.za_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-middelburgec.co.za-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ukuthwalwa">Ukuthwalwa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xhosa_people&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ukuthwalwa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To start off the procedures the male intending to marry goes through <i><span title="Xhosa-language text"><i lang="xh"><a href="/wiki/Ukuthwalwa" title="Ukuthwalwa">Ukuthwalwa</a></i></span></i> which entails him choosing his future bride and making his intentions of marriage known, however this practice was not done by all the tribes within the Xhosa people.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In modern day, the man and woman would most likely have been in courtship or a relationship prior to <i><span title="Xhosa-language text"><i lang="xh">Ukuthwalwa</i></span></i>. Decades before <i><span title="Xhosa-language text"><i lang="xh">Ukuthwalwa</i></span></i> would entail legal bridal abduction, where the man could choose a woman of his liking to be his bride and go into negotiations with the family of the bride without her knowledge or consent. She would have to abide to the marriage as per tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isiduko">Isiduko</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xhosa_people&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Isiduko"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following <i><span title="Xhosa-language text"><i lang="xh">Ukuthwala</i></span></i>, the man will then be in discussion with his parents or relatives to inform them of his choice in bride. During this discussion the clan name, <i><span title="Xhosa-language text"><i lang="xh">isiduko</i></span></i>, of the woman would be revealed and researched.<sup id="cite_ref-middelburgec.co.za_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-middelburgec.co.za-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If it were found that the woman and the man share the same clan name they would not be allowed to proceed with the marriage as it is said that people with the same clan name are of the same relation and cannot be wed.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ikhazi">Ikhazi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xhosa_people&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ikhazi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Once discussions with the family are complete and satisfactory information about the woman is acquired then the family of the man will proceed to appoint marriage negotiators. It is these very negotiators that will travel to the family of the woman to make known the man and his intentions. Once the negotiators reach the family of the woman they will be kept in the kraal, <i><span title="Xhosa-language text"><i lang="xh">inkundla</i></span></i>, of the woman's family. If the family does not possess a kraal they will simply be kept outside the household as they will not be allowed to enter the household without the acknowledgment and acceptance of the woman's family. It is here where the <i><span title="Xhosa-language text"><i lang="xh"><a href="/wiki/Lobola" class="mw-redirect" title="Lobola">lobola</a></i></span></i> (<a href="/wiki/Dowry" title="Dowry">dowry</a>) negotiations will begin. The family of the woman will give them a bride-price and a date for which they must return to pay that price. The bride-price is dependent on numerous things such as her level of education, the wealth status of her family in comparison to that of the man's family, what the man stands to gain in the marriage and the overall desirability of the woman. The payment of the bride-price could be in either cattle or money depending on the family of the woman. The modern Xhosa families would rather prefer money as most are situated in the urban cities where there would be no space nor permits for livestock.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon return of the man's family on the given date, they will pay the bride-price and bring along gifts of offering such as livestock and alcoholic beverages, <i><span title="Xhosa-language text"><i lang="xh">iswazi</i></span></i>, to be drunk by the family of the bride. Once the <i><span title="Xhosa-language text"><i lang="xh"><a href="/wiki/Lobola" class="mw-redirect" title="Lobola">lobola</a></i></span></i> from the man's negotiators is accepted then they will be considered married by the Xhosa tradition and the celebrations would commence. These include slaughtering of the livestock as a grateful gesture to their ancestors as well as pouring a considerable amount of the alcoholic beverages on the ground of the bride's household to give thanks to their ancestors. The groom's family is then welcomed into the family and traditional beer, <i><span title="Xhosa-language text"><i lang="xh"><a href="/wiki/Umqombothi" title="Umqombothi">Umqombothi</a></i></span></i>, will be prepared for the groom's family as a token of appreciation from the bride's family. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ukuyalwa">Ukuyalwa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xhosa_people&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ukuyalwa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To solidify their unity the family of the bride will head to the groom's household where the elders will address her with regards to how to carry herself and dress appropriately at her newly found household, this is called <i><span title="Xhosa-language text"><i lang="xh">Ukuyalwa</i></span></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-middelburgec.co.za_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-middelburgec.co.za-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, a new name will also be given to her by the women of the groom's family and this name signifies the bond of the two families. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Xhosa_burial_practices">Xhosa burial practices</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xhosa_people&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Xhosa burial practices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Burial practices and customs include a specific sequence of events and rituals which need to be performed in order to regard a funeral as dignified. Once the family has been notified that a member has died, the extended family comes together in preparation for the burial of the deceased. </p><p>The "<span title="Xhosa-language text"><i lang="xh">umkhapho</i></span>" (to accompany) ritual is performed in order to accompany the spirit of the deceased to the land of the ancestors. The local male clan leader or his proxy is the one who facilitates the process. The purpose of <span title="Xhosa-language text"><i lang="xh">umkhapho</i></span> is to keep the bonds between the deceased person and the bereaved alive so that the deceased may be able to return later and communicate as an ancestor. During this ritual, an animal such as a goat is slaughtered. A larger animal like a cow may also be slaughtered for an important person like a head of the family whilst a goat without a blemish may be slaughtered for others. </p><p>Further customs include the emptying the main bedroom of the bereaving family, known as '<span title="Xhosa-language text"><i lang="xh">indlu enkulu</i></span>'. This room is where most of the last respects will be paid by family and friends. The emptying of the room is done in order to create space for extended family members to be able to mourn in the main room. The first family members and/or neighbours to arrive arrange the main bedroom to accommodate this seating arrangement by placing a traditional grass mat (<span title="Xhosa-language text"><i lang="xh">ukhukho</i></span>) or mattress on the floor. </p><p>Mourners do not require an invitation to attend a funeral and everyone who can and would like to attend is welcome. This means that the bereaved family has to cater for an unknown number of mourners. Traditionally, mourners were fed with '<span title="Xhosa-language text"><i lang="xh">inkobe</i></span>', which is boiled dried corn and water, and the corn was taken from the family food reserves as well as donated by family members and neighbours. In the 21st century, it is regarded as taboo to feed mourners with '<span title="Xhosa-language text"><i lang="xh">inkobe</i></span>' and, as a result of shame, funeral catering has become a lucrative business for the industry during burial events. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xhosa_woman,_Eastern_Cape,_South_Africa_(20322193590).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Xhosa_woman%2C_Eastern_Cape%2C_South_Africa_%2820322193590%29.jpg/170px-Xhosa_woman%2C_Eastern_Cape%2C_South_Africa_%2820322193590%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Xhosa_woman%2C_Eastern_Cape%2C_South_Africa_%2820322193590%29.jpg/255px-Xhosa_woman%2C_Eastern_Cape%2C_South_Africa_%2820322193590%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Xhosa_woman%2C_Eastern_Cape%2C_South_Africa_%2820322193590%29.jpg/340px-Xhosa_woman%2C_Eastern_Cape%2C_South_Africa_%2820322193590%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3280" data-file-height="4928" /></a><figcaption>Xhosa woman preparing food for large groups of people</figcaption></figure> <p>On the day of burial, before extended family members disperse to their homes, the <span title="Xhosa-language text"><i lang="xh">ukuxukuxa</i></span> (cleansing) ritual occurs and a goat or sheep or even a fowl is slaughtered.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Ritual_purification" title="Ritual purification">cleansing ritual</a> is done the day after the burial, in which the bereaved women of the family go to the nearest river to wash all the materials and blankets that were used by the deceased before death. Furthermore, the clothes of the deceased are removed from the house and the family members shave their hair. The shaving of hair is an indication that life continues to spring up even after death.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Traditional_diet">Traditional diet</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xhosa_people&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Traditional diet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Xhosa settled on mountain slopes of the Amatola and the Winterberg Mountains. Many streams drain into great rivers of this Xhosa territory, including the Kei and Fish Rivers. Rich soils and plentiful rainfall make the river basins good for farming and grazing making cattle important and the basis of wealth. </p><p>Traditional foods include <a href="/wiki/Beef" title="Beef">beef</a> (<span title="Xhosa-language text"><i lang="xh">Inyama yenkomo</i></span>), <a href="/wiki/Lamb_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamb (food)">mutton</a> (<span title="Xhosa-language text"><i lang="xh">Inyama yegusha</i></span>), and goat meat (<span title="Xhosa-language text"><i lang="xh">Inyama yebhokwe</i></span>), <a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">sorghum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">milk</a> (often <a href="/wiki/Fermented_milk" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermented milk">fermented</a>, called "<a href="/wiki/Amasi" title="Amasi">amasi</a>"), pumpkins (<span title="Xhosa-language text"><i lang="xh">amathanga</i></span>), <a href="/wiki/Mielie-meal" class="mw-redirect" title="Mielie-meal">Mielie-meal</a> (maize meal), <a href="/wiki/Samp" title="Samp">samp</a> (<span title="Xhosa-language text"><i lang="xh">umngqusho</i></span>), beans (<span title="Xhosa-language text"><i lang="xh">iimbotyi</i></span>), <a href="/wiki/Vegetable" title="Vegetable">vegetables</a>, like <i>"rhabe"</i>, wild spinach reminiscent of <a href="/wiki/Sorrel" title="Sorrel">sorrel</a>, <i>"<span title="Xhosa-language text"><i lang="xh">imvomvo</i></span>"</i>, the sweet <a href="/wiki/Sap" title="Sap">sap</a> of an <a href="/wiki/Aloe" title="Aloe">aloe</a>, or <i>"<span title="Xhosa-language text"><i lang="xh">ikhowa</i></span>"</i>, a mushroom that grows after summer rains.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Xhosa_cuisine">Xhosa cuisine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xhosa_people&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Xhosa cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/South_African_cuisine#Typical_South_African_foods_and_dishes" title="South African cuisine">Typical South African foods and dishes</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Umqombothi_in_Langa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Umqombothi_in_Langa.jpg/170px-Umqombothi_in_Langa.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Umqombothi_in_Langa.jpg/255px-Umqombothi_in_Langa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Umqombothi_in_Langa.jpg/340px-Umqombothi_in_Langa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="5184" /></a><figcaption>Xhosa beer <a href="/wiki/Umqombothi" title="Umqombothi">Umqombothi</a> in <a href="/wiki/Langa,_Cape_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Langa, Cape Town">Langa</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><span title="Xhosa-language text"><i lang="xh"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amaceba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amaceba (page does not exist)">Amaceba</a></i></span>, slices of unpeeled pumpkins that are cooked in plenty of water.</li> <li><span title="Xhosa-language text"><i lang="xh"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amarhewu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amarhewu (page does not exist)">Amarhewu</a></i></span> or <span title="Xhosa-language text"><i lang="xh"><a href="/wiki/Mageu" title="Mageu">mageu</a></i></span>, soft and sour porridge</li> <li><span title="Xhosa-language text"><i lang="xh"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iinkobe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iinkobe (page does not exist)">Iinkobe</a></i></span>, peeled off fresh maize grains, and boiled until cooked. It is eaten as a snack, preferably with salt.</li> <li><span title="Xhosa-language text"><i lang="xh"><a href="/wiki/Isidudu" title="Isidudu">Isidudu</a></i></span>, a soft porridge made mealie meal. It is usually served for breakfast, with sugar and milk.</li> <li><span title="Xhosa-language text"><i lang="xh"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intyabontyi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Intyabontyi (page does not exist)">Intyabontyi</a></i></span>, a <a href="/wiki/Citron_melon" title="Citron melon">citron melon</a> with white insides, eaten either raw or cooked.</li> <li><span title="Xhosa-language text"><i lang="xh"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isophi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isophi (page does not exist)">Isophi</a></i></span>, corn with beans or peas soup</li> <li><span title="Xhosa-language text"><i lang="xh"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umcuku&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Umcuku (page does not exist)">Umcuku</a></i></span>, fermented porridge [amarhewu], sour, slightly soft than porridge itself, mixed with dry pap [umphokoqo]; was popular in the 1900s.</li> <li><span title="Xhosa-language text"><i lang="xh"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umleqwa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Umleqwa (page does not exist)">Umleqwa</a></i></span>, a dish made with <a href="/wiki/Free-range" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-range">free-range</a> <a href="/wiki/Chicken_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicken (food)">chicken</a>.</li> <li><span title="Xhosa-language text"><i lang="xh"><a href="/wiki/Umngqusho" title="Umngqusho">Umngqusho</a></i></span>, a dish made from white maize and sugar beans, a staple food for the Xhosa people.</li> <li><span title="Xhosa-language text"><i lang="xh"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umphokoqo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Umphokoqo (page does not exist)">Umphokoqo</a></i></span>, crumble pap</li> <li><span title="Xhosa-language text"><i lang="xh"><a href="/wiki/Umqombothi" title="Umqombothi">Umqombothi</a></i></span>, a type of beer made from fermented maize and sorghum.</li> <li><span title="Xhosa-language text"><i lang="xh"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umvubo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Umvubo (page does not exist)">Umvubo</a></i></span>, (Amasi)sour milk mixed with umphokoqo, commonly eaten by the Xhosa.</li> <li><span title="Xhosa-language text"><i lang="xh"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umbhako&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Umbhako (page does not exist)">Umbhako</a></i></span>, a loaf of bread, commonly made with homemade dough. Normally round, from baking pots</li> <li><span title="Xhosa-language text"><i lang="xh"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umfino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Umfino (page does not exist)">Umfino</a></i></span>, Wild Spinach/Cabbage called imifino, spinach mixed with mealie meal.</li> <li><span title="Xhosa-language text"><i lang="xh"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umqa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Umqa (page does not exist)">Umqa</a></i></span>, a dish made of pumpkin and mielie meal (maize meal)</li> <li><span title="Xhosa-language text"><i lang="xh"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umxoxozi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Umxoxozi (page does not exist)">Umxoxozi</a></i></span>, a pumpkin that is cooked before it is fully ripened.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Art">Art</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xhosa_people&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xhosa_women%27s_outfit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Xhosa_women%27s_outfit.jpg/170px-Xhosa_women%27s_outfit.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Xhosa_women%27s_outfit.jpg/255px-Xhosa_women%27s_outfit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Xhosa_women%27s_outfit.jpg/340px-Xhosa_women%27s_outfit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4912" data-file-height="7360" /></a><figcaption>Xhosa women's outfit, made from cotton blanket fabric coloured with red ochre and decorated with glass beads, mother of pearl buttons and black felt trim</figcaption></figure> <p>Traditional crafts include bead-work, weaving, woodwork and pottery. </p><p>Traditional music features drums, rattles, whistles, flutes, mouth harps, and stringed-instruments and especially group singing accompanied by hand clapping.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> There are songs for various ritual occasions; one of the best-known Xhosa songs is a wedding song called "<span title="Xhosa-language text"><i lang="xh"><a href="/wiki/Qongqothwane" class="mw-redirect" title="Qongqothwane">Qongqothwane</a></i></span>", performed by <a href="/wiki/Miriam_Makeba" title="Miriam Makeba">Miriam Makeba</a> as "Click Song #1". Besides Makeba, several modern groups record and perform in Xhosa. Missionaries introduced the Xhosa to Western choral singing.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> "<a href="/wiki/Nkosi_Sikelel%27_iAfrika" title="Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika">Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika</a>", part of the <a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_South_Africa" title="National anthem of South Africa">National anthem of South Africa</a> is a Xhosa hymn written in 1897 by <a href="/wiki/Enoch_Sontonga" title="Enoch Sontonga">Enoch Sontonga</a>. </p><p>The first <a href="/wiki/Xhosa_language_newspapers" title="Xhosa language newspapers">newspapers</a>, novels, and plays in Xhosa appeared in the 19th century, and Xhosa poetry is also gaining renown.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1034237262"><div class="stack mw-stack stack-right"><div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xhosa_settlement_in_eastern_cape_-_rsa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Xhosa_settlement_in_eastern_cape_-_rsa.jpg/220px-Xhosa_settlement_in_eastern_cape_-_rsa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Xhosa_settlement_in_eastern_cape_-_rsa.jpg/330px-Xhosa_settlement_in_eastern_cape_-_rsa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Xhosa_settlement_in_eastern_cape_-_rsa.jpg/440px-Xhosa_settlement_in_eastern_cape_-_rsa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2720" data-file-height="2040" /></a><figcaption>Xhosa village in Eastern Cape.</figcaption></figure></div></div> <p>Several films have been shot in the Xhosa language. <i><span title="Xhosa-language text"><i lang="xh"><a href="/wiki/U-Carmen_eKhayelitsha" title="U-Carmen eKhayelitsha">U-Carmen eKhayelitsha</a></i></span></i> is a modern remake of <a href="/wiki/Bizet" class="mw-redirect" title="Bizet">Bizet</a>'s 1875 opera <i><a href="/wiki/Carmen" title="Carmen">Carmen</a></i>. It is shot entirely in Xhosa, and combines music from the original opera with traditional African music. It takes place in the Cape Town township of <a href="/wiki/Khayelitsha" title="Khayelitsha">Khayelitsha</a>. The movie <i><a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_(film)" title="Black Panther (film)">Black Panther</a></i> also features the Xhosa language. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Xhosa_beadwork">Xhosa beadwork</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xhosa_people&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Xhosa beadwork"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beads are small round objects made of glass, wood, metal, nutshell, bone seed and the likes, which are then pierced for stringing.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before glass beads were introduced, people used natural materials to make beads. Xhosa people relied on the <a href="/wiki/San_people" title="San people">San</a> to sell beads to them through trade or barter exchange. Xhosa people would give hemp to the San in exchange for beads. The beads made by the San were made out of <a href="/wiki/Ostrich_egg" title="Ostrich egg">ostrich egg</a> shells which were chipped to small size, bored and polished and strung into sinews. Producing them took a long time, so they were scarce, highly priced, valued and in demand. It is recorded that it was only in the 1930s that the Portuguese introduced glass beads through trade.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Xhosa_beadwork_and_its_symbolism">Xhosa beadwork and its symbolism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xhosa_people&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Xhosa beadwork and its symbolism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Adornments serve a particular purpose across different cultures as <a href="/wiki/Social_marker" title="Social marker">social markers</a>. They are used to ascertain where one belongs to with regards to identity, history and geographical location. They reveal personal information with regards to age and gender and social class as some beads were meant to be worn by royalty. Beadwork creates a sense of belonging and cultural identity and traditions hence people draw their cultural ways of living and meanings, as Xhosa people use them as social markers. Xhosa people believe that the beads also create a link between the living and the ancestors as diviners use them during rituals. Thus beads have some spiritual significance.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Social identities/markers with regards to age, gender, grade, marital status, social rank or role and the spiritual state can be ascertained through Xhosa beadwork. Symbolic references are drawn from the beads through the colour, pattern, formation and motifs. However, it ought to be taken into cognisance that some of these messages are limited to a certain group or between two people. In Xhosa culture beads represent the organisational framework of the people and the rites of passage that people have gone through as the beads are representative of the stages of one's life. Motifs on the beads often used include trees, diamonds, quadrangles, chevrons, triangles, circles, parallel lines that form a pattern that is exclusive to certain age groups. Although the beadwork has some cultural significance with certain motifs having exclusive meanings, the creator of the beadwork has creative control and can create and draw meaning from individual preference. Thus the meanings drawn from the beadwork are not rigidly set.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among the <a href="/wiki/Thembu" title="Thembu">Thembu</a> (a tribe in the Eastern Cape often erroneously referred to be a Xhosa tribe), after circumcision, the men wore, and still wear, skirts, turbans and a wide bead collar. A waistcoat, long necklaces, throat bands, armbands, leggings and belts are part of his regalia. The dominant colours in the beadwork are white and navy blue, with some yellow and green beads symbolising fertility and a new life, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Xhosa people regard white as the colour of purity and mediation; white beads are still used as offerings to spirits or to the creator. Amagqirha/diviners use white beads when communicating with the ancestors . These diviners also carry with them beaded spears, which are associated with the ancestors that inspire the diviner; beaded horns; and calabashes, to hold medicinal products or snuff. "Amageza", a veil made of beads, is also part of their regalia, they use these beads by swaying them in someone's eyes so as to induce a trance-like state.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_29-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Inkciyo is a beaded skirt that serves as a garment covering the pubic area.<sup id="cite_ref-BidwellWinschiers-Theophilus2015_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BidwellWinschiers-Theophilus2015-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the <a href="/wiki/Pondo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pondo people">Pondo people</a> (Xhosa clan) the beads are turquoise and white in colour. This skirt is worn during a virginity testing ceremony among Xhosa people undergoing their rites of passage into womanhood.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Impempe is a whistle that has a necklace on it. The whistle symbolises one's introduction to adolescence.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Xhosa beadwork and other cultural beadworks have cultural ties, but nowadays beads are also worn as fashion pieces, too, either as cultural appreciation or appropriation. The use of cultural beadworks as fashion pieces means that anyone can wear these pieces without having to belong to that cultural group.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clothing">Clothing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xhosa_people&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Clothing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Xhosa culture has a traditional dress code informed by the individuals social standing portraying different stages of life. The 'red blanket people' (Xhosa people) have a custom of wearing red blankets dyed with red ochre, the intensity of the colour varying from tribe to tribe. Other clothing includes beadwork and printed fabrics. Although in general, Xhosa lifestyle has been adapted to Western traditions, the Xhosa people still wear traditional attire for special cultural activities. The various tribes have their own variations of traditional dress which includes the colour of their garments and beadwork. This allows for different Xhosa groups to be able to be distinguishable from one another due to their different styles of dress. The Gcaleka women, for instance, encase their arms and legs in beads and brass bangles and some also wear neck beads.<sup id="cite_ref-ru.ac.za_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ru.ac.za-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Women">Women</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xhosa_people&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Women"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unmarried women often wear wraps tied around their shoulders, leaving their breasts exposed. Engaged women redden their plaited hair and let it screen their eyes, this was done as a sign of respect for their fiancés. Xhosa women wear some form of headdress to cover their heads as a sign of respect to the head of the family which is either their father or husband. Elderly Xhosa women are allowed to wear more elaborate headpieces because of their seniority. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Description">Description</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xhosa_people&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Incebetha</i> is a small blanket that is used as a bra. It is pinned or adorned with beads. The process of making 'incebetha' is called 'uRhaswa'.</li> <li>'Ifulu' is a garment that is worn underneath, below the belt. 'Ifulu' is covered by the 'isikhakha' or 'umbhaco' and is made of a blanket. It is also adorned with beads through 'urhaswa'.</li> <li>'Iqhiya' is a cloth that is fitted to the head and covered with beads. Women then wear a small and light weight blanket on the waist called 'uxakatha'.</li> <li>Women make bracelets with beads, called 'intsimbi' or 'amaso', which they wear on their feet. 'Intsimbi' or 'amaso' is also worn around the waist. 'Intsimbi' or 'amaso' is made with small wires or flexible material. 'Imitsheke' is worn on the wrist. A small hand bag is worn called 'ingxowa'.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Men">Men</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xhosa_people&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Men"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1034237262"><div class="stack mw-stack stack-right"><div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frederick_Timpson_I%27Ons03.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Frederick_Timpson_I%27Ons03.JPG/220px-Frederick_Timpson_I%27Ons03.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Frederick_Timpson_I%27Ons03.JPG/330px-Frederick_Timpson_I%27Ons03.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Frederick_Timpson_I%27Ons03.JPG/440px-Frederick_Timpson_I%27Ons03.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2707" data-file-height="1811" /></a><figcaption>Xhosa men resting during a hunt.</figcaption></figure></div></div> <p>Xhosa men traditionally filled the roles as hunters, warriors and stockman, therefore animal skin forms an important part of their traditional wear. Men often wear goatskin bags in which to carry essentials such as tobacco and a knife. The bag is usually made from skin that had been removed in one piece, cured without removing the hair, and turned inside out. On special occasions such as weddings or initiation ceremonies, Xhosa men wear embroidered skirts with a rectangular cloth over the left shoulder alternatively, a tunic and strands of beaded necklaces can be worn.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Description_2">Description</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xhosa_people&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Men wear 'ingcawa' a white and black blanket, adorned with 'ukurhaswa'. Men wear beads around their neck. 'Isichebe' is a short bead while 'Isidanga' is a long bead necklace with different colors. Men wear beads around their wrists and foot called 'amaso'. Beads that are worn on the head are called 'unngqa' or 'igwala'. Men smoke pipes that are decorated by 'ukurhaswa'. The traditional smoking pipes are called 'umbheka phesheya'.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ru.ac.za_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ru.ac.za-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Xhosas_in_modern_society">Xhosas in modern society</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xhosa_people&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Xhosas in modern society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Xhosa_people" title="Special:EditPage/Xhosa people">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2011</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1034237262"><div class="stack mw-stack stack-right"><div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amaxhosa_wear.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Amaxhosa_wear.jpg/220px-Amaxhosa_wear.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Amaxhosa_wear.jpg/330px-Amaxhosa_wear.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Amaxhosa_wear.jpg/440px-Amaxhosa_wear.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1440" /></a><figcaption>Modern Xhosa attire.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xhosa_people,_Eastern_Cape,_South_Africa_(20518645211).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Xhosa_people%2C_Eastern_Cape%2C_South_Africa_%2820518645211%29.jpg/220px-Xhosa_people%2C_Eastern_Cape%2C_South_Africa_%2820518645211%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Xhosa_people%2C_Eastern_Cape%2C_South_Africa_%2820518645211%29.jpg/330px-Xhosa_people%2C_Eastern_Cape%2C_South_Africa_%2820518645211%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Xhosa_people%2C_Eastern_Cape%2C_South_Africa_%2820518645211%29.jpg/440px-Xhosa_people%2C_Eastern_Cape%2C_South_Africa_%2820518645211%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4016" /></a><figcaption>Xhosa man, Eastern Cape.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xhosa_girl,_Eastern_Cape,_South_Africa_(20512280765).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Xhosa_girl%2C_Eastern_Cape%2C_South_Africa_%2820512280765%29.jpg/220px-Xhosa_girl%2C_Eastern_Cape%2C_South_Africa_%2820512280765%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Xhosa_girl%2C_Eastern_Cape%2C_South_Africa_%2820512280765%29.jpg/330px-Xhosa_girl%2C_Eastern_Cape%2C_South_Africa_%2820512280765%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Xhosa_girl%2C_Eastern_Cape%2C_South_Africa_%2820512280765%29.jpg/440px-Xhosa_girl%2C_Eastern_Cape%2C_South_Africa_%2820512280765%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4016" /></a><figcaption>Xhosa girl.</figcaption></figure> </div></div> <p>Xhosa people as of 2011 made up approximately 18% of the South African population. The Xhosa are the second largest cultural group in South Africa, after the <a href="/wiki/Zulu_people" title="Zulu people">Zulu people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a>, adult literacy rates were as low as 30%,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and in 1996<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xhosa_people&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> studies estimated the literacy level of first-language Xhosa speakers at approximately 50%.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There have been advances since then, however.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Education in primary-schools serving Xhosa-speaking communities is conducted in <a href="/wiki/Xhosa_language" title="Xhosa language">Xhosa</a>, but this is replaced by English after the early primary grades. Xhosa is still considered as a studied subject, however, and it is possible to major in Xhosa at university level. Most of the students at <a href="/wiki/Walter_Sisulu_University" title="Walter Sisulu University">Walter Sisulu University</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Fort_Hare" title="University of Fort Hare">University of Fort Hare</a> speak Xhosa. <a href="/wiki/Rhodes_University" title="Rhodes University">Rhodes University</a> in Grahamstown, additionally, offers courses in Xhosa for both mother-tongue and non-mother-tongue speakers. These courses both include a cultural studies component. Professor Russel H. Kaschula, Head of the School of Languages at Rhodes, has published multiple papers on Xhosa culture and oral literature.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The effects of government policies during the years of apartheid can still be seen in the poverty of the Xhosa who still reside in the Eastern Cape. During this time, Xhosa males could only seek employment in the mining industry as so-called migrant labourers. Since the collapse of apartheid, individuals can move freely.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>After the breakdown of apartheid, migration to <a href="/wiki/Gauteng" title="Gauteng">Gauteng</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a> has become increasingly common, especially amongst rural Xhosa people.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_Xhosa">Notable Xhosa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xhosa_people&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notable Xhosa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Xhosa_people" title="List of Xhosa people">List of Xhosa people</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu">Desmond Tutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Biko" title="Steve Biko">Steve Biko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winnie_Mandela" class="mw-redirect" title="Winnie Mandela">Winnie Mandela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Mhlaba" title="Raymond Mhlaba">Raymond Mhlaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Sisulu" title="Walter Sisulu">Walter Sisulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertina_Sisulu" title="Albertina Sisulu">Albertina Sisulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govan_Mbeki" title="Govan Mbeki">Govan Mbeki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki">Thabo Mbeki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Reginald_Tambo" class="mw-redirect" title="Oliver Reginald Tambo">Oliver Reginald Tambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miriam_Makeba" title="Miriam Makeba">Miriam Makeba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siya_Kolisi" title="Siya Kolisi">Siya Kolisi</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xhosa_people&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Xhosa_Kings" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Xhosa Kings">List of Xhosa Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Xhosa_Chiefs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Xhosa Chiefs">List of Xhosa Chiefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xhosa_Wars" title="Xhosa Wars">Xhosa wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa" title="Military history of South Africa">Military history of South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Great_Lakes" title="African Great Lakes">African Great Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguni_people" title="Nguni people">Nguni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Xhosa_people" title="List of Xhosa people">List of Xhosa people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inqawe" title="Inqawe">Inqawe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xhosa_literature" title="Xhosa literature">Xhosa literature</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xhosa_people&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hlenze Welsh Kunju, 2017 Isixhosa Ulwimi Lwabantu Abangesosininzi eZimbabwe: Ukuphila Nokulondolozwa Kwaso, PhD Dissertation, Rhodes University.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span 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no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archivalplatform.org&rft.atitle=Iintombi+zenkciyo+%E2%80%93+Opinions&rft.date=2011-09-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archivalplatform.org%2Fblog%2Fentry%2Filintombi%2Fblog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXhosa+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawn_Costello1990" class="citation cs2">Dawn Costello (1990), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/19525/Costello__D__0869816594__Section2.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y"><i>Not only for its beauty: beadwork and its cultural significance among the Xhosa speaking peoples</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, University of South Africa, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0869816592" title="Special:BookSources/978-0869816592"><bdi>978-0869816592</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Not+only+for+its+beauty%3A+beadwork+and+its+cultural+significance+among+the+Xhosa+speaking+peoples&rft.pub=University+of+South+Africa&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0869816592&rft.au=Dawn+Costello&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuir.unisa.ac.za%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10500%2F19525%2FCostello__D__0869816594__Section2.pdf%3Fsequence%3D2%26isAllowed%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXhosa+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Traditional Way of Dressing in the Xhosa Culture. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OhX7DqcWgbM">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OhX7DqcWgbM</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ru.ac.za-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ru.ac.za_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ru.ac.za_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Xhosa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.ru.ac.za/media/rhodesuniversity/content/facultyofeducation/.../Xhosa.pdf">https://www.ru.ac.za/media/rhodesuniversity/content/facultyofeducation/.../Xhosa.pdf</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> page 7-9 Accessed 17 July 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/316786">"Skirt (Isikhakha or Umbhaco) - 20th century - Xhosa or Mfengu peoples"</a>. <i>www.metmuseum.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Herald+Live&rft.atitle=The+History+of+Xhosa+Attire&rft.date=2014-06-17&rft.aulast=Pokwana&rft.aufirst=Vukile&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heraldlive.co.za%2Fopinion%2F2014-06-17-history-of-xhosa-attire%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXhosa+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theculturetrip.com/africa/south-africa/articles/an-introduction-to-south-african-traditional-dress/">"An Introduction to South African Traditional Dress"</a>. <i>theculturetrip.com</i>. 7 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=theculturetrip.com&rft.atitle=An+Introduction+to+South+African+Traditional+Dress&rft.date=2017-03-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheculturetrip.com%2Fafrica%2Fsouth-africa%2Farticles%2Fan-introduction-to-south-african-traditional-dress%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXhosa+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sahistory.org.za/article/xhosa">"Xhosa"</a>. 3 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Xhosa&rft.date=2011-04-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sahistory.org.za%2Farticle%2Fxhosa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXhosa+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=xho">Ethnologue.com</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> entry</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBähre,_Erik2007" class="citation cs2">Bähre, Erik (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200517111121/https://www.erikbaehre.nl/sites/www.erikbaehre.nl/files/publications/erik_bahre_money_and_violence.pdf"><i>Money and Violence; Financial Self-Help Groups in a South African Township</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, Brill: Leiden., archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.erikbaehre.nl/sites/www.erikbaehre.nl/files/publications/erik_bahre_money_and_violence.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 17 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2017</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Money+and+Violence%3B+Financial+Self-Help+Groups+in+a+South+African+Township&rft.pub=Brill%3A+Leiden.&rft.date=2007&rft.au=B%C3%A4hre%2C+Erik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.erikbaehre.nl%2Fsites%2Fwww.erikbaehre.nl%2Ffiles%2Fpublications%2Ferik_bahre_money_and_violence.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXhosa+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xhosa_people&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050522081642/http://www.southafrica.info/ess_info/sa_glance/demographics/census-main.htm">"Results of the 2001 South African census"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southafrica.info/ess_info/sa_glance/demographics/census-main.htm">the original</a> on 22 May 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Results+of+the+2001+South+African+census&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.southafrica.info%2Fess_info%2Fsa_glance%2Fdemographics%2Fcensus-main.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXhosa+people" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Note that the figure mentioned on this page is based upon the number of people speaking <a href="/wiki/Xhosa_language" title="Xhosa language">Xhosa</a> as their home language, which may be greater or less than the total number of people claiming Xhosa descent. In addition, several million people in the Johannesburg-Soweto region speak Xhosa or <a href="/wiki/Zulu_language" title="Zulu language">Zulu</a> as a second or third language. For a majority of these, the two languages become difficult to distinguish (unsurprising given the extreme closeness of their linguistic relationship).</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>Reader, J., 1997. <i><a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>: A Biography of the Continent</i>, Vintage Books, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>, NY, United States of America.</li> <li>Kaschula, Russell <i>The Heritage Library of African People: Xhosa,</i> New York: The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc., 1997.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarquard2009" class="citation journal cs1">Marquard, Jean (30 January 2009). "The "grosvenor" and its Literary Heritage". <i>English Studies in Africa</i>. <b>24</b> (2): 117–137. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00138398108690786">10.1080/00138398108690786</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=English+Studies+in+Africa&rft.atitle=The+%22grosvenor%22+and+its+Literary+Heritage&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=117-137&rft.date=2009-01-30&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00138398108690786&rft.aulast=Marquard&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXhosa+people" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xhosa_people&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Xhosa_people" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Xhosa people">Xhosa people</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Xhosa" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Xhosa">Xhosa</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.africanholocaust.net/peopleofafrica.htm#x">People of Africa</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061005123113/http://www.rhi.org.za/index.php?ref=articles&do=rd&artid=5">Xhosa History and Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051212080545/http://www.statssa.gov.za/census2001/digiAtlas/index.html">2001 Digital Census Atlas</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/afr/xft/">Xhosa Folklore</a> – a collection of Xhosa folklore collected in 1886.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.google.com/intl/xh/">Xhosa Google</a> – Google interface in Xhosa</li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Wiki_Loves_Africa_2017/en">Wiki Loves Africa 2017</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_South_Africa" title="Ethnic groups in South Africa">Ethnic groups in South Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bantu_peoples_of_South_Africa" title="Bantu peoples of South Africa">Bantu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nguni_people" title="Nguni people">Nguni</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhaca_people" title="Bhaca people">Bhaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpondomise_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Mpondomise people">Mpondomise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fengu_people" title="Fengu people">Fengu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hlubi_people" title="Hlubi people">Hlubi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ndebele_people" class="mw-redirect" title="South Ndebele people">Ndebele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pondo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pondo people">Pondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swazi_people" title="Swazi people">Swazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndwandwe" title="Ndwandwe">Ndwandwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thembu_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Thembu people">Thembu</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Xhosa</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Gcaleka" title="Gcaleka">Gcaleka</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Gqunukhwebe" title="Gqunukhwebe">Gqunukhwebe</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Gaika_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaika people">Gaika</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Xesibe" class="mw-redirect" title="Xesibe">Xesibe</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_people" title="Zulu people">Zulu</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fingo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Fingo people">Fingo</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Khumalo_clan" title="Khumalo clan">Khumalo</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sotho-Tswana_peoples" title="Sotho-Tswana peoples">Sotho-Tswana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sotho_people" title="Sotho people">Basotho/S. Sotho</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Koena_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Koena tribe">Bakoena</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Taung_tribe" title="Taung tribe">Bataung</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Tlokwa_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Tlokwa tribe">Batlokwa</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedi_people" title="Pedi people">Pedi/N. Sotho</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Lobedu_people" title="Lobedu people">Balobedu</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Mabelane_tribe" title="Mabelane tribe">Mabelane</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tswana_people" title="Tswana people">Tswana</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Balete_people" title="Balete people">Balete</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tsonga_people" title="Tsonga people">Tsonga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Hlengwe</li> <li>Xika</li> <li>N'walungu</li> <li>Gwamba</li> <li>Tswha</li> <li>Rhonga</li> <li>Hlanganu</li> <li>Nhlave</li> <li>Bila</li> <li>Dzonga</li> <li>Copi</li> <li>Ndzawu</li> <li>Thonga</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Venda_people" title="Venda people">Venda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ngona</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Khoisan" title="Khoisan">Khoisan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khoekhoe" title="Khoekhoe">Khoekhoe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nama_people" title="Nama people">Nama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strandloper_peoples" title="Strandloper peoples">Strandloper</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_people" title="San people">San</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C7%83Kung_people" title="ǃKung people">ǃKung</a></li> <li>ǀXam</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_South_Africans" title="White South Africans">Whites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_diaspora_in_Africa#South_Africa" title="British diaspora in Africa">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaners" title="Afrikaners">Afrikaners</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Boers" title="Boers">Boers</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Cape_Dutch" title="Cape Dutch">Cape Dutch</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Huguenots_in_South_Africa" title="Huguenots in South Africa">Huguenots</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_South_Africans#Migrations" title="White South Africans">Angolans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_South_Africa" title="Germans in South Africa">Germans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_South_Africa" title="Greeks in South Africa">Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_diaspora#South_Africa" title="Irish diaspora">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_South_Africans" title="Italian South Africans">Italians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_South_Africa" title="History of the Jews in South Africa">Jews</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner-Jews" title="Afrikaner-Jews">Afrikaner-Jews</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_people_in_South_Africa" title="Lebanese people in South Africa">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_South_Africans#Migrations" title="White South Africans">Mozambicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_South_Africans" title="Norwegian South Africans">Norwegians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Poles in South Africa">Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_South_African" title="Portuguese South African">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbs_in_South_Africa" title="Serbs in South Africa">Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_South_Africa" title="Turks in South Africa">Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_South_Africans#Migrations" title="White South Africans">Zimbabweans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coloureds" title="Coloureds">Coloureds</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Coloureds" title="Cape Coloureds">Cape Coloureds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Malays" title="Cape Malays">Cape Malays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griqua_people" title="Griqua people">Griquas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oorlam_people" title="Oorlam people">Oorlams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_South_Africans" title="Indian South Africans">Indians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_South_Africans" title="Tamil South Africans">Tamils</a></li> <li>Telegu/Andhras</li> <li>Hindi</li> <li>Urdu</li> <li>Gujaratis <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Memons_in_South_Africa" title="Memons in South Africa">Memons</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">Surtis</span></li></ul></li> <li>Koknis</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lemba_people" title="Lemba people">Lemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabweans_in_South_Africa" title="Zimbabweans in South Africa">Zimbabweans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_South_Africans" title="Chinese South Africans">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalis_in_South_Africa" title="Somalis in South Africa">Somalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerians_in_South_Africa" title="Nigerians in South Africa">Nigerians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people_in_South_Africa" title="Japanese people in South Africa">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_South_Africa" title="Koreans in South Africa">Koreans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistanis_in_South_Africa" title="Pakistanis in South Africa">Pakistanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Roma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrants and expatriates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Immigration_to_South_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Immigration_to_South_Africa" title="Template:Immigration to South Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Immigration_to_South_Africa" title="Template talk:Immigration to South Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Immigration_to_South_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Immigration to South Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Immigration_to_South_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_South_Africa" title="Immigration to South Africa">Immigration to South Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nigerians_in_South_Africa" title="Nigerians in South Africa">Nigerians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalis_in_South_Africa" title="Somalis in South Africa">Somalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabweans_in_South_Africa" title="Zimbabweans in South Africa">Zimbabweans</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_South_Africa.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of South Africa"><img alt="Flag of South Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/50px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/75px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/100px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Flag of South Africa</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_South_Africans" title="Chinese South Africans">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipinos_in_South_Africa" title="Filipinos in South Africa">Filipinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_South_Africans" title="Indian South Africans">Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people_in_South_Africa" title="Japanese people in South Africa">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_South_Africa" title="History of the Jews in South Africa">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_South_Africa" title="Koreans in South Africa">Koreans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_people_in_South_Africa" title="Lebanese people in South Africa">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistanis_in_South_Africa" title="Pakistanis in South Africa">Pakistanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_South_Africa" title="Turks in South Africa">Turks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarians_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarians in South Africa">Bulgarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaners" title="Afrikaners">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_South_Africa" title="Germans in South Africa">Germans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_South_Africa" title="Greeks in South Africa">Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_South_Africans" title="Italian South Africans">Italians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_South_Africans" title="Norwegian South Africans">Norwegians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Poles in South Africa">Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_South_African" title="Portuguese South African">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbs_in_South_Africa" title="Serbs in South Africa">Serbs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_South_Africa" title="Demographics of South Africa">Demographics of South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> 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