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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spiritans_around_the_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Spiritans around the world</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Spiritans_around_the_world-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Spiritans around the world subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Spiritans_around_the_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-British_Province" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_Province"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>British Province</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_Province-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Province_of_Ghana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Province_of_Ghana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Province of Ghana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Province_of_Ghana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Irish_Province" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Irish_Province"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Irish Province</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Irish_Province-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Irish_Provincial_Superiors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Irish_Provincial_Superiors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.1</span> <span>Irish Provincial Superiors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Irish_Provincial_Superiors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mauritius" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mauritius"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Mauritius</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mauritius-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Mexico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Netherlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Netherlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Netherlands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Netherlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trinidad_and_Tobago" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trinidad_and_Tobago"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Trinidad and Tobago</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trinidad_and_Tobago-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States_Province" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_Province"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>United States Province</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_Province-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vietnam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.11</span> <span>Vietnam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Child_sexual_abuse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Child_sexual_abuse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Child sexual abuse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Child_sexual_abuse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc 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class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregaci%C3%B3_de_l%27Esperit_Sant" title="Congregació de l'Esperit Sant – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Congregació de l'Esperit Sant" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongregace_Svat%C3%A9ho_Ducha_pod_ochranou_Neposkvrn%C4%9Bn%C3%A9ho_Srdce_Panny_Marie" title="Kongregace Svatého Ducha pod ochranou Neposkvrněného Srdce Panny Marie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kongregace Svatého Ducha pod ochranou Neposkvrněného Srdce Panny Marie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritaner" title="Spiritaner – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Spiritaner" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregaci%C3%B3n_del_Esp%C3%ADritu_Santo" title="Congregación del Espíritu Santo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Congregación del Espíritu Santo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congr%C3%A9gation_du_Saint-Esprit" title="Congrégation du Saint-Esprit – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Congrégation du Saint-Esprit" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bapa-Bapa_Jiwa_Kudus" title="Bapa-Bapa Jiwa Kudus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bapa-Bapa Jiwa Kudus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregazione_dello_Spirito_Santo" title="Congregazione dello Spirito Santo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Congregazione dello Spirito Santo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregatio_Sancti_Spiritus" title="Congregatio Sancti Spiritus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Congregatio Sancti Spiritus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szentl%C3%A9lek_Kongreg%C3%A1ci%C3%B3" title="Szentlélek Kongregáció – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szentlélek Kongregáció" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregatie_van_de_Heilige_Geest" title="Congregatie van de Heilige Geest – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Congregatie van de Heilige Geest" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritanerne" title="Spiritanerne – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Spiritanerne" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchacze" title="Duchacze – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Duchacze" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congrega%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_Esp%C3%ADrito_Santo" title="Congregação do Espírito Santo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Congregação do Espírito Santo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%94%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0" title="Конгрегация Святого Духа – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Конгрегация Святого Духа" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helgeandsf%C3%A4derna" title="Helgeandsfäderna – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Helgeandsfäderna" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q687562#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected 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searchaux" style="display:none">Roman Catholic congregation of priests, lay brothers, and lay associates</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_the_Holy_Ghost_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Congregation of the Holy Ghost (disambiguation)">Congregation of the Holy Ghost (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Congregation of the Holy Spirit</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="nickname" lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Congregatio Sancti Spiritus</i></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Holy_Ghost_Fathers_seal.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Holy_Ghost_Fathers_seal.png/175px-Holy_Ghost_Fathers_seal.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Holy_Ghost_Fathers_seal.png/263px-Holy_Ghost_Fathers_seal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Holy_Ghost_Fathers_seal.png/350px-Holy_Ghost_Fathers_seal.png 2x" data-file-width="427" data-file-height="450" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The seal of the Congregation depicting the <a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Heart_of_Mary" title="Immaculate Heart of Mary">Immaculate Heart of Mary</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a> proceeding from the <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">CSSp</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Nickname</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Spiritan</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data note">27 May 1703<span class="noprint">; 321 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1703-05-27</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Claude_Poullart_des_Places" title="Claude Poullart des Places">Claude-François Poullart des Places</a>, CSSp</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Founded at</th><td class="infobox-data">Paris, France</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Clerical Religious Congregation of Pontifical Right for Men</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data">Rome, Italy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Region served </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Europe, North America, Australia, the Indian Ocean and Africa.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Membership </div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,794 members (2,109 priests) as of 2018<sup id="cite_ref-auto_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Motto</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la"><br />Cor unum et anima una</i><br />English<b>:</b><br /><i>One heart and one spirit</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Superior General</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alain_Mayama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alain Mayama (page does not exist)">Alain Mayama</a>, CSSp <sup id="cite_ref-auto_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiritanroma.org">www<wbr />.spiritanroma<wbr />.org</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Congregation of the Holy Spirit</b> (officially the <b>Congregation of the Holy Spirit under the protection of the Immaculate Heart of the Virgin Mary</b>; <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Congregatio Sancti Spiritus sub tutela Immaculati Cordis Beatissimae Virginis Mariae</i>) is a <a href="/wiki/Religious_congregation" title="Religious congregation">religious congregation</a> for men in the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>. Members are often known as <b>Holy Ghost Fathers</b> or, in <a href="/wiki/Continental_Europe" title="Continental Europe">continental Europe</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a>, as <b>Spiritans</b>, and members use the postnominals <b>CSSp</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Congregation_of_the_Holy_Spirit&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Claude_Poullart_des_Places">Claude Poullart des Places</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Congregation_of_the_Holy_Spirit&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Claude Poullart des Places"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Claude_Poullart_des_Places.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Claude_Poullart_des_Places.png/220px-Claude_Poullart_des_Places.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Claude_Poullart_des_Places.png/330px-Claude_Poullart_des_Places.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Claude_Poullart_des_Places.png/440px-Claude_Poullart_des_Places.png 2x" data-file-width="459" data-file-height="553" /></a><figcaption>Claude Poullart des Places founded the Congregation of the Holy Spirit on Whit Sunday 1703.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Claude_Poullart_des_Places" title="Claude Poullart des Places">Claude Poullart des Places</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Claude_Poullart_des_Places" title="Claude Poullart des Places">Claude Poullart des Places</a> was born on 26 February 1679, in <a href="/wiki/Rennes" title="Rennes">Rennes</a>, the capital city of Brittany, France. He was the eldest child and only son of Francis des Places and Jeanne le Meneust. Claude was tutored at home before being enrolled at the age of nine or ten as a day student in the nearby Jesuit College of St. Thomas, thus beginning his lifelong association with the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Society of Jesus</a>. Graduating at 16, Claude studied at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Caen_Normandy" title="University of Caen Normandy">University of Caen, Normandy</a>, before graduating at 22 with a Licentiate in Law from the Law School of Nantes.<sup id="cite_ref-troy_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-troy-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1701 Claude Poullart began his studies for the priesthood, as a boarder at the Jesuit College in Paris. However, he soon left his college room to share lodgings with the poorer day students who often struggled to find food, lodgings, and facilities for their studies. With a dozen of such students, Poullart des Places opened the Seminary of the Holy Spirit. It gradually developed into a religious society.<sup id="cite_ref-troy_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-troy-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Catholic_Encyclopedia_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catholic_Encyclopedia-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foundation">Foundation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Congregation_of_the_Holy_Spirit&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Foundation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Spiritans were founded in Paris on Whit Sunday (<a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a>), 1703. Having opted for the priesthood, Claude Poullart des Places wanted to form a <a href="/wiki/Religious_institute" title="Religious institute">religious institute</a> for young men who had vocations to become priests but were too poor to do so. He became especially interested in such students, and supported them with his own funds and donations from friends. In 1707 Poullart was ordained a priest. His work grew rapidly; and the foundation developed. But Poullart developed <a href="/wiki/Pleurisy" title="Pleurisy">pleurisy</a> and died on 2 October 1709, at age thirty-one.<sup id="cite_ref-Koren_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koren-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the founder's death, the Congregation of the Holy Spirit continued to progress. It became fully organized, and received the approbation of civil and ecclesiastical authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-Catholic_Encyclopedia_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catholic_Encyclopedia-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Formed in dedication to the Holy Spirit to minister to the poor and to provide chaplains in hospitals, prisons, and schools, the community soon developed a <a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">missionary</a> role: some volunteered for service in the <a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a> and North America. </p><p>In 1765 the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> entrusted it with direct care of South American missions, in colonies such as <a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a>. Spiritans also sent missionaries to China, Cambodia, Vietnam, Thailand (Siam), and India under the auspices of the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Foreign_Missions_Society" title="Paris Foreign Missions Society">Paris Foreign Missions Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Koren_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koren-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1779 the first Spiritan missionaries arrived in <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>, Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-Irish_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Irish-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Those in France served in various dioceses or alongside the de Montfort missionaries, due to the close friendship between Poullart and <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Montfort" title="Louis de Montfort">Louis de Montfort</a>. The Congregation had trained 1,300 priests in the years leading up to 1792, when the seminary was suppressed by the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>. Some Spiritans sought refuge in England, Switzerland, and Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-roma_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roma-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Merger">Merger</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Congregation_of_the_Holy_Spirit&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Merger"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fran%C3%A7ois_Libermann.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Fran%C3%A7ois_Libermann.png/220px-Fran%C3%A7ois_Libermann.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Fran%C3%A7ois_Libermann.png/330px-Fran%C3%A7ois_Libermann.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Fran%C3%A7ois_Libermann.png/440px-Fran%C3%A7ois_Libermann.png 2x" data-file-width="478" data-file-height="630" /></a><figcaption>Venerable Francis Libermann, often called the Congregation's "second founder", was also its eleventh superior general (1848–1852).</figcaption></figure> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, only one member, James Bertout, remained. He had survived miraculously, through a series of vicissitudes – shipwreck on the way to his destined mission in <a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a>, enslavement by the <a href="/wiki/Moors" title="Moors">Moors</a>, and a sojourn in <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>, where he had been sold to the English, who then ruled there. On his return to France, after peace was restored to the Church, he re-established the congregation and continued its work. But it was found impossible to recover adequately from the disastrous effects of the dispersion caused by the Revolution, and the restored society was threatened with extinction.<sup id="cite_ref-Koren_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koren-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The congregation's numbers in Europe declined sharply until 1802, when the <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleonic</a> government allowed the seminary to reopen. The congregation was asked to supply missionary priests for work in the French colonies in Africa, the West Indies, and the Indian subcontinent. In 1824, Rome approved the “Rules” of the Congregation of the Holy Spirit; prior to that it had been a diocesan congregation. </p><p>In 1842, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Libermann" title="Francis Libermann">Francis Libermann</a> had founded the "Society of the Holy Heart of Mary," a society dedicated to serve mainly the emancipated black slaves in the French colonies. The taking-up of the African missions by Libermann was due to the initiative of two American prelates, under the encouragement of the first <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Baltimore" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Baltimore">Council of Baltimore</a>. Already in 1833, <a href="/wiki/John_England_(bishop)" title="John England (bishop)">John England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Charleston" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Charleston">Bishop of Charleston</a>, had drawn attention to the West Coast of Africa, and had urged sending missioners to those regions. This appeal was renewed at the Council of Baltimore, and the assembled fathers commissioned <a href="/wiki/Edward_Barron" title="Edward Barron">Edward Barron</a> to undertake missionary work at <a href="/wiki/Cape_Palmas" title="Cape Palmas">Cape Palmas</a>. Barron went over the ground carefully for a few years, and then repaired to Rome to give an account of the work, and to receive further instructions. He was consecrated bishop and appointed Vicar-Apostolic of the Two Guineas.<sup id="cite_ref-Meehan_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meehan-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But as he had only one priest and a catechist at his disposal, he went to France to recruit missioners. Libermann supplied him at once with seven priests and three coadjutor brothers. By 1844, five members of this first group had died, either in Africa or at sea.<sup id="cite_ref-roma_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roma-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first missionaries suffered high mortality from tropical diseases; all but one died within a few months. </p><p>Discouraged, Barron returned to America, where he devoted himself to missionary work. He died during the 1853 <a href="/wiki/Yellow_fever" title="Yellow fever">yellow fever</a> epidemic in <a href="/wiki/Savannah,_Georgia" title="Savannah, Georgia">Savannah, Georgia</a>, aged 52.<sup id="cite_ref-Meehan_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meehan-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1848, the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> requested Libermann to merge the relatively new Society of the Holy Heart of Mary with the older Congregation of the Holy Spirit, as they shared missions. Libermann was made first superior general of the united societies; he is credited with renewing the Congregation of the Holy Spirit, whose name became known as "... under the protection of the Immaculate Heart of Mary", reflecting the merger.<sup id="cite_ref-Catholic_Encyclopedia_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catholic_Encyclopedia-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The new superior general first concentrated on strengthening service to the old French colonies. He developed bishoprics and provided for the supply of clergy through the Seminary of the Holy Ghost. His disciples worked largely in Africa. Libermann recruited and educated missionaries, both lay and clerical. He negotiated with Rome and with the French government over the placement and support of his personnel.<sup id="cite_ref-Duquesne_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duquesne-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Father Libermann and his associates retained the African mission; gradually they established new Christian communities on the continent. By 1913, nearly 700 missionaries had died while serving in Africa. Their work resulted in establishing the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Angola" title="Diocese of Angola">Diocese of Angola</a> and the eight Vicariates of <a href="/wiki/Senegambia_Confederation" title="Senegambia Confederation">Senegambia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ubangi-Shari" title="Ubangi-Shari">Ubangi</a> (or French Upper Congo), <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Loango" title="Kingdom of Loango">Loango</a> (or French Lower Congo), on the West Coast, and Northern <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bagamoyo_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagamoyo District">Bagamoyo</a>, on the East Coast. Prefectures were developed in Lower <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Guinea" title="French Guinea">French Guinea</a>, Lower Congo (<a href="/wiki/Landana" class="mw-redirect" title="Landana">Landana</a>), and a mission at Bata in Spanish West Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-Catholic_Encyclopedia_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catholic_Encyclopedia-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Besides the missions in Africa, the Congregation of the Holy Spirit started missions in <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a>, <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Rodriguez_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Rodriguez Island">Rodriguez Islands</a>. In the Western Hemisphere, they had missions in <a href="/wiki/Trinidad" title="Trinidad">Trinidad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Amazonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazonia">Amazonia</a>. In addition, they conducted such educational institutions as the <a href="/wiki/French_Seminary" class="mw-redirect" title="French Seminary">French Seminary</a> at <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, the colonial seminary at Paris, the colleges of <a href="/wiki/Blackrock_College" title="Blackrock College">Blackrock</a>, Rockwell, and <a href="/wiki/Rathmines" title="Rathmines">Rathmines</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, St. Mary's College in Trinidad, the Holy Ghost College of <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Duquesne_University" title="Duquesne University">Duquesne University</a>), Pennsylvania, and the three colleges of <a href="/wiki/Braga" title="Braga">Braga</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Porto" title="University of Porto">Porto</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a> in Portugal.<sup id="cite_ref-Catholic_Encyclopedia_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catholic_Encyclopedia-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Congregation_of_the_Holy_Spirit&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the early 20th century the congregation was organized into the following <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_province#Religious_institutes" title="Ecclesiastical province">provinces</a>: France, Ireland, Portugal, United States, and Germany. The whole society was under the jurisdiction of the Cardinal Prefect of the Propaganda. Houses have been opened in England, Canada,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Belgium, and the Netherlands, intended to develop into distinct provinces, so as to supply the colonies of these respective countries with an increase of missionaries.<sup id="cite_ref-Catholic_Encyclopedia_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catholic_Encyclopedia-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 31 December 1961 twenty Spiritans: nineteen Belgians and one Dutch man, were killed in <a href="/wiki/Kongolo,_Tanganyika" title="Kongolo, Tanganyika">Kongolo</a>, in what is now the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>, by government troops during the Katanga secession rebellion.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Rome, on 24 April 1979, <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> presided over the beatification ceremony for <a href="/wiki/Jacques-D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9_Laval" title="Jacques-Désiré Laval">Jacques-Désiré Laval</a>, the first member of the Spiritans to be so honoured.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Today">Today</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Congregation_of_the_Holy_Spirit&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Today"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Spiritans' goal is always to establish a viable local faith community with its own leadership, while incorporating the language and customs of the people. Spiritans live in community and practice the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_counsels" title="Evangelical counsels">evangelical counsels</a>. The congregation's international headquarters is in Rome. The 2019 General Chapter was held in <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>. As of 2019, more than 2,800 Spiritans served in 62 countries on five continents.<sup id="cite_ref-Duquesne_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duquesne-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are often associated with schools and chaplaincy, and missionary work. </p><p>Some noted English-speaking Spiritans in the late 20th-century include Fathers Vincent J. Donovan, Adrian Van Kaam, and Henry J. Koren. Father Donovan (1926–2000) wrote <i>Christianity Rediscovered</i>. He worked in <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>, most notably among the <a href="/wiki/Maasai_people" title="Maasai people">Maasai</a>, from 1955 to 1973. During this period, the <a href="/wiki/Maasai_Creed" title="Maasai Creed">Maasai Creed</a> was composed, with support from the Spiritans as a culturally relevant <a href="/wiki/Creed#Christian_creeds" title="Creed">creed</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Father Van Kaam was notable for his work in psychology and spirituality. He also wrote a key work on Venerable Father Libermann, one of the Spiritans' founders. Father Koren was a historian of the Congregation and a philosopher. </p><p>In other countries, such as Mexico, the Spiritans were invited by local Catholic bishops to minister to Catholics in remote areas where there were not enough diocesan priests to serve the growing numbers of <a href="/wiki/Faithful_(baptized_Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Faithful (baptized Catholic)">faithful</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Superiors_general">Superiors general</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Congregation_of_the_Holy_Spirit&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Superiors general"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 2022<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Congregation_of_the_Holy_Spirit&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> the Congregation has had twenty-four superiors general since its foundation in 1703:<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th class="unsortable">No.</th> <th>Name</th> <th>Years served </th></tr> <tr> <td>1.</td> <td><span style="display:none">des</span><a href="/wiki/Claude_Poullart_des_Places" title="Claude Poullart des Places">Claude Poullart des Places</a></td> <td>1703–1709 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2.</td> <td><span style="display:none">gar</span>Jacques Garnier</td> <td>1709–1710 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3.</td> <td><span style="display:none">bou</span>Louis Bouic</td> <td>1710–1763 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4.</td> <td><span style="display:none">bec</span>Julien-François Becquet</td> <td>1763–1788 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5.</td> <td><span style="display:none">duf</span>Jean-Marie Duflos</td> <td>1788–1805 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6.</td> <td><span style="display:none">ber</span>Jacques Bertout</td> <td>1805–1832 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7.</td> <td><span style="display:none">fou</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amable_Fourdinier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amable Fourdinier (page does not exist)">Amable Fourdinier</a></td> <td>1832–1845 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8.</td> <td><span style="display:none">war</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_Warnet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicolas Warnet (page does not exist)">Nicolas Warnet</a></td> <td>1845–1845 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9.</td> <td><span style="display:none">leg</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandre_Leguay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexandre Leguay (page does not exist)">Alexandre Leguay</a></td> <td>1845–1848 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10.</td> <td><span style="display:none">mon</span><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Monnet" title="Alexandre Monnet">Alexandre Monnet</a></td> <td>1848–1848 </td></tr> <tr> <td>11.</td> <td><span style="display:none">lib</span><a href="/wiki/Francis_Libermann" title="Francis Libermann">Francis Libermann</a></td> <td>1848–1852 </td></tr> <tr> <td>12.</td> <td><span style="display:none">schw</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ignace_Schwindenhammer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ignace Schwindenhammer (page does not exist)">Ignace Schwindenhammer</a></td> <td>1853–1881 </td></tr> <tr> <td>13.</td> <td><span style="display:none">lev</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Le_Vavasseur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frédéric Le Vavasseur (page does not exist)">Frédéric Le Vavasseur</a></td> <td>1881–1882 </td></tr> <tr> <td>14.</td> <td><span style="display:none">emo</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ambroise_Emonet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ambroise Emonet (page does not exist)">Ambroise Emonet</a></td> <td>1882–1895 </td></tr> <tr> <td>15.</td> <td><span style="display:none">ler</span><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Le_Roy" title="Alexandre Le Roy">Alexandre Le Roy</a></td> <td>1896–1926 </td></tr> <tr> <td>16.</td> <td><span style="display:none">leh</span><a href="/wiki/Louis_Le_Hunsec" title="Louis Le Hunsec">Louis Le Hunsec</a></td> <td>1926–1950 </td></tr> <tr> <td>17.</td> <td><span style="display:none">gri</span><a href="/wiki/Francis_Griffin_(priest)" title="Francis Griffin (priest)">Francis Griffin</a></td> <td>1950–1962 </td></tr> <tr> <td>18.</td> <td><span style="display:none">lef</span><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Lefebvre" title="Marcel Lefebvre">Marcel Lefebvre</a></td> <td>1962–1968 </td></tr> <tr> <td>19.</td> <td><span style="display:none">lec</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_L%C3%A9cuyer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Lécuyer (page does not exist)">Joseph Lécuyer</a></td> <td>1968–1974 </td></tr> <tr> <td>20.</td> <td><span style="display:none">tim</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frans_Timmermans_(priest)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frans Timmermans (priest) (page does not exist)">Frans Timmermans</a></td> <td>1974–1986 </td></tr> <tr> <td>21.</td> <td><span style="display:none">haa</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Haas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre Haas (page does not exist)">Pierre Haas</a></td> <td>1986–1992 </td></tr> <tr> <td>22.</td> <td><span style="display:none">scho</span>Pierre Schouver</td> <td>1992–2004 </td></tr> <tr> <td>23.</td> <td><span style="display:none">hoc</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Paul_Hoch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Paul Hoch (page does not exist)">Jean-Paul Hoch</a></td> <td>2004–2012 </td></tr> <tr> <td>24.</td> <td><span style="display:none">fog</span><a href="/wiki/John_Fogarty_(priest)" title="John Fogarty (priest)">John Fogarty</a></td> <td>2012–2021 </td></tr> <tr> <td>25. </td> <td>Alain Mayama </td> <td>since 2021 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spiritans_around_the_world">Spiritans around the world</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Congregation_of_the_Holy_Spirit&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Spiritans around the world"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Congregation_of_the_Holy_Spirit" title="Special:EditPage/Congregation of the Holy 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Congregation+of+the+Holy+Spirit%22">"Congregation of the Holy Spirit"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Congregation+of+the+Holy+Spirit%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Congregation+of+the+Holy+Spirit%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Congregation+of+the+Holy+Spirit%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Congregation+of+the+Holy+Spirit%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Congregation+of+the+Holy+Spirit%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_Province">British Province</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Congregation_of_the_Holy_Spirit&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: British Province"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The British Province covers <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a>, but not <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>, although a part of the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-ireland_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ireland-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Spiritans came to Britain 200 years after their foundation when the <a href="/wiki/1905_French_law_on_the_separation_of_Church_and_State" class="mw-redirect" title="1905 French law on the separation of Church and State">anti-Catholic government in France</a> was starting to close convents and monasteries. In 1903 they rented <a href="/wiki/Prior_Park" title="Prior Park">Prior Park</a>, a mansion near <a href="/wiki/Bath,_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath</a> in <a href="/wiki/Somerset" title="Somerset">Somerset</a> as a refuge abroad. In 1907 <a href="/wiki/Castle_Head,_Grange-over-Sands" title="Castle Head, Grange-over-Sands">Castlehead</a> at <a href="/wiki/Grange-over-Sands" title="Grange-over-Sands">Grange-over-Sands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a>, opened as a <a href="/wiki/Junior_seminary" class="mw-redirect" title="Junior seminary">junior seminary</a>. Father John Rimmer from <a href="/wiki/Widnes" title="Widnes">Widnes</a> was the first British Spiritan, having joined in France in 1894. He was appointed as Superior of Castlehead and gradually under his leadership the school flourished and boys were put through their secondary studies before going to France for the <a href="/wiki/Novitiate" title="Novitiate">novitiate</a> and training for the missionary priesthood. The school was closed in 1978 due to declining vocations.<sup id="cite_ref-spuk_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spuk-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1939, the Spiritans bought a property in Nottinghamshire to act as a senior seminary, but the house was requisitioned<sup id="cite_ref-spuk_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spuk-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to provide a home for a school for partially sighted children who had been evacuated from Sussex during the Second World War. In 1940, 30 seminarians escaped from France aboard a Polish troopship. The refugees from France shared Castlehead for two years with the junior students. Then they moved to Sizergh Castle near <a href="/wiki/Kendal" title="Kendal">Kendal</a> and continued their studies for the priesthood.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> On average, four new priests were ordained every year and posted to missions in Sierra Leone, Nigeria, and East Africa. When the war ended, the senior students moved into <a href="/wiki/Upton_Hall,_Nottinghamshire" title="Upton Hall, Nottinghamshire">Upton Hall</a> near <a href="/wiki/Newark-on-Trent" title="Newark-on-Trent">Newark</a>. Later, as vocations declined, the seminary was sold and the students joined the Missionary Institute in London.<sup id="cite_ref-spuk_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spuk-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1947, a house was acquired in <a href="/wiki/Bickley" title="Bickley">Bickley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a>, and used as headquarters for the English Province and a centre for late vocations. Ex-servicemen were applying to join and some needed help to complete their studies prior to going to the novitiate. In the early 1990s with elderly missionaries living longer and returning home, the Bickley community centre of Provincial administration was converted to a retirement home. The Administration moved to <a href="/wiki/Northwood,_London" title="Northwood, London">Northwood</a>. As of 2022<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Congregation_of_the_Holy_Spirit&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> the Provincial office was in Chester, and the Provincial residence in Salford.<sup id="cite_ref-spuk_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spuk-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1956 the Holy Ghost Fathers set up a community at <a href="/wiki/Uddingston" title="Uddingston">Uddingston</a> on the outskirts of <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a>, Scotland. In 1970 the Congregation transferred to the Old parish house and church in <a href="/wiki/Carfin" title="Carfin">Carfin</a>, where it continued as of 2022<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Congregation_of_the_Holy_Spirit&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>. It was opposite the <a href="/wiki/Carfin_Grotto" title="Carfin Grotto">Carfin Grotto</a>, a place of Catholic pilgrimage which had been established during the 1920s. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a> the various missionary societies in England pooled their resources and started the Missionary Institute London (MIL) in 1969. As one of the founding members, the Holy Ghost Fathers closed their center in <a href="/wiki/Willesborough" title="Willesborough">Willesborough</a>, moving their students to London and opened a community house in Aldenham Grange, near <a href="/wiki/Watford" title="Watford">Watford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hertfordshire" title="Hertfordshire">Hertfordshire</a>. </p><p>From the late 1980s there was a decision to concentrate on work with young people, in order to develop strong committed young catholic leaders. The "Just Youth" ministry was established in order to foster these aims. It provides chaplaincy facilities for several high schools in the Salford Diocese and undertakes outreach work in schools throughout the north of England. Since early 2008 Just Youth has been based in Lower Kersal, Salford, at the former Catholic University Chaplaincy, now re-opened as the Spiritan Youth Centre. </p><p>From the Salford community has also grown the group of <a href="/wiki/Laity" title="Laity">Lay</a> Spiritans. These are married or single Catholics inspired by the Spiritan way of life and wishing to share in it. They bring their professional skills to the various ministries. </p><p>In 2001, two Lay Spiritans of the <a href="/wiki/Salford,_Greater_Manchester" class="mw-redirect" title="Salford, Greater Manchester">Salford</a> community founded Revive, a voluntary <a href="/wiki/Social_work" title="Social work">social work</a> agency committed to the long-term support of <a href="/wiki/Asylum_seekers" class="mw-redirect" title="Asylum seekers">asylum seekers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Refugees" class="mw-redirect" title="Refugees">refugees</a>. This work, in conjunction with the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Salford" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Salford">Roman Catholic Diocese of Salford</a> and the <a href="/wiki/British_Red_Cross" title="British Red Cross">British Red Cross</a>, involved the support of all asylum seekers, including the destitute whose asylum claims had been refused. Revive also had a significant role in the training of student <a href="/wiki/Social_workers" class="mw-redirect" title="Social workers">social workers</a> to work with asylum seekers and refugees in partnership with <a href="/wiki/Manchester_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester University">Manchester University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Metropolitan_University" title="Manchester Metropolitan University">Manchester Metropolitan University</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Salford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Salford University">Salford University</a>. Revive is based in Salford and is considered to be a missionary work of the Congregation, who are its principal funders.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2009, a report from <a href="/wiki/Caritas_-_Social_Action" class="mw-redirect" title="Caritas - Social Action">Caritas - Social Action</a> highlighted the work of Revive as an example of good practice with asylum seekers and refugees in the Catholic Church in England and Wales.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lay Spiritan involvement in the management of Revive ceased in 2009. As of 2022<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Congregation_of_the_Holy_Spirit&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> the Revive Web site listed a Spiritan priest as manager.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One former Lay Spiritan, Ann-Marie Fell, was the recipient of a Catholic Women of the Year award in 2010 for her work as a prison chaplain.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The UK Spiritan Provincial Philip Marsh CSSp spent much of his time travelling and meeting with the various communities and works of the Province, with a base in <a href="/wiki/Whitefield,_Greater_Manchester" title="Whitefield, Greater Manchester">Whitefield</a>, Bury, where the small Provincial Residence Community is located. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Congregation_of_the_Holy_Spirit&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1732 the first Spiritan missionaries arrived in North America under Father Louis Bouic, to work among the <a href="/wiki/Mi%EA%9E%8Ckmaq" class="mw-redirect" title="Miꞌkmaq">Miꞌkmaq</a> and Acadians in <a href="/wiki/French_Canadians" title="French Canadians">French Canada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-csspus_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csspus-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unfortunately, the settlers and natives of this region were caught in the political and military clash between the French and the British. One of the most famous Spiritans was <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Maillard" title="Pierre Maillard">Pierre Maillard</a>, named "the Apostle of the <a href="/wiki/Mi%27kmaq" title="Mi'kmaq">Micmacs</a>". After arduous learning over eight years, he wrote the first Micmac grammar. </p><p>Father Maillard tried to attenuate the savagery of brutal warfare (instigated at times by the French and the British). Many more missionaries, such as <a href="/wiki/John_Le_Loutre" class="mw-redirect" title="John Le Loutre">John Le Loutre</a>, came but later had to flee with the Micmacs as the British conquered these areas. Maillard himself was captured in Louisbourg and deported to a Boston jail. </p><p>In 1791, the British expelled the Spiritans, who were all from France, from Canada. But they continued their apostolate in the islands of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-roma_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roma-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1954, Spiritans from Ireland opened their first mission in English speaking Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neil_McNeil_High_School" title="Neil McNeil High School">Neil McNeil High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Libermann_Catholic_High_School" title="Francis Libermann Catholic High School">Francis Libermann Catholic High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regina_Pacis_Catholic_Secondary_School" title="Regina Pacis Catholic Secondary School">Regina Pacis Catholic Secondary School</a> - closed 2002</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Academy_(Toronto)" title="Marian Academy (Toronto)">Marian Academy</a> - closed 2002</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Congregation_of_the_Holy_Spirit&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>See</b> <a href="/wiki/Heilig-Geist-Gymnasium" title="Heilig-Geist-Gymnasium">Heilig-Geist-Gymnasium</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Province_of_Ghana">Province of Ghana</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Congregation_of_the_Holy_Spirit&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Province of Ghana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Spiritan mission in <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> was started in 1971 by a group of Irish Spiritans who left Nigeria after the civil war. With more than forty years of Spiritan mission, the Province of Ghana continues to flourish with more than 100 members working both at home and abroad. Ghana is a democratic constitutional republic divided into ten administrative regions, with a multi-ethnic population of around 24 million as of 2010. Fourteen percent of the population is estimated to be Catholic. Located along the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Guinea" title="Gulf of Guinea">Gulf of Guinea</a> and Atlantic Ocean, in West Africa, Ghana has a land mass of 238,535 km2, with 2,093 kilometres of international land borders. In Ghana, Spiritans are ministering in sixteen parishes in nine of the eighteen dioceses. Many of the parishes are in a situation of primary evangelization in rural and deprived areas. The Province gives attention to basic and primary education in all of its twelve parishes. The Spiritan Technical Vocational School in Ada Nkwame, the Computer school in <a href="/wiki/Kumasi" title="Kumasi">Kumasi</a>, the Libermann Senior High School in <a href="/wiki/Elubo" title="Elubo">Elubo</a>, and the Spiritan University College in <a href="/wiki/Ejisu_(Ghana_parliament_constituency)" title="Ejisu (Ghana parliament constituency)">Ejisu</a> are all examples of the Spiritan commitment to evangelization through education. Thirty-five Spiritans from Ghana are on mission outside their home country in fifteen different countries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Irish_Province">Irish Province</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Congregation_of_the_Holy_Spirit&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Irish Province"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Irish Province covers the <a href="/wiki/Island_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Island of Ireland">island of Ireland</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-ireland_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ireland-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first Spiritan house was opened in 1859 by Jules Leman. The Spiritans run five schools in Ireland: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackrock_College" title="Blackrock College">Blackrock College</a> was founded by the Holy Ghost Fathers in 1860.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockwell_College" title="Rockwell College">Rockwell College</a> was founded in 1864 and is located near <a href="/wiki/Cashel,_County_Tipperary" title="Cashel, County Tipperary">Cashel, County Tipperary</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Michael%27s_College,_Dublin" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Michael's College, Dublin">St. Michael's College, Dublin</a>, was bought by Blackrock College in 1944 as a second feeder school with Willow Park. In December 1970, St Michael's officially became independent from Blackrock College.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s_College,_Dublin" title="St Mary's College, Dublin">St Mary's College, Rathmines, Dublin</a>, was founded in 1892.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Templeogue_College" title="Templeogue College">Templeogue College</a> was founded in 1966 and is located in <a href="/wiki/Templeogue" title="Templeogue">Templeogue, Dublin</a>.</li></ul> <p>Novitiates, Seminaries and Colleges </p> <ul><li>Kilshane House, County Tipperary, operated as a junior novitiate from 1933 to 1983.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Ghost_Missionary_College,_Kimmage_Manor,_Dublin" title="Holy Ghost Missionary College, Kimmage Manor, Dublin">Holy Ghost Missionary College, Kimmage Manor, Dublin</a>, <ul><li>Holy Ghost Missionary College, bought by the spiritans in 1911, as a seminary, students studying theology and philosophy, and also taking degrees in UCD. From 1924 until 1933 the Holy Ghost Fathers studied theology at Blackrock Castle, before returning to Kimmage Manor. In 1917 the House of Philosophy moved to St. Mary's, then in 1926 it moved to Blackrock, before moving back to Kimmage in 1938.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimmage_Development_Studies_Centre" title="Kimmage Development Studies Centre">Kimmage Development Studies Centre</a> (KDSC), was founded in 1974, and operating until 2018 when it was merged into <a href="/wiki/Maynooth_University" title="Maynooth University">Maynooth University</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimmage_Mission_Institute" title="Kimmage Mission Institute">Kimmage Mission Institute</a> (KMI) – Institute of Theology and Cultures, Kimmage Manor, Dublin, founded 1991 (in association with other missionary congregations), moved to <a href="/wiki/Milltown_Institute_of_Theology_and_Philosophy" title="Milltown Institute of Theology and Philosophy">Milltown Institute of Theology and Philosophy</a> in 2003, formally merged with Milltown in 2006.</li></ul></li></ul> <p>Spiritans of the Irish Province and Spiritan Associates serve in some 20 countries including Ireland. They administer a number of parishes in west Dublin as well as one in the Diocese of Elphin.<sup id="cite_ref-Irish_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Irish-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/St._Mary%27s_School,_Nairobi" title="St. Mary's School, Nairobi">St. Mary's School, Nairobi</a>, founded in the Parklands area of Nairobi in 1939 from Blackrock College in Dublin, Ireland. </p><p>Notable Irish Spiritans include <a href="/wiki/William_Patrick_Power" title="William Patrick Power">William Patrick Power</a>, first head of <a href="/wiki/Duquesne_University" title="Duquesne University">Duquesne University</a>, Pittsburgh, <a href="/wiki/John_Charles_McQuaid" title="John Charles McQuaid">John Charles McQuaid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Dublin_(Roman_Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Dublin (Roman Catholic)">Archbishop of Dublin</a> 1940–73, <a href="/wiki/Denis_Fahey" title="Denis Fahey">Denis Fahey</a>, founder of <a href="/wiki/Maria_Duce" title="Maria Duce">Maria Duce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aengus_Finucane" title="Aengus Finucane">Aengus Finucane</a>, who organised food shipments to the <a href="/wiki/Ibo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibo people">Ibo</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Biafra_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Biafra War">Biafra War</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_C._O%27Riordan" title="John C. O'Riordan">John C. O'Riordan</a>, former <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Kenema" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Kenema">Bishop of Kenema, Sierra Leone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Ellison_(Roman_Catholic_bishop)" title="Robert Ellison (Roman Catholic bishop)">Robert Ellison</a>, current <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Banjul" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Banjul">Bishop of Banjul, Gambia</a>. Mauritian-born, Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Piat" title="Maurice Piat">Maurice Piat</a> CSSp, studied with the Irish province, in Kimmage.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Irish_Provincial_Superiors">Irish Provincial Superiors</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Congregation_of_the_Holy_Spirit&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Irish Provincial Superiors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Jules Botrel</li> <li>Richard Harnett</li> <li>Brian McLaughlin</li> <li>Enda Watters (1976-1982)</li> <li>Roddy Curran (1988-1994)</li> <li>Brian Starken (2006-2012)</li> <li>Marc Whelan (2012-2018)</li> <li>Martin Kelly (since 2018)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mauritius">Mauritius</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Congregation_of_the_Holy_Spirit&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Mauritius"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Spiritans in the 1840s dedicated themselves to working with newly freed <a href="/wiki/Slaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Slaves">slaves</a> on the islands of <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> and <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a>. The Spiritans created the college du Saint Esprit, a French and English speaking college in Mauritius. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mexico">Mexico</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Congregation_of_the_Holy_Spirit&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Mexico"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Today, Mexican-born Spiritans outnumber Spiritan missionaries from other countries. Spiritans run a seminary program in Mexico. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Netherlands">Netherlands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Congregation_of_the_Holy_Spirit&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Netherlands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Dutch congregation was founded by Albert Sebire in 1905. A number of Spiritans from the Netherlands have played a significant role for the order, including Frans Timmermans who served as Superior, Bishops Bernhard Gerhard Hilhorst and Herman Jan van Elswijk who served as Bishops of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Morogoro" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Morogoro">Morogoro</a> in Tanzania, which the province was in charge of. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trinidad_and_Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Congregation_of_the_Holy_Spirit&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Trinidad and Tobago"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Spiritans run three schools in <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Mary%27s_College,_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Saint Mary's College, Trinidad and Tobago">Saint Mary's College</a> established in 1863</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatima_College" title="Fatima College">Our Lady of Fatima College</a> established in 1945</li> <li>Saint Anthony's College (Trinidad)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_Province">United States Province</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Congregation_of_the_Holy_Spirit&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: United States Province"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Duquesneoldcampus.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Duquesneoldcampus.png/220px-Duquesneoldcampus.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Duquesneoldcampus.png/330px-Duquesneoldcampus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Duquesneoldcampus.png/440px-Duquesneoldcampus.png 2x" data-file-width="555" data-file-height="326" /></a><figcaption>Duquesne University, founded in 1878 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, is the only Spiritan institution of higher education in the world.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1794 a Spiritan refugee of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> in Guiana started a new mission in the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-csspus_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csspus-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it was only after Archbishop <a href="/wiki/John_Baptist_Purcell" title="John Baptist Purcell">John Baptist Purcell</a> repeatedly asked between 1847 and 1851 for personnel to staff a seminary in Cincinnati that Spiritans arrived steadily. Other dioceses such as Savannah, Florida, Philadelphia, and Natchez also requested personnel. </p><p>The province of the United States, founded in 1873, had a novitiate and senior scholasticate at Ferndale in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Hartford" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Hartford">Diocese of Hartford</a>, and an apostolic college at <a href="/wiki/Cornwells_Heights,_Pennsylvania" title="Cornwells Heights, Pennsylvania">Cornwells</a> near <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>. The main object of these institutions was to train missionaries to work among the poor, especially ethnic minorities.<sup id="cite_ref-Catholic_Encyclopedia_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catholic_Encyclopedia-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Spiritans concentrated on the Pittsburgh area. Despite knowing of four failures of setting up a Catholic college in Pittsburgh, the Spiritans persisted in setting up an institution which became <a href="/wiki/Duquesne_University" title="Duquesne University">Duquesne University</a>. </p><p>In East Africa, where most of the American Spiritans now serve, they began to work in the 1860s by buying men and women out of slavery in <a href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a>. They opened schools and hospitals, taught people marketable skills, and gave property to those who needed it. The Spiritans pioneered modern missionary activity in Africa and ultimately sent more missionaries there than any other <a href="/wiki/Religious_institute" title="Religious institute">religious institute</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>. </p><p>For decades the Spiritans worked closely with <a href="/wiki/Katherine_Drexel" class="mw-redirect" title="Katherine Drexel">Katherine Drexel</a> in the apostolate to African-Americans in the urban North and in small towns and cities of the South and Southwest. The Spiritans in America concentrate on work among immigrants, black parishes, and education in Duquesne University and <a href="/wiki/Holy_Ghost_Preparatory_School" title="Holy Ghost Preparatory School">Holy Ghost Preparatory School</a>, near Philadelphia. Historically, they have sent missionaries to <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a>, Tanzania, Puerto Rico, Latin America, and <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>. As of 2022 Spiritans are focusing on Brazil, Mexico, the Philippines, and Taiwan. In 1964 there was a separation at the Mississippi River between a Western Province and an Eastern Province, but both provinces reunited. Candidates in theological formation are sent to <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Theological_Union" title="Catholic Theological Union">Catholic Theological Union</a> in Chicago where several Spiritans teach. </p><p>In 2012 the province established the Spiritan Office for Mission Advancement(SOMA)to animate the Congregations mission works. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spiritans.org&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spiritans.org (page does not exist)">SOMA</a> implements its mission by financially resourcing and practically supporting the missionary, educational, pastoral, humanitarian and charitable projects and programs of the Congregation and the U.S. Province both in the United States and internationally. In addition to responding to natural disasters such as earthquakes, cyclones, typhoons, crop infestations, draughts, famines, and viral infections such as Ebola and COVID-19, SOMA’S mission priorities include: </p><p>Evangelization: related projects: catechesis, lay missionary religious training, missionary bicycles and teaching materials, church construction </p><p>Education: school construction, student scholarships, desks and chairs, computer lab, training materials </p><p>Economic and community Development: sustainable farming, women's sewing cooperative, parish bakeries, women's empowerment. technical skills training </p><p>Health and wellness: supplemental food, emergency generators, electricity delivery, solar paneling, rain water catchment systems, boreholes, water tanks, toilet facilities, medical dispensary construction, medical equipment and supplies, supplemental feeding </p><p>Priestly Formation: seminarian tuition support, supplemental feeding, teaching aids </p><p>Social Justice: women and men's rehabilitation center, cots for prison detainees, orphan care, refugee housing </p><p>In 2023 the U.S. Province celebrated its 150th anniversary. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vietnam">Vietnam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Congregation_of_the_Holy_Spirit&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Vietnam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Spiritans arrived in Vietnam in September 2007. As of 2022<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Congregation_of_the_Holy_Spirit&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> the Congregation has three communities in <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City" title="Ho Chi Minh City">Ho Chi Minh City</a>, with more than 40 members. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Child_sexual_abuse">Child sexual abuse</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Congregation_of_the_Holy_Spirit&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Child sexual abuse"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Members of the Spiritans have been associated with a number of child sexual abuse cases in Ireland;<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Spiritans acknowledged in 2022 that they had paid out over €5m (£4.4m) in settlements for sexual abuse cases since 2004. In 2022 the <a href="/wiki/Garda_S%C3%ADoch%C3%A1na" title="Garda Síochána">Garda Síochána</a> (Irish police) were involved in the investigation; 233 people had made allegations against 77 members of the Spiritans. Martin Kelly, leader of the Spiritans, admitted and apologised for abuse.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At least six abusers are known to have operated at Blackrock College. The allegations concern cases in Ireland; there is evidence that perpetrators taught in Sierra Leone and Nigeria.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Congregation_of_the_Holy_Spirit&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-auto-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gcatholic.org/orders/013.htm">"Congregation of the Holy Spirit (C.S.Sp.)"</a>. <i>www.gcatholic.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gcatholic.org&rft.atitle=Congregation+of+the+Holy+Spirit+%28C.S.Sp.%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gcatholic.org%2Forders%2F013.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACongregation+of+the+Holy+Spirit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://spiritans.org">https://spiritans.org</a> 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(February 2024)">bare URL</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/269788">Holy Ghost Father</a> at the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-troy-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-troy_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-troy_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150427111200/http://spiritans.org/our-founders/">"Our Founders - The Congregation of The Holy Spirit"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Our+Founders+-+The+Congregation+of+The+Holy+Spirit&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspiritans.org%2Four-founders%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACongregation+of+the+Holy+Spirit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Catholic_Encyclopedia-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Catholic_Encyclopedia_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Catholic_Encyclopedia_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Catholic_Encyclopedia_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Catholic_Encyclopedia_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Catholic_Encyclopedia_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Catholic_Encyclopedia_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Catholic_Encyclopedia_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07416a.htm">Murphy, John I. "Religious Congregations of the Holy Ghost</a>", <i>The Catholic Encyclopedia</i>. Vol. 7. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Migration+Mapping+-+Our+Work+-+Caritas+Social+Action+Network&rft.date=2011-07-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.caritas-socialaction.org.uk%2Fpages%2Fmigration_mapping.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACongregation+of+the+Holy+Spirit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.revive-uk.org/about-us/staff/">"Staff"</a>. <i>Revive UK</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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The National Board for Safeguarding Children in the Catholic Church in Ireland (NBSCCCI). July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Review+of+Safeguarding+Practice+in+the+Irish+Province+of+the+Congregation+of+the+Holy+Spirit+%28Private+and+Confidential%29&rft.pub=The+National+Board+for+Safeguarding+Children+in+the+Catholic+Church+in+Ireland+%28NBSCCCI%29&rft.date=2012-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.safeguarding.ie%2Fimages%2FArticle_Images%2FSpiritans-2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACongregation+of+the+Holy+Spirit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bishoppatbuckley.blog/2019/09/18/full-list-of-irish-clerical-and-religious-abusers-from-bishopaccountability-org/">"FULL LIST OF IRISH CLERICAL AND RELIGIOUS ABUSERS FROM bishopaccountability.org"</a>. <i>bishoppatbuckley.blog</i>. 18 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bishoppatbuckley.blog&rft.atitle=FULL+LIST+OF+IRISH+CLERICAL+AND+RELIGIOUS+ABUSERS+FROM+bishopaccountability.org&rft.date=2019-09-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbishoppatbuckley.blog%2F2019%2F09%2F18%2Ffull-list-of-irish-clerical-and-religious-abusers-from-bishopaccountability-org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACongregation+of+the+Holy+Spirit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spiritan.ie/public-notice/">"Public Notice"</a>. <i>Spiritan Ireland</i>. n.d<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2022</span>. <q>the Spiritan Congregation has embarked on a Restorative Justice Process, on a pilot basis, with people who suffered abuse while attending those schools</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Spiritan+Ireland&rft.atitle=Public+Notice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspiritan.ie%2Fpublic-notice%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACongregation+of+the+Holy+Spirit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarroll2022" class="citation news cs1">Carroll, Rory (11 November 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/nov/11/irish-police-investigate-abuse-claims-against-elite-spiritan-schools">"Irish police investigate abuse claims against elite Spiritan schools"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Irish+police+investigate+abuse+claims+against+elite+Spiritan+schools&rft.date=2022-11-11&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=Rory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2022%2Fnov%2F11%2Firish-police-investigate-abuse-claims-against-elite-spiritan-schools&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACongregation+of+the+Holy+Spirit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rte.ie/radio/podcasts/22168257-blackrock-boys/"><i>Blackrock Boys</i></a>. <i>RTÉ Radio</i> (Documentary On One Podcast (56')). 7 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Blackrock+Boys&rft.date=2022-11-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rte.ie%2Fradio%2Fpodcasts%2F22168257-blackrock-boys%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACongregation+of+the+Holy+Spirit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Congregation_of_the_Holy_Spirit&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Koren, Henry. <i>To the Ends of the Earth</i>. Pittsburgh: <a href="/wiki/Duquesne_University_Press" title="Duquesne University Press">Duquesne University Press</a>, 1983.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Congregation_of_the_Holy_Spirit&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Holy_Ghost_Fathers" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Holy Ghost Fathers">Holy Ghost Fathers</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiritanroma.org/">Official website</a></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiritains.org">Spiritans of France</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.espiritanos.com">Spiritans in Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160202223530/http://www.stmarys.edu.tt/spiritanstrinidad/">Spiritans in Trinidad</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiritans.co.uk">Spiritans of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiritans.vn/">Spiritians in Vietnam</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dqcsp.html">Catholic-Hierarchy: Its Bishops and Dioceses, Current and Past</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Catholic_religious_institutes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic_religious_institutes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic religious institutes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Catholic_religious_institutes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religious_institute" title="Religious institute">Catholic religious institutes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Male<br />and<br />female</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexians" title="Alexians">Alexians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumptionists" title="Assumptionists">Assumptionists</a> (AA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Augustinian_Recollects" title="Order of Augustinian Recollects">Augustinian Recollects</a> (OAR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilian_Aleppian_Order" title="Basilian Aleppian Order">Basilian Aleppians</a> (BA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilian_Chouerite_Order_of_Saint_John_the_Baptist" title="Basilian Chouerite Order of Saint John the Baptist">Basilian Chouerites</a> (BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedictines" title="Benedictines">Benedictines</a> (OSB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridgettines" title="Bridgettines">Bridgettines</a> (OSsS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canossians" title="Canossians">Canossians</a> (FDCC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmelites" title="Carmelites">Carmelites</a> (OCarm)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthusians" title="Carthusians">Carthusians</a> (OCart)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistercians" title="Cistercians">Cistercians</a> (OCist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_Our_Lady_of_Sion" title="Congregation of Our Lady of Sion">Congregation of Our Lady of Sion</a> (NDS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_the_Sacred_Hearts_of_Jesus_and_Mary" title="Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary">Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary</a> (SSCC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discalced_Carmelites" title="Discalced Carmelites">Discalced Carmelites</a> (OCD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominicans</a> (OP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscans</a> (OFM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_the_Incarnate_Word" title="Institute of the Incarnate Word">Institute of the Incarnate Word</a> (IVE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary_of_Mercy" title="Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mercy">Mercedarians</a> (O de M)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionaries_of_Charity" title="Missionaries of Charity">Missionaries of Charity</a> (MC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionaries_of_St._Charles_Borromeo" class="mw-redirect" title="Missionaries of St. Charles Borromeo">Missionaries of St. Charles Borromeo</a> (CS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastic_Family_of_Bethlehem,_of_the_Assumption_of_the_Virgin_and_of_Saint_Bruno" title="Monastic Family of Bethlehem, of the Assumption of the Virgin and of Saint Bruno">Monastic Family of Bethlehem, of the Assumption of the Virgin and of Saint Bruno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premonstratensians" title="Premonstratensians">Premonstratensians</a> (OPraem)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servants_of_Charity" title="Servants of Charity">Servants of Charity</a> (SC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servite_Order" title="Servite Order">Servite Order</a> (OSM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Atonement" title="Society of the Atonement">Society of the Atonement</a> (SA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Order_Regular_of_Saint_Francis_of_Penance" title="Third Order Regular of Saint Francis of Penance">TOR Franciscans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trappists" title="Trappists">Trappists</a> (OCSO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarians" title="Trinitarians">Trinitarian Order</a> (OSST)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Vatican City"><img alt="Coat of arms of Vatican City" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/50px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/75px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/100px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="1105" /></a><figcaption>Coat of arms of Vatican City</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Male</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clerics_Regular_Minor" title="Clerics Regular Minor">Adorno Fathers</a> (CRM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertine_Brothers" title="Albertine Brothers">Albertine Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustinians" title="Augustinians">Augustinians</a> (OSA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnabites" title="Barnabites">Barnabites</a> (B)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_St._Basil" title="Congregation of St. Basil">Basilians</a> (CSB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_of_Mercy_of_Our_Lady_of_Perpetual_Help" title="Brothers of Mercy of Our Lady of Perpetual Help">Brothers of Our Lady of Mercy</a> (FDM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camillians" title="Camillians">Camillians</a> (MI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._John_Cantius_Church_(Chicago)" title="St. John Cantius Church (Chicago)">Canons Regular of Saint John Cantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor_Capuchin" title="Order of Friars Minor Capuchin">Capuchins</a> (OFM Cap)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_Christian_Brothers" title="Congregation of Christian Brothers">Christian Brothers (Irish)</a> (CFC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregatio_Discipulorum_Domini" title="Congregatio Discipulorum Domini">Congregatio Discipulorum Domini</a> (CDD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CICM_Missionaries" title="CICM Missionaries">Immaculate Heart of Mary</a> (CICM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_the_Blessed_Sacrament" title="Congregation of the Blessed Sacrament">Congregation of the Blessed Sacrament</a> (SSS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claretians" title="Claretians">Claretians</a> (CMF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_Saint_Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_Lisieux" title="Congregation of Saint Thérèse of Lisieux">Congregation of Saint Thérèse of Lisieux</a> (CST)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor_Conventual" title="Order of Friars Minor Conventual">Conventual Franciscans</a> (OFM Conv)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canons_Regular_of_the_Order_of_the_Holy_Cross" title="Canons Regular of the Order of the Holy Cross">Crosiers</a> (OSC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_La_Salle_Brothers" title="De La Salle Brothers">De La Salle Brothers</a> (FSC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discalced_Augustinians" title="Discalced Augustinians">Discalced Augustinians</a> (OAD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciscan_Friars_of_the_Renewal" title="Franciscan Friars of the Renewal">Franciscan Friars of the Renewal</a> (CFR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciscan_Missionaries_of_the_Eternal_Word" title="Franciscan Missionaries of the Eternal Word">Franciscan Missionaries of the Eternal Word</a> (MFVA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montfort_Brothers_of_St._Gabriel" title="Montfort Brothers of St. Gabriel">Gabrielites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_Holy_Cross" title="Congregation of Holy Cross">Holy Cross</a> (CSC)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Holy Ghost Fathers</a> (CSSp)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephites_(Maryland)" title="Josephites (Maryland)">Josephites</a> (SSJ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legionaries_of_Christ" title="Legionaries of Christ">Legionaries of Christ</a> (LC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Brothers_of_Jesus" title="Little Brothers of Jesus">Little Brothers of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_Marian_Fathers_of_the_Immaculate_Conception" title="Congregation of Marian Fathers of the Immaculate Conception">Marians of the Immaculate Conception</a> (MIC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Society of Jesus (Jesuits)</a> (SJ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Mary_(Marianists)" title="Society of Mary (Marianists)">Society of Mary (Marianists)</a> (SM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Mary_(Marists)" title="Society of Mary (Marists)">Society of Mary (Marists)</a> (SM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Divine_Word" title="Society of the Divine Word">Society of the Divine Word</a> (SVD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Saint_Edmund" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Saint Edmund">Society of Saint Edmund</a> (SSE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marist_Brothers" title="Marist Brothers">Marist Brothers</a> (FMS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mekhitarists" title="Mekhitarists">Mechitarists</a> (CAM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comboni_Missionaries_of_the_Heart_of_Jesus" title="Comboni Missionaries of the Heart of Jesus">Comboni Missionaries of the Heart of Jesus</a> (MCCI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionaries_of_La_Salette" title="Missionaries of La Salette">Missionaries of La Salette</a> (MS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionaries_of_St._Francis_de_Sales" title="Missionaries of St. Francis de Sales">Missionaries of St. Francis de Sales</a> (MSFS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionaries_of_the_Poor" title="Missionaries of the Poor">Missionaries of the Poor</a> (MOP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionaries_of_the_Sacred_Heart" title="Missionaries of the Sacred Heart">Missionaries of the Sacred Heart</a> (MSC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionaries_of_the_Sacred_Hearts_of_Jesus_and_Mary" title="Missionaries of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary">Missionaries of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary_Oblates_of_Mary_Immaculate" title="Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate">Oblates of Mary Immaculate</a> (OMI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblates_of_the_Virgin_Mary" title="Oblates of the Virgin Mary">Oblates of the Virgin Mary</a> (OMV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblates_of_St._Francis_de_Sales" title="Oblates of St. Francis de Sales">Oblates of St. Francis de Sales</a> (OSFS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor" title="Order of Friars Minor">Order of Friars Minor</a> (OFM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passionists" title="Passionists">Passionists</a> (CP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Paul_the_First_Hermit" title="Order of Saint Paul the First Hermit">Pauline Fathers</a> (OSPPE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemptorists" title="Redemptorists">Redemptorists</a> (CSsR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogationists" title="Rogationists">Rogationists of the Heart of Jesus</a> (RCJ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_of_the_Sacred_Heart" title="Brothers of the Sacred Heart">Sacred Heart Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salesians_of_Don_Bosco" title="Salesians of Don Bosco">Salesians</a> (SDB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servants_of_Jesus_and_Mary" title="Servants of Jesus and Mary">Servants of Jesus and Mary</a> (SJM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_the_Most_Holy_Redeemer" title="Sons of the Most Holy Redeemer">Sons of the Most Holy Redeemer</a> (FSSR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xaverian_Brothers" title="Xaverian Brothers">Xaverian Brothers</a> (CFX)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Female</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adorers_of_the_Blood_of_Christ" title="Adorers of the Blood of Christ">Adorers of the Blood of Christ</a> (ASC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_the_Apostolic_Carmel" title="Sisters of the Apostolic Carmel">Apostolic Carmel</a> (AC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilian_Aleppian_Sisters" title="Basilian Aleppian Sisters">Basilian Aleppian Sisters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilian_Chouerite_Sisters" title="Basilian Chouerite Sisters">Basilian Chouerite Sisters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigidine_Sisters" title="Brigidine Sisters">Brigidines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_the_Sisters_of_the_Immaculate_Conception_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" title="Congregation of the Sisters of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary">Congregation of the Sisters of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary</a> (CSIC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmelite_Sisters_of_Saint_Teresa" title="Carmelite Sisters of Saint Teresa">Carmelite Sisters of Saint Teresa</a> (CSST)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciscan_Hospitaller_Sisters_of_the_Immaculate_Conception" title="Franciscan Hospitaller Sisters of the Immaculate Conception">Congregation of the Franciscan Hospitaller Sisters of the Immaculate Conception</a> (FHIC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_Divine_Love" title="Daughters of Divine Love">Daughters of Divine Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_Mary_of_the_Immaculate_Conception" title="Daughters of Mary of the Immaculate Conception">Daughters of Mary of the Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_the_Holy_Heart_of_Mary" title="Daughters of the Holy Heart of Mary">Daughters of the Holy Heart of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faithful_Companions_of_Jesus" title="Faithful Companions of Jesus">Faithful Companions of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felician_Sisters" title="Felician Sisters">Felicians</a> (CSSF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Teachers_Filippini" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious Teachers Filippini">Filippini Sisters</a> (MPF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handmaids_of_the_Heart_of_Jesus" title="Handmaids of the Heart of Jesus">Handmaids of the Heart of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handmaids_of_the_Sacred_Heart_of_Jesus" title="Handmaids of the Sacred Heart of Jesus">Handmaids of the Sacred Heart of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_Jesus_(Spain)" title="Daughters of Jesus (Spain)">Hijas de Jesús</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_Adoration_Sisters" title="Holy Spirit Adoration Sisters">Holy Spirit Adoration Sisters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_Loreto" title="Sisters of Loreto">Institute of the Blessed Virgin Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Sisters_Disciples_of_the_Lamb" title="Little Sisters Disciples of the Lamb">Little Sisters Disciples of the Lamb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Sisters_of_Jesus" title="Little Sisters of Jesus">Little Sisters of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Sisters_of_the_Poor" title="Little Sisters of the Poor">Little Sisters of the Poor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_the_Gospel_Community" title="Living the Gospel Community">Living the Gospel Community</a> (LGC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovers_of_the_Holy_Cross" title="Lovers of the Holy Cross">Lovers of the Holy Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marianites_of_Holy_Cross" title="Marianites of Holy Cross">Marianites of Holy Cross</a> (MSC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryknoll_Sisters_of_St._Dominic" class="mw-redirect" title="Maryknoll Sisters of St. Dominic">Maryknoll Sisters</a> (MM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary_Sisters_of_the_Immaculate_Conception_of_the_Mother_of_God" title="Missionary Sisters of the Immaculate Conception of the Mother of God">Missionary Sisters of the Immaculate Conception of the Mother of God</a> (SMIC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary_Sisters_of_the_Immaculate_Heart_of_Mary" title="Missionary Sisters of the Immaculate Heart of Mary">Missionary Sisters of the Immaculate Heart of Mary</a> (ICM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary_Sisters_of_the_Sacred_Heart" title="Missionary Sisters of the Sacred Heart">Missionary Sisters of the Sacred Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary_Sisters_of_the_Sacred_Heart_of_Jesus" title="Missionary Sisters of the Sacred Heart of Jesus">Missionary Sisters of the Sacred Heart of Jesus</a> (MSC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblate_Sisters_of_Providence" title="Oblate Sisters of Providence">Oblate Sisters of Providence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblates_of_Jesus_the_Priest" title="Oblates of Jesus the Priest">Oblates of Jesus the Priest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblate_Sisters_of_the_Virgin_Mary_of_Fatima" title="Oblate Sisters of the Virgin Mary of Fatima">Oblate Sisters of the Virgin Mary of Fatima</a> (OMVF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Our_Lady_of_Charity" title="Order of Our Lady of Charity">Order of Our Lady of Charity</a> (ODNC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Annunciation_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" title="Order of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary">Order of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_Clares" title="Poor Clares">Poor Clares</a> (OSC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_Clare_Missionaries_of_the_Blessed_Sacrament" title="Poor Clare Missionaries of the Blessed Sacrament">Poor Clare Missionaries of the Blessed Sacrament</a> (MC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Sacred_Heart" title="Society of the Sacred Heart">Religious of the Sacred Heart of Jesus</a> (RSCJ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_of_the_Virgin_Mary" title="Religious of the Virgin Mary">Religious of the Virgin Mary</a> (RVM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servants_of_St._Joseph" title="Servants of St. Joseph">Servants of St. Joseph</a> (SSJ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_the_Blessed_Sacrament" title="Sisters of the Blessed Sacrament">Sisters of the Blessed Sacrament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_Charity" title="Sisters of Charity">Sisters of Charity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_Charity_of_Saints_Bartolomea_Capitanio_and_Vincenza_Gerosa_(SCCG)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sisters of Charity of Saints Bartolomea Capitanio and Vincenza Gerosa (SCCG)">Sisters of Charity of Saints Bartolomea Capitanio and Vincenza Gerosa (SCCG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_Christian_Doctrine_of_Nancy" title="Sisters of Christian Doctrine of Nancy">Sisters of Christian Doctrine of Nancy</a> (DC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_the_Cross_and_Passion" title="Sisters of the Cross and Passion">Sisters of the Cross and Passion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_the_Destitute" title="Sisters of the Destitute">Sisters of the Destitute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_Our_Lady_of_Charity_of_the_Good_Shepherd" title="Congregation of Our Lady of Charity of the Good Shepherd">Sisters of the Good Shepherd</a> (RGS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_Holy_Cross" title="Sisters of Holy Cross">Sisters of Holy Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_the_Holy_Cross" title="Sisters of the Holy Cross">Sisters of the Holy Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_the_Holy_Family_(Louisiana)" title="Sisters of the Holy 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Heart">Sisters of St Joseph of the Sacred Heart</a> (RSJ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_Saint_Paul_of_Chartres" title="Sisters of Saint Paul of Chartres">Sisters of St. Paul of Chartres</a> (SPC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Helpers_of_the_Holy_Souls" title="Society of the Helpers of the Holy Souls">Society of the Helpers of the Holy Souls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_Social_Service" title="Sisters of Social Service">Sisters of Social Service</a> (sss)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servants_of_the_Blessed_Sacrament" title="Servants of the Blessed Sacrament">Servants of the Blessed Sacrament</a> (SSS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ursulines" title="Ursulines">Ursulines</a> (OSU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary_Sisters_of_Our_Lady_of_Africa" title="Missionary Sisters of Our Lady of Africa">White Sisters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li>See also: <a href="/wiki/Third_order" 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