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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scotland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Scotland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scotland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Net_Zero_strategy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Net_Zero_strategy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Net Zero strategy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Net_Zero_strategy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy_markets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy_markets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Energy markets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy_markets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_energy_sources_of_electricity_supply" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_energy_sources_of_electricity_supply"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Primary energy sources of electricity supply</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Primary_energy_sources_of_electricity_supply-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Primary energy sources of electricity supply subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Primary_energy_sources_of_electricity_supply-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Coal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Coal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Gas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nuclear_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nuclear_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Nuclear power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nuclear_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renewable_energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renewable_energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Renewable energy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renewable_energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy_end_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy_end_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Energy end usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy_end_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy_market_policy_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy_market_policy_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Energy market policy history</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Energy_market_policy_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Energy market policy history subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Energy_market_policy_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1980s_market_liberalisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1980s_market_liberalisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>1980s market liberalisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1980s_market_liberalisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1990s_to_2000s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1990s_to_2000s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>1990s to 2000s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1990s_to_2000s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2010_to_2017:_Energy_Act" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2010_to_2017:_Energy_Act"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>2010 to 2017: Energy Act</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2010_to_2017:_Energy_Act-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2018_to_present:_Default_tariff_energy_price_cap" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2018_to_present:_Default_tariff_energy_price_cap"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>2018 to present: Default tariff energy price cap</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2018_to_present:_Default_tariff_energy_price_cap-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2022–23:_Government_support_for_households" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2022–23:_Government_support_for_households"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>2022–23: Government support for households</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2022–23:_Government_support_for_households-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy_supply_and_decarbonisation_policy_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy_supply_and_decarbonisation_policy_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Energy supply and decarbonisation policy history</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Energy_supply_and_decarbonisation_policy_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Energy supply and decarbonisation policy history subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Energy_supply_and_decarbonisation_policy_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_2000s:_climate_change_rises_up_the_agenda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_2000s:_climate_change_rises_up_the_agenda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Early 2000s: climate change rises up the agenda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_2000s:_climate_change_rises_up_the_agenda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy_white_paper,_2003" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy_white_paper,_2003"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Energy white paper, 2003</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy_white_paper,_2003-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_Union_Emissions_Trading_Scheme_2005" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Union_Emissions_Trading_Scheme_2005"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>European Union Emissions Trading Scheme 2005</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Union_Emissions_Trading_Scheme_2005-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy_Review,_2006" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy_Review,_2006"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Energy Review, 2006</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy_Review,_2006-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Contents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4.1</span> <span>Contents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy_white_paper,_2007" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy_white_paper,_2007"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Energy white paper, 2007</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy_white_paper,_2007-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Proposed_energy_strategy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proposed_energy_strategy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5.1</span> <span>Proposed energy strategy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proposed_energy_strategy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Energy_conservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy_conservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5.1.1</span> <span>Energy conservation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy_conservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy_supply" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy_supply"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5.1.2</span> <span>Energy supply</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy_supply-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Response_of_the_Scottish_Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Response_of_the_Scottish_Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5.2</span> <span>Response of the Scottish Government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Response_of_the_Scottish_Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate_Change_Act,_2008" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate_Change_Act,_2008"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Climate Change Act, 2008</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate_Change_Act,_2008-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-UK_Low_Carbon_Transition_Plan,_2009" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#UK_Low_Carbon_Transition_Plan,_2009"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.7</span> <span>UK Low Carbon Transition Plan, 2009</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-UK_Low_Carbon_Transition_Plan,_2009-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2011_white_paper" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2011_white_paper"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.8</span> <span>2011 white paper</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2011_white_paper-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Feed-in_tariff" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feed-in_tariff"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.9</span> <span>Feed-in tariff</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feed-in_tariff-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emissions_performance_standard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emissions_performance_standard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.10</span> <span>Emissions performance standard</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emissions_performance_standard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy_Bill,_2012–2013" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy_Bill,_2012–2013"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.11</span> <span>Energy Bill, 2012–2013</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy_Bill,_2012–2013-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Select_Committee_report,_2016" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Select_Committee_report,_2016"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.12</span> <span>Select Committee report, 2016</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Select_Committee_report,_2016-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Salix_Finance_Ltd." class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Salix_Finance_Ltd."> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.13</span> <span>Salix Finance Ltd.</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Salix_Finance_Ltd.-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy_white_paper,_2020" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy_white_paper,_2020"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.14</span> <span>Energy white paper, 2020</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy_white_paper,_2020-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Implementing_policy:_government_oversight" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Implementing_policy:_government_oversight"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.15</span> <span>Implementing policy: government oversight</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Implementing_policy:_government_oversight-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.16</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_government_bodies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_government_bodies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.17</span> <span>New government bodies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_government_bodies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_statutory_bodies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_statutory_bodies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.18</span> <span>Other statutory bodies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_statutory_bodies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fossil_energy_public_support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fossil_energy_public_support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Fossil energy public support</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fossil_energy_public_support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renewable_energy_targets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renewable_energy_targets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Renewable energy targets</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Renewable_energy_targets-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Renewable energy targets subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Renewable_energy_targets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biofuels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biofuels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Biofuels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biofuels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fuel_poverty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fuel_poverty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Fuel poverty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fuel_poverty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_opinion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_opinion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Public opinion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_opinion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oil_and_gas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oil_and_gas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Oil and gas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oil_and_gas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Analysis_and_criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analysis_and_criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Analysis and criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Analysis_and_criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_the_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17.1</span> <span>In the media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Energy+policy+of+the+United+Kingdom%22">"Energy policy of the United Kingdom"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Energy+policy+of+the+United+Kingdom%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Energy+policy+of+the+United+Kingdom%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Energy+policy+of+the+United+Kingdom%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Energy+policy+of+the+United+Kingdom%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Energy+policy+of+the+United+Kingdom%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Primary_energy_mix_in_the_United_Kingdom,_OWID.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Primary_energy_mix_in_the_United_Kingdom%2C_OWID.svg/290px-Primary_energy_mix_in_the_United_Kingdom%2C_OWID.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Primary_energy_mix_in_the_United_Kingdom%2C_OWID.svg/435px-Primary_energy_mix_in_the_United_Kingdom%2C_OWID.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Primary_energy_mix_in_the_United_Kingdom%2C_OWID.svg/580px-Primary_energy_mix_in_the_United_Kingdom%2C_OWID.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Primary energy mix in the United Kingdom, 1970 to 2017</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>energy policy of the United Kingdom</b> refers to the United Kingdom's efforts towards reducing <a href="/wiki/Energy_intensity" title="Energy intensity">energy intensity</a>, reducing <a href="/wiki/Energy_poverty" title="Energy poverty">energy poverty</a>, and maintaining energy supply reliability. The United Kingdom has had success in this, though energy intensity remains high. There is an ambitious goal to reduce <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon dioxide emissions">carbon dioxide emissions</a> in future years, but it is unclear whether the programmes in place are sufficient to achieve this objective.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="The policy should be cited. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Regarding energy self-sufficiency, UK policy does not address this issue, other than to concede historic <a href="/wiki/Energy_security" title="Energy security">energy security</a> is currently ceasing to exist (due to the decline of <a href="/wiki/North_Sea_oil" title="North Sea oil">North Sea oil</a> production).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The United Kingdom historically has a good policy record of encouraging <a href="/wiki/Public_transport" title="Public transport">public transport</a> links with cities,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Claim without any evidence (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> despite encountering problems with high speed trains, which have the potential to reduce dramatically domestic and short-haul European flights. The policy does not, however, significantly encourage <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_vehicle" title="Hybrid vehicle">hybrid vehicle</a> use or <a href="/wiki/Ethanol_fuel" title="Ethanol fuel">ethanol fuel</a> use, options which represent viable short term means to moderate rising transport fuel consumption. Regarding <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a>, the United Kingdom has goals for <a href="/wiki/Wind_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Wind energy">wind</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tidal_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Tidal energy">tidal energy</a>. The 2007 White Paper on Energy set a target that 20% of the UK's energy must come from renewable sources by 2020. </p><p>The current energy policy of the United Kingdom is the responsibility of the <a href="/wiki/Department_for_Energy_Security_and_Net_Zero" title="Department for Energy Security and Net Zero">Department for Energy Security and Net Zero</a> (DESNZ), after the <a href="/wiki/Department_for_Business,_Energy_and_Industrial_Strategy" title="Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy">Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy</a> was split into the <a href="/wiki/Department_for_Business_and_Trade" title="Department for Business and Trade">Department for Business and Trade</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Department_for_Science,_Innovation_and_Technology" title="Department for Science, Innovation and Technology">Department for Science, Innovation and Technology</a> in 2023. Energy markets are regulated by the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Gas_and_Electricity_Markets" title="Office of Gas and Electricity Markets">Office of Gas and Electricity Markets</a> (Ofgem). </p><p>Areas of focus for energy policy by the UK government have changed since the <a href="/wiki/Electricity_Act_1989" title="Electricity Act 1989">Electricity Act 1989</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gas_Act_1986" title="Gas Act 1986">Gas Act 1986</a> privatised these utilities. The policy focuses of successive UK governments since the full liberalisation of gas and electricity markets in 1998 and 1999<sup id="cite_ref-appgreport2012_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-appgreport2012-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have included managing energy prices, <a href="/wiki/Decarbonisation_Measures_in_Proposed_UK_Electricity_Market_Reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Decarbonisation Measures in Proposed UK Electricity Market Reform">decarbonisation</a>, the rollout of <a href="/wiki/Smart_meters" class="mw-redirect" title="Smart meters">smart meters</a>, and improving the <a href="/wiki/Efficient_energy_use" title="Efficient energy use">energy efficiency</a> of the country's building stock. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 2007 white paper: "Meeting the Energy Challenge" set out the government's international and domestic <a href="/wiki/Energy_(society)" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy (society)">energy</a> strategy to address the long term energy challenges faced by the UK, and to deliver four policy goals: </p> <ol><li>To put the UK on a path to cut <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon dioxide emissions">carbon dioxide emissions</a> 60% by 2050, with real progress by 2020;</li> <li>To maintain <a href="/wiki/Energy_security" title="Energy security">reliable energy supplies</a>;</li> <li>To promote <a href="/wiki/Market_competition" class="mw-redirect" title="Market competition">competitive markets</a> in the UK and beyond, helping to raise the rate of <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">sustainable economic growth</a> and to improve <a href="/wiki/Productivity" title="Productivity">productivity</a>; and</li> <li>To ensure that every home is adequately and affordably heated.</li></ol> <p>The scope of energy policy includes the <a href="/wiki/Electricity_generation" title="Electricity generation">production</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electricity_distribution" class="mw-redirect" title="Electricity distribution">distribution</a> of electricity, transport <a href="/wiki/Fuel" title="Fuel">fuel</a> usage, and means of heating (significantly <a href="/wiki/Natural_Gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural Gas">Natural Gas</a>). The policy recognises: "Energy is essential in almost every aspect of our lives and for the success of our economy. We face two long-term energy challenges: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitigation_of_global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitigation of global warming">Tackling climate change</a> by reducing carbon dioxide emissions both within the UK and abroad; and</li> <li>Ensuring <a href="/wiki/Energy_security" title="Energy security">secure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clean_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Clean energy">clean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fuel_poverty" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuel poverty">affordable</a> energy as we become increasingly dependent on imported fuel."</li></ul> <p>The policy also recognises that the UK will need around 30–35<span class="nowrap"> </span>GW of new electricity generation capacity over the next two decades as many current <a href="/wiki/Coal_fired_power_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal fired power plant">coal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_stations" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear power stations">nuclear power stations</a>, built in the 1960s and 1970s, reach the end of their lives and are set to close. </p><p>The 2006 Energy Review reintroduced the prospect of new nuclear power stations in the UK. Following a <a href="/wiki/Judicial_review" title="Judicial review">judicial review</a> requested by <a href="/wiki/Greenpeace" title="Greenpeace">Greenpeace</a>, on 15 February 2007 elements of the 2006 Energy Review were ruled 'seriously flawed', and 'not merely inadequate but also misleading'. As a result, plans to build a new generation of nuclear power stations were ruled illegal at that time. <i>(See <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_the_United_Kingdom#2006_Energy_review" title="Nuclear power in the United Kingdom">Nuclear power in the United Kingdom</a> for details)</i>. In response, the government ran "The Future of Nuclear Power" consultation from May to October 2007. The Government's response to the consultation conclusions, published in January 2008, state "set against the <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">challenges of climate change</a> and <a href="/wiki/Energy_security" title="Energy security">security</a> of supply, the evidence in support of new nuclear power stations is compelling." </p><p>The January 2008 Energy Bill updated the <a href="/wiki/Legislation" title="Legislation">legislative framework</a> in the UK to reflect government policy towards the <a href="/wiki/Energy_market" title="Energy market">energy market</a> and the challenges faced on climate change and security of supply. Key elements of the bill addressed nuclear, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_capture_and_storage" title="Carbon capture and storage">carbon capture and storage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renewables" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewables">renewables</a>, and <a href="/wiki/North_Sea_oil" title="North Sea oil">offshore gas and oil</a>. A framework to encourage investment in <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear power</a> within a new regulatory environment was simultaneously published in the January 2008 nuclear white paper. </p><p>In October 2008, the government created the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Energy_and_Climate_Change" title="Department of Energy and Climate Change">Department of Energy and Climate Change</a> to bring together energy policy (previously with the <a href="/wiki/Department_for_Business,_Enterprise_and_Regulatory_Reform" title="Department for Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform">Department for Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">climate change mitigation</a> policy (previously with the <a href="/wiki/Department_for_Environment,_Food_and_Rural_Affairs" title="Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs">Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scotland">Scotland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Scotland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Though energy policy is an area <a href="/wiki/Reserved_powers" title="Reserved powers">reserved</a> to the UK government under the <a href="/wiki/Scotland_Act_1998" title="Scotland Act 1998">Scotland Act 1998</a> that established devolved government for Scotland, the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Government" title="Scottish Government">Scottish Government</a> has an <a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Scotland" title="Energy policy of Scotland">energy policy for Scotland</a> at variance with UK policy, and has planning powers to enable it to put some aspects of its policy priorities into effect. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Net_Zero_strategy">Net Zero strategy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Net Zero strategy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2021, the UK Government published its Net-Zero strategy to reduce the country's emissions to <a href="/wiki/Net_zero_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Net zero emissions">net zero</a> by 2050 compared to the 1990 baseline.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The strategy sets out a path for sectors and industry in the UK to reach net-zero, including power, fuel supply & hydrogen, industry, transport, heat & buildings, and removal of <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a>. The purpose of the policy relates to <a href="/wiki/Climate_action" title="Climate action">climate action</a>, where countries must bring down their greenhouse gas emissions to meet the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a> target of stopping planetary scale warming to prevent dangerous climate change. The policy is an update to the 2008 <a href="/wiki/Climate_Change_Act_2008" title="Climate Change Act 2008">Climate Change Act</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Energy_markets">Energy markets</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Energy markets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <i>Research and Markets</i> review estimated the 2006 total market value of UK inland energy consumption was £130.73bn. Consumption by the energy sector was valued at £28.73bn, while the value of consumption by the non-energy sector was £128.2bn, with <a href="/wiki/Transport" title="Transport">transport</a> being the largest component of the non-energy sector.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The UK is currently proposing wide-ranging <a href="/wiki/Decarbonisation_Measures_in_Proposed_UK_Electricity_Market_Reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Decarbonisation Measures in Proposed UK Electricity Market Reform">reforms of its electricity market</a>, including measures such as <a href="/wiki/Contracts_for_difference" class="mw-redirect" title="Contracts for difference">contracts for difference</a> for generators and a <a href="/wiki/Capacity_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Capacity market">capacity market</a> to ensure security of supply in the latter half of this decade. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Primary_energy_sources_of_electricity_supply">Primary energy sources of electricity supply</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Primary energy sources of electricity supply"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DounreayJM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/DounreayJM.jpg/220px-DounreayJM.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/DounreayJM.jpg/330px-DounreayJM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/DounreayJM.jpg/440px-DounreayJM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Decommissioned <a href="/wiki/Dounreay" title="Dounreay">Dounreay</a> nuclear power complex</figcaption></figure> <p>The UK's <a href="/wiki/Electricity_demand" class="mw-redirect" title="Electricity demand">electricity demand</a> stabilised in 2017, with consumption reaching 307.9<span class="nowrap"> </span>terawatt-hours (TWh), marking a 12% decrease from 2007. Consumption was evenly distributed among the residential, commercial, and industrial sectors, with each accounting for roughly one-third. The industrial sector experienced a significant reduction of 18% in consumption, dropping from 113<span class="nowrap"> </span>TWh in 2007 to 93<span class="nowrap"> </span>TWh in 2017. Meanwhile, residential sector consumption decreased by 14%, influenced by higher prices and the adoption of <a href="/wiki/Energy-efficient_appliances" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy-efficient appliances">energy-efficient appliances</a>, whereas the commercial sector saw a more modest decline of 4%.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2017, the percentage of electricity supply derived from <a href="/wiki/Primary_energy" title="Primary energy">primary energy</a> sources was as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">Natural gas</a>: 40.8%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewables" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewables">Renewables</a>: 30.8%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">Nuclear</a>: 21.0%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">Coal</a>: 6.9%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil" title="Oil">Oil</a>: 0.5%.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coal">Coal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Coal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In November 2015, it was announced by the UK Government that all coal fired power stations would be closed by 2025.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ironbridge_Power_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Ironbridge Power Station">Ironbridge</a> ceased operations in late 2015. Then in 2016, three power stations closed at <a href="/wiki/Rugeley_Power_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Rugeley Power Station">Rugeley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferrybridge_Power_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferrybridge Power Station">Ferrybridge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Longannet_Power_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Longannet Power Station">Longannet</a>. <a href="/wiki/Eggborough_Power_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Eggborough Power Station">Eggborough</a> closed in 2018 and has been granted consent to convert into a gas fired power station. <a href="/wiki/Lynemouth_power_station" title="Lynemouth power station">Lynemouth</a> power station was converted to run on <a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a> in 2018 and <a href="/wiki/Uskmouth_power_stations" title="Uskmouth power stations">Uskmouth</a> is being converted. It has been announced that <a href="/wiki/Cottam_power_stations" title="Cottam power stations">Cottam</a> will close in 2019 and <a href="/wiki/Kilroot_power_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilroot power station">Kilroot</a> will also close imminently. </p><p>In May 2016, for the first time solar power produced more electricity than coal, producing 1.33TWh over the month compared to 0.9TWh from coal.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 21 April 2017, for the first time since the 19th century, the UK had a 24-hour period without any generation from coal power.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2018, the use of coal power is decreasing to historic lows not seen since before the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>. Coal supplied 5.4% of UK electricity in 2018, down from 7% in 2017, 9% in 2016, 23% in 2015 and 30% in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gas">Gas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Gas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the 1980s and early 1990s, there was a massive expansion in <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">gas-fired</a> generation capacity, known as the <a href="/wiki/Dash_for_Gas" title="Dash for Gas">Dash for Gas</a>. The rapidity of construction of gas-fired plants (compared to coal-fired or nuclear plants) was especially attractive due to the high interest rates of the period. </p><p>Natural gas looks set to take a smaller part in providing future UK energy needs. Domestic production from the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> gas fields continues to lessen. And despite investment to enhance <a href="/wiki/Pipeline_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Pipeline transport">pipelines</a> and storage of imported natural gas (mostly from <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>) there is a reluctance to allow too great a reliance on <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> and its gas exports for energy needs. </p><p>By 2021, North Sea oil and natural gas production is predicted to slip 75 percent from 2005 levels to less than one million barrels per year. Oil and coal reserves for all of Europe are among the most tenuous in the developed world: for example, Europe's reserves to annual consumption ratio stands at 3.0,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> perilously low by world standards. </p><p>A new "dash for gas" was announced by energy secretary <a href="/wiki/Amber_Rudd" title="Amber Rudd">Amber Rudd</a> in November 2015. This is required to fill the gap between the closure of all <a href="/wiki/Coal-fired_power_station" title="Coal-fired power station">coal-fired power stations</a> by 2025 and the delayed opening of new nuclear power stations.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nuclear_power">Nuclear power</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Nuclear power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Nuclear power in the United Kingdom">Nuclear power in the United Kingdom</a></div> <p>Following the UK Government's January 2008 decision to support the building of new nuclear power stations, EDF announced that it plans to open four new plants in the UK by 2017. It is unlikely that more nuclear power stations will be built in Scotland as the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Government" title="Scottish Government">Scottish Government</a> is opposed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renewable_energy">Renewable energy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Renewable energy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Renewable energy in the United Kingdom">Renewable energy in the United Kingdom</a></div> <p>From the mid-1990s <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a> began to contribute to the electricity generated in the United Kingdom, adding to a small <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydroelectricity</a> generating capacity. Renewable energy sources provided for 6.7 per cent of the electricity generated in the United Kingdom in 2009,<sup id="cite_ref-DUKES_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DUKES-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> rising to 11.3% in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By mid-2011, the installed capacity of <a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Wind power in the United Kingdom">wind power in the United Kingdom</a> was over 5.7 <a href="/wiki/Gigawatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigawatt">gigawatts</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the UK was ranked as the world's eighth largest producer of <a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">wind power</a>. Wind power is expected to continue growing in the UK for the foreseeable future, <a href="/wiki/RenewableUK" title="RenewableUK">RenewableUK</a> estimates that more than 2 GW of capacity will be deployed per year for the next five years.<sup id="cite_ref-ruk20100923_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ruk20100923-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within the UK, wind power is the second largest source of renewable energy after <a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DUKES_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DUKES-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>UK electricity generation from renewable energy in 2012<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Source</th> <th>GWh</th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <td>Onshore wind</td> <td>12,121</td> <td>29.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Offshore wind</td> <td>7,463</td> <td>18.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Shoreline wave/tidal wind</td> <td>4</td> <td>0.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Solar photovoltaics</td> <td>1,188</td> <td>2.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Small scale hydro</td> <td>653</td> <td>1.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Large scale hydro</td> <td>4,631</td> <td>11.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bioenergy</td> <td>15,198</td> <td>36.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Total</b></td> <td>41,258</td> <td>100 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 2017, the UK's renewable energy contribution to the <a href="/wiki/Total_primary_energy_supply" class="mw-redirect" title="Total primary energy supply">total primary energy supply</a> (TPES) was 9.7%, closely aligning with the <a href="/wiki/International_Energy_Agency" title="International Energy Agency">International Energy Agency</a>'s (IEA) average of 9.9% for the same period. Moreover, renewables accounted for 29.6% of the UK's total electricity production, surpassing the IEA's average of 24.6% for electricity generated from renewable sources.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 2020 an expansion of <a href="/wiki/Battery_storage_power_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Battery storage power station">grid scale battery storage</a> has been underway, helping to cope with the variability in wind and solar power. As of May 2021, 1.3<span class="nowrap"> </span>GW of grid storage batteries was active,<sup id="cite_ref-beis-20200714_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beis-20200714-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-solarpowerportal-20210519_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-solarpowerportal-20210519-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along with the traditional <a href="/wiki/Pumped-storage_hydroelectricity" title="Pumped-storage hydroelectricity">pumped storage</a> at <a href="/wiki/Dinorwig_Power_Station" title="Dinorwig Power Station">Dinorwig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cruachan_Power_Station" title="Cruachan Power Station">Cruachan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ffestiniog_Power_Station" title="Ffestiniog Power Station">Ffestiniog</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Energy_end_usage">Energy end usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Energy end usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><i>See main article <a href="/wiki/Energy_use_and_conservation_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy use and conservation in the United Kingdom">Energy use and conservation in the United Kingdom</a></i></dd></dl> <p>For 2005, the breakdown of UK energy usage by sector was approximately: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transport" title="Transport">Transport</a>: 35%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_heating" class="mw-redirect" title="Space heating">Space heating</a>: 26%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial sector">Industrial</a>: 10%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_heating" title="Water heating">Water heating</a>: 8%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighting" title="Lighting">Lighting</a>/small electrics: 6%</li></ul> <p>There is a steady increase of fuel usage driven by an increasingly affluent and mobile population, so that fuel use increased by ten percent in the decade ending 2000. This trend is expected to be mitigated by increased percentage of more efficient diesel and <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_vehicle" title="Hybrid vehicle">hybrid vehicles</a>. </p><p>United Kingdom space and hot water heating consume a greater share of end use compared to the US and more mild southern <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tropical" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical">tropical</a> <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climates</a>. With regard to building and planning issues affecting energy use, the UK has developed guidance documents to promote <a href="/wiki/Energy_conservation" title="Energy conservation">energy conservation</a> through local councils, especially as set forth in Part L of the Building Regulations (Conservation of Fuel and power).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The associated document. Part 2B, addresses commercial uses, and is generally complete as to heating issues; the guidance is lacking on lighting issues, except with guidelines for local switching of lighting controls. In particular there are no standards set forth for illumination levels, and <a href="/wiki/Over-illumination" class="mw-redirect" title="Over-illumination">over-illumination</a> is one of the most significant unneeded costs of commercial energy use. </p><p>From June 2007, buildings in England and Wales have to undergo <a href="/wiki/Energy_Performance_Certificate" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy Performance Certificate">Energy Performance Certification</a> (EPC) before they are sold or let, to meet the requirements of the <a href="/wiki/Directive_on_the_energy_performance_of_buildings" class="mw-redirect" title="Directive on the energy performance of buildings">European Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (Directive 2002/91/EC)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2017, the <a href="/wiki/Total_primary_energy_supply" class="mw-redirect" title="Total primary energy supply">Total Primary Energy Supply</a> (TPES) in the UK primarily consisted of natural gas at 38.6% and oil at 34.5%. Nuclear energy accounted for 10.4%, while coal was at 5.4%, and electricity contributed a smaller share of 0.7%. <a href="/wiki/Renewables" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewables">Renewables</a>, encompassing biofuels, wind, solar, and hydro, collectively made up 10.4%. Overall, this marked a 16.7% reduction in the TPES since 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Energy_market_policy_history">Energy market policy history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Energy market policy history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1980s_market_liberalisation">1980s market liberalisation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 1980s market liberalisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservatives</a> during the 1980s and 1990s, government policy was one of market <a href="/wiki/Liberalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalisation">liberalisation</a> linked to the <a href="/wiki/Privatisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Privatisation">privatisation</a> of state-controlled energy companies and the dismantling of the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Energy_(United_Kingdom)" title="Department of Energy (United Kingdom)">Department of Energy</a>. </p><p>As a consequence, government no longer has the ability to directly control the energy markets. Regulation is now carried out through the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Gas_and_Electricity_Markets" title="Office of Gas and Electricity Markets">Office of Gas and Electricity Markets</a> (Ofgem) in Great Britain, and the Northern Ireland Authority for Utility Regulation (NIAUR),<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while energy policy is largely limited to influencing the operation of the market. Such influence is exerted through taxation (such as North Sea Oil Tax<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), subsidy (such as the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Climate_Change_Programme#Renewables_Obligation" title="United Kingdom Climate Change Programme">Renewables Obligation</a>), incentives, planning controls, the underwriting of liabilities (such as those carried by the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Decommissioning_Authority" title="Nuclear Decommissioning Authority">Nuclear Decommissioning Authority</a>), grants, and funding for research. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1990s_to_2000s">1990s to 2000s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 1990s to 2000s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The UK Government continued to make reforms throughout the 1990s in the interests of creating a competitive energy market. VAT was first applied to domestic energy in 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-appgreport2012_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-appgreport2012-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the Labour Government came to power in 1997, the commitment to creating a competitive energy market was maintained, with new Energy Minister <a href="/wiki/John_Battle_(politician)" title="John Battle (politician)">John Battle</a> MP also emphasising the government's social obligation to protect the poorest households and its environmental commitments.<sup id="cite_ref-appgreport2012_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-appgreport2012-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Labour Government introduced <a href="/wiki/Winter_Fuel_Payment" title="Winter Fuel Payment">Winter Fuel Payments</a> for people aged over 60 and, in its first major piece of energy legislation, passed the <a href="/wiki/Utilities_Act_2000" title="Utilities Act 2000">Utilities Act 2000</a>. This legislation implemented a licensing system for energy suppliers and created the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Gas_and_Electricity_Markets" title="Office of Gas and Electricity Markets">Gas and Electricity Market Authority</a> and Ofgem as a regulator, and the Gas and Electricity Consumer Council (known as Energywatch) as a statutory body with responsibility for protecting and promoting the interests of gas and electricity consumers in Great Britain. </p><p>In 1999, the process of full liberalisation of the gas and electricity markets had been completed when all UK households were able to switch their gas or electricity supplier. Households were encouraged to save money on their gas and electricity bills by switching between different energy providers, with about a third of gas and electricity customers switching between 1998 and 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-bbcfeb2003_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcfeb2003-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the mid-2000s, the market was dominated by what became known as the <a href="/wiki/Big_Six_energy_suppliers" title="Big Six energy suppliers">Big Six energy suppliers</a>, consisting of <a href="/wiki/British_Gas" title="British Gas">British Gas</a>, <a href="/wiki/EDF_Energy" title="EDF Energy">EDF Energy</a>, <a href="/wiki/E.ON" title="E.ON">E.ON</a>, <a href="/wiki/Npower_(United_Kingdom)" title="Npower (United Kingdom)">Npower</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Power" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Power">Scottish Power</a>, and <a href="/wiki/SSE_plc" title="SSE plc">SSE</a>. </p><p>Parliament also passed the Warm Homes and Energy Conservation Act 2000, a <a href="/wiki/Private_Members%27_Bills_in_the_Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Private Members' Bills in the Parliament of the United Kingdom">private member's bill</a> introduced by Conservative MP <a href="/wiki/David_Amess" title="David Amess">David Amess</a>, which set out the government's Fuel Poverty Strategy – defining "fuel poverty" as any household living on a lower income in a home which cannot be kept warm at reasonable cost – with a commitment to eliminate fuel poverty by 2016. </p><p>In 2008, Ofgem launched its Energy Supply Probe as its first major investigation of competition in the electricity and gas markets since the full liberalisation of the two markets. The probe found there were a range of features in these markets that weakened competition, but found no evidence of a <a href="/wiki/Cartel" title="Cartel">cartel</a> or that retail energy price rises could not be justified by wholesale costs.<sup id="cite_ref-ofgemprobe2008_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ofgemprobe2008-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bbcnews20081006_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcnews20081006-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2010_to_2017:_Energy_Act">2010 to 2017: Energy Act</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 2010 to 2017: Energy Act"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the run-up to the 2010 election, the Labour Government passed the <a href="/wiki/Energy_Act_2010" title="Energy Act 2010">Energy Act 2010</a>. Among other reforms, this introduced the Warm Home Discount scheme, which came into effect in 2011, and which placed a legal obligation on larger energy suppliers to deliver support to people living in fuel poverty or in a fuel poverty risk group. This replaced a number of other schemes giving reduced tariffs to some low-income customers.<sup id="cite_ref-ofgemwhd2011_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ofgemwhd2011-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Partly in response to increasing concerns about the pricing of energy tariffs by suppliers, Ofgem followed up its Energy Supply Probe with a Retail Market Review, which it launched in November 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-ofgemreview2010_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ofgemreview2010-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The review found that complexity in the gas and electricity markets was a barrier to consumers and competition. It found that 75% of consumers were on their supplier's standard "evergreen" tariffs (also called "Standard Variable Tariffs" or SVTs), the more expensive default option than fixed-term tariffs that would save them money over a set period of time. It also found that energy prices tended to rise in response to wholesale cost increases more quickly than they fell with decreases, and that competition was weakened by significant barriers that were preventing new suppliers from entering the market. They proposed a series of measures including changing some license conditions of suppliers, to make pricing more transparent and reduce barriers for new suppliers to compete for customers, as well as working to improve consumer trust in <a href="/wiki/Comparison_shopping_website" title="Comparison shopping website">price comparison websites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ofgemreview2010_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ofgemreview2010-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Coalition_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Coalition Government">Coalition Government</a> elected in 2010 published their own white paper on energy in 2011, which focused on decarbonisation and security of supply, but which backed Ofgem's findings and proposed reforms.<sup id="cite_ref-whitepaper2011_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whitepaper2011-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Advocates for further reform included the consumer group <a href="/wiki/Which%3F" title="Which?">Which?</a> and Consumer Focus (later <a href="/wiki/Consumer_Futures" title="Consumer Futures">Consumer Futures</a>), the statutory body formerly known as Energywatch.<sup id="cite_ref-hoclibrary2013_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hoclibrary2013-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The government later announced its intention to force energy suppliers to offer their cheapest tariffs to consumers, and subsequently made amendments in the <a href="/wiki/Energy_Act_2013" title="Energy Act 2013">Energy Act 2013</a> to give Ofgem greater powers.<sup id="cite_ref-hoclibrary2013_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hoclibrary2013-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2014, the government amended the legislative Fuel Poverty Strategy for England to target improving as many fuel poor homes as is reasonably practicable to a minimum energy efficiency rating of Band C, by the end of 2030.<sup id="cite_ref-govfps2014_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-govfps2014-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 24 September 2013, the Leader of the Labour Party and former Secretary of State for Energy, <a href="/wiki/Ed_Miliband" title="Ed Miliband">Ed Miliband</a>, announced plans to freeze energy bills for 20 months if Labour won the next general election, saying the move would save average households £120 and businesses £1,800.<sup id="cite_ref-bbcnews20130824_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcnews20130824-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The announcement was criticised by energy suppliers, and labelled "Marxist" and potentially "catastrophic" by the government, but was supported by around two-thirds of the British public.<sup id="cite_ref-cif2013_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cif2013-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the end of the year, the government acknowledged that there was largescale dissatisfaction among the British public about the perception that the large energy suppliers were overcharging their customers.<sup id="cite_ref-belfasttelegraph2013_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-belfasttelegraph2013-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After working with the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Fair_Trading" title="Office of Fair Trading">Office of Fair Trading</a> and the newly established <a href="/wiki/Competition_and_Markets_Authority" title="Competition and Markets Authority">Competition and Markets Authority</a> (CMA), to again assess competition in the energy market, on 26 June 2014, Ofgem referred the energy market in Great Britain to the CMA for an investigation.<sup id="cite_ref-ofgemconsult2014_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ofgemconsult2014-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bbcnews20140626_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcnews20140626-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An interim report by the CMA, published in 2015, claimed that energy suppliers were overcharging customers by as much as £1.7 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-ft2016_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ft2016-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CMA's findings and proposed remedies, published in 2016, included a price cap for energy customers who were on prepayment meters – but were widely criticised for not going far enough.<sup id="cite_ref-guardian20160623_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian20160623-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-irishtimes2016_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-irishtimes2016-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By March 2017, <a href="/wiki/Citizens_Advice" title="Citizens Advice">Citizens Advice</a>, which had taken on the funding and responsibilities of Consumer Futures to advocate for energy consumers, was calling for the government to extend the prepayment meter cap to more low-income households.<sup id="cite_ref-citizensadvice2017_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-citizensadvice2017-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2018_to_present:_Default_tariff_energy_price_cap">2018 to present: Default tariff energy price cap</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 2018 to present: Default tariff energy price cap"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2021_United_Kingdom_natural_gas_supplier_crisis" title="2021 United Kingdom natural gas supplier crisis">2021 United Kingdom natural gas supplier crisis</a></div> <p>In the run-up to the <a href="/wiki/2017_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2017 United Kingdom general election">2017 general election</a>, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">Theresa May</a> made a commitment that the Conservative Party manifesto would include a policy to apply price controls to energy bills. May wrote in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)" title="The Sun (United Kingdom)">The Sun</a></i> newspaper, saying that "the energy market is not working for ordinary working families" and that if she was re-elected she would introduce a price cap policy that would save households up to £100 each.<sup id="cite_ref-independent20170308_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-independent20170308-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There was pressure from other members of her Cabinet to change the policy after the election result forced May to form a minority government,<sup id="cite_ref-guardian-20170509_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian-20170509-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-guardian20170615_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian20170615-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but also pressure from other MPs to go ahead including an open letter signed by 192 MPs, over 70 of whom were Conservative MPs.<sup id="cite_ref-guardian-20170929_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian-20170929-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Prime Minister reiterated her commitment to her flagship energy policy in a speech at the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_Conference_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative Party Conference (UK)">Conservative Party Conference</a> in October 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-independent20171004_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-independent20171004-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was announced that the price cap, or "safeguard tariff", would be implemented by Ofgem and would cap prices for electricity and gas for the 11 million households on standard variable tariffs.<sup id="cite_ref-bbcnews20171004_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcnews20171004-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Domestic_Gas_and_Electricity_(Tariff_Cap)_Act_2018"></span> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">United Kingdom legislation</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size:100%"><span style="font-size:125%">Domestic Gas and Electricity (Tariff Cap) Act 2018</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight: bold;">Act of Parliament</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28variant_1%2C_1952-2022%29.svg/140px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28variant_1%2C_1952-2022%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28variant_1%2C_1952-2022%29.svg/210px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28variant_1%2C_1952-2022%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28variant_1%2C_1952-2022%29.svg/280px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28variant_1%2C_1952-2022%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1550" /></span></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Short_and_long_titles" title="Short and long titles">Long title</a></th><td class="infobox-data description">An Act to make provision for the imposition of a cap on rates charged to domestic customers for the supply of gas and electricity; and for connected purposes.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Citation_of_United_Kingdom_legislation" title="Citation of United Kingdom legislation">Citation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2018 c. 21</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;">Dates</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">Royal assent</a></th><td class="infobox-data">19 July 2018</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;">Other legislation</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Amended by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_Prices_Act_2022&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy Prices Act 2022 (page does not exist)">Energy Prices Act 2022</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"><div style="background-color: #ffffcc;">Status: Amended</div></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2018/21/contents/enacted">Text of statute as originally enacted</a></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/id?title=Domestic+Gas+and+Electricity+%28Tariff+Cap%29+Act+2018">Text of the Domestic Gas and Electricity (Tariff Cap) Act 2018</a> as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from <a href="/wiki/Legislation.gov.uk" title="Legislation.gov.uk">legislation.gov.uk</a>.</th></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Domestic Gas and Electricity (Tariff Cap) Bill 2018 was introduced in legislation and had its first reading on 26 February 2018, following a period of pre-legislative scrutiny from the cross-party <a href="/wiki/Business,_Energy_and_Industrial_Strategy_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy Committee">Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy Select Committee</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-govuk20180226_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-govuk20180226-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The legislation completed its passage through Parliament on 18 July 2018 and received <a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">royal assent</a> the next day as the Domestic Gas and Electricity (Tariff Cap) Act 2018 (c. 21).<sup id="cite_ref-govuk20180719_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-govuk20180719-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Tariff Cap Act stipulated that the price cap would be in place from the end of 2018 until 2020, when Ofgem would recommend whether the cap should remain on an annual basis up to 2023. Ofgem would also review the level of the cap at least every 6 months while it is in place.<sup id="cite_ref-govuk20180719_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-govuk20180719-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2018, Ofgem proposed that the initial level of the "<b>default tariff price cap</b>" would mean that energy suppliers would not be allowed to charge more than £1,136 a year for a typical dual fuel customer paying by direct debit, and that this would save the 11 million British households on default or standard variable tariffs an average of £75 a year on their gas and electricity bills.<sup id="cite_ref-ft20180906_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ft20180906-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The price of the cap is set for each unit (<a href="/wiki/KWh" class="mw-redirect" title="KWh">kWh</a>) of gas and electricity used, plus a daily standing charge, so that it varies with consumption. Ofgem designed the cap level to take into account several factors: wholesale energy costs (how much a supplier has to pay to get the gas and electricity to supply households with energy), energy network costs (the regional costs of building, maintaining and operating the pipes and wires that carry energy across the country), policy costs (the costs related to government social and environmental schemes to save energy, reduce emissions and encourage take-up of renewable energy), operating costs (the costs incurred by suppliers to deliver billing and metering services, including <a href="/wiki/Smart_metering" class="mw-redirect" title="Smart metering">smart metering</a>), payment method uplift allowance (the additional costs incurred through billing customers with different payment methods), headroom allowance (allowing suppliers to manage uncertainty in their costs), the return on suppliers' investments, and <a href="/wiki/Value-added_tax" title="Value-added tax">VAT</a> (5% tax added to the level of the tariff). </p><p>In November 2018, Ofgem finished its consultation and published its decision that the first level of the cap would be set at £1,137 a year for a typical direct debit dual fuel bill in November 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-ofgemdecision2018_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ofgemdecision2018-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This came into force from 1 January 2019. At its initial level, the cost of electricity for those on default tariffs was capped at 17p per kWh, and gas was capped at 4p per kWh. Dual fuel users would pay no more than £177 a year for the standing charge, electricity-only users would pay no more than £83, and gas users £94.<sup id="cite_ref-bbcnews20190101_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcnews20190101-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first change in the level of the price cap was announced in February 2019, with the cap rising by £117 for typical direct debit dual fuel bills from 1 April 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-bbcnews20190207_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcnews20190207-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 2020, the government extended the energy price cap by a year, until at least the end of 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-skynews2020_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-skynews2020-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 2020s, several consumer-facing suppliers went into <a href="/wiki/Liquidation" title="Liquidation">liquidation</a> including <a href="/wiki/Bulb_Energy" title="Bulb Energy">Bulb Energy</a>, Avro Energy, Green Supplier and Orbit Energy.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 2022, Ofgem announced that the price cap would be reviewed every three months instead of every six months, in reaction to wholesale price <a href="/wiki/Volatility_(finance)" title="Volatility (finance)">volatility</a>. Thus the review in October 2022 would be followed by another in January 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-bbcnews20220805_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcnews20220805-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The average price cap has been set as follows: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: right;"> <caption>Default tariff price cap (annualised) <sup id="cite_ref-OfgemAveragePriceCap_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OfgemAveragePriceCap-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Period</th> <th>Default direct debit</th> <th>Default prepay meter </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 January 2019</td> <td>31 March 2019</td> <td>£1,137<sup id="cite_ref-dtcApril2019_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dtcApril2019-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>£1,136<sup id="cite_ref-ppmApril2019_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ppmApril2019-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 April 2019</td> <td>30 September 2019</td> <td>£1,254<sup id="cite_ref-dtcApril2019_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dtcApril2019-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>£1,242<sup id="cite_ref-ppmApril2019_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ppmApril2019-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 October 2019</td> <td>31 March 2020</td> <td>£1,179<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>£1,242<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 April 2020</td> <td>30 September 2020</td> <td>£1,162<sup id="cite_ref-dtcApril2020_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dtcApril2020-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>£1,200<sup id="cite_ref-dtcApril2020_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dtcApril2020-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 October 2020</td> <td>31 March 2021</td> <td>£1,042<sup id="cite_ref-dtcOctober2020_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dtcOctober2020-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>£1,070<sup id="cite_ref-dtcOctober2020_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dtcOctober2020-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 April 2021</td> <td>30 September 2021</td> <td>£1,138<sup id="cite_ref-dtcApril2021_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dtcApril2021-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>£1,156<sup id="cite_ref-dtcApril2021_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dtcApril2021-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 October 2021</td> <td>31 March 2022</td> <td>£1,277<sup id="cite_ref-dtcOctober2021_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dtcOctober2021-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>£1,309<sup id="cite_ref-dtcOctober2021_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dtcOctober2021-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 April 2022</td> <td>30 September 2022</td> <td>£1,971<sup id="cite_ref-dtcApril2022_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dtcApril2022-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>£2,017<sup id="cite_ref-dtcApril2022_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dtcApril2022-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 October 2022</td> <td>31 December 2022</td> <td>£3,549<sup id="cite_ref-EPG_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPG-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OfgemAveragePriceCap2022OctDec_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OfgemAveragePriceCap2022OctDec-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>£3,608<sup id="cite_ref-EPG_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPG-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OfgemAveragePriceCap2022OctDec_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OfgemAveragePriceCap2022OctDec-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 January 2023</td> <td>31 March 2023</td> <td>£4,279<sup id="cite_ref-EPG_67-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPG-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dtcJanuary2023_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dtcJanuary2023-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>£4,358<sup id="cite_ref-EPG_67-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPG-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dtcJanuary2023_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dtcJanuary2023-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 April 2023</td> <td>30 June 2023</td> <td>£3,280<sup id="cite_ref-EPG_67-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPG-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>£3,325<sup id="cite_ref-EPG_67-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPG-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dtcApril2023_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dtcApril2023-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238864702">.mw-parser-output .bar-chart{margin:0.5em;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid #c0c0c0}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart caption{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart th,.mw-parser-output .bar-chart td{padding:1px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart th[scope="col"]:not(.bar-chart-label-type){width:15em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart th[scope="row"]:not(.bar-chart-total){font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar{height:1.25em;width:40em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-line{background-color:#cedff2;height:1.25em;margin:0 0 0 0;z-index:0}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-comment{font-size:90%;padding-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-numbers{position:relative;top:-1.4em;height:1.25em;padding:0 0 0 2em;z-index:10;width:40em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-caption{border-top:1px solid #aaa}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-right{float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-center{margin:0.5em auto}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-line{background-color:#74497e}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-line{background-color:#74497e}}</style> <table class="bar-chart"> <caption>Default tariff price cap (annualised) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" class="bar-chart-label-type">Period </th> <th scope="col">Default direct debit (£)</th> <th scope="col">Default prepay meter (£) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1 October 2019 to 31 March 2020 </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:3.8em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">1,137</span></span></div></td> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:3.8em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">1,136</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1 April 2019 to 30 September 2019 </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:4.2em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">1,254</span></span></div></td> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:4.1em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">1,242</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1 October 2019 to 31 March 2020 </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:3.9em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">1,179</span></span></div></td> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:4.1em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">1,242</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1 April 2020 to 30 September 2020 </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:3.9em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">1,162</span></span></div></td> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:4em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">1,200</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1 October 2020 to 31 March 2021 </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:3.5em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">1,042</span></span></div></td> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:3.6em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">1,070</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1 April 2021 to 30 September 2021 </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:3.8em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">1,138</span></span></div></td> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:3.9em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">1,156</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1 October 2021 to 31 March 2022 </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:4.3em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">1,277</span></span></div></td> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:4.4em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">1,309</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1 April 2022 to 30 September 2022 </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:6.6em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">1,971</span></span></div></td> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:6.7em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">2,017</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1 October 2022 to 31 December 2022 </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:11.8em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">3,549</span></span></div></td> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:12em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">3,608</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1 January 2023 to 31 March 2023 </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:14.3em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">4,279</span></span></div></td> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:14.5em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">4,358</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1 April 2023 to 30 June 2023 </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:10.9em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">3,280</span></span></div></td> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:11.1em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">3,325</span></span></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-EPG-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EPG_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EPG_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EPG_67-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EPG_67-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EPG_67-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EPG_67-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The government's Energy Price Guarantee (EPG) between 1 October 2022 and 30 June 2023 reduced the unit cost of electricity and gas so that a typical dual-fuel Direct Debit bill for a domestic consumer would be £2,500, rather than the energy price cap levels.<sup id="cite_ref-EPGGOV.UK_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPGGOV.UK-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2022–23:_Government_support_for_households"><span id="2022.E2.80.9323:_Government_support_for_households"></span>2022–23: Government support for households</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 2022–23: Government support for households"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%93present_United_Kingdom_cost-of-living_crisis" title="2021–present United Kingdom cost-of-living crisis">2021–present United Kingdom cost-of-living crisis</a></div> <p>In response to the marked increase in the default tariff cap from April 2022, on 3 February the Chancellor, <a href="/wiki/Rishi_Sunak" title="Rishi Sunak">Rishi Sunak</a>, announced measures to support domestic gas and electricity customers in England, Wales and Scotland. There would be a £200 discount on energy bills, to be given in the autumn and paid back by customers in later years. In addition, from April a non-repayable £150 <a href="/wiki/Council_Tax" title="Council Tax">council tax</a> rebate was given to households in England in tax bands A to D (estimated to be 80% of homes), and local councils received £144<span class="nowrap"> </span>million to provide discretionary funding to other residents. The devolved administrations received around £715<span class="nowrap"> </span>million so they could provide comparable support, and there was an expansion of the Warm Homes Discount scheme.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With further price rises expected in October, Sunak announced a further package on 26 May. The bills discount was doubled to £400 and changed to a non-repayable grant, instead of a loan;<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> other "cost of living" support included a £650 payment to households on means-tested benefits, £300 to pensioner households and £150 to individuals receiving disability benefits.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The £400 discount would be paid to domestic electricity customers in England, Scotland and Wales as six monthly rebates (or vouchers for non-smart prepayment meters) of £66 or £67, from October 2022 to March 2023 inclusive.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following her appointment as Prime Minister on 6 September 2022, <a href="/wiki/Liz_Truss" title="Liz Truss">Liz Truss</a> announced on 8 September 2022 that a new "Energy Price Guarantee" effective from 1 October 2022 to 30 September 2024 would pay a subsidy to energy and gas suppliers, in order to limit typical household energy costs to £2,500 per year. Comparable support would be offered to businesses, public sector organisations (under a six-month scheme running to 31 March 2023) and to households who do not pay directly for electricity or mains gas, such as those in <a href="/wiki/Park_home" class="mw-redirect" title="Park home">park homes</a> or on heat networks.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cost of this package of support was uncertain since it depended on future wholesale prices, but was estimated at over £100bn per year by the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Fiscal_Studies" title="Institute for Fiscal Studies">Institute for Fiscal Studies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 17 October, cost-saving measures indicated by incoming chancellor <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Hunt" title="Jeremy Hunt">Jeremy Hunt</a> included limiting universal assistance to six months, ending on 1 April 2023, with support beyond then to be determined by a Treasury-led review.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 17 November 2022, Hunt announced in his autumn statement that the subsidy would be reduced from April 2023, increasing the costs for a typical household to £3,000 per year,<sup id="cite_ref-autumnstatement2022_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autumnstatement2022-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but in his <a href="/wiki/2023_United_Kingdom_budget" title="2023 United Kingdom budget">March 2023 budget</a> the chancellor reversed this decision and kept the subsidy at the £2,500 level until the end of June.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Energy_supply_and_decarbonisation_policy_history">Energy supply and decarbonisation policy history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Energy supply and decarbonisation policy history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_2000s:_climate_change_rises_up_the_agenda">Early 2000s: climate change rises up the agenda</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Early 2000s: climate change rises up the agenda"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2005, the Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Brown" title="Gordon Brown">Gordon Brown</a> commissioned <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Stern,_Baron_Stern_of_Brentford" title="Nicholas Stern, Baron Stern of Brentford">Nicholas Stern</a> to look into the economics of climate change. The influential Stern Report concluded that climate change was the "greatest and widest-ranging <a href="/wiki/Market_failure" title="Market failure">market failure</a> ever seen".<sup id="cite_ref-appgreport2012_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-appgreport2012-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Joining over 170 other nations, the UK committed to reduction<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> emissions, with consequent constraints to its <a href="/wiki/Energy_policy" title="Energy policy">energy policy</a>. The UK produced four percent of the world's <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gases</a> as of 2003, compared to 23 percent by the US<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 20 percent for the rest of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>. The long-term reduction goal for carbon emissions is 80 percent decrease by 2050. A scheme of trading for carbon <a href="/wiki/Emission_credits" class="mw-redirect" title="Emission credits">emission credits</a> has been developed in Europe that will allow some of the reduction to arise from economic transactions. </p><p>Road transport emissions reduction has been stimulated since 1999 by the banding of <a href="/wiki/Vehicle_Excise_Duty" title="Vehicle Excise Duty">Vehicle Excise Duty</a>. Bands for new vehicles are based on the results of a laboratory test, designed to calculate the theoretical potential emissions of the vehicle in grammes of CO<sub>2</sub> per kilometre travelled, under ideal conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Aviation_fuel" title="Aviation fuel">Aviation fuel</a> is not regulated under the <a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol" title="Kyoto Protocol">Kyoto Protocol</a>, so that if the UK is successful in carbon emission reduction, <a href="/wiki/Aviation" title="Aviation">aviation</a> will constitute 25 percent of UK generated <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gases</a> by 2030. </p><p>The UK government has one project in the planning stage for natural gas fed power generation with carbon capture by seawater. This facility is contemplated at <a href="/wiki/Peterhead" title="Peterhead">Peterhead</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, a relatively remote exposure to the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>. </p><p>Prof Kevin Anderson raised concern about the growing <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_aviation" title="Environmental impact of aviation">effect of air transport on the climate</a> in a paper<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a presentation<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 2008. Anderson holds a chair in Energy and Climate Change at the School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Manchester" title="University of Manchester">University of Manchester</a> in the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anderson claims that even at a reduced annual rate of increase in UK passenger air travel and with the government's targeted emissions reductions in other energy use sectors, by 2030 aviation would be causing 70% of the UK's allowable CO<sub>2</sub> emissions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy_white_paper,_2003"><span id="Energy_white_paper.2C_2003"></span>Energy white paper, 2003</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Energy white paper, 2003"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The UK Government published its white paper on energy ("Our Energy Future – creating a Low Carbon Economy") in 2003, establishing a formal energy policy for the UK for the first time in 20 years. Essentially, the white paper recognised that a limitation of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> (CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> – the main gas contributing to <a href="/wiki/Global_climate_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Global climate change">global climate change</a>) was going to be necessary. It committed the UK to working towards a 60% reduction in carbon dioxide emissions by 2050, and identified business opportunities in so doing: a recurrent theme throughout the document was "cleaner, smarter energy". It also claimed to be based on four pillars: the environment, energy reliability, affordable energy for the poorest and competitive markets. </p><p>The White Paper focused more on analysing the issues than in providing detailed policy responses. Some detail began to filter through in a series of follow-on documents, including an Energy Efficiency Implementation Plan (April 2004) and the DTI Microgeneration Strategy "Our Energy Challenge" (March 2006). Nonetheless, most of the policies were a continuation of business as usual, with emphasis on market-led solutions and an expectation that consumers act rationally, for example in installing energy efficiency measures to make running cost savings. </p><p>In November 2005 it was announced that the government, under DTI leadership, would undertake a full-scale energy review, and over 500 organisations and individuals made detailed submissions as part of this review. Officially, the review was to take stock of the outcomes to date of the white paper, which a particular focus on cutting carbon (emissions of which remained stubbornly high) and to look in more detail at security of supply, as the UK's oil and gas production from the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> had peaked, and Russia was seen as being a high-risk supplier of gas. </p><p>Unofficially, it was widely felt that the real reason behind the review was to allow <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear power</a> back into the energy debate, as it had been sidelined in the 2003 white paper. That document had said "This white paper does not contain specific proposals for building new nuclear power stations. However, we do not rule out the possibility that at some point in the future new nuclear build might be necessary if we are to meet our carbon targets. Before any decision to proceed with the building of new nuclear power stations, there will need to be the fullest public consultation and the publication of a further white paper setting out our proposals." The energy review was therefore to be this public consultation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_Union_Emissions_Trading_Scheme_2005">European Union Emissions Trading Scheme 2005</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: European Union Emissions Trading Scheme 2005"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Emissions_Trading_Scheme" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union Emissions Trading Scheme">European Union Emissions Trading Scheme</a> (EU ETS) is a <a href="/wiki/Cap_and_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Cap and trade">cap and trade</a> system covering the European electricity generation sector and energy intensive industries.<sup id="cite_ref-DECC_2011a_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DECC_2011a-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Introduced in 2005, it provides a mechanism through which the European price of carbon can be gradually increased to take into account negative externalities, such as the social and environmental impact of emissions, which would not normally be considered. </p><p>The inability of the market to reflect the <a href="/wiki/Full_cost_accounting" class="mw-redirect" title="Full cost accounting">full cost</a> of carbon is known as a <a href="/wiki/Market_failure" title="Market failure">market failure</a>. The importance of accounting for the full cost of carbon in investment decisions was highlighted by the influential <a href="/wiki/Stern_Review" title="Stern Review">Stern Review</a> of the Economics of Climate Change which found that the cost of taking action to reduce emissions now is much less than the cost to the economy if no action is taken and adaptation is required at a later date.<sup id="cite_ref-Stern_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stern-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The EU ETS operates by setting an overall cap on emissions and allocating tradable permits to participants in the scheme. If a participant wishes to emit more than their allocation they must purchase additional permits from a participant who does not require their full allocation. The price of carbon is escalated slowly by reducing the amount of credits in circulation, gradually increasing the incentive for businesses to seek low-carbon alternatives.<sup id="cite_ref-Evans_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rather than forcing all participants to reduce emissions by a set amount, cap and trade systems allow individual organisations to respond in the most effective way, whether by reducing emissions or buying extra permits, thereby reducing the overall cost of achieving emissions reductions.<sup id="cite_ref-Evans_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In practice however, whilst providing certainty over the pace and scale of EU emissions reductions, the EU ETS has failed to raise the price of carbon sufficiently to steer behaviour away from carbon-intensive practices.<sup id="cite_ref-Evans_91-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This failure can be attributed to the presence of a surplus amount of credits in the system, both due to the application of the principle of precedent, whereby free permits were allocated to actors whose business is completely dependent on producing emissions, and a lack of data on actual emissions when the original cap was set.<sup id="cite_ref-Evans_91-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The failures identified are not failures of the cap and trade system itself, rather failures in its implementation. <a href="/wiki/Emissions_trading" title="Emissions trading">Emissions trading</a> remains the Government’s preferred option for reducing emissions, an approach also supported by the Stern Review.<sup id="cite_ref-Stern_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stern-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Steps can be taken to improve the effectiveness of the EU ETS, in fact, the presence of surplus credits would start to be addressed from 2013, after which the cap will be tightened each year and the number of credits in the system reduced. However, given that the initial cap appears to have been set too high, the <a href="/wiki/Carbon_price" title="Carbon price">carbon price</a> may remain low, and subject to volatility, for some time after this date until the cap is tightened sufficiently. </p><p>Due in part to failures in the implementation of the EU ETS and a discrepancy between EU and UK emissions reduction targets, the EU scheme is not consistent with the pace and scale of change required to meet UK decarbonisation targets. As such, the carbon price set by the EU ETS has not been certain or high enough to encourage sufficient investment in low-carbon electricity generation in the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-DECC_2011a_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DECC_2011a-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The UK Government has therefore identified that additional incentives are required to ensure that progress towards meeting the UK emissions reduction targets continues to be made. Furthermore the measures should be coherent with the EU ETS so that the UK can continue operating within the scheme until an additional incentive is no longer required. The introduction of the Carbon Price Floor is intended to achieve these aims. </p><p>Setting a Carbon Price Floor will prevent the price of carbon in the UK falling below a target level by topping up the carbon price set by the EU ETS when necessary.<sup id="cite_ref-DECC_2011a_89-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DECC_2011a-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The target level chosen by the Government must be high enough to provide a strong signal to investors that low-carbon electricity generation represents a secure, long-term investment. A secondary aim is to encourage a change in dispatch decisions for existing generation, favouring the use of less carbon-intensive generation over more traditional forms when both are available. The carbon price floor is intended to provide greater certainty on future carbon prices, protecting investors in UK low-carbon initiatives from the volatility of the EU carbon price. This has the effect of reducing the amount of risk that investors are exposed to and decreasing the cost of capital for low-carbon investment.<sup id="cite_ref-DECC_2011a_89-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DECC_2011a-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In setting the Carbon Floor Price, the Government must achieve a balance between encouraging investments in low-carbon generation without unfairly impacting existing generators, undermining the competitiveness of UK industry or increasing electricity prices unduly.<sup id="cite_ref-DECC_2011a_89-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DECC_2011a-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For these reasons, the introduction of a Carbon Floor Price is insufficient on its own to deliver sufficient investment and is supplemented by a proposed change in the support mechanism for low-carbon generation to a form of <a href="/wiki/Feed-in_tariff" title="Feed-in tariff">Feed-in tariff</a>, discussed below. </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy_Review,_2006"><span id="Energy_Review.2C_2006"></span>Energy Review, 2006</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Energy Review, 2006"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the light of a fast changing world energy context, increasing <a href="/wiki/Energy_dependence" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy dependence">dependence</a> on oil and gas imports, concerns about <a href="/wiki/Carbon_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon emissions">carbon emissions</a>, and a need to accelerate investment in electricity infrastructure and power stations the UK Government undertook the 2006 Energy Review. One aspect of the 2006 Review dealt with development of nuclear power. <a href="/wiki/Greenpeace" title="Greenpeace">Greenpeace</a> challenged the government's process of consultation on proposals to develop nuclear power and following a <a href="/wiki/Judicial_review" title="Judicial review">judicial review</a> requested by <a href="/wiki/Greenpeace" title="Greenpeace">Greenpeace</a>, on 15 February 2007 the consultation process was ruled 'seriously flawed', and 'not merely inadequate but also misleading'. As a result, plans to build a new generation of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_plant" title="Nuclear power plant">nuclear power plants</a> were delayed while the UK Government reran the consultation process in a way that complied with the court's decision. <i>See <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_the_United_Kingdom#2006_Energy_review" title="Nuclear power in the United Kingdom">Nuclear power in the United Kingdom</a> for details</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Contents">Contents</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Contents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Energy Review Report 2006 came out as a broader and more balanced document than critics (in advance) had expected. It started by reiterating the government's four long-term goals for energy policy: </p> <ul><li>To put the UK on a path to cut <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon dioxide emissions">carbon dioxide emissions</a> by some 60% by about 2050, with real progress by 2020;</li> <li>To maintain reliable energy supplies;</li> <li>To promote competitive markets in the UK and beyond, helping to raise the rate of sustainable economic growth and to improve productivity; and</li> <li>To ensure that every home is adequately and affordably heated.</li></ul> <p>It then identified two major long-term energy challenges: </p> <ul><li>Tackling climate change, along with other nations, as global carbon emissions from human activity continue to grow; and</li> <li>Delivering secure, clean energy at affordable prices, as we become increasingly dependent on imports for our energy needs.</li></ul> <p>The Review took an internationalist response, stressing that the world's economies need to get on a path to being significantly less <a href="/wiki/Emission_intensity" title="Emission intensity">carbon-intensive</a>, and noting rising global demand, especially from countries such as India and China. This means using less energy in products and services and changing the way energy is produced so that more of it comes from <a href="/wiki/Low-carbon_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Low-carbon power">low-carbon</a> sources. It also identified the need for a fairer distribution of energy around the world, and identified that many resources, especially of fossil fuels which are concentrated in just a few countries. </p><p>It placed its main concerns and proposals into three groups: </p><p><i><b>Saving Energy</b></i> </p><p>The starting point for reducing carbon emissions is to save energy. The challenge is to secure the heat, light and energy we need in homes and businesses in a way that cuts the amount of oil, gas and electricity used and the carbon dioxide emitted. Actions proposed include: </p> <ul><li>Increasing information, e.g. through <a href="/wiki/Home_Information_Pack" title="Home Information Pack">Home Information Packs</a></li> <li>Raising basic standards, removing inefficient goods from the market</li> <li>Making best use of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Emission_Trading_Scheme" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union Emission Trading Scheme">EU Emissions Trading Scheme</a> and <a href="/wiki/Climate_Change_Levy" title="Climate Change Levy">Climate Change Levy</a></li> <li>Making the government estate <a href="/wiki/Carbon_neutral" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon neutral">carbon neutral</a> by 2012</li> <li>Increasing the focus on energy efficient transport</li></ul> <p><i><b>Cleaner Energy</b></i> </p><p>Cost-effective ways of using less energy will help move towards the carbon reduction goal. But on their own they will not provide the solution to the challenges faced: there is also a need to make the energy used cleaner. Under this head, the government considered: </p> <ul><li>more distributed energy generation including low-carbon heat</li> <li>more use of community based systems, including <a href="/wiki/Cogeneration" title="Cogeneration">CHP</a></li> <li>a strong commitment to <a href="/wiki/Carbon_pricing" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon pricing">carbon pricing</a> in the UK, through improving the operation of the EU Emissions Trading Scheme</li> <li>a strengthened commitment to the <a href="/wiki/Renewables_Obligation" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewables Obligation">Renewables Obligation</a></li> <li>proposals for reform of the planning regime for electricity projects</li> <li>a clear statement of our position on new nuclear build</li> <li>support for carbon capture and storage</li> <li>developing alternative fuels for transport</li></ul> <p><i><b>The Energy Security Challenge</b></i> </p><p>The challenges of reducing carbon emissions and ensuring <a href="/wiki/Energy_security" title="Energy security">security of supply</a> are closely linked. Security of supply requires that we have good access to available fuel supplies, the infrastructure in place to transport them to centres of demand and effective markets so that supply meets demand in the most efficient way. Many of the measures already described for tackling carbon emissions also contribute to the healthy diversity of energy sources that is necessary for meeting the energy security challenge. </p><p>There are two main security of supply challenges for the UK: </p> <ul><li>Managing increased dependence on oil and gas imports, especially in the light of the global distribution of energy reserves and growing international demand; and</li> <li>Ensuring that the market delivers substantial and timely investment in electricity generating capacity and networks so that households and businesses have the electricity they need at affordable prices.</li></ul> <p>The government's response is to continue to open up markets and to work internationally to develop strong relationships with suppliers, developing liberalised markets. </p><p>So where does <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Nuclear power in the United Kingdom">nuclear power</a> fit within this debate? Although it is mentioned a lot more in the Review compared to the White Paper (441 times, compared to 55 to be exact), the government does not propose building new stations itself. Instead, it will leave it to the market, although it will ease some of the planning constraints (which it also aims to do for renewables) and look into providing a design authorisation procedure. As with many other aspects of the Energy Review Response, the document is not likely to be the last word on the subject, as there are plans for further consultation, and the establishment of further reviews and studies in issues such as identifying suitable sites, and managing the costs of decommissioning and long term waste management. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy_white_paper,_2007"><span id="Energy_white_paper.2C_2007"></span>Energy white paper, 2007</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Energy white paper, 2007"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Overly_detailed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-overly_detailed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help by removing excessive detail that may be against <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">Wikipedia's inclusion policy</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The 2007 energy white paper: <i>Meeting the Energy Challenge</i><sup id="cite_ref-2007EWP_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2007EWP-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was published on 23 May 2007. The 2007 white paper outlines the government's international and domestic strategy for responding to two main challenges:<sup id="cite_ref-2007EWP_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2007EWP-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>cutting <a href="/wiki/Carbon_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon emissions">carbon emissions</a> to tackle <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a></li> <li>ensuring secure, clean and affordable energy as imports replace declining production from <a href="/wiki/North_Sea_oil" title="North Sea oil">North Sea oil and gas</a></li></ul> <p>It seeks to do this in a way that is consistent with its four energy policy goals:<sup id="cite_ref-2007EWP_92-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2007EWP-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>cutting the UK's carbon dioxide emissions by some 60% by about 2050, with real progress by 2020;</li> <li>maintaining the reliability of energy supplies;</li> <li>promoting competitive markets in the UK and beyond, helping to raise the rate of sustainable economic growth and to improve productivity; and</li> <li>ensuring that every home is adequately and affordably heated.</li></ul> <p>The paper anticipates that it will be necessary to install 30–35 <a href="/wiki/Gigawatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigawatt">GW</a> of new <a href="/wiki/Electricity_generation" title="Electricity generation">electricity generation</a> capacity within 20 years to plug the energy gap resulting from increased demand and the expected closure of existing power plants. It also states that, based on existing policies, renewable energy is likely to contribute around 5% of the UK's consumption by 2020,<sup id="cite_ref-2007EWP_92-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2007EWP-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> rather than the 20% target mentioned in the 2006 Energy Review. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Proposed_energy_strategy">Proposed energy strategy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Proposed energy strategy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In summary, the government's proposed strategy involves six components:<sup id="cite_ref-2007EWP_92-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2007EWP-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Establishing an international framework to tackle climate change, including the <a href="/wiki/Avoiding_Dangerous_Climate_Change" class="mw-redirect" title="Avoiding Dangerous Climate Change">stabilisation of atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations</a> and a stronger <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Emissions_Trading_Scheme" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union Emissions Trading Scheme">European Union Emissions Trading Scheme</a></li> <li>Providing legally binding carbon targets for the whole UK economy, reducing emissions through the implementation of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Climate_Change_Bill" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom Climate Change Bill">Climate Change Bill</a>.</li> <li>Making further progress in achieving fully competitive and transparent international markets, including further liberalisation of the European Union energy market.</li> <li>Encouraging more <a href="/wiki/Energy_conservation" title="Energy conservation">energy saving</a> through better information, incentives and regulation</li> <li>Providing more support for low carbon technologies, including increased international and domestic public-private sector collaboration in the areas of research, development, demonstration and deployment – for example though the launch of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Energy_Technologies_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom Energy Technologies Institute">Energy Technologies Institute</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Transformation_Fund" title="Environmental Transformation Fund">Environmental Transformation Fund</a>.</li></ul> <p>To achieve the government's aims, the white paper proposes a number of practical measures, including:<sup id="cite_ref-2007EWP_92-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2007EWP-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Energy_conservation">Energy conservation</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Energy conservation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Businesses: </p> <ul><li>A new mandatory <a href="/wiki/Cap_and_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Cap and trade">cap and trade</a> scheme for organisations consuming more than 6,000 <a href="/wiki/MWh" class="mw-redirect" title="MWh">MWh</a> of electricity per year, to be known as the <a href="/wiki/Carbon_Reduction_Commitment" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon Reduction Commitment">Carbon Reduction Commitment</a>.</li> <li>The introduction of <a href="/wiki/Energy_Performance_Certificate" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy Performance Certificate">Energy Performance Certificates</a> for business premises and <a href="/wiki/Display_Energy_Certificate" title="Display Energy Certificate">Display Energy Certificates</a> for public sector organisations.</li> <li>The extension of <a href="/wiki/Smart_meter" title="Smart meter">smart metering</a> to most business premises within 5 years.</li></ul> <p>Homes: </p> <ul><li>A requirement for all new homes to be <a href="/wiki/Zero-carbon_building" class="mw-redirect" title="Zero-carbon building">zero-carbon buildings</a> as soon as practically possible and preferably by 2016.</li> <li>Improving the energy efficiency of existing homes.</li> <li>Improving the efficiency of <a href="/wiki/Consumer_electronics" title="Consumer electronics">consumer electronics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Domestic_appliances" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic appliances">domestic appliances</a>, and the possible phase-out of <a href="/wiki/Incandescent_light_bulb" title="Incandescent light bulb">inefficient light bulbs</a> by around 2011.</li> <li>Increasing the <a href="/wiki/Carbon_Emission_Reduction_Target" title="Carbon Emission Reduction Target">Carbon Emission Reduction Target</a> for the electricity and gas industries for 2008–2011.</li> <li>A requirement that new domestic <a href="/wiki/Electricity_meter" title="Electricity meter">electricity meters</a> should have <a href="/wiki/Real-time_computing" title="Real-time computing">real time</a> displays from 2008, and a commitment to upgrade existing domestic meters on request.</li></ul> <p>Transport: </p> <ul><li>The introduction of a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Low_Carbon_Transport_Innovation_Strategy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Low Carbon Transport Innovation Strategy (page does not exist)">Low Carbon Transport Innovation Strategy</a></li> <li>Support for including aviation within the EU Emissions Trading Scheme</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Energy_supply">Energy supply</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Energy supply"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The introduction of a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Biomass_Strategy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biomass Strategy (page does not exist)">Biomass Strategy</a> to expand the use of <a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a> as an energy source.</li> <li>Measures to grow <a href="/wiki/Distributed_generation" title="Distributed generation">distributed electricity generation</a> and distributed heat generation alongside the centralised system.</li> <li>A reconfirmation that, under the <a href="/wiki/Renewables_Obligation" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewables Obligation">Renewables Obligation</a>, renewable energy should supply 10% of electricity generation by 2010, an 'aspiration' to achieve 20% by 2020, together with the introduction of bands within the Obligation to support different renewable technologies.</li> <li>The launch in November 2007 of a competition to demonstrate commercial-scale <a href="/wiki/Carbon_capture_and_storage" title="Carbon capture and storage">carbon capture and storage</a> technology</li> <li>A 'preliminary view is that it is in the public interest to give the private sector the option of investing in new <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Nuclear power in the United Kingdom">nuclear power</a> stations'. A consultation on this was launched at the same time as the White Paper.</li> <li>The introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Renewable_Transport_Fuel_Obligation" title="Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation">Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation</a> in 2008–2009, with a commitment that <a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">biofuels</a> should provide 5% of transport fuel by 2010–2011.</li> <li>Measures to support the recovery of the remaining oil and gas reserves from the North Sea.</li> <li>Removing barriers to developing new energy infrastructure and power plants through reform of <a href="/wiki/Planning_permission" title="Planning permission">planning permission</a> processes, as detailed in the 2007 Planning White Paper: <i>Planning for a Sustainable Future.</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Response_of_the_Scottish_Government">Response of the Scottish Government</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Response of the Scottish Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Government" title="Scottish Government">Scottish Government</a> responded to the UK government paper by making clear that it was against new nuclear power stations being built in Scotland and had the power to prevent any being built.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In a statement to the Scottish Parliament, Energy Minister <a href="/wiki/Jim_Mather" title="Jim Mather">Jim Mather</a> stated "Members will be aware that Greenpeace, backed by the courts, have forced the UK Government to consult properly on the future role of nuclear power. We will respond and we will make clear that we do not want and do not need new nuclear power in Scotland. If an application were to be submitted for a new nuclear power station that will be for Scottish Ministers to determine. We would be obliged to look at it – but given our policy position, our generating capacity, our multiplicity of energy sources and our strong alternative strategies such an application would be unlikely to find favour with this administration."<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate_Change_Act,_2008"><span id="Climate_Change_Act.2C_2008"></span>Climate Change Act, 2008</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Climate Change Act, 2008"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_Change_Act_2008" title="Climate Change Act 2008">Climate Change Act 2008</a></div> <p>On 13 March 2007, a draft <a href="/wiki/Climate_Change_Act_2008" title="Climate Change Act 2008">Climate Change Bill</a> was published following cross-party pressure over several years, led by environmental groups.<sup id="cite_ref-DECC_2008_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DECC_2008-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Act puts in place a framework to achieve a mandatory 80% cut in the UK's <a href="/wiki/Carbon_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon emissions">carbon emissions</a> by 2050 (compared to 1990 levels), with an intermediate target of between 26% and 32% by 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Decarbonisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Decarbonisation">Decarbonisation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Electricity_generation" title="Electricity generation">electricity generation</a> was seen as a major part of this reduction, essential before other sectors of the economy can be successfully <a href="/wiki/Decarbonisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Decarbonisation">decarbonised</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DECC_2011a_89-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DECC_2011a-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bill was passed into law in November 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With its passing the United Kingdom became the first country in the world to set such a long-range and significant carbon reduction target into law, or to create such a legally binding framework.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Climate_Change" class="mw-redirect" title="Committee on Climate Change">Committee on Climate Change</a>, whose powers are invested by Part 2 of the Act, was formally launched in December 2008 with <a href="/wiki/Adair_Turner,_Baron_Turner_of_Ecchinswell" title="Adair Turner, Baron Turner of Ecchinswell">Lord Adair Turner</a> as its chair. </p><p>In April 2009 the Government set a requirement for a 34% cut in emissions by 2020, in line with the recommendations of the Committee on Climate Change, and announced that details of how this would be achieved would be published in the summer.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="UK_Low_Carbon_Transition_Plan,_2009"><span id="UK_Low_Carbon_Transition_Plan.2C_2009"></span>UK Low Carbon Transition Plan, 2009</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: UK Low Carbon Transition Plan, 2009"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Published on 15 July 2009, the UK Low Carbon Transition Plan<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> details the actions to be taken to cut carbon emissions by 34% by 2020, based on 1990 levels (of which 21% had been achieved at the time of publication). As a result, by 2020 is it envisaged that:<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Over 1.2 million people will be employed in green jobs.</li> <li>The efficiency of 7 million homes will have been upgraded, with over 1.5 million of them generating renewable energy.</li> <li>40% of electricity will be generated from low carbon sources (renewables, nuclear power and clean coal).</li> <li>Gas imports will be 50% lower than would otherwise have been the case.</li> <li>The average new car will emit 40% less carbon compared to 2009 levels.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2011_white_paper">2011 white paper</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: 2011 white paper"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Government’s proposals for <b>electricity market reform</b>, published in a <a href="/wiki/White_Paper" class="mw-redirect" title="White Paper">White Paper</a> in July 2011, included three initiatives to encourage decarbonisation of electricity generation in the UK: A Carbon Price Floor to complement the <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Emissions_Trading_Scheme" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union Emissions Trading Scheme">European Union Emissions Trading Scheme</a> (EU ETS); <a href="/wiki/Feed-in_tariff" title="Feed-in tariff">Feed-in tariffs</a> which will eventually replace the <a href="/wiki/Renewables_Obligation" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewables Obligation">Renewables Obligation</a>; and an Emissions Performance Standard to restrict future use of the most <a href="/wiki/Emission_intensity" title="Emission intensity">carbon-intensive</a> forms of generation.<sup id="cite_ref-DECC_2011a_89-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DECC_2011a-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In implementing these proposals, the Government aims to attract investment in low-carbon generation, deliver security of supply through an appropriate mix of electricity sources and ensure a minimum amount of impact on consumer bills; all this at a time when security of supply is threatened by scheduled closures of existing plants and both the demand for, and subsequently the price of, electricity is increasing.<sup id="cite_ref-DECC_2011a_89-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DECC_2011a-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Government published <i>Planning Our Electric Future: A White Paper for Secure, Affordable and Low-Carbon Electricity</i> in July 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-DECC_2011a_89-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DECC_2011a-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The paper contained three proposals designed to encourage decarbonisation of the UK electricity sector, the rationale behind the introduction and potential impacts of a Carbon Price Floor, Feed-in tariffs and an Emissions Performance Standard are discussed in turn below. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feed-in_tariff">Feed-in tariff</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Feed-in tariff"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Feed-in_tariff" title="Feed-in tariff">Feed-in tariff</a> (FIT) provides a fixed level of income for a low-carbon generator over a specified period of time. There are three main types: a Premium FIT offers a static payment in addition to the revenue gained by selling electricity on the market; a Fixed FIT provides a static payment designed to replace any revenue from selling in the electricity market; and a FIT with a <a href="/wiki/Contract_for_difference" title="Contract for difference">contract for difference</a> (CfD), where a variable payment is made to ensure that the generator receives the agreed tariff assuming they sell their electricity at market price.<sup id="cite_ref-DECC_2010_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DECC_2010-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A FIT with CfD is the Government’s preferred choice as it is deemed to be the most cost-effective whilst retaining an appropriate amount of exposure to market forces. The requirement to sell electricity on the market encourages operators to make efficient decisions about dispatch and maintenance given that revenues above the agreed tariff can be achieved if electricity is sold at above the average market price.<sup id="cite_ref-DECC_2010_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DECC_2010-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contact with the market would be completely removed under a Fixed FIT, potentially leading to sub-optimal operational decisions, and too great under a Premium FIT, over-exposing operators to future <a href="/wiki/Electricity_price" class="mw-redirect" title="Electricity price">electricity price</a> uncertainty. </p><p>It is proposed that Feed-in tariffs with Contracts for Difference (FIT CfD) will replace the current support mechanism, the <a href="/wiki/Renewables_Obligation" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewables Obligation">Renewables Obligation</a> (RO), in 2017 after running in parallel from 2013. The Renewables Obligation encourages the generation of electricity from <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a> <a href="/wiki/Renewable_resources" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable resources">sources</a> by awarding Renewable Obligation Certificates (ROCs) to generators. Renewables Obligation Certificates provide an additional source of income in that they can be sold to suppliers who are obligated to source an increasing amount of the electricity they provide from renewable energy sources. </p><p>The Renewables Obligation has been successful in encouraging the development of well established forms of renewable energy such as <a href="/wiki/Landfill_gas" title="Landfill gas">landfill gas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">onshore wind</a> but has been less successful in bringing through less well developed technologies to market competitiveness.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modelling of future deployment scenarios indicates that a significant contribution would be required from less mature technologies which lacked sufficient incentive to develop into feasible alternatives under the original Renewables Obligation scheme.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Renewables Obligation also does not apply to <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear generation</a>. </p><p>Further criticism of the Renewables Obligation in its original form included uncertainty over the price of a Renewables Obligation Certificate, which varies depending on demand and could reduce significantly if the amount of electricity produced from renewable energy sources approaches the obligation level. The presence of this risk acted as a <a href="/wiki/Perverse_incentive" title="Perverse incentive">perverse incentive</a> for the market not to meet the obligation.<sup id="cite_ref-Mitchell_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mitchell-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Renewables Obligation has also been criticised for acting as a barrier to entry for small generators, with only large companies able to overcome the high transaction costs and high investment risks associated with the mechanism.<sup id="cite_ref-Woodman_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woodman-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Any reduction in risk would improve access to capital markets which is especially important for small companies who can’t finance projects from their balance sheet alone.<sup id="cite_ref-Mitchell_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mitchell-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reforms of the Renewables Obligation since its introduction in 2002 have aimed to address these issues. The introduction of <a href="/wiki/Renewables_Obligation#Banding" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewables Obligation">banding</a> in 2009 allowed the incentives for renewable energy technologies that are further from market to be increased whilst the amount of support for well established technologies could be reduced to avoid over-subsidisation. The introduction of guaranteed headroom, also in 2009, eliminated the risk of a significant drop in ROC prices by setting the obligation level to ensure that there is always sufficient demand for ROCs.<sup id="cite_ref-Woodman_105-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woodman-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Feed-in tariffs were introduced in 2010 as an alternative to the Renewables Obligation for projects of less than 5MW with the aim of simplifying the process and removing barriers to access for smaller generators. The Renewables Obligation scheme was also extended to alleviate concerns over the finite and limited duration of subsidies. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Risk_mitigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Risk mitigation">Mitigating</a> some of the risks associated with the support mechanism is an alternative to raising the level of support.<sup id="cite_ref-Mitchell_104-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mitchell-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the reforms to the Renewables Obligation detailed above, some risks, such as uncertainty over future electricity prices, remained. The introduction of a feed-in tariff to support all low-carbon generation successfully addresses this risk, which should translate into a reduced cost of capital. The introduction of a feed-in tariff is therefore intended to reduce the cost of delivering low-carbon electricity supply. Feed-in tariffs may not be as efficient in the short term but provide long term stability, incentives and resources for efficiency savings allowing tariffs to be reduced in the future.<sup id="cite_ref-Mitchell_104-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mitchell-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Policy_uncertainty" title="Policy uncertainty">Policy uncertainty</a> can be created due to excessive change in the support mechanism. The Government has taken steps to mitigate this risk by publishing timetables and consulting with industry on the scale and pace of reforms, conducting an impact assessment,<sup id="cite_ref-DECC_2011b_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DECC_2011b-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> overlapping the introduction of feed-in tariffs with the Renewables Obligation for a period of four years and pledging to continue providing support for existing schemes under the Renewables Obligation. Despite these measures, the introduction of a new incentive scheme runs the risk of triggering a hiatus in investment if investors are unsure about how the scheme will work or uncertain whether it represents a good investment.<sup id="cite_ref-DECC_2011a_89-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DECC_2011a-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to reforming the support mechanism, the Government is simultaneously taking steps to address other barriers to deployment, such as delays caused by the <a href="/wiki/Planning_permission_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Planning permission in the United Kingdom">planning system</a> and availability of <a href="/wiki/Grid_connection" class="mw-redirect" title="Grid connection">grid connections</a>. The Renewable Energy Roadmap, published by the Government in 2011, identifies the main barriers to deployment and potential deployment levels for each form of renewable energy and details how these barriers will be overcome.<sup id="cite_ref-DECC_2011c_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DECC_2011c-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emissions_performance_standard">Emissions performance standard</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Emissions performance standard"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The decarbonisation incentives provided by the Carbon Price Floor and Feed-In Tariffs are further supplemented by the proposed introduction of an Emissions Performance Standard (EPS) to limit the amount of carbon dioxide that new power stations can emit per kWh of electricity generated. An Emissions Performance Standard is deemed to be required in the event that the market incentives detailed above are not sufficient in themselves to steer the electricity sector away from the most carbon intensive forms of generation. </p><p>The level at which the EPS is set recognises that fossil fuel generation currently still has an important role to play in ensuring security of supply, providing stable base-load and flexibility, whilst at the same time retaining consistency with decarbonisation objectives by preventing the construction of new <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_power_station" title="Fossil fuel power station">coal-fired power stations</a> without <a href="/wiki/Carbon_capture_and_storage" title="Carbon capture and storage">carbon capture and storage</a> technology and maintaining affordable electricity prices.<sup id="cite_ref-DECC_2011a_89-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DECC_2011a-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The proposed EPS only applies to electricity generation, and is set at a level to balance the delivery of decarbonisation targets against the cost of electricity. Using the argument that decarbonising electricity is key to decarbonising UK energy supplies, many commentators have criticised H.M.Government for not introducing a far more onerous 2030 electricity EPS. This argument is based on the incorrect assumption that gas cannot be decarbonised economically at large scale. </p><p>Typically <a href="/wiki/Methane_synthesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Methane synthesis">methane synthesis</a> produces around 55% CO<sub>2</sub> and 45% CH<sub>4</sub>. Separating these gases into two streams in order to inject Synthetic Natural Gas (SNG) into the gas grid leaves high purity, high pressure CO<sub>2</sub> as a waste by-product readily available for use for CCS at near zero marginal cost of capture and compression. If 45% biogenic:55%fossil mixed fuel is used to produce SNG with CCS, zero net CO<sub>2</sub> emissions are produced. This concept is called Low Carbon Gas (LCG). In USA, it is called Carbon Neutral SNG. The typical marginal abatement cost of carbon for LCG making is around 40 to 50p/tonne supercritical CO<sub>2</sub>. </p><p>Gas is a storable primary energy resource, whereas electricity is an instantaneous secondary energy vector. Energy flows from the gas grid, but vice versa. 250 times more energy is stored as gas in UK than as electricity. The capital cost of gas transmission is 1/15th the cost per MWkm of electricity transmission. 5 times more energy flows through the gas grid than the electricity grid at the Winter demand peak. </p><p>Gas is typically 1/3rd the cost per unit energy of electricity. Carbon negative gas can be produced from mixed wastes, biomass and coal at large scale at a cost of around 45 to 50 p/therm, 1/6th DECC and OFGEM's projected 2030 cost per unit energy of decarbonised electricity of £100/MWh. </p><p>The technology to produce large quantities of low cost Synthetic Natural Gas (SNG) was developed jointly between HM Ministry of Fuel and Power and <a href="/wiki/British_Gas_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="British Gas Corporation">British Gas Corporation</a> between 1955 and 1992, with a view to supplying the whole of UK gas demand post-2010 when it was foreseen that North Sea gas would run out. Key elements of British Gas SNG technology are currently in use at the World's largest and longest-running SNG plant with Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS) at Great Plains in Dakota, and are being developed at industrial scale in China under the current 2010 to 2015 Five Year Plan. </p><p>A simple modification to the British Gas SNG technology will enable carbon negative SNG to be produces at 60 bar pressure, and high purity supercritical CO<sub>2</sub> to be produced at 150 bar pressure, at near zero net loss of energy efficiency, or additional cost. Carbon negative SNG can be used to generate carbon negative electricity at lower cost than incumbent fossil gas or electricity. Given that electricity and gas can both be decarbonised with equal facility, and at nearly equal low costs, there is no need to introduce an onerous EPS with a view to largely 'squeezing' gas fired electricity generation off the grid by 2030. Instead it is proposed that technology neutral equal renewables and decarbonisation targets are introduced for both low carbon gas and electricity, with Contracts for Differences for both low carbon gas and low carbon electricity, the relative 'strike prices' to be set by reference to the historic gas to electricity price ratio. This will spread cost-effective decarbonisation equally over both the gas and electricity grids, and their associated infrastructure. </p><p>The final enacted version of The Energy Act 2013 included a late amendment: Schedule 4 to Section 57 of the Act. Schedule 4 enables any gasification plant, CCS plant, and any two or more associated power plants, or any part thereof, to be considered as a single system for the determination of net anthropogenic CO<sub>2</sub> emissions, and low carbon electricity generation. The Schedule is silent about what fuel may be used for gasification; how the gasification and CCS plants operate or are inter-connected, and what type of gaseous energy vector flows from the gasification and CCS plants to the two or more power plants, or any part thereof. Typically, gaseous energy vectors used for power generation are: synthesis gas (aka <a href="/wiki/Syngas" title="Syngas">Syngas</a> or <a href="/wiki/Town_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Town gas">town gas</a> - a mixture of CO, CO<sub>2</sub>, H<sub>2</sub> and CH<sub>4</sub>); Hydrogen (H<sub>2</sub>), or methane (aka <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a>, synthetic natural gas or <a href="/wiki/Biomethane" class="mw-redirect" title="Biomethane">biomethane</a> - CH<sub>4</sub>). </p><p>Any of the above gas vectors could comply with the terms of Schedule 4. In reality, the only gas transmission network in the UK connecting two or more power plants is the existing UK gas grid. Provided, therefore, that methane injected into the grid has had its anthropogenic carbon emissions offset at source by the use of either biogenic fuels, CCS or a combination of both, such methane will comply with the terms of The Energy Act, and generators burning such gas to produce low carbon electricity will be eligible for support by Contracts for Differences. DECC has confirmed that such a scheme is eligible for support by CfD. </p><p>As <a href="/wiki/Carbon_offset" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon offset">carbon offset</a> methane injected into the high pressure gas transmission grid will be distributed equally to all gas end users: transport, heat, industry and power generators, enhanced revenue earned by CfD supported gas fired power stations can be used to underwrite the decarbonising of the gas grid. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy_Bill,_2012–2013"><span id="Energy_Bill.2C_2012.E2.80.932013"></span>Energy Bill, 2012–2013</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Energy Bill, 2012–2013"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Energy_Act_2013" title="Energy Act 2013">Energy Bill 2012–2013</a> aims to close a number of coal power stations over the next two decades, to reduce dependence on fossil fuels and has financial incentives to reduce energy demand. The construction of a new generation of nuclear power stations will be facilitated, helped by the establishment of a new Office for Nuclear Regulation. Government climate change targets are to produce 30% of electricity from renewable sources by 2020, to cut greenhouse gas emissions by 50% on 1990 levels by 2025 and by 80% on 1990 levels by 2050.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Select_Committee_report,_2016"><span id="Select_Committee_report.2C_2016"></span>Select Committee report, 2016</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Select Committee report, 2016"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Energy and Climate Change <a href="/wiki/Select_committee_(United_Kingdom)" title="Select committee (United Kingdom)">Select Committee</a> reported on 15<span class="nowrap"> </span>October 2016 on upcoming challenges for energy and climate policy. The committee recommended investment in <a href="/wiki/Grid_energy_storage" title="Grid energy storage">energy storage</a> on the supply side and in <a href="/wiki/Efficient_energy_use" title="Efficient energy use">efficiency technologies</a> that smooth out demand peaks, by switching devices off and on and running them at lower power during times of stress, for example.<sup id="cite_ref-harvey-2016_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harvey-2016-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-energy-and-climate-change-committee-2016_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-energy-and-climate-change-committee-2016-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Salix_Finance_Ltd.">Salix Finance Ltd.</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Salix Finance Ltd."><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Salix Finance Ltd. provides government funding to the public sector to improve energy efficiency, reduce carbon emissions and lower energy bills. Salix is a <a href="/wiki/Non-departmental_public_body" title="Non-departmental public body">non-departmental public body</a>, owned wholly by the government, and funded by the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy, the Department for Education, the Welsh Government and the Scottish Government.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy_white_paper,_2020"><span id="Energy_white_paper.2C_2020"></span>Energy white paper, 2020</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Energy white paper, 2020"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 2020 energy white paper<sup id="cite_ref-beis-202012_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beis-202012-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sets a target to achieve <a href="/wiki/Net_zero_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Net zero emissions">net zero</a> within the UK by 2050, in efforts to halt the progress of climate change. The UK government aim to do this by: </p> <ul><li>Investing heavily in renewable energy sources with a goal of 40GW (about 60% of the UK's energy consumption) of offshore wind by 2030</li> <li>Getting one large-scale nuclear project to its investment decision by the end of the parliamentary session</li> <li>Growing the rate at which electric heatpumps are installed</li> <li>Supporting the deployment of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_capture_and_storage" title="Carbon capture and storage">carbon capture and storage</a></li> <li>Establishing a new UK emissions system</li> <li>Debating whether to end connections to the gas grid for new homes</li></ul> <p>The government also issued the "Ten Point Plan for a Green Industrial Revolution", in which Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Boris Johnson</a> stated it would "mobilise £12 billion of government investment, and potentially three times as much from the private sector, to create and support up to 250,000 green jobs" and "turn the UK into the world's number one centre for green technology and finance".<sup id="cite_ref-beis-202011_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beis-202011-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It committed government support of £2.8 billion for electric cars, £1 billion for energy efficiency, £525 million for nuclear power, £500 million for hydrogen power, and increasing carbon capture support to £1 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-gwpf-2023_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gwpf-2023-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Implementing_policy:_government_oversight">Implementing policy: government oversight</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Implementing policy: government oversight"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Government supervision of the coal, gas and electricity industries was established in the 19th century. Since then, specific departments of state and regulatory bodies have had responsibility for policy implementation, regulation and control. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The supply of energy in the nineteenth century – in the form of coal, gas and electricity – was largely by private companies and municipal gas and electricity undertakings. Public control of these supplies was generally in the hands of local authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such control was exercised through limiting prices and dividends and by encouraging competition. State intervention was through legislation such as the <a href="/wiki/Mines_and_Collieries_Act_1842" title="Mines and Collieries Act 1842">Mines and Collieries Act 1842</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Gasworks_Clauses_Act_1847" title="Gasworks Clauses Act 1847">Gasworks Clauses Act 1847</a> which restricted company dividends to ten per cent.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_116-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Electric_Lighting_Acts_1882_to_1909" title="Electric Lighting Acts 1882 to 1909">Electric Lighting Act 1882</a> established control over electricity supply industry from its earliest days. It required undertakings to obtain a license or order from the <a href="/wiki/Board_of_Trade" title="Board of Trade">Board of Trade</a> to generate and supply electricity. The Board of Trade and the Home Office therefore provided early oversight and control of the energy industries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_government_bodies">New government bodies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: New government bodies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Between 1919 and 1941 the newly created <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Transport">Ministry of Transport</a> assumed control of the electricity industry. Under wartime conditions the Ministry of Fuel and Power was established in 1942 to coordinate energy supplies. UK Government policy was enacted through a succession of ministries and departments. These are summarised in the following table.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Government ministry / department with responsibility for energy matters </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Regulatory body </th> <th>Established </th> <th>Abolished / status </th> <th>Political party </th> <th>Tenure from </th> <th>Tenure to </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>Board of Trade </td> <td>– </td> <td>Continued </td> <td>Various </td> <td>c. 1847 </td> <td>1942 </td> <td>Gas and electricity industries </td></tr> <tr> <td>Home Office </td> <td>– </td> <td>Continued </td> <td>Various </td> <td>1842 </td> <td>1920 </td> <td>Coal industry </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ministry of Transport </td> <td>1919 </td> <td>Continued </td> <td>Various </td> <td>1919 </td> <td>1941 </td> <td>Electricity supply only </td></tr> <tr> <td>Board of Trade (Secretary for Mines) </td> <td>1920 </td> <td>1942 transferred to Ministry of Fuel and Power, Board of Trade continued </td> <td>Various </td> <td>1920 </td> <td>1942 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Board of Trade (Secretary for Petroleum) </td> <td>1940 </td> <td>1942 transferred to Ministry of Fuel and Power, Board of Trade continued </td> <td>National </td> <td>1940 </td> <td>1942 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Board of Trade </td> <td>– </td> <td>October 1970 became DTI </td> <td>National </td> <td>1941 </td> <td>1942 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Power_(United_Kingdom)" title="Ministry of Power (United Kingdom)">Ministry of Fuel and Power</a> </td> <td rowspan="3">3 June 1942 </td> <td rowspan="3">13 January 1957 renamed Ministry of Power </td> <td>National </td> <td>June 1942 </td> <td>July 1945 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Labour </td> <td>August 1945 </td> <td>October 1951 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Conservative </td> <td>October 1951 </td> <td>January 1957 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Power_(United_Kingdom)" title="Ministry of Power (United Kingdom)">Ministry of Power</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">13 January 1957 </td> <td rowspan="2">6 October 1969 merged with Ministry of Technology </td> <td>Conservative </td> <td>January 1957 </td> <td>October 1964 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Labour </td> <td>October 1964 </td> <td>October 1969 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Technology">Ministry of Technology</a> (MinTech) </td> <td rowspan="2">18 October 1964 </td> <td rowspan="2">15 October 1970 </td> <td>Labour </td> <td>October 1969 </td> <td>June 1970 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Conservative </td> <td>June 1970 </td> <td>October 1970 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Trade_and_Industry_(United_Kingdom)" title="Department of Trade and Industry (United Kingdom)">Department of Trade and Industry</a> (DTI) </td> <td>15 October 1970 </td> <td>January 1974 transferred to DoE, DTI continued </td> <td>Conservative </td> <td>October 1970 </td> <td>January 1974 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">Department of Energy </td> <td rowspan="3">8 January 1974 </td> <td rowspan="3">11 April 1992 </td> <td>Conservative </td> <td>January 1974 </td> <td>March 1974 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Labour </td> <td>March 1974 </td> <td>4 May 1979 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Conservative </td> <td>May 1979 </td> <td>April 1992 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Department of Trade and Industry </td> <td rowspan="2">(11 April 1992) </td> <td rowspan="2">June 2007 transferred to BERR, DTI continued </td> <td>Conservative </td> <td>April 1992 </td> <td>May 1997 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Labour </td> <td>May 1997 </td> <td>June 2007 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Department of Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform </td> <td>28 June 2007 </td> <td>October 2008 transferred to DECC 2008, BERR continued </td> <td>Labour </td> <td>June 2007 </td> <td>October 2008 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Energy_and_Climate_Change" title="Department of Energy and Climate Change">Department of Energy and Climate Change</a> </td> <td rowspan="3">3 October 2008 </td> <td rowspan="3">14 July 2016 </td> <td>Labour </td> <td>October 2008 </td> <td>May 2010 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Coalition </td> <td>May 2010 </td> <td>May 2015 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Conservative </td> <td>May 2015 </td> <td>July 2016 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Department_for_Business,_Energy_and_Industrial_Strategy" title="Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy">Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy</a> </td> <td>14 July 2016 </td> <td>current </td> <td>Conservative </td> <td>July 2016 </td> <td>February 2023 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Department_for_Energy_Security_and_Net_Zero" title="Department for Energy Security and Net Zero">Department for Energy Security and Net Zero</a> </td> <td>7 February 2023 </td> <td>current </td> <td>Conservative </td> <td>February 2023 </td> <td>current </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_statutory_bodies">Other statutory bodies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Other statutory bodies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to the above ministries and departments a number of regulatory bodies have been established to regulate and supervise specific aspects of energy policy and operation. These include:<sup id="cite_ref-:1_117-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_118-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_and_Safety_Executive" title="Health and Safety Executive">HM Inspectorate of Mines</a> (1842–date),</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_Commissioners" title="Electricity Commissioners">Electricity Commissioners</a> (1919–48) to secure regional coordination,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Electricity_Board" title="Central Electricity Board">Central Electricity Board</a> (1926–48) to control supplies and construct own and operate the national grid,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Coal_Board" title="National Coal Board">National Coal Board</a> (1947–87), owned and managed coal mining industry,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Electricity_Authority" title="British Electricity Authority">British Electricity Authority</a> (1948–55) to own and operate electricity generation and transmission,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Gas" title="British Gas">Gas Council</a> (1948–1973), to provide supervisory and advisory function on policy,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Electricity_Authority" title="Central Electricity Authority">Central Electricity Authority</a> (1955–57) to own and operate electricity generation and transmission outside Scotland,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_Council" title="Electricity Council">Electricity Council</a> (1958–1990), provide supervisory and advisory function on policy,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Gas_and_Electricity_Markets" title="Office of Gas and Electricity Markets">Office of Electricity Regulation</a> (Offer) (1990–2000), economic regulator independent of government,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Gas_and_Electricity_Markets" title="Office of Gas and Electricity Markets">Office of Gas Supply</a> (Ofgas) (1986–2000), economic regulator independent of government,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Gas_and_Electricity_Markets" title="Office of Gas and Electricity Markets">Office of Gas and Electricity Markets</a> (Ofgem) (2000– date), to protect the interests of consumers, where possible by promoting competition,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Gas_and_Electricity_Markets" title="Office of Gas and Electricity Markets">Gas and Electricity Markets Authority</a> (GEMA) (2000– date),</li> <li>Offshore Regulator for Environment and Decommissioning (OPRED),</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_and_Gas_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil and Gas Authority">Oil and Gas Authority</a> (2015–date), to regulate, influence and promote the UK oil and gas industry to maximise the economic recovery of resources.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fossil_energy_public_support">Fossil energy public support</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Fossil energy public support"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">David Cameron</a> announced subsidies for the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea_oil" title="North Sea oil">North Sea oil</a> and gas industry in March 2014 resulting in the production of 3-4bn more barrels of oil "than would otherwise have been produced".<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Renewable_energy_targets">Renewable energy targets</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Renewable energy targets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first targets for renewable energy, 5% of by the end of 2003 and 10% by 2010 'subject to the cost to consumers being acceptable' were set by <a href="/wiki/Helen_Liddell" title="Helen Liddell">Helen Liddell</a> in 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The UK Government's goal for <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a> production is to produce 20% of electricity in the UK by 2020. The 2002 Energy Review<sup id="cite_ref-archive2002_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archive2002-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> set a target of 10% to be in place by 2010/2011. The target was increased to 15% by 2015 and most recently the 2006 Energy Review further set a target of 20% by 2020. </p><p>Subsequently, the Low Carbon Transition Plan of 2009 made clear that by 2020 the UK would need to produce 30% of its electricity, 12% of its heat and 10% of its fuels from renewable sources.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Government" title="Scottish Government">Scottish Government</a> has a target of generating 100% of electricity from renewables by 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Renewables located in Scotland count towards both the Scottish target and to the overall target for the UK. </p><p>Although <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a> sources have not played a major role in the UK historically, there is potential for significant use of <a href="/wiki/Tidal_power" title="Tidal power">tidal power</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wind_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Wind energy">wind energy</a> (both on-shore and <a href="/wiki/Wind_farms_in_the_UK" class="mw-redirect" title="Wind farms in the UK">off-shore</a>) as recognised by formal UK policies, including the <i>Energy White Paper</i> and directives to councils<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the form of PPS 22. The <a href="/wiki/Renewables_Obligation" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewables Obligation">Renewables Obligation</a> acts as the central mechanism for support of renewable sources of electricity in the UK, and should provide subsidies approaching one billion <a href="/wiki/Pounds_sterling" class="mw-redirect" title="Pounds sterling">pounds sterling</a> per annum by 2010. A number of other grants and smaller support mechanisms aim to support less established renewables. In addition, renewables have been exempted from the <a href="/wiki/Climate_Change_Levy" title="Climate Change Levy">Climate Change Levy</a> that affects all other energy sources. </p><p>The amount of renewable generation added in 2004 was 250 <a href="/wiki/Megawatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Megawatt">megawatts</a> and 500 megawatts in 2005. There is also a program established for <a href="/wiki/Micro-generation" class="mw-redirect" title="Micro-generation">micro-generation</a> (less than 50 KWe (kilowatt electrical) or 45 KWt (kilowatt thermal) from a low carbon source)<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as a <a href="/wiki/Solar_cell" title="Solar cell">solar</a> voltaic program. By comparison both <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> have photovoltaic (solar cell) programmes much larger than the installed base in the UK. <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectric" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectric">Hydroelectric</a> energy is not a viable option for most of the UK due to terrain and lack of force of <a href="/wiki/River" title="River">rivers</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biofuels">Biofuels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Biofuels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The government has established a goal of five percent of the total <a href="/wiki/Transport" title="Transport">transport</a> <a href="/wiki/Fuel" title="Fuel">fuel</a> that must be from renewable sources (e.g. ethanol, biofuel) by 2010 under the <a href="/wiki/Renewable_Transport_Fuel_Obligation" title="Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation">Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation</a>. This goal may be ambitious, without the necessary infrastructure and paucity of research on appropriate UK crops, but import from France might be a realistic option. </p><p>In 2005 <a href="/wiki/British_Sugar" title="British Sugar">British Sugar</a> announced that it will build the UK's first <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a> <a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">biofuel</a> production facility, using British grown <a href="/wiki/Sugar_beet" title="Sugar beet">sugar beet</a> as the feed stock. The plant in <a href="/wiki/Norfolk" title="Norfolk">Norfolk</a> will produce 55,000 <a href="/wiki/Metric_tonnes" class="mw-redirect" title="Metric tonnes">metric tonnes</a> of ethanol annually when it is completed in the first quarter of 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been argued that even using all the UK's <a href="/wiki/Set-aside" title="Set-aside">set-aside</a> land to grow biofuel crops would provide less than seven per cent of the UK's present transport fuel usage.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fuel_poverty">Fuel poverty</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Fuel poverty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Fuel_poverty" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuel poverty">Fuel poverty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fuel_poverty_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Fuel poverty in the United Kingdom">Fuel poverty in the United Kingdom</a></div> <p>Reducing occurrence of <a href="/wiki/Fuel_poverty" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuel poverty">fuel poverty</a> (defined as <a href="/wiki/Household" title="Household">households</a> paying over ten percent of income for heating costs) is one of the four basic goals of UK energy policy. In the prior decade substantial progress has been made on this goal,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> but primarily due to government subsidies to low-income families rather than through fundamental change of home design or improved energy pricing. The following national programs have been specifically instrumental in such progress: Winter Fuel Payment, <a href="/wiki/Child_Tax_Credit" class="mw-redirect" title="Child Tax Credit">Child Tax Credit</a> and Pension Credit. Some benefits have resulted from the Warm Front Scheme in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, the Central Heating Programme in <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> and the Home Energy Efficiency Scheme in <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>. These latter programs provide economic incentives for physical improvement in <a href="/wiki/Building_insulation" title="Building insulation">insulation</a>, etc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_opinion">Public opinion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Public opinion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The UK is largely supportive of renewable energy and this is primarily driven by concerns about climate change and dependence on fossil fuels.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2013, the <a href="/wiki/UK_Energy_Research_Centre" title="UK Energy Research Centre">UK Energy Research Centre</a> published a national survey of public attitudes towards energy in the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>74% of participants were very or fairly concerned about <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>.</li> <li>82% were worried about the UK becoming too dependent upon energy from other countries.</li> <li>79% wanted to see a reduction in the use of <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuels" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil fuels">fossil fuels</a> over the next few decades.</li> <li>81% expressed a desire to reduce their energy use.</li> <li>85% supported <a href="/wiki/Solar_energy" title="Solar energy">solar energy</a>.</li> <li>75% supported <a href="/wiki/Wind_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Wind energy">wind energy</a>.</li> <li>42% had never heard of carbon capture and storage (<a href="/wiki/Carbon_capture_and_storage" title="Carbon capture and storage">CCS</a>) and when given further information many expressed concern, viewing it as a "non transition" – a continuation of unsustainable practices associated with fossil fuels.</li> <li>The public was undecided on the role of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear power</a> in the future energy mix. Over half (54%) said they would oppose the building of a new nuclear power station in their area.</li> <li>A majority (53%) were willing to use <a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric vehicles">electric vehicles</a>, rising to 75% if they performed as well as conventional models.</li></ul> <p>This can be compared with a similar study from the 1st Annual World Environment Review, published in June 2007, which revealed that:<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>81% are concerned about climate change.</li> <li>79% think their government should do more to tackle global warming.</li> <li>73% think that the UK is too dependent on fossil fuels.</li> <li>77% think that the UK is too reliant on foreign oil.</li> <li>87% think that a minimum 25% of electricity should be generated from renewable energy sources.</li> <li>24% think that the Government should do more to expand nuclear power.</li> <li>56% are concerned about nuclear power.</li> <li>76% are concerned about carbon dioxide emissions from developing countries.</li> <li>61% think it appropriate for developed countries to demand restrictions on carbon dioxide emissions from developing countries.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oil_and_gas">Oil and gas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Oil and gas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Oil and gas production peaked in 1999, but in 2023 licensed more oil and gas exploration was licensed.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Analysis_and_criticism">Analysis and criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Analysis and criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A 2016 paper argues that current UK energy policy is a contradictory mix of free market policies and government interventions, with an undue emphasis on electricity. It concludes that the government needs to develop a clearer strategy if it is to address the three goals of economic effectiveness, environmental protection, and energy security.<sup id="cite_ref-keay-2016_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-keay-2016-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In its 2022 Net zero Review the government was criticised again, with the main issue identified being a lack of consistent policy commitments and a start-stop approach to various schemes.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_energy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/20px-Crystal_energy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/30px-Crystal_energy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/40px-Crystal_energy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="124" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Energy" title="Portal:Energy">Energy</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <dl><dt>UK only</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_National_Renewable_Energy_Action_Plan" title="United Kingdom National Renewable Energy Action Plan">United Kingdom National Renewable Energy Action Plan</a>, 2009</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_to_Electrify_Britain%E2%80%99s_Railways" class="mw-redirect" title="Campaign to Electrify Britain’s Railways">Campaign to Electrify Britain’s Railways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Climate change in the United Kingdom">Climate change in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_efficiency_in_British_housing" title="Energy efficiency in British housing">Energy efficiency in British housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Electricity sector in the United Kingdom">Electricity sector in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_switching_services_in_the_UK" title="Energy switching services in the UK">Energy switching services in the UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_renewable_resources_produced_and_traded_by_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of renewable resources produced and traded by the United Kingdom">List of renewable resources produced and traded by the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merton_Rule" title="Merton Rule">Merton Rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_UK_electricity_supply_industry" title="Timeline of the UK electricity supply industry">Timeline of the UK electricity supply industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Energy_Research_Centre" title="UK Energy Research Centre">UK Energy Research Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_enterprise_law" class="mw-redirect" title="UK enterprise law">UK enterprise law</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>UK and beyond</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avoiding_dangerous_climate_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Avoiding dangerous climate change">Avoiding dangerous climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_European_Union" title="Energy policy of the European Union">Energy policy of the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Energy policy of the United States">Energy policy of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Saving_Trust" title="Energy Saving Trust">Energy Saving Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_incentives_for_photovoltaics" title="Financial incentives for photovoltaics">Financial incentives for photovoltaics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Carbon_Building_Programme" title="Low Carbon Building Programme">Low Carbon Building Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Energy_Action" title="National Energy Action">National Energy Action</a> (NEA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Carbon_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="The Carbon Trust">The Carbon Trust</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-appgreport2012-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-appgreport2012_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-appgreport2012_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a 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no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output 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Reuters.com. 18 February 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS82989+18-Feb-2008+BW20080218">the original</a> on 8 March 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=This+Review+Analyses+the+UK+Market+for+Primary+and+Secondary+Energy+Together+With+Industry&rft.pub=Reuters.com&rft.date=2008-02-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FpressRelease%2FidUS82989%2B18-Feb-2008%2BBW20080218&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+policy+of+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/298930c2-4e7c-436e-9ad0-2fb8f1cce2c6/Energy_Policies_of_IEA_Countries_United_Kingdom_2019_Review.pdf">"United Kingdom 2019 Review"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>International Energy Agency (IEA)</i>. 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Energy+Agency+%28IEA%29&rft.atitle=United+Kingdom+2019+Review&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiea.blob.core.windows.net%2Fassets%2F298930c2-4e7c-436e-9ad0-2fb8f1cce2c6%2FEnergy_Policies_of_IEA_Countries_United_Kingdom_2019_Review.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+policy+of+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/business-34851718">"UK's coal plants to close by 2025"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 18 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=UK%27s+coal+plants+to+close+by+2025&rft.date=2015-11-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fbusiness-34851718&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+policy+of+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGosden2015" class="citation news cs1">Gosden, Emily (18 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/energy/12001752/UK-coal-plants-must-close-by-2025-Amber-Rudd-to-announce.html">"UK coal plants must close by 2025, Amber Rudd announces"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i>. 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rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/gb/academic/subjects/law/corporate-law/principles-enterprise-law-economic-constitution-and-human-rights?format=PB">Cambridge UP 2022</a>) chapters 11 and 12</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?LegType=All+Legislation&title=energy&searchEnacted=0&extentMatchOnly=0&confersPower=0&blanketAmendment=0&sortAlpha=0&TYPE=QS&PageNumber=1&NavFrom=0&parentActiveTextDocId=3302159&ActiveTextDocId=3302159&filesize=9649">United Kingdom 2004 Energy Act</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200506/cmbills/017/2006017.htm">Text of the Climate Change and Sustainable Energy Bill</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100127092206/http://www.envirowise.gov.uk/">Government business efficiency portal</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071101050615/http://www.berr.gov.uk/energy/review/page31995.html">2006 Government Energy Review</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080511041158/http://www.berr.gov.uk/energy/policy-strategy/energy-white-paper-2003/page21223.html">2003 Government Energy White Paper: Our Energy Future – Creating a Low Carbon Economy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greenparty.org.uk/files/reports/2003/aer_2003.pdf">2003 Green Party Alternative Energy Review</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030211040313/http://www.piu.gov.uk/2002/energy/report/index.htm">2002 Government Energy Review</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iea.org/Textbase/stats/oecdcountryresults.asp?oecd=United+Kingdom&SubmitB=Submit">International Energy Agency UK energy statistics</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071101050620/http://www.berr.gov.uk/energy/statistics/index.html">UK Government Energy Statistics</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061008142332/http://www.biofuels.fsnet.co.uk/">Critique of Government biofuels policy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060924151748/http://www.communities.gov.uk/index.asp?id=1143908">Planning Policy Statement 22 (PPS22) on renewable energy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/uk/06/electricity_calc/html/1.stm">Electricity calculator</a> for 2020</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722155312/http://www.decc.gov.uk/assets/decc/11/meeting-energy-demand/renewable-energy/2185-analysis-of-renewables-growth-to-2020-aea-report.pdf">Analysis of Renewables Growth to 2020</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_media">In the media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: In the media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>23 May 2007, BBC, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/6685099.stm">Britain's energy strategy</a></li> <li>6 September 2006, <i>New Builder</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060923050337/http://www.newbuilder.co.uk/news/NewsFullStory.asp?ID=1565">Extra Funding For Scottish Renewables</a></li> <li>25 July 2006, <i>epolitix.com</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epolitix.com/EN/News/200607/ae287700-9947-4f8e-9ea5-a96a5f3ab103.htm">House of Lords committee reject European Commission bid for role in energy policy</a></li> <li>29 June 2006, <i><a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/5130806.stm">Government promises carbon cuts</a></li> <li>5 June 2006, <i>epolitix.com</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epolitix.com/EN/News/200606/2edec1e6-0240-45b8-be86-2201240861fd.htm">Alistair Darling: Electricity profits should be linked to efficiency</a></li> <li>26 September 2005, <i><a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/4284502.stm">UK needs yearly climate updates</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Policies_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template:Policies of the United Kingdom"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Policies_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Policies of the United Kingdom (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Policies_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Policies of the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Policies_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Policies of the United Kingdom</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classified_information_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Classified information in the United Kingdom">Classified information policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Conscription in the United Kingdom">Conscription policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Drug policy of the United Kingdom">Drug policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_classification_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cannabis classification in the United Kingdom">Cannabis classification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_policy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Family policy in the United Kingdom">Family policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firearms_regulation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Firearms regulation in the United Kingdom">Firearms policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Foreign relations of the United Kingdom">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_and_the_euro" title="United Kingdom and the euro">Euro policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_policy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Immigration policy of the United Kingdom">Immigration policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationing_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Rationing in the United Kingdom">Rationing policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_vetting_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Security vetting in the United Kingdom">Security vetting policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Welfare state in the United Kingdom">Welfare policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Visa policy of the United Kingdom">Visa policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Energy_policy_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Europe_topic" title="Template:Europe topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Europe_topic" title="Template talk:Europe topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Europe_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Europe topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Energy_policy_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy policy of Europe">Energy policy of Europe </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Albania (page does not exist)">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Andorra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Andorra (page does not exist)">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Armenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Armenia (page does not exist)">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Austria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Austria (page does not exist)">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Azerbaijan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Azerbaijan (page does not exist)">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Belarus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Belarus (page does not exist)">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Belgium" title="Energy policy of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Bosnia and Herzegovina (page does not exist)">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Bulgaria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Bulgaria (page does not exist)">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Croatia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Croatia (page does not exist)">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Cyprus (page does not exist)">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_the_Czech_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of the Czech Republic (page does not exist)">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Denmark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Denmark (page does not exist)">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Estonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Estonia (page does not exist)">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Finland" title="Energy policy of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of France (page does not exist)">France</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Georgia_(country)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Georgia (country) (page does not exist)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy policy of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Greece&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Greece (page does not exist)">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Hungary (page does not exist)">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Iceland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Iceland (page does not exist)">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of the Republic of Ireland (page does not exist)">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Italy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Italy (page does not exist)">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy policy of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Latvia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Latvia (page does not exist)">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Liechtenstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Liechtenstein (page does not exist)">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Lithuania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Lithuania (page does not exist)">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Luxembourg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Luxembourg (page does not exist)">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Malta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Malta (page does not exist)">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Moldova&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Moldova (page does not exist)">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Monaco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Monaco (page does not exist)">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Montenegro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Montenegro (page does not exist)">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_the_Netherlands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of the Netherlands (page does not exist)">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_North_Macedonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of North Macedonia (page does not exist)">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy policy of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Poland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Poland (page does not exist)">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Portugal (page does not exist)">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Romania" title="Energy policy of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Russia" title="Energy policy of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_San_Marino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of San Marino (page does not exist)">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Serbia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Serbia (page does not exist)">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Slovakia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Slovakia (page does not exist)">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Slovenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Slovenia (page does not exist)">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Spain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Spain (page does not exist)">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy policy of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy policy of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy policy of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy policy of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Kosovo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Kosovo (page does not exist)">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Transnistria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Transnistria (page does not exist)">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_%C3%85land&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Åland (page does not exist)">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_the_Faroe_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of the Faroe Islands (page does not exist)">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Gibraltar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Gibraltar (page does not exist)">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Guernsey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Guernsey (page does not exist)">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_the_Isle_of_Man&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of the Isle of Man (page does not exist)">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Jersey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Jersey (page does not exist)">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Svalbard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of Svalbard (page does not exist)">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_European_Union" title="Energy policy of the European Union">European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template:Energy in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template talk:Energy in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Energy in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Energy in the United Kingdom">Energy in the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Companies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Energy_companies_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Energy companies of the United Kingdom">Companies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:1.6em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Coal_companies_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Coal companies of the United Kingdom">Coal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anglo_American_plc" title="Anglo American plc">Anglo American</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/BHP" title="BHP">BHP</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Natural_Resources_Corporation" title="Eurasian Natural Resources Corporation">ENRC</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/GCM_Resources" title="GCM Resources">GCM Resources</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Glencore" title="Glencore">Glencore</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rio_Tinto_(corporation)" title="Rio Tinto (corporation)">Rio Tinto</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Coal" title="UK Coal">UK Coal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Oil_and_gas_companies_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Oil and gas companies of the United Kingdom">Oil and <br />gas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Integrated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BP" title="BP">BP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_plc" title="Shell plc">Shell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Exploration<br />and production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Afren" title="Afren">Afren</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BHP" title="BHP">BHP</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Capricorn_Energy" title="Capricorn Energy">Capricorn Energy</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrica" title="Centrica">Centrica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dana_Petroleum" title="Dana Petroleum">Dana Petroleum</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Desire_Petroleum" title="Desire Petroleum">Desire Petroleum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Emerald_Energy" title="Emerald Energy">Emerald Energy</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EnQuest" title="EnQuest">EnQuest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essar_Energy" title="Essar Energy">Essar Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbour_Energy" title="Harbour Energy">Harbour Energy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hardy_Oil_and_Gas" title="Hardy Oil and Gas">Hardy Oil and Gas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/JKX_Oil_%26_Gas" title="JKX Oil & Gas">JKX Oil & Gas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Melrose_Resources" title="Melrose Resources">Melrose Resources</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ophir_Energy" title="Ophir Energy">Ophir Energy</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perenco" title="Perenco">Perenco</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pharos_Energy" title="Pharos Energy">Pharos Energy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Regal_Petroleum" title="Regal Petroleum">Regal Petroleum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rockhopper_Exploration" title="Rockhopper Exploration">Rockhopper Exploration</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Energy" title="Star Energy">Star Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tullow_Oil" title="Tullow Oil">Tullow Oil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Supply</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greenergy" title="Greenergy">Greenergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murco_Petroleum" title="Murco Petroleum">Murco Petroleum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Support</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbot_Group" title="Abbot Group">Abbot Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amec_Foster_Wheeler" title="Amec Foster Wheeler">Amec Foster Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expro" title="Expro">Expro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_plc" title="Hunting plc">Hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wood_Group" title="John Wood Group">John Wood Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrofac" title="Petrofac">Petrofac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qserv" title="Qserv">Qserv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weir_Group" title="Weir Group">Weir Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WesternGeco" title="WesternGeco">WesternGeco</a><sup>1</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Electric_power_companies_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Electric power companies of the United Kingdom">Utilities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Integrated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centrica" title="Centrica">Centrica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E.ON_UK" title="E.ON UK">E.ON UK</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EDF_Energy" title="EDF Energy">EDF Energy</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Npower_(United_Kingdom)" title="Npower (United Kingdom)">Npower</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ScottishPower" title="ScottishPower">ScottishPower</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SSE_plc" title="SSE plc">SSE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Generation<br />and supply</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Generation" title="Generation">Generation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drax_Group" title="Drax Group">Drax Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engie_Energy_International" title="Engie Energy International">Engie Energy International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizon_Nuclear_Power" title="Horizon Nuclear Power">Horizon Nuclear Power</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renantis" title="Renantis">Renantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vattenfall_UK" title="Vattenfall UK">Vattenfall UK</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Resources" title="Vedanta Resources">Vedanta Resources</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Energy_supply" title="Energy supply">Supply</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/100Green" title="100Green">100Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Energy" title="Bristol Energy">Bristol Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-op_Energy" title="Co-op Energy">Co-op Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecotricity" title="Ecotricity">Ecotricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESB_Group" title="ESB Group">ESB Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firmus_Energy" title="Firmus Energy">Firmus Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Energy" title="Good Energy">Good Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octopus_Energy" title="Octopus Energy">Octopus Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opus_Energy" title="Opus Energy">Opus Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outfox_the_Market" title="Outfox the Market">Outfox the Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OVO_Energy" title="OVO Energy">OVO Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Natural_Gas" title="Phoenix Natural Gas">Phoenix Natural Gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_Energy" title="Shell Energy">Shell Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TotalEnergies_Gas_%26_Power" title="TotalEnergies Gas & Power">TotalEnergies Gas & Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilita_Energy" title="Utilita Energy">Utilita Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utility_Warehouse" title="Utility Warehouse">Utility Warehouse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Electric_power_distribution" title="Electric power distribution">Distribution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Distribution_network_operator" title="Distribution network operator">Electricity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_North_West" title="Electricity North West">Electricity North West</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Powergrid" title="Northern Powergrid">Northern Powergrid</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ScottishPower#Energy_Networks" title="ScottishPower">SP Energy Networks</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SSE_plc#Operations" title="SSE plc">SSE Power Distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Power_Networks" title="UK Power Networks">UK Power Networks</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Power_Distribution" title="Western Power Distribution">Western Power Distribution</a><sup>1</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Gas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cadent_Gas" title="Cadent Gas">Cadent Gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firmus_Energy" title="Firmus Energy">Firmus Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Gas_Networks" title="Northern Gas Networks">Northern Gas Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Natural_Gas" title="Phoenix Natural Gas">Phoenix Natural Gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SGN_(company)" title="SGN (company)">SGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_%26_West_Utilities" title="Wales & West Utilities">Wales & West Utilities</a><sup>1</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Electric_power_transmission" title="Electric power transmission">Transmission</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/National_Grid_(Great_Britain)" title="National Grid (Great Britain)">Electricity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Grid_plc" title="National Grid plc">National Grid</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SSE_plc#Operations" title="SSE plc">Scottish Hydro Electric Transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ScottishPower#Energy_Networks" title="ScottishPower">SP Energy Networks</a><sup>1</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/National_Transmission_System" title="National Transmission System">Gas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Grid_plc" title="National Grid plc">National Grid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aggreko" title="Aggreko">Aggreko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APX_Group" title="APX Group">APX Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquamarine_Power" title="Aquamarine Power">Aquamarine Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EnServe" title="EnServe">EnServe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hi-Gen_Power" title="Hi-Gen Power">Hi-Gen Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Group" title="Mark Group">Mark Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Downs_Deep_Geothermal_Power" title="United Downs Deep Geothermal Power">United Downs Deep Geothermal Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wavegen" title="Wavegen">Wavegen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><small>Companies with headquarters and/or registered office in the UK but no applicable energy operations within the country shown in <i>italics</i> <sup>1</sup>Ultimate parent company is not UK-based <sup>2</sup>Integrated in the United States, no generation or supply activities in the UK</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Energy_sources" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Energy sources</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:1.6em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Coal_mining_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Coal mining in the United Kingdom">Coal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_Authority" title="Coal Authority">Coal Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coal-fired_power_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Coal-fired power stations in the United Kingdom">Coal-fired power stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coal_mines_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Coal mines in the United Kingdom">Coal mines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coal_mining_regions_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Coal mining regions in the United Kingdom">Coal mining regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_UK_Coal_Producers" title="Confederation of UK Coal Producers">Confederation of UK Coal Producers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_the_United_Kingdom" title="Greenhouse gas emissions by the United Kingdom">Greenhouse gas emissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_mining_in_the_United_Kingdom#History" title="Coal mining in the United Kingdom">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1984%E2%80%931985_United_Kingdom_miners%27_strike" title="1984–1985 United Kingdom miners' strike">miners' strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Coal_Board" title="National Coal Board">National Coal Board</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-pit_coal_mining_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Open-pit coal mining in the United Kingdom">Open-pit coal mining</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Electricity sector in the United Kingdom">Electricity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Electricity_Producers" title="Association of Electricity Producers">Association of Electricity Producers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BritNed" title="BritNed">BritNed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Interconnector" title="East–West Interconnector">East–West Interconnector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_7" title="Economy 7">Economy 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_10" title="Economy 10">Economy 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_billing_in_the_UK" title="Electricity billing in the UK">Electricity billing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_switching_services_in_the_UK" title="Energy switching services in the UK">Energy switching services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_electricity_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Green electricity in the United Kingdom">Green electricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grid_Trade_Master_Agreement" title="Grid Trade Master Agreement">Grid Trade Master Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gridlink_Interconnector" title="Gridlink Interconnector">Gridlink Interconnector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HVDC_Cross-Channel" title="HVDC Cross-Channel">HVDC Cross-Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man_to_England_Interconnector" title="Isle of Man to England Interconnector">Isle of Man to England Interconnector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moyle_Interconnector" title="Moyle Interconnector">Moyle Interconnector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Grid_(Great_Britain)" title="National Grid (Great Britain)">National Grid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_of_the_National_Grid" class="mw-redirect" title="Control of the National Grid">Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Grid_Reserve_Service" title="National Grid Reserve Service">Reserve Service</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Electricity_Trading_Arrangements" title="New Electricity Trading Arrangements">New Electricity Trading Arrangements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Link" title="North Sea Link">North Sea Link</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Power_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Power stations in the United Kingdom">Power stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_UK_electricity_supply_industry" title="Timeline of the UK electricity supply industry">Timeline of the electricity supply industry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Nuclear power in the United Kingdom">Nuclear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Gas-cooled_Reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Gas-cooled Reactor">Advanced Gas-cooled Reactor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-British_Nuclear_Forum" title="Franco-British Nuclear Forum">Franco-British Nuclear Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnox" title="Magnox">Magnox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Nuclear_Laboratory" title="National Nuclear Laboratory">National Nuclear Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Decommissioning_Authority" title="Nuclear Decommissioning Authority">Nuclear Decommissioning Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Liabilities_Fund" title="Nuclear Liabilities Fund">Nuclear Liabilities Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nuclear_power_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Nuclear power stations in the United Kingdom">Nuclear power stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_for_Nuclear_Regulation" title="Office for Nuclear Regulation">Office for Nuclear Regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sellafield" title="Sellafield">Sellafield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Atomic_Energy_Authority" title="United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority">United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Oil_and_gas_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Oil and gas industry in the United Kingdom">Oil and gas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BBL_Pipeline" title="BBL Pipeline">BBL Pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dash_for_Gas" title="Dash for Gas">Dash for Gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forties_pipeline_system" title="Forties pipeline system">Forties pipeline system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_protests_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Fuel protests in the United Kingdom">Fuel protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Natural_gas_infrastructure_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Natural gas infrastructure in the United Kingdom">Gas infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_the_United_Kingdom" title="Greenhouse gas emissions by the United Kingdom">Greenhouse gas emissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon_Oil_Duty" title="Hydrocarbon Oil Duty">Hydrocarbon Oil Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Transmission_System" title="National Transmission System">National Transmission System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Natural_gas_fields_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Natural gas fields in the United Kingdom">Natural gas fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Natural_gas-fired_power_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Natural gas-fired power stations in the United Kingdom">Natural gas-fired power stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_oil" title="North Sea oil">North Sea oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Transition_Authority" title="North Sea Transition Authority">North Sea Transition Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_Energies_UK" title="Offshore Energies UK">Offshore Energies UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Oil_fields_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Oil fields of the United Kingdom">Oil fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Oil-fired_power_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Oil-fired power stations in the United Kingdom">Oil-fired power stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Petroleum_infrastructure_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Petroleum infrastructure in the United Kingdom">Oil infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Oil_refineries_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Oil refineries in the United Kingdom">Oil refineries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_Revenue_Tax" title="Petroleum Revenue Tax">Petroleum Revenue Tax</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Renewable energy in the United Kingdom">Renewables</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Biofuel_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Biofuel in the United Kingdom">Biofuels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Biofuel_power_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Biofuel power stations in the United Kingdom">Biofuel power stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NNFCC" title="NNFCC">NNFCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_Fuels_Agency" title="Renewable Fuels Agency">Renewable Fuels Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_Transport_Fuel_Obligation" title="Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation">Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Geothermal power in the United Kingdom">Geothermal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geothermal_power_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Geothermal power stations in the United Kingdom">Geothermal power stations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Hydroelectricity_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Hydroelectricity in the United Kingdom">Hydroelectricity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hydroelectric_power_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Hydroelectric power stations in the United Kingdom">Hydroelectric power stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mersey_Barrage" title="Mersey Barrage">Mersey Barrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severn_Barrage" title="Severn Barrage">Severn Barrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wave_farms_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Wave farms in the United Kingdom">Wave farms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Solar power in the United Kingdom">Solar power</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Wind power in the United Kingdom">Wind power</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_wind_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Offshore wind power in the United Kingdom">Offshore wind power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_offshore_wind_farms_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of offshore wind farms in the United Kingdom">List of offshore wind farms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_onshore_wind_farms_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of onshore wind farms in the United Kingdom">List of onshore wind farms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Seas_Energy_Cooperation" title="North Seas Energy Cooperation">North Seas Energy Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Scotland" title="Wind power in Scotland">Wind power in Scotland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Government_and_regulation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Government and regulation</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:1.6em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_Trust" title="Carbon Trust">Carbon Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenex" title="Cenex">Cenex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_Change_Committee" title="Climate Change Committee">Climate Change Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_for_Energy_Security_and_Net_Zero" title="Department for Energy Security and Net Zero">Department for Energy Security and Net Zero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_for_Environment,_Food_and_Rural_Affairs" title="Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs">Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Saving_Trust" title="Energy Saving Trust">Energy Saving Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_Agency" title="Environment Agency">Environment Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Gas_and_Electricity_Markets" title="Office of Gas and Electricity Markets">Office of Gas and Electricity Markets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Legislation and<br />initiatives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_Emission_Reduction_Target" title="Carbon Emission Reduction Target">Carbon Emission Reduction Target</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_Change_Act_2008" title="Climate Change Act 2008">Climate Change Act 2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_Change_Agreement_(UK)" title="Climate Change Agreement (UK)">Climate Change Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_Change_and_Sustainable_Energy_Act_2006" title="Climate Change and Sustainable Energy Act 2006">Climate Change and Sustainable Energy Act 2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_Change_Levy" title="Climate Change Levy">Climate Change Levy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CRC_Energy_Efficiency_Scheme" title="CRC Energy Efficiency Scheme">CRC Energy Efficiency Scheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decarbonisation_measures_in_proposed_UK_electricity_market_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Decarbonisation measures in proposed UK electricity market reform">Decarbonisation measures in proposed UK electricity market reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Display_Energy_Certificate" title="Display Energy Certificate">Display Energy Certificate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Act_2013" title="Energy Act 2013">Energy Act 2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_performance_certificate" title="Energy performance certificate">Energy performance certificate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_Fuel_Levy" title="Fossil Fuel Levy">Fossil Fuel Levy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Carbon_Building_Programme" title="Low Carbon Building Programme">Low Carbon Building Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Fossil_Fuel_Obligation" title="Non-Fossil Fuel Obligation">Non-Fossil Fuel Obligation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planning_Act_2008" title="Planning Act 2008">Planning Act 2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_Heat_Incentive" title="Renewable Heat Incentive">Renewable Heat Incentive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewables_Obligation_(United_Kingdom)" title="Renewables Obligation (United Kingdom)">Renewables Obligation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Climate_Change_Programme" title="United Kingdom Climate Change Programme">United Kingdom Climate Change Programme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Non-governmental_organisations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Non-governmental organisations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:1.6em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Charities and<br />pressure groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashden_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashden Award">Ashden Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioregional" title="Bioregional">Bioregional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_against_Climate_Change" title="Campaign against Climate Change">Campaign against Climate Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Alternative_Technology" title="Centre for Alternative Technology">Centre for Alternative Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Energy_Action" title="National Energy Action">National Energy Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_Climate_Chaos" title="Stop Climate Chaos">Stop Climate Chaos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyndall_Centre" title="Tyndall Centre">Tyndall Centre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Industry bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_Decentralised_Energy" title="Association for Decentralised Energy">Association for Decentralised Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Institute" title="Energy Institute">Energy Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Networks_Association_(United_Kingdom)" title="Energy Networks Association (United Kingdom)">Energy Networks Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Retail_Association" title="Energy Retail Association">Energy Retail Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Power_Forum" title="Green Power Forum">Green Power Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RenewableUK" title="RenewableUK">RenewableUK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilities_Intermediaries_Association" title="Utilities Intermediaries Association">Utilities Intermediaries Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Renewable_Energy_Systems_Technology" title="Centre for Renewable Energy Systems Technology">Centre for Renewable Energy Systems Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Technologies_Institute" title="Energy Technologies Institute">Energy Technologies Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Met_Office_Hadley_Centre" title="Met Office Hadley Centre">Met Office Hadley Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narec" title="Narec">Narec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_Depletion_Analysis_Centre" title="Oil Depletion Analysis Centre">Oil Depletion Analysis Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunbury_Research_Centre" title="Sunbury Research Centre">Sunbury Research Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Energy_Research_Centre" title="UK Energy Research Centre">UK Energy Research Centre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Energy_conservation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Energy_conservation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Energy conservation in the United Kingdom">Energy conservation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:1.6em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Conservation_of_Energy" title="Association for the Conservation of Energy">Association for the Conservation of Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Energy_Efficiency_Federation" title="British Energy Efficiency Federation">British Energy Efficiency Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close_the_Door_campaign" title="Close the Door campaign">Close the Door campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_for_Sustainable_Homes" title="Code for Sustainable Homes">Code for Sustainable Homes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Glazing_%26_Conservatory_Ombudsman_Scheme" title="Double Glazing & Conservatory Ombudsman Scheme">Double Glazing & Conservatory Ombudsman Scheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EcoHomes" title="EcoHomes">EcoHomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_efficiency_in_British_housing" title="Energy efficiency in British housing">Energy efficiency in British housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Saving_Trust" title="Energy Saving Trust">Energy Saving Trust</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Saving_Trust_Recommended" title="Energy Saving Trust Recommended">Energy Saving Trust Recommended</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_the_United_Kingdom" title="Greenhouse gas emissions by the United Kingdom">Greenhouse gas emissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_loss_due_to_linear_thermal_bridging" title="Heat loss due to linear thermal bridging">HTB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Home_Energy_Rating" title="National Home Energy Rating">National Home Energy Rating</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/16px-Symbol_question.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/23px-Symbol_question.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/31px-Symbol_question.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Energy in the United Kingdom"><b>Category</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Energy_policy_of_the_World" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_topic" title="Template:World topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_topic" title="Template talk:World topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Energy_policy_of_the_World" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_the_World&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of the World (page does not exist)">Energy policy of the World</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Australia" title="Energy policy of Australia">Australia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Bangladesh" title="Energy policy of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Belgium" title="Energy policy of Belgium">Belgium</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy policy of Brazil">Brazil</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Canada" title="Energy policy of Canada">Canada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_China" title="Energy policy of China">China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Ecuador" title="Energy policy of Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Finland" title="Energy policy of Finland">Finland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy policy of Germany">Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_India" title="Energy policy of India">India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy policy of Iran">Iran</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy policy of Iraq">Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy policy of Jordan">Jordan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy policy of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Malaysia" title="Energy policy of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Morocco" title="Energy policy of Morocco">Morocco</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy policy of Norway">Norway</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Pakistan" title="Energy policy of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy policy of Palestine">Palestine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Romania" title="Energy policy of Romania">Romania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Russia" title="Energy policy of Russia">Russia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy policy of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy policy of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy policy of Sweden">Sweden</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy policy of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy policy of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Tajikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy policy of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy policy of Thailand">Thailand</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy policy of Turkey">Turkey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy policy of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Energy policy of the United States">United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Uruguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy policy of Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Uzbekistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy policy of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Venezuela" title="Energy policy of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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title="Category:Energy in the United Kingdom">Energy in the United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Climate_change_policy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Climate change policy in the United Kingdom">Climate change policy in the United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Public_policy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Public policy in the United Kingdom">Public policy in the United Kingdom</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Open_Government_Licence_attribution" title="Category:Open Government Licence attribution">Open Government Licence attribution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short 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