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class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Legendary_origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legendary_origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Legendary origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legendary_origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archaeology_and_classical_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaeology_and_classical_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Archaeology and classical sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archaeology_and_classical_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kingdom_of_the_Lombards,_568–774" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kingdom_of_the_Lombards,_568–774"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Kingdom of the Lombards, 568–774</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kingdom_of_the_Lombards,_568–774-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Invasion_and_conquest_of_the_Italian_peninsula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Invasion_and_conquest_of_the_Italian_peninsula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Invasion and conquest of the Italian peninsula</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Invasion_and_conquest_of_the_Italian_peninsula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Langobardia_major" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Langobardia_major"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1.1</span> <span>Langobardia major</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Langobardia_major-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Langobardia_minor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Langobardia_minor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1.2</span> <span>Langobardia minor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Langobardia_minor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arian_monarchy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arian_monarchy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Arian monarchy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arian_monarchy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catholic_monarchy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catholic_monarchy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Catholic monarchy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catholic_monarchy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Later history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Falling_to_the_Franks_and_the_Duchy_of_Benevento,_774–849" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Falling_to_the_Franks_and_the_Duchy_of_Benevento,_774–849"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Falling to the Franks and the Duchy of Benevento, 774–849</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Falling_to_the_Franks_and_the_Duchy_of_Benevento,_774–849-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southern_Italy_and_the_Arabs,_836–915" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_Italy_and_the_Arabs,_836–915"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Southern Italy and the Arabs, 836–915</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_Italy_and_the_Arabs,_836–915-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lombard_principalities_in_the_tenth_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lombard_principalities_in_the_tenth_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>Lombard principalities in the tenth century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lombard_principalities_in_the_tenth_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Norman_conquest,_1017–1078" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norman_conquest,_1017–1078"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.4</span> <span>Norman conquest, 1017–1078</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norman_conquest,_1017–1078-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Genetics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Social structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Migration_Period_society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Migration_Period_society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Migration Period society</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Migration_Period_society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_of_the_Catholic_kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_of_the_Catholic_kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Society of the Catholic kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Society_of_the_Catholic_kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lombard_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lombard_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.3</span> <span>Lombard states</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lombard_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Religious history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Christianisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Christianisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beneventan_Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beneventan_Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>Beneventan Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beneventan_Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_rulers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_rulers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>List of rulers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_rulers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes and sources</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes_and_sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notes and sources subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Lombards</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 77 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-77" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">77 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombarde" title="Lombarde – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Lombarde" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langobarden" title="Langobarden – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Langobarden" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="لومبارديون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لومبارديون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longobardos" title="Longobardos – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Longobardos" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%BA%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Լանկոպարտներ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Լանկոպարտներ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardos" title="Lombardos – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Lombardos" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanqobardlar" title="Lanqobardlar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Lanqobardlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Лангабарды – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Лангабарды" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Лянгабарды – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Лянгабарды" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Лангобарди – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Лангобарди" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langobarden" title="Langobarden – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Langobarden" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombarded" title="Lombarded – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Lombarded" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longobards" title="Longobards – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Longobards" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Лангобардсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Лангобардсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langobardi" title="Langobardi – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Langobardi" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langobarder" title="Langobarder – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Langobarder" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langobarden" title="Langobarden – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Langobarden" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langobardid" title="Langobardid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Langobardid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B2%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%AF" title="Λομβαρδοί – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λομβαρδοί" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardos" title="Lombardos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lombardos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longobardoj" title="Longobardoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Longobardoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardiar" title="Lombardiar – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lombardiar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%87%D8%A7" title="لمباردها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لمباردها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lombards" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longobarden" title="Longobarden – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Longobarden" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langobarts" title="Langobarts – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Langobarts" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longobardos" title="Longobardos – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Longobardos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9E%91%EA%B3%A0%EB%B0%94%EB%A5%B4%EB%93%9C%EC%A1%B1" title="랑고바르드족 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="랑고바르드족" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%B8%D5%A2%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Լանգոբարդներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լանգոբարդներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langobardi" title="Langobardi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Langobardi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langobardi" title="Langobardi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Langobardi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langbar%C3%B0ar" title="Langbarðar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Langbarðar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longobardi" title="Longobardi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Longobardi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D" title="לומברדים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לומברדים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ლანგობარდები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლანგობარდები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walombardi" title="Walombardi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Walombardi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombard" title="Lombard – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Lombard" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Лангобарддар – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Лангобарддар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langobardi" title="Langobardi – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Langobardi" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langobardi" title="Langobardi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Langobardi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langobardai" title="Langobardai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Langobardai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombarcc_antigh" title="Lombarcc antigh – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lombarcc antigh" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longob%C3%A1rdok" title="Longobárdok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Longobárdok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B4mbarda_(vahoaka)" title="Lômbarda (vahoaka) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Lômbarda (vahoaka)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longobarden" title="Longobarden – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Longobarden" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B4%E3%83%90%E3%83%AB%E3%83%89%E4%BA%BA" title="ランゴバルド人 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ランゴバルド人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langobarden" title="Langobarden – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Langobarden" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langobarder" title="Langobarder – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Langobarder" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langobardar" title="Langobardar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Langobardar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lombards" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langobardlar" title="Langobardlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Langobardlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Lombards" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longobard" title="Longobard – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Longobard" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longobardowie" title="Longobardowie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Longobardowie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardos" title="Lombardos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lombardos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longobarzi" title="Longobarzi – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Longobarzi" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Лангобарды – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лангобарды" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longobardos" title="Longobardos – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Longobardos" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longobbardi" title="Longobbardi – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Longobbardi" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Lombards" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longobardi_(kme%C5%88)" title="Longobardi (kmeň) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Longobardi (kmeň)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langobardi" title="Langobardi – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Langobardi" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%86%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="لۆمباردەکان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="لۆمباردەکان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Лангобарди – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Лангобарди" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langobardi" title="Langobardi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Langobardi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langobardit" title="Langobardit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Langobardit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langobarder" title="Langobarder – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Langobarder" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mga_Lombardo" title="Mga Lombardo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mga Lombardo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%94" title="ลอมบาร์ด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ลอมบาร์ด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardlar" title="Lombardlar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Lombardlar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Лангобарди – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Лангобарди" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="لومبارد – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لومبارد" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_Lombard" title="Người Lombard – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người Lombard" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombard" title="Lombard – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Lombard" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%A6%E5%B7%B4%E5%BA%95%E4%BA%BA" title="伦巴底人 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="伦巴底人" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%80%AB%E5%B7%B4%E5%BA%95%E4%BA%BA" title="倫巴底人 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="倫巴底人" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%A6%E5%B7%B4%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%BA" title="伦巴第人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="伦巴第人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q130900#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Lombards" rel="discussion" title="Discuss 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Historical ethnic group of the Italian Peninsula of Germanic origin</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with the modern inhabitants of the region of <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a> in Italy or the <a href="/wiki/Lombard_language" title="Lombard language">Lombard language</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italien_zur_Langobardenzeit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Italien_zur_Langobardenzeit.jpg/260px-Italien_zur_Langobardenzeit.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Italien_zur_Langobardenzeit.jpg/390px-Italien_zur_Langobardenzeit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Italien_zur_Langobardenzeit.jpg/520px-Italien_zur_Langobardenzeit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2036" data-file-height="2584" /></a><figcaption>Lombard possessions in Italy: the Lombard Kingdom <i>(<a href="/wiki/Neustria_(Lombard)" class="mw-redirect" title="Neustria (Lombard)">Neustria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria_(Lombard)" title="Austria (Lombard)">Austria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Tuscia" title="Duchy of Tuscia">Tuscia</a>)</i> and the Lombard Duchies of Spoleto and Benevento</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Lombards</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span>-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ʌ/: 'u' in 'cut'">ʌ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span></span>-/</a></span></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <b>Longobards</b> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Longobardi</i>) were a <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic people</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who conquered most of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italian Peninsula</a> between 568 and 774. </p><p>The medieval Lombard historian <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Deacon" title="Paul the Deacon">Paul the Deacon</a> wrote in the <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Lombards" title="History of the Lombards">History of the Lombards</a></i> (written between 787 and 796) that the Lombards descended from a small tribe called the Winnili,<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who dwelt in northern Germany<sup id="cite_ref-dick_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dick-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> before migrating to seek new lands. Earlier Roman-era historians wrote of the Lombards in the <a href="/wiki/First_century" class="mw-redirect" title="First century">first century</a> AD as being one of the <a href="/wiki/Suebi" title="Suebi">Suebian</a> peoples, also from what is now northern Germany, near the Elbe river. They migrated south, and by the end of the fifth century, the Lombards had moved into the area roughly coinciding with modern Austria and <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a> north of the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a>. Here they subdued the <a href="/wiki/Heruls" class="mw-redirect" title="Heruls">Heruls</a> and later fought frequent wars with the <a href="/wiki/Gepids" title="Gepids">Gepids</a>. The Lombard king <a href="/wiki/Audoin" title="Audoin">Audoin</a> defeated the Gepid leader <a href="/wiki/Thurisind" title="Thurisind">Thurisind</a> in 551 or 552, and Audoin's successor <a href="/wiki/Alboin" title="Alboin">Alboin</a> eventually destroyed the Gepids in 567. The Lombards also settled in Pannonia (modern-day Hungary). Near <a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%B3l%C3%A1d" title="Szólád">Szólád</a>, archaeologists have unearthed burial sites of Lombard men and women buried together as families, unusual among Germanic peoples at the time. Contemporary traces have also been discovered of Mediterranean Greeks and a possible migrant from France. </p><p>Following Alboin's victory over the Gepids, he led his people into <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeastern Italy">northeastern Italy</a>, which had become severely depopulated and devastated after the long <a href="/wiki/Gothic_War_(535%E2%80%93554)" title="Gothic War (535–554)">Gothic War (535–554)</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogothic Kingdom</a>. The Lombards were joined by numerous <a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heruli" title="Heruli">Heruls</a>, Gepids, <a href="/wiki/Bulgars" title="Bulgars">Bulgars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thuringians" class="mw-redirect" title="Thuringians">Thuringians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogoths</a>, and their invasion of Italy was almost unopposed. By late 569, they had conquered all of northern Italy and the principal cities north of the <a href="/wiki/Po_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Po River">Po River</a> except <a href="/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia">Pavia</a>, which fell in 572. At the same time, they occupied areas in central and southern Italy. They established a <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards" title="Kingdom of the Lombards">Lombard Kingdom</a> in north and central Italy, which reached its zenith under the eighth-century ruler <a href="/wiki/Liutprand,_King_of_the_Lombards" title="Liutprand, King of the Lombards">Liutprand</a>. In 774, the kingdom was conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Frankish</a> king <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> and integrated into the <a href="/wiki/Frankish_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankish Empire">Frankish Empire</a>. However, Lombard nobles continued to rule southern parts of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_peninsula" title="Italian peninsula">Italian peninsula</a> well into the eleventh century, when they were <a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">conquered</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a> and added to the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Sicily" title="County of Sicily">County of Sicily</a>. In this period, the southern part of Italy still under Lombard domination was known to the Norse as Langbarðaland ('land of the Lombards'), as inscribed in the Norse <a href="/wiki/Italy_runestones" title="Italy runestones">runestones</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their legacy is also apparent in the name of the region of <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a> in northern Italy. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lombards&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to their traditions, the Lombards initially called themselves the <i>Winnili</i>. After a reported major victory against the <a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a> in the first century, they changed their name to <i>Lombards</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristie19953_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristie19953-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name <i>Winnili</i> is generally translated as 'the wolves', related to the Proto-Germanic root <i>*wulfaz</i> 'wolf'.<i><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> The name <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Lombard" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Lombard">Lombard</a></i> was reportedly derived from the distinctively long beards of the Lombards.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristie2018b920–922_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristie2018b920–922-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is probably a compound of the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a> elements <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/langaz" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/langaz">*<i>langaz</i></a> (long) and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/bardaz" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/bardaz">*<i>bardaz</i></a> (beard). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lombards&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lombards&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Legendary_origins">Legendary origins</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lombards&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Legendary origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Hundings" title="Hundings">Hundings</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti 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.trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:244px;max-width:244px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wodan_Frea_Himmelsfenster_by_Emil_Doepler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Wodan_Frea_Himmelsfenster_by_Emil_Doepler.jpg/240px-Wodan_Frea_Himmelsfenster_by_Emil_Doepler.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Wodan_Frea_Himmelsfenster_by_Emil_Doepler.jpg/360px-Wodan_Frea_Himmelsfenster_by_Emil_Doepler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Wodan_Frea_Himmelsfenster_by_Emil_Doepler.jpg/480px-Wodan_Frea_Himmelsfenster_by_Emil_Doepler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1041" data-file-height="629" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Wodan" class="mw-redirect" title="Wodan">Wodan</a> (Godan) and <a href="/wiki/Frigg" title="Frigg">Frigg</a> (Frea) looking out of a window in the heavens...</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wodan_Frea_Himmelsfenster_II_by_Emil_Doepler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Wodan_Frea_Himmelsfenster_II_by_Emil_Doepler.jpg/240px-Wodan_Frea_Himmelsfenster_II_by_Emil_Doepler.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Wodan_Frea_Himmelsfenster_II_by_Emil_Doepler.jpg/360px-Wodan_Frea_Himmelsfenster_II_by_Emil_Doepler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Wodan_Frea_Himmelsfenster_II_by_Emil_Doepler.jpg/480px-Wodan_Frea_Himmelsfenster_II_by_Emil_Doepler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1935" data-file-height="390" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">...and spotting the Lombard women with their long hair tied as to appear as beards</div></div></div></div></div> <p>According to their own legends, the Lombards originated in Northern Germany/Denmark zone<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristie19951–6_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristie19951–6-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including modern-day Denmark. The Germanic origins of the Lombards is supported by genetic,<sup id="cite_ref-Vai_2019_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vai_2019-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> anthropological,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristie19951–6_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristie19951–6-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> archaeological and earlier literary evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristie19951–6_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristie19951–6-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A legendary account of Lombard origins, history, and practices is the <i>Historia Langobardorum</i> (<i>History of the Lombards</i>) of <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Deacon" title="Paul the Deacon">Paul the Deacon</a>, written in the eighth century. Paul's chief source for Lombard origins, however, is the seventh-century <i><a href="/wiki/Origo_Gentis_Langobardorum" title="Origo Gentis Langobardorum">Origo Gentis Langobardorum</a></i> (<i>Origin of the Lombard People</i>). </p><p>The <i>Origo Gentis Langobardorum</i> tells the story of a small tribe called the <i>Winnili</i><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dwelling in Northern Germany/Denmark zone<sup id="cite_ref-dick_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dick-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (the <i><a href="/wiki/Historia_Langobardorum_codicis_Gothani" title="Historia Langobardorum codicis Gothani">Historia Langobardorum codicis Gothani</a></i> writes that the Winnili first dwelt near a river called <i>Vindilicus</i> on the extreme boundary of <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-HLcG2_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HLcG2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Winnili were split into three groups and one part left their native land to seek foreign fields. The reason for the exodus was probably <a href="/wiki/Human_overpopulation" title="Human overpopulation">overpopulation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The departing people were led by Gambara and her sons Ybor and Aio <sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and arrived in the lands of <i>Scoringa</i>, perhaps the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic</a> coast<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the <a href="/wiki/Bardengau" title="Bardengau">Bardengau</a> on the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Elbe" title="Elbe">Elbe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hammerstein-Loxten56_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hammerstein-Loxten56-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scoringa was ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a> and their chieftains, the brothers Ambri and Assi, who granted the Winnili a choice between tribute or war. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PaulusDiaconus_Plut.65.35.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/PaulusDiaconus_Plut.65.35.jpg/170px-PaulusDiaconus_Plut.65.35.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/PaulusDiaconus_Plut.65.35.jpg/255px-PaulusDiaconus_Plut.65.35.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/PaulusDiaconus_Plut.65.35.jpg/340px-PaulusDiaconus_Plut.65.35.jpg 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="841" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Deacon" title="Paul the Deacon">Paul the Deacon</a>, historian of the Lombards, circa 720–799</figcaption></figure> <p>The Winnili were young and brave and refused to pay tribute, saying "It is better to maintain liberty by arms than to stain it by the payment of tribute."<sup id="cite_ref-PD,_VII_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PD,_VII-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Vandals prepared for war and consulted Godan (the god <a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Odin</a><sup id="cite_ref-dick_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dick-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), who answered that he would give victory to those whom he would see first at sunrise.<sup id="cite_ref-PD,_VIII_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PD,_VIII-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Winnili were fewer in number<sup id="cite_ref-PD,_VII_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PD,_VII-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Gambara sought help from Frea (the goddess <a href="/wiki/Frigg" title="Frigg">Frigg</a><sup id="cite_ref-dick_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dick-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), who advised that all Winnili women should tie their hair in front of their faces like beards and march in line with their husbands. At sunrise, Frea turned her husband's bed so that he was facing east, and woke him. So Godan spotted the Winnili first and asked, "Who are these long-beards?," and Frea replied, "My lord, thou hast given them the name, now give them also the victory."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From that moment onwards, the Winnili were known as the <i>Longbeards</i> (Latinised as <i>Langobardi</i>, Italianised as <i>Longobardi</i>, and Anglicized as <i>Langobards</i> or <i>Lombards</i>). </p><p>When Paul the Deacon wrote the <i>Historia</i> between 787 and 796 he was a <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> monk and devoted <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a>. He thought the <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">pagan</a> stories of his people "silly" and "laughable".<sup id="cite_ref-PD,_VIII_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PD,_VIII-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paul explained that the name "Langobard" came from the length of their beards.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A modern theory suggests that the name "Langobard" comes from <i>Langbarðr</i>, a <a href="/wiki/List_of_names_of_Odin" title="List of names of Odin">name of Odin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Priester states that when the Winnili changed their name to "Lombards", they also changed their old agricultural <a href="/wiki/Fertility_cult" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertility cult">fertility cult</a> to a cult of Odin, thus creating a conscious tribal tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fröhlich inverts the order of events in Priester and states that with the Odin cult, the Lombards grew their beards in resemblance of the Odin of tradition and their new name reflected this.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bruckner remarks that the name of the Lombards stands in close relation to the worship of Odin, whose <a href="/wiki/List_of_names_of_Odin" title="List of names of Odin">many names</a> include "the Long-bearded" or "the Grey-bearded", and that the Lombard given name <i>Ansegranus</i> ("he with the beard of the gods") shows that the Lombards had this idea of their chief deity.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same Old Norse root Barth or Barði, meaning "beard", is shared with the <a href="/wiki/Hea%C3%B0obards" title="Heaðobards">Heaðobards</a> mentioned in both <i><a href="/wiki/Beowulf" title="Beowulf">Beowulf</a></i> and in <i><a href="/wiki/Widsith" title="Widsith">Widsith</a></i>, where they conflict with the <a href="/wiki/Daner" class="mw-redirect" title="Daner">Danes</a>. They were possibly a branch of the <a href="/wiki/Langobard" class="mw-redirect" title="Langobard">Langobards</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hadubarder_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hadubarder-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alternatively, some etymological sources suggest an Old High German root, barta, meaning "axe" (and related to English halberd), while <a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Edward Gibbon</a> puts forth an alternative suggestion which argues that: </p> <blockquote><p>...Börde (or Börd) still signifies "a fertile plain by the side of a river," and a district near Magdeburg is still called the lange Börde. According to this view Langobardi would signify "inhabitants of the long bord of the river;" and traces of their name are supposed still to occur in such names as Bardengau and Bardewick in the neighborhood of the Elbe.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Gallaeci" title="Gallaeci">Gallaecian</a> <a href="/wiki/Christian_priest" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian priest">Christian priest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Historian" title="Historian">historian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theologian</a> <a href="/wiki/Paulus_Orosius" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulus Orosius">Paulus Orosius</a> (translated by <a href="/wiki/Daines_Barrington" title="Daines Barrington">Daines Barrington</a>), the Lombards or Winnili lived originally in the Vinuiloth (Vinovilith) mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Jordanes" title="Jordanes">Jordanes</a>, in his masterpiece <a href="/wiki/Getica" title="Getica">Getica</a>, to the north of <a href="/wiki/Uppsala" title="Uppsala">Uppsala</a>, Sweden. Scoringa was near the province of <a href="/wiki/Uppland" title="Uppland">Uppland</a>, so just north of <a href="/wiki/%C3%96sterg%C3%B6tland" title="Östergötland">Östergötland</a>. </p><p>The footnote then explains the etymology of the name Scoringa: </p> <blockquote><p>The shores of Uppland and Östergötland are covered with <a href="/wiki/Skerry" title="Skerry">small rocks and rocky islands</a>, which are called in German Schæren and in Swedish Skiaeren. Heal signifies a port in the <a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">northern languages</a>; consequently, Skiæren-Heal is the port of the Skiæren, a name well adapted to the port of <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>, in the Upplandske Skiæren, and the country may be justly called Scorung or Skiærunga.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The legendary king <a href="/wiki/Sceafa" title="Sceafa">Sceafa</a> of <a href="/wiki/Scandza" title="Scandza">Scandza</a> was an ancient Lombardic king in <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon legend</a>. The Old English poem <a href="/wiki/Widsith" title="Widsith">Widsith</a>, in a listing of famous kings and their countries, has Sceafa [weold] Longbeardum, so naming <a href="/wiki/Sceafa" title="Sceafa">Sceafa</a> as ruler of the Lombards.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similarities between Langobardic and Gothic migration traditions have been noted among scholars. These early migration legends suggest that a major shifting of tribes occurred sometime between the first and second century BC, which would coincide with the time that the <a href="/wiki/Teutoni" class="mw-redirect" title="Teutoni">Teutoni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cimbri" title="Cimbri">Cimbri</a> left their homelands in Northern Germany and migrated through central Germany, eventually invading Roman Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Archaeology_and_classical_sources">Archaeology and classical sources</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lombards&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Archaeology and classical sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Germanic_tribes_(750BC-1AD).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Germanic_tribes_%28750BC-1AD%29.png/250px-Germanic_tribes_%28750BC-1AD%29.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Germanic_tribes_%28750BC-1AD%29.png/375px-Germanic_tribes_%28750BC-1AD%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Germanic_tribes_%28750BC-1AD%29.png/500px-Germanic_tribes_%28750BC-1AD%29.png 2x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="376" /></a><figcaption> Expansion of <a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_culture" title="Early Germanic culture">early Germanic tribes</a> into previously mostly <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtic</a> <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid #d00;background-color:#f00; color:black;"> </span>  Settlements before 750 <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">BC</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid #e73;background-color:#f84; color:black;"> </span>  New settlements by 500 <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">BC</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid #da0;background-color:#ff0; color:black;"> </span>  New settlements by 250 <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">BC</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid #0d0;background-color:#0f0; color:black;"> </span>  New settlements by <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">AD</span></span> 1</div> Some sources also give a date of 750 BC for the earliest expansion out of southern Scandinavia and northern Germany along the North Sea coast towards the mouth of the Rhine.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Long555.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Long555.PNG/220px-Long555.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Long555.PNG/330px-Long555.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Long555.PNG/440px-Long555.PNG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="563" /></a><figcaption>Distribution of Langobardic burial fields at the <a href="/wiki/Unterelbe" title="Unterelbe">Lower Elbe</a> Lands (according to W. Wegewitz)</figcaption></figure> <p>The first mention of the Lombards occurred between AD 9 and 16, by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> court historian <a href="/wiki/Velleius_Paterculus" title="Velleius Paterculus">Velleius Paterculus</a>, who accompanied a Roman expedition as prefect of the cavalry.<sup id="cite_ref-Menghin,_15_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Menghin,_15-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paterculus says that under <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a> the "power of the Langobardi was broken, a race surpassing even the Germans in savagery".<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the combined testimony of <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> (AD 20) and <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a> (AD 117), the Lombards dwelt near the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Elbe" title="Elbe">Elbe</a> shortly after the beginning of the Christian era, next to the <a href="/wiki/Chauci" title="Chauci">Chauci</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Menghin,_15_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Menghin,_15-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Strabo states that the Lombards dwelt on both sides of the Elbe.<sup id="cite_ref-Menghin,_15_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Menghin,_15-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He treats them as a branch of the <a href="/wiki/Suebi" title="Suebi">Suebi</a>, and states that: </p> <blockquote><p>Now as for the tribe of the Suebi, it is the largest, for it extends from the Rhenus to the Albis; and a part of them even dwells on the far side of the Albis, as, for instance, the Hermondori and the Langobardi; and at the present time these latter, at least, have, to the last man, been driven in flight out of their country into the land on the far side of the river.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Consistent with this, <a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a> wrote that Roman general <a href="/wiki/Nero_Claudius_Drusus" title="Nero Claudius Drusus">Nero Claudius Drusus</a> defeated a large force of Germans and drove some "to the farther side of the Albis (Elbe)" river.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The German archaeologist Willi Wegewitz defined several <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> burial sites at the <a href="/wiki/Unterelbe" title="Unterelbe">Lower Elbe</a> as <i>Langobardic</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 19">: 19 </span></sup> The burial sites are crematorial and are usually dated from the sixth century BC through the third century AD, so a settlement breakoff seems unlikely.<sup id="cite_ref-Menghin,_17_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Menghin,_17-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lands of the lower Elbe fall into the zone of the <a href="/wiki/Jastorf_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Jastorf Culture">Jastorf Culture</a> and became <a href="/wiki/Elbe-Germans" class="mw-redirect" title="Elbe-Germans">Elbe-Germanic</a>, differing from the lands between <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weser" title="Weser">Weser</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archaeological finds show that the Lombards were an agricultural people.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a> also counted the Lombards as a remote and aggressive <a href="/wiki/Suebi" title="Suebi">Suebian</a> tribe, listing them between the Semnones on the Elbe, and the <a href="/wiki/Nerthus" title="Nerthus">Nerthus</a>-worshipping tribes whose land of rivers and forest stretched to the sea. Writing in the late first century AD, he described the Langobardi in his <i><a href="/wiki/Germania_(book)" title="Germania (book)">Germania</a></i> saying that "their scanty numbers are a distinction" because "surrounded by a host of most powerful tribes, they are safe, not by submitting, but by daring the perils of war".<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tacitus also noted that the Lombards were subjects of <a href="/wiki/Marbod" class="mw-redirect" title="Marbod">Marobod</a> the King of the <a href="/wiki/Marcomanni" title="Marcomanni">Marcomanni</a>, who was allied with Rome when <a href="/wiki/Arminius" title="Arminius">Arminius</a> and his allies won the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Teutoburg_Forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Teutoburg Forest">Battle of Teutoburg Forest</a> in 9 AD. However, after the outbreak of war between Arminius and Marobod in 17 AD the Lombards and Semnones switched to the alliance of Arminius. They detested Marobod's title of king, and saw Arminius as a champion of freedom.<sup id="cite_ref-Tacitus,_Ann._II,_45_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tacitus,_Ann._II,_45-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 47, a struggle ensued amongst the <a href="/wiki/Cherusci" title="Cherusci">Cherusci</a> and they expelled their new leader, the nephew of Arminius, from their country. The Lombards appeared on the scene with sufficient power to control the destiny of the tribe that had been the leader in the struggle for independence thirty-eight years earlier, for they restored the deposed leader to sovereignty.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To the south, in 166 <a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a> reported that just before the <a href="/wiki/Marcomannic_Wars" title="Marcomannic Wars">Marcomannic Wars</a>, 6,000 Lombards and Obii (sometimes thought to be <a href="/wiki/Ubii" title="Ubii">Ubii</a>) crossed the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> and invaded <a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Menghin,_16_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Menghin,_16-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two tribes were defeated, whereupon they ceased their invasion and sent Ballomar, King of the Marcomanni, as ambassador to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aelius_Bassus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aelius Bassus (page does not exist)">Aelius Bassus</a>, who was then administering Pannonia. Peace was made and the two tribes returned to their homes, which in the case of the Lombards was the lands of the lower Elbe.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zeuss471_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zeuss471-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wiese38_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wiese38-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schmidt35_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmidt35-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the mid-second century, the Lombards supposedly appeared in the <a href="/wiki/Rhineland" title="Rhineland">Rhineland</a>, because according to <a href="/wiki/Claudius_Ptolemy" class="mw-redirect" title="Claudius Ptolemy">Claudius Ptolemy</a>, the Suebic Lombards lived "below" the <a href="/wiki/Bructeri" title="Bructeri">Bructeri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sugambri" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugambri">Sugambri</a>, and between these and the <a href="/wiki/Tencteri" title="Tencteri">Tencteri</a>. To their east stretching northwards to the central Elbe are the Suebi <a href="/wiki/Angili" class="mw-redirect" title="Angili">Angili</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Menghin,_15_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Menghin,_15-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But Ptolemy also mentions the "Laccobardi" to the north of the above-mentioned Suebic territories, east of the <a href="/wiki/Angrivarii" title="Angrivarii">Angrivarii</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Weser" title="Weser">Weser</a>, and south of the <a href="/wiki/Chauci" title="Chauci">Chauci</a> on the coast, probably indicating a Lombard expansion from the Elbe to the Rhine.<sup id="cite_ref-Menghin,_15_34-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Menghin,_15-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This double mention has been interpreted as an editorial error by Gudmund Schütte, in his analysis of Ptolemy.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the <i>Historia Langobardorum codicis Gothani</i> also mentions <i>Patespruna</i> (<a href="/wiki/Paderborn" title="Paderborn">Paderborn</a>) in connection with the Lombards.<sup id="cite_ref-HLcG2_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HLcG2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the second century onwards, many of the Germanic tribes recorded as active during the <a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a> started to unite into bigger tribal unions, such as the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alamanni" class="mw-redirect" title="Alamanni">Alamanni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bavarii" class="mw-redirect" title="Bavarii">Bavarii</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Menghin,_16_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Menghin,_16-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Priester,_14_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Priester,_14-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Lombards are not mentioned at first, perhaps because they were not initially on the border of Rome, or perhaps because they were subjected to a larger tribal union, like the Saxons.<sup id="cite_ref-Menghin,_16_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Menghin,_16-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Priester,_14_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Priester,_14-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is, however, highly probable that, when the bulk of the Lombards migrated, a considerable part remained behind and afterwards became absorbed by the Saxon tribes in the Elbe region, while the emigrants alone retained the name of Lombards.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the <i>Historia Langobardorum codicis Gothani</i> states that the Lombards were subjected by the Saxons around 300 but rose up against them under their first king, Agelmund, who ruled for 30 years.<sup id="cite_ref-HLcG2_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HLcG2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the second half of the fourth century, the Lombards left their homes, probably due to bad harvests, and embarked on their migration.<sup id="cite_ref-Zeuss471_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zeuss471-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wiese38_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wiese38-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schmidt35_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmidt35-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The migration route of the Lombards in 489, from their homeland to "<a href="/wiki/Rugiland" title="Rugiland">Rugiland</a>", encompassed several places: <i>Scoringa</i> (believed to be their land on the Elbe shores), <i>Mauringa</i>, <i>Golanda</i>, <i>Anthaib</i>, <i>Banthaib</i>, and <i>Vurgundaib</i> (<i>Burgundaib</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Hammerstein-Loxten56_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hammerstein-Loxten56-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/Ravenna_Cosmography" title="Ravenna Cosmography">Ravenna Cosmography</a>, Mauringa was the land east of the Elbe.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The crossing into Mauringa was very difficult. The Assipitti (possibly the <a href="/wiki/Usipetes" title="Usipetes">Usipetes</a>) denied them passage through their lands and a fight was arranged for the strongest man of each tribe. The Lombard was victorious, passage was granted, and the Lombards reached Mauringa.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Lombards departed from Mauringa and reached Golanda. Scholar Ludwig Schmidt thinks this was further east, perhaps on the right bank of the <a href="/wiki/Oder" title="Oder">Oder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Schmidt considers the name the equivalent of <a href="/wiki/Gotland" title="Gotland">Gotland</a>, meaning simply "good land".<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This theory is highly plausible; <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Deacon" title="Paul the Deacon">Paul the Deacon</a> mentions the Lombards crossing a river, and they could have reached <i>Rugiland</i> from the Upper Oder area via the <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Gate" title="Moravian Gate">Moravian Gate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Moving out of Golanda, the Lombards passed through Anthaib and Banthaib until they reached Vurgundaib, believed to be the old lands of the <a href="/wiki/Burgundes" class="mw-redirect" title="Burgundes">Burgundes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Vurgundaib, the Lombards were stormed in camp by "<a href="/wiki/Bulgars" title="Bulgars">Bulgars</a>" (probably <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and were defeated; King Agelmund was killed and Laimicho was made king. He was in his youth and desired to avenge the slaughter of Agelmund.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Lombards themselves were probably made subjects of the Huns after the defeat but rose up and defeated them with great slaughter,<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> gaining great booty and confidence as they "became bolder in undertaking the toils of war."<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the reign of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Claffo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Claffo (page does not exist)">King Claffo</a>, the Langobards occupied parts of modern-day <a href="/wiki/Upper_Austria" title="Upper Austria">Upper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lower_Austria" title="Lower Austria">Lower Austria</a> and converted to <a href="/wiki/Arian_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Arian Christianity">Arian Christianity</a>. In 505 the <a href="/wiki/Heruli" title="Heruli">Herulians</a> attacked and defeated them, obliging them to pay tax and withdraw to Northern <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a>. In 508, <a href="/wiki/Rodulf,_Herule_king" title="Rodulf, Herule king">King Rodulf</a> sent his brother to the Lombard court to collect tribute and extend the truce; however, he was stabbed by Rometrud, sister of <a href="/wiki/Tato" title="Tato">King Tato</a>. Rodulf personally led his forces against Tato, but was ambushed and killed from a hill.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 540s, <a href="/wiki/Audoin" title="Audoin">Audoin</a> (ruled 546–560) led the Lombards across the Danube once more into <a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Thurisind" title="Thurisind">Thurisind</a>, King of the <a href="/wiki/Gepids" title="Gepids">Gepids</a> attempted to expel them, and both peoples asked for help from the Byzantines. <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a> sent his army against the Gepids; however, it was routed on the way by the <a href="/wiki/Heruli" title="Heruli">Herulians</a> and the sides signed a two-year truce. Revenging what he felt as a betrayal, Thurisind made an alliance with the <a href="/wiki/Kutrigurs" title="Kutrigurs">Kutrigurs</a> who devastated <a href="/wiki/Moesia" title="Moesia">Moesia</a> before end of the armistice. The Langobard and Roman army joined together and defeated the Gepids in 551. In the battle, <a href="/wiki/Audoin" title="Audoin">Audoin</a>'s son, <a href="/wiki/Alboin" title="Alboin">Alboin</a> killed <a href="/wiki/Thurisind" title="Thurisind">Thurisind</a>'s son, <a href="/wiki/Turismod" title="Turismod">Turismod</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 552, the Byzantines, aided by a large contingent of <a href="/wiki/Foederati" title="Foederati">Foederati</a>, notably Lombards, Heruls and Bulgars, defeated the last Ostrogoths led by <a href="/wiki/Teia" title="Teia">Teia</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Taginae" title="Battle of Taginae">Battle of Taginae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HFH_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HFH-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kingdom_of_the_Lombards,_568–774"><span id="Kingdom_of_the_Lombards.2C_568.E2.80.93774"></span>Kingdom of the Lombards, 568–774</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lombards&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Kingdom of the Lombards, 568–774"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards" title="Kingdom of the Lombards">Kingdom of the Lombards</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Invasion_and_conquest_of_the_Italian_peninsula">Invasion and conquest of the Italian peninsula</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lombards&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Invasion and conquest of the Italian peninsula"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Invasion_of_Italy"></span> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lombard_Conquest_of_Italy.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Lombard_Conquest_of_Italy.png/220px-Lombard_Conquest_of_Italy.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Lombard_Conquest_of_Italy.png/330px-Lombard_Conquest_of_Italy.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Lombard_Conquest_of_Italy.png/440px-Lombard_Conquest_of_Italy.png 2x" data-file-width="1609" data-file-height="1333" /></a><figcaption>Phases of the conquest of Italy</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Lombard invasion of Italy" redirects here.</div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pietro_della_Vecchia_-_Rosamund_forced_to_drink_from_the_skull_of_her_father.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pietro_della_Vecchia_-_Rosamund_forced_to_drink_from_the_skull_of_her_father.jpg/220px-Pietro_della_Vecchia_-_Rosamund_forced_to_drink_from_the_skull_of_her_father.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pietro_della_Vecchia_-_Rosamund_forced_to_drink_from_the_skull_of_her_father.jpg/330px-Pietro_della_Vecchia_-_Rosamund_forced_to_drink_from_the_skull_of_her_father.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pietro_della_Vecchia_-_Rosamund_forced_to_drink_from_the_skull_of_her_father.jpg/440px-Pietro_della_Vecchia_-_Rosamund_forced_to_drink_from_the_skull_of_her_father.jpg 2x" data-file-width="655" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><i>Rosamund forced to drink from the skull of her father</i> by <a href="/wiki/Pietro_della_Vecchia" title="Pietro della Vecchia">Pietro della Vecchia</a>. According to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Samu_Sz%C3%A1deczky-Kardoss&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samu Szádeczky-Kardoss (page does not exist)">Samu Szádeczky-Kardoss</a>, the cup could be a gift from <a href="/wiki/Bayan_I" title="Bayan I">Bayan</a>, as it was a nomad habit to make cups from the enemy's skulls.</figcaption></figure><p>In approximately 560, Audoin was succeeded by his son <a href="/wiki/Alboin" title="Alboin">Alboin</a>, a young and energetic leader who defeated the neighboring <a href="/wiki/Gepidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Gepidae">Gepidae</a> and made them his subjects; in 566, he married <a href="/wiki/Rosamund_(queen)" title="Rosamund (queen)">Rosamund</a>, daughter of the Gepid king <a href="/wiki/Cunimund" title="Cunimund">Cunimund</a>. In the same year, he made a pact with <a href="/wiki/Bayan_I" title="Bayan I">Khagan Bayan</a>. Next year the Lombards and the <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars" title="Pannonian Avars">Avars</a> destroyed the Gepid kingdom in the <a href="/wiki/Lombard%E2%80%93Gepid_War_(567)" title="Lombard–Gepid War (567)">Lombard–Gepid War</a>, the allies halved the <a href="/wiki/Prize_of_war" title="Prize of war">prize of war</a> and the nomads settled in <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the spring of 568, Alboin, now fearing the aggressive Avars, led the Lombard migration into <a href="/wiki/Italy_(Roman_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italy (Roman Empire)">Italy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-HGL_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HGL-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which he planned for years.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <i>History of the Lombards,</i> "Then the Langobards, having left <a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonia</a>, hastened to take possession of <a href="/wiki/Italy_(Roman_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italy (Roman Empire)">Italy</a> with their wives and children and all their goods."<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Avars have agreed to shelter them if they wish to come back.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_72-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various other peoples who either voluntarily joined or were subjects of <a href="/wiki/Alboin" title="Alboin">King Alboin</a> were also part of the migration.<sup id="cite_ref-HGL_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HGL-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><blockquote><p>Whence, even until today, we call the villages in which they dwell <a href="/wiki/Gepids" title="Gepids">Gepidan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgars" title="Bulgars">Bulgarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarmatian" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarmatian">Sarmatian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pannonians" class="mw-redirect" title="Pannonians">Pannonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suebi" title="Suebi">Suabian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taurisci" title="Taurisci">Norican</a>, or by other names of this kind."<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> At least 20,000 Saxon warriors, old allies of the Lombards, and their families joined them in their new migration.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first important city to fall was <i>Forum Iulii</i> (<a href="/wiki/Cividale_del_Friuli" title="Cividale del Friuli">Cividale del Friuli</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeastern Italy">northeastern Italy</a>, in 569. There, Alboin created the first Lombard duchy, which he entrusted to his nephew <a href="/wiki/Gisulf_II_of_Friuli" title="Gisulf II of Friuli">Gisulf</a>. Soon <a href="/wiki/Vicenza" title="Vicenza">Vicenza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Verona" title="Verona">Verona</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brescia" title="Brescia">Brescia</a> fell into Germanic hands. In the summer of 569, the Lombards conquered the main Roman centre of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">northern Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>. The area was then recovering from the terrible <a href="/wiki/Gothic_War_(535%E2%80%93554)" title="Gothic War (535–554)">Gothic Wars</a>, and the small <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> army left for its defence could do almost nothing. Longinus, the <a href="/wiki/Exarch" title="Exarch">Exarch</a> sent to Italy by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Justin_II" title="Justin II">Justin II</a>, could only defend coastal cities that could be supplied by the powerful Byzantine fleet. <a href="/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia">Pavia</a> fell after a siege of three years, in 572, becoming the first capital city of the new Lombard kingdom of Italy.</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:0815_-_Museo_archeologico_di_Milano_-_Corredo_longobardico_(sec._VI-VII)_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto,_13-mar-2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/0815_-_Museo_archeologico_di_Milano_-_Corredo_longobardico_%28sec._VI-VII%29_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_13-mar-2012.jpg/220px-0815_-_Museo_archeologico_di_Milano_-_Corredo_longobardico_%28sec._VI-VII%29_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_13-mar-2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/0815_-_Museo_archeologico_di_Milano_-_Corredo_longobardico_%28sec._VI-VII%29_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_13-mar-2012.jpg/330px-0815_-_Museo_archeologico_di_Milano_-_Corredo_longobardico_%28sec._VI-VII%29_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_13-mar-2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/0815_-_Museo_archeologico_di_Milano_-_Corredo_longobardico_%28sec._VI-VII%29_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_13-mar-2012.jpg/440px-0815_-_Museo_archeologico_di_Milano_-_Corredo_longobardico_%28sec._VI-VII%29_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_13-mar-2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="1880" /></a><figcaption>Lombard grave goods (sixth to seventh century), <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a></figcaption></figure><p>In the following years, the Lombards penetrated further south, conquering <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a> and establishing two duchies, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Spoleto" title="Duchy of Spoleto">Spoleto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Benevento" title="Duchy of Benevento">Benevento</a> under <a href="/wiki/Zotto" title="Zotto">Zotto</a>, which soon became semi-independent and even outlasted the northern kingdom, surviving well into the twelfth century. Wherever they went, they were joined by the Ostrogothic population, which was allowed to live peacefully in Italy with their <a href="/wiki/Rugii" title="Rugii">Rugian</a> allies under Roman sovereignty.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantines</a> managed to retain control of the area of Ravenna and Rome, linked by a thin corridor running through <a href="/wiki/Perugia" title="Perugia">Perugia</a>. </p><p>When they entered Italy, some Lombards retained their native form of <a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">paganism</a>, while some were <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arian</a> Christians. Hence they did not enjoy good relations with the <a href="/wiki/Early_Christian_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Christian Church">Early Christian Church</a>. Gradually, they adopted Roman or Romanized titles, names, and traditions, and partially converted to orthodoxy (in the seventh century), though not without a long series of religious and ethnic conflicts. By the time <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Deacon" title="Paul the Deacon">Paul the Deacon</a> was writing, the Lombard language, dress and even hairstyles had nearly all disappeared <i><a href="/wiki/In_toto" class="mw-redirect" title="In toto">in toto</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Musei_civici_(Pavia)29.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Musei_civici_%28Pavia%2929.jpg/220px-Musei_civici_%28Pavia%2929.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Musei_civici_%28Pavia%2929.jpg/330px-Musei_civici_%28Pavia%2929.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Musei_civici_%28Pavia%2929.jpg/440px-Musei_civici_%28Pavia%2929.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Plutei_of_Theodota" title="Plutei of Theodota">Plutei of Theodota</a>, mid-eighth century, <a href="/wiki/Pavia_Civic_Museums" title="Pavia Civic Museums">Civic Museums of Pavia</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The whole Lombard territory was divided into 36 duchies, whose leaders settled in the main cities. The king ruled over them and administered the land through emissaries called <i>gastaldi</i>. This subdivision, however, together with the independent indocility of the duchies, deprived the kingdom of unity, making it weak even when compared to the Byzantines, especially since these had begun to recover from the initial invasion. This weakness became even more evident when the Lombards had to face the increasing power of the Franks. In response, the kings tried to centralize power over time, but they definitively lost control over <a href="/wiki/Spoleto" title="Spoleto">Spoleto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benevento" title="Benevento">Benevento</a> in the attempt. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Langobardia_major">Langobardia major</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lombards&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Langobardia major"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Friuli" title="Duchy of Friuli">Duchy of Friuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Tridentum" title="Duchy of Tridentum">Duchy of Tridentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Persiceta" title="Duchy of Persiceta">Duchy of Persiceta</a></li> <li>Duchy of Pavia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Tuscia" title="Duchy of Tuscia">Duchy of Tuscia</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Langobardia_minor">Langobardia minor</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lombards&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Langobardia minor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Spoleto" title="Duchy of Spoleto">Duchy of Spoleto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Spoleto" title="Duke of Spoleto">Duke of Spoleto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Benevento" title="Duchy of Benevento">Duchy of Benevento</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_dukes_and_princes_of_Benevento" title="List of dukes and princes of Benevento">List of dukes and princes of Benevento</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Arian_monarchy">Arian monarchy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lombards&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Arian monarchy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Lombards" title="Special:EditPage/Lombards">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chlothar_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chlothar_II.jpg/220px-Chlothar_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Chlothar_II.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="291" data-file-height="304" /></a><figcaption>The Frankish <a href="/wiki/Merovingian" class="mw-redirect" title="Merovingian">Merovingian</a> King <a href="/wiki/Chlothar_II" title="Chlothar II">Chlothar II</a> in combat with the Lombards</figcaption></figure> <p>In 572, Alboin was murdered in Verona in a plot led by his wife, Rosamund, who later fled to <a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a>. His successor, <a href="/wiki/Cleph" title="Cleph">Cleph</a>, was also assassinated, after a ruthless reign of 18 months. His death began an interregnum of years (the "<a href="/wiki/Rule_of_the_Dukes" title="Rule of the Dukes">Rule of the Dukes</a>") during which the <a href="/wiki/Duke_(Lombard)" title="Duke (Lombard)">dukes</a> did not elect any king, a period regarded as a time of violence and disorder. In 586, threatened by a Frankish invasion, the dukes elected Cleph's son, <a href="/wiki/Authari" title="Authari">Authari</a>, as king. In 589, he married <a href="/wiki/Theodelinda" title="Theodelinda">Theodelinda</a>, daughter of <a href="/wiki/Garibald_I_of_Bavaria" title="Garibald I of Bavaria">Garibald I of Bavaria</a>, the Duke of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bavaria" title="Duchy of Bavaria">Bavaria</a>. The Catholic Theodelinda was a friend of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a> and pushed for Christianization. In the meantime, Authari embarked on a policy of internal reconciliation and tried to reorganize royal administration. The dukes yielded half their estates for the maintenance of the king and his court in Pavia. On the foreign affairs side, Authari managed to thwart the dangerous alliance between the Byzantines and the Franks. </p><p>Authari died in 591 and was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Agilulf" title="Agilulf">Agilulf</a>, the duke of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Turin" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Turin">Turin</a>, who also married Theodelinda in the same year. Agilulf successfully fought the rebel dukes of northern Italy, conquering <a href="/wiki/Padua" title="Padua">Padua</a> in 601, <a href="/wiki/Cremona" title="Cremona">Cremona</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mantua" title="Mantua">Mantua</a> in 603, and forcing the <a href="/wiki/Exarch_of_Ravenna" class="mw-redirect" title="Exarch of Ravenna">Exarch of Ravenna</a> to pay tribute. Agilulf died in 616; Theodelinda reigned alone until 628 when she was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Adaloald" title="Adaloald">Adaloald</a>. <a href="/wiki/Arioald" title="Arioald">Arioald</a>, the head of the Arian opposition who had married Theodelinda's daughter Gundeperga, later deposed Adaloald. </p><p>Arioald was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Rothari" title="Rothari">Rothari</a>, regarded by many authorities as the most energetic of all Lombard kings. He extended his dominions, conquering <a href="/wiki/Liguria" title="Liguria">Liguria</a> in 643 and the remaining part of the Byzantine territories of inner <a href="/wiki/Veneto" title="Veneto">Veneto</a>, including the Roman city of <i>Opitergium</i> (<a href="/wiki/Oderzo" title="Oderzo">Oderzo</a>). Rothari also made the famous edict bearing his name, the <i><a href="/wiki/Edictum_Rothari" title="Edictum Rothari">Edictum Rothari</a></i>, which established the laws and the customs of his people in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>: the edict did not apply to the tributaries of the Lombards, who could retain their own laws. Rothari's son <a href="/wiki/Rodoald" title="Rodoald">Rodoald</a> succeeded him in 652, still very young, and was killed by his opponents. </p><p>At the death of King <a href="/wiki/Aripert_I" title="Aripert I">Aripert I</a> in 661, the kingdom was split between his children <a href="/wiki/Perctarit" title="Perctarit">Perctarit</a>, who set his capital in Milan, and <a href="/wiki/Godepert" title="Godepert">Godepert</a>, who reigned from <a href="/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia">Pavia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ticinum" title="Ticinum">Ticinum</a>). Perctarit was overthrown by <a href="/wiki/Grimoald_I_of_Benevento" class="mw-redirect" title="Grimoald I of Benevento">Grimoald</a>, son of Gisulf, duke of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Friuli" title="Duchy of Friuli">Friuli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Benevento" title="Duchy of Benevento">Benevento</a> since 647. Perctarit fled to the <a href="/wiki/Avars_(Carpathians)" class="mw-redirect" title="Avars (Carpathians)">Avars</a> and then to the Franks. Grimoald managed to regain control over the duchies and deflected the late attempt of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine emperor">Byzantine emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Constans_II_(Byzantine_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constans II (Byzantine Empire)">Constans II</a> to conquer southern Italy. He also defeated the Franks. At Grimoald's death in 671 <a href="/wiki/Perctarit" title="Perctarit">Perctarit</a> returned and promoted tolerance between Arians and Catholics, but he could not defeat the Arian party, led by Arachi, duke of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Tridentum" title="Duchy of Tridentum">Trento</a>, who submitted only to his son, the philo-Catholic <a href="/wiki/Cunincpert" class="mw-redirect" title="Cunincpert">Cunincpert</a>. </p><p>The Lombards engaged in fierce battles with <a href="/wiki/Slavic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic peoples">Slavic peoples</a> during these years: from 623 to 626 the Lombards unsuccessfully attacked the <a href="/wiki/Carantania" title="Carantania">Carantanians</a>, and, in 663–64, the Slavs raided the <a href="/wiki/Vipava_Valley" title="Vipava Valley">Vipava Valley</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Friuli" title="Friuli">Friuli</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Catholic_monarchy">Catholic monarchy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lombards&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Catholic monarchy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luitprand_tremissis_661673.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Luitprand_tremissis_661673.jpg/220px-Luitprand_tremissis_661673.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Luitprand_tremissis_661673.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="325" data-file-height="160" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Liutprand,_King_of_the_Lombards" title="Liutprand, King of the Lombards">King Liutprand</a> (712–744) "was a zealous Catholic, generous and a great founder of monasteries".<sup id="cite_ref-FEL_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FEL-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Religious strife and the Slavic raids remained a source of struggle in the following years. In 705, the Friuli Lombards were defeated and lost the land to the west of the <a href="/wiki/So%C4%8Da" title="Soča">Soča</a> River, namely the <a href="/wiki/Gorizia_Hills" title="Gorizia Hills">Gorizia Hills</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Venetian_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Venetian Slovenia">Venetian Slovenia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-VidmarSolkan_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VidmarSolkan-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A new ethnic border was established that has lasted for over 1200 years up until the present time.<sup id="cite_ref-VidmarSolkan_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VidmarSolkan-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Lombard reign began to recover only with <a href="/wiki/Liutprand_the_Lombard" class="mw-redirect" title="Liutprand the Lombard">Liutprand the Lombard</a> (king from 712), son of <a href="/wiki/Ansprand" title="Ansprand">Ansprand</a> and successor of the brutal <a href="/wiki/Aripert_II" title="Aripert II">Aripert II</a>. He managed to regain a certain control over <a href="/wiki/Spoleto" title="Spoleto">Spoleto</a> and Benevento, and, taking advantage of the disagreements between the Pope and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantium</a> concerning the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">reverence of icons</a>, he annexed the Exarchate of Ravenna and the duchy of <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>. He also helped the Frankish marshal <a href="/wiki/Charles_Martel" title="Charles Martel">Charles Martel</a> drive back the <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a>. The Slavs were defeated in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Lavariano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Lavariano (page does not exist)">Battle of Lavariano</a>, when they tried to conquer the <a href="/wiki/Friulian_Plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Friulian Plain">Friulian Plain</a> in 720.<sup id="cite_ref-VidmarSolkan_80-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VidmarSolkan-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Liutprand's successor <a href="/wiki/Aistulf" title="Aistulf">Aistulf</a> conquered Ravenna for the Lombards for the first time but had to relinquish it when he was subsequently defeated by the king of the Franks, <a href="/wiki/Pippin_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Pippin III">Pippin III</a>, who was called by the Pope. </p><p>After the death of Aistulf, <a href="/wiki/Ratchis" title="Ratchis">Ratchis</a> attempted to become king of Lombardy, but he was deposed by <a href="/wiki/Desiderius" title="Desiderius">Desiderius</a>, duke of <a href="/wiki/March_of_Tuscany" title="March of Tuscany">Tuscany</a>, the last Lombard to rule as king. Desiderius managed to take Ravenna definitively, ending the Byzantine presence in northern Italy. He decided to reopen struggles against the Pope, who was supporting the dukes of Spoleto and Benevento against him, and entered Rome in 772, the first Lombard king to do so. But when <a href="/wiki/Pope_Hadrian_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Hadrian I">Pope Hadrian I</a> called for help from the powerful Frankish king <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>, Desiderius was defeated at <a href="/wiki/Susa,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Susa, Italy">Susa</a> and besieged in <a href="/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia">Pavia</a>, while his son <a href="/wiki/Adalgis" title="Adalgis">Adelchis</a> was forced to open the gates of Verona to Frankish troops. Desiderius surrendered in 774, and Charlemagne, in an utterly novel decision, took the title "King of the Lombards". Before then the Germanic kingdoms had frequently conquered each other, but none had adopted the title of King of another people. Charlemagne took part of the Lombard territory to create the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a> region in Italy, which includes the cities of Brescia, Bergamo, Milan, and the old capital Pavia, is a reminder of the presence of the Lombards. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_history">Later history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lombards&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Later history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Falling_to_the_Franks_and_the_Duchy_of_Benevento,_774–849"><span id="Falling_to_the_Franks_and_the_Duchy_of_Benevento.2C_774.E2.80.93849"></span>Falling to the Franks and the Duchy of Benevento, 774–849</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lombards&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Falling to the Franks and the Duchy of Benevento, 774–849"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Duchy_of_Benevento_It.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Duchy_of_Benevento_It.svg/300px-Duchy_of_Benevento_It.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Duchy_of_Benevento_It.svg/450px-Duchy_of_Benevento_It.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Duchy_of_Benevento_It.svg/600px-Duchy_of_Benevento_It.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1241" data-file-height="845" /></a><figcaption>Lombard <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Benevento" title="Duchy of Benevento">Duchy of Benevento</a> in the eighth century</figcaption></figure> <p>Though the kingdom centred on Pavia in the north fell to Charlemagne and the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> in 774, the Lombard-controlled territory to the south of the Papal States was never subjugated by Charlemagne or his descendants. In 774, Duke <a href="/wiki/Arechis_II_of_Benevento" title="Arechis II of Benevento">Arechis II of Benevento</a>, whose duchy had only nominally been under royal authority, though certain kings had been effective at making their power known in the south, claimed that Benevento was the <a href="/wiki/Successor_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Successor state">successor state</a> of the kingdom. He tried to turn Benevento into a <i>secundum Ticinum</i>: a second Pavia. He tried to claim the kingship, but with no support and no chance of a coronation in Pavia. </p><p>Charlemagne came down with an army, and his son <a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Pious" title="Louis the Pious">Louis the Pious</a> sent men, to force the Beneventan duke to submit, but his submission and promises were never kept and Arechis and his successors were <i>de facto</i> independent. The Beneventan dukes took the title <i>prínceps</i> (prince) instead of that of king. </p><p>The Lombards of southern Italy were thereafter in the anomalous position of holding land claimed by two empires: the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a> to the north and west and the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> to the east. They typically made pledges and promises of tribute to the Carolingians, but effectively remained outside Frankish control. Benevento meanwhile grew to its greatest extent yet when it imposed a tribute on the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Naples" title="Duchy of Naples">Duchy of Naples</a>, which was tenuously loyal to Byzantium and even conquered the Neapolitan city of <a href="/wiki/Amalfi" title="Amalfi">Amalfi</a> in 838. At one point in the reign of <a href="/wiki/Sicard_of_Benevento" title="Sicard of Benevento">Sicard</a>, Lombard control covered most of southern Italy save the very south of <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>, with its nominally attached cities. It was during the ninth century that a strong Lombard presence became entrenched in formerly Greek Apulia. However, Sicard had opened up the south to the invasive actions of the <a href="/wiki/Saracen" title="Saracen">Saracens</a> in his war with <a href="/wiki/Andrew_II_of_Naples" title="Andrew II of Naples">Andrew II of Naples</a> and when he was assassinated in 839, Amalfi declared independence and two factions fought for power in Benevento, crippling the principality and making it susceptible to external enemies. </p><p>The civil war lasted ten years and ended with a peace treaty imposed in 849 by <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Louis_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Louis II">Emperor Louis II</a>, the only Frankish king to exercise actual sovereignty over the Lombard states. The treaty divided the kingdom into two states: the Principality of Benevento and the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Salerno" title="Principality of Salerno">Principality of Salerno</a>, with its capital at <a href="/wiki/Salerno" title="Salerno">Salerno</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Tyrrhenian_Sea" title="Tyrrhenian Sea">Tyrrhenian Sea</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Southern_Italy_and_the_Arabs,_836–915"><span id="Southern_Italy_and_the_Arabs.2C_836.E2.80.93915"></span>Southern Italy and the Arabs, 836–915</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lombards&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Southern Italy and the Arabs, 836–915"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy" title="History of Islam in southern Italy">History of Islam in southern Italy</a></div> <p>Andrew II of Naples hired Islamic mercenaries and formed a Muslim-Christian alliance for his war with Sicard of Benevento in 836; Sicard responded with other Muslim mercenaries. The Saracens initially concentrated their attacks on <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> and Byzantine Italy, but soon <a href="/wiki/Radelchis_I_of_Benevento" title="Radelchis I of Benevento">Radelchis I of Benevento</a> called in more mercenaries, who destroyed <a href="/wiki/Capua" title="Capua">Capua</a> in 841. <a href="/wiki/Landulf_I_of_Capua" title="Landulf I of Capua">Landulf the Old</a> founded the present-day Capua, "New Capua", on a nearby hill. In general, the Lombard princes were less inclined to ally with the Saracens than with their Greek neighbours of Amalfi, Gaeta, Naples, and Sorrento. <a href="/wiki/Guaifer_of_Salerno" title="Guaifer of Salerno">Guaifer of Salerno</a>, however, briefly put himself under Muslim suzerainty. </p><p>In 847 a large Muslim force seized <a href="/wiki/Bari" title="Bari">Bari</a>, until then a Lombard <a href="/wiki/Gastald" title="Gastald">gastaldate</a> under the control of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pandenulf_of_Bari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pandenulf of Bari (page does not exist)">Pandenulf</a>. Saracen incursions proceeded northwards until <a href="/wiki/Adelchis_of_Benevento" title="Adelchis of Benevento">Adelchis of Benevento</a> sought the help of his suzerain, Louis II, who allied with the Byzantine emperor <a href="/wiki/Basil_I" title="Basil I">Basil I</a> to <a href="/wiki/Louis_II%27s_campaign_against_Bari_(866%E2%80%93871)" title="Louis II's campaign against Bari (866–871)">expel the Arabs from Bari in 869</a>. An Arab landing force was defeated by the emperor in 871. Adelchis and Louis remained at war until the death of Louis in 875. Adelchis regarded himself as the true successor of the Lombard kings, and in that capacity he amended the <i><a href="/wiki/Edictum_Rothari" title="Edictum Rothari">Edictum Rothari</a></i>, the last Lombard ruler to do so. </p><p>After the death of Louis, <a href="/wiki/Landulf_II_of_Capua" title="Landulf II of Capua">Landulf II of Capua</a> briefly flirted with a Saracen alliance, but <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_VIII" title="Pope John VIII">Pope John VIII</a> convinced him to break it off. <a href="/wiki/Guaimar_I_of_Salerno" title="Guaimar I of Salerno">Guaimar I of Salerno</a> fought the Saracens with Byzantine troops. Throughout this period the Lombard princes swung in allegiance from one party to another. Finally, towards 915, <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_X" title="Pope John X">Pope John X</a> managed to unite the Christian princes of southern Italy against the Saracen establishments on the <a href="/wiki/Garigliano" title="Garigliano">Garigliano</a> river. The Saracens were ousted from Italy in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Garigliano" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Garigliano">Battle of the Garigliano</a> in 915. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lombard_principalities_in_the_tenth_century">Lombard principalities in the tenth century</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lombards&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Lombard principalities in the tenth century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italy_1000_AD.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Italy_1000_AD.svg/250px-Italy_1000_AD.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="359" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Italy_1000_AD.svg/375px-Italy_1000_AD.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Italy_1000_AD.svg/500px-Italy_1000_AD.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="565" data-file-height="811" /></a><figcaption>Italy around the turn of the millennium, showing the Lombard states in the south on the eve of the arrival of the Normans.</figcaption></figure> <p>The independent state of Salerno inspired the <a href="/wiki/List_of_princes_of_Capua" title="List of princes of Capua">gastalds of Capua</a> to move towards independence, and by the end of the century they were styling themselves "princes" and as a third Lombard state. The Capuan and Beneventan states were united by <a href="/wiki/Atenulf_I_of_Capua" title="Atenulf I of Capua">Atenulf I of Capua</a> in 900. He subsequently declared them to be in perpetual union, and they were separated only in 982, on the death of <a href="/wiki/Pandulf_Ironhead" title="Pandulf Ironhead">Pandulf Ironhead</a>. With all of the Lombard south under his control, except Salerno, Atenulf felt safe to use the title <i>Princeps Gentis Langobardorum</i> ("prince of the Lombard people"), which Arechis II had begun using in 774. Among Atenulf's successors the principality was ruled jointly by fathers, sons, brothers, cousins, and uncles for the greater part of the century. </p><p>Meanwhile, the prince <a href="/wiki/Gisulf_I_of_Salerno" title="Gisulf I of Salerno">Gisulf I of Salerno</a> began using the title <i>Langobardorum Gentis Princeps</i> around mid-century, but the ideal of a united Lombard principality was realised only in December 977, when Gisulf died and his domains were inherited by Pandulf Ironhead, who temporarily held almost all Italy south of Rome and brought the Lombards into an alliance with the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>. His territories were divided upon his death. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Italy_AD_1039-1047-es.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/South_Italy_AD_1039-1047-es.svg/300px-South_Italy_AD_1039-1047-es.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/South_Italy_AD_1039-1047-es.svg/450px-South_Italy_AD_1039-1047-es.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/South_Italy_AD_1039-1047-es.svg/600px-South_Italy_AD_1039-1047-es.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>The Principate of Salerno under <a href="/wiki/Guaimar_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Guaimar IV">Guaimar IV</a> (1027-1052) controlled all southern continental Italy (includind Naples as a "vassal" duchy)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Landulf_II_of_Benevento" title="Landulf II of Benevento">Landulf the Red</a> of Benevento and Capua tried to conquer the principality of Salerno with the help of <a href="/wiki/John_III_of_Naples" title="John III of Naples">John III of Naples</a>, but with the aid of <a href="/wiki/Mastalus_I_of_Amalfi" title="Mastalus I of Amalfi">Mastalus I of Amalfi</a>, Gisulf repulsed him. The rulers of Benevento and Capua made several attempts on <a href="/wiki/Catapanate_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Catapanate of Italy">Byzantine Apulia</a> at this time, but late in the century, the Byzantines, under the stiff rule of <a href="/wiki/Basil_II" title="Basil II">Basil II</a>, gained ground on the Lombards. </p><p>According to the <i>Catalogum Principum Salerni</i>, the Prince of "langobard Salerno" <a href="/wiki/Guaimar_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Guaimar IV">Guaimar IV</a> ruled for 34 years and 17 days. He conquered and was: <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Amalfi" title="Duke of Amalfi">Duke of Amalfi</a> (1039–1052), <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Gaeta" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Gaeta">Duke of Gaeta</a> (1040–1041), and <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Capua" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince of Capua">Prince of Capua</a> (1038–1047) in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">Southern Italy</a> over the period from 1027 to 1052. He was an important figure in the final phase of <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> authority in the <a href="/wiki/Mezzogiorno" class="mw-redirect" title="Mezzogiorno">Mezzogiorno</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">the commencement of Norman power</a>. Guaimar's legacy includes his dominion, either by conquest or otherwise, over Salerno, Amalfi, Gaeta, Naples, Sorrento, Apulia, Calabria, and Capua at one time or another. He was the last great Lombard prince of the south, but perhaps he is best known for his character, which the <a href="/wiki/John_Julius_Norwich" title="John Julius Norwich">Lord Norwich</a> sums up this way: "...without once breaking a promise or betraying a trust. Up to the day he died his honour and good faith had never once been called in question."<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Salerno in these decades was the main and more rich city (called "Opulenta Salernum") in southern Italy, even because of the "Schola Medica Salernitana" (the first "university" of medicine in Europe). </p><p>After the assassination of Guaimar IV the Principality of Salerno started to be dominated more and more by the Normans: in 1077 ended the history of the Langobards in Italy when this Principality was conquered by the Norman <a href="/wiki/Robert_Guiscard" title="Robert Guiscard">Robert Guiscard</a>. </p><p>The principal source for the history of the Lombard principalities in this period is the <i><a href="/wiki/Chronicon_Salernitanum" title="Chronicon Salernitanum">Chronicon Salernitanum</a></i>, composed late in the tenth century at Salerno. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Norman_conquest,_1017–1078"><span id="Norman_conquest.2C_1017.E2.80.931078"></span>Norman conquest, 1017–1078</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lombards&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Norman conquest, 1017–1078"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">Norman conquest of southern Italy</a></div> <p>The diminished Beneventan principality soon lost its independence to the <a href="/wiki/Papacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Papacy">papacy</a> and declined in importance until it fell in the <a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">Norman conquest of southern Italy</a>. The Normans, first called in by the Lombards to fight the Byzantines for control of <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a> (under the likes of <a href="/wiki/Melus_of_Bari" title="Melus of Bari">Melus of Bari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arduin_the_Lombard" title="Arduin the Lombard">Arduin</a>, among others), had become rivals for hegemony in the south. The Salernitan principality experienced a golden age under <a href="/wiki/Guaimar_III_of_Salerno" title="Guaimar III of Salerno">Guaimar III</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guaimar_IV_of_Salerno" title="Guaimar IV of Salerno">Guaimar IV</a>, but under <a href="/wiki/Gisulf_II_of_Salerno" title="Gisulf II of Salerno">Gisulf II</a>, the principality shrank to insignificance and fell in 1078 to <a href="/wiki/Robert_Guiscard" title="Robert Guiscard">Robert Guiscard</a>, who had married Gisulf's sister <a href="/wiki/Sichelgaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Sichelgaita">Sichelgaita</a>. The Capua principality was hotly contested during the reign of the hated <a href="/wiki/Pandulf_IV_of_Capua" title="Pandulf IV of Capua">Pandulf IV</a>, the <i>Wolf of the Abruzzi</i>, and, under his son, it fell, almost without contest, to the Norman <a href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_Aversa" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard I of Aversa">Richard Drengot</a> (1058). The Capuans revolted against Norman rule in 1091, expelling Richard's grandson <a href="/wiki/Richard_II_of_Capua" title="Richard II of Capua">Richard II</a> and setting up one <a href="/wiki/Lando_IV_of_Capua" title="Lando IV of Capua">Lando IV</a>. </p><p>Capua was again put under Norman rule after the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Capua" title="Siege of Capua">Siege of Capua</a> of 1098 and the city quickly declined in importance under a series of ineffective Norman rulers. The independent status of these Lombard states is in general attested by the ability of their rulers to switch suzerains at will. Often the legal vassal of the pope or the emperor (either Byzantine or <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman</a>), they were the real power-brokers in the south until their erstwhile allies the Normans rose to preeminence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetics">Genetics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lombards&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Genetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Goths#Genetics" title="Goths">Goths § Genetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Visigoths#Genetics" title="Visigoths">Visigoths § Genetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bavarii#Genetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Bavarii">Bavarii § Genetics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alemanni#Genetics" title="Alemanni">Alemanni § Genetics</a></div> <p>A genetic study published in <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_Communications" title="Nature Communications">Nature Communications</a></i> in September 2018 found strong genetic similarities between Lombards of Italy and earlier Lombards of Central Europe. Lombard males were primarily carriers of subclades of <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R1b" title="Haplogroup R1b">haplogroup R1b</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_I-M438#I2a2a" title="Haplogroup I-M438">I2a2a1</a>, both of which are common among Germanic peoples. Lombard males were found to be more genetically homogeneous than Lombard females. The evidence suggested that the Lombards originated in Central/Northern Europe, and were a patriarchal people who settled Central Europe and then later Italy through a migration from the north.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A genetic study published in <i><a href="/wiki/Science_Advances" title="Science Advances">Science Advances</a></i> in September 2018 examined the remains of a Lombard male buried at an <a href="/wiki/Alemanni" title="Alemanni">Alemannic</a> graveyard. He was found to be a carrier of the paternal haplogroup <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R-M269#R1b1a1a2a1a1_(R-U106)" title="Haplogroup R-M269">R1b1a2a1a1c2b2b</a> and the maternal haplogroup <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_H_(mtDNA)#H2,_H6_and_H8" title="Haplogroup H (mtDNA)">H65a</a>. The graveyard also included the remains of a <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Frankish</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> male, both of whom were also carriers of subclades of the paternal haplogroup R1b1a2a1a1. The Lombard, Frankish and Byzantine males were all found to be closely related, and displayed close genetic links to <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern Europe</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A genetic study published in the <i><a href="/wiki/European_Journal_of_Human_Genetics" title="European Journal of Human Genetics">European Journal of Human Genetics</a></i> in January 2019 examined the mtDNA of a large number of <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">early-medieval</a> Lombard remains from Central Europe and Italy. These individuals were found to be closely related and displayed strong genetic links to Central Europe. The evidence suggested that the Lombard settlement of Italy was the result of a migration from the north involving both males and females.<sup id="cite_ref-Vai_2019_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vai_2019-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lombards&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lombards&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lombardic_language" title="Lombardic language">Lombardic language</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:West_germanic_languages_c_500.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/West_germanic_languages_c_500.png/500px-West_germanic_languages_c_500.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="457" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/West_germanic_languages_c_500.png/750px-West_germanic_languages_c_500.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/West_germanic_languages_c_500.png/1000px-West_germanic_languages_c_500.png 2x" data-file-width="2148" data-file-height="1962" /></a><figcaption>The West-Germanic languages around the sixth century CE</figcaption></figure> <p>Unless <a href="/wiki/Cimbrian_language" title="Cimbrian language">Cimbrian</a> and <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B2cheno_language" title="Mòcheno language">Mòcheno</a> represent surviving dialects, the <a href="/wiki/Lombardic_language" title="Lombardic language">Lombardic language</a> is extinct.<sup id="cite_ref-BKM_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BKM-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It declined beginning in the seventh century, but may have been in scattered use until as late as about the year 1000. Only fragments of the language have survived, the main evidence being individual words quoted in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> texts. In the absence of Lombardic texts, it is not possible to draw any conclusions about the language's <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphology</a> and syntax. The genetic classification of the language depends entirely on phonology. Since there is evidence that Lombardic participated in, and indeed shows some of the earliest evidence for, the <a href="/wiki/High_German_consonant_shift" title="High German consonant shift">High German consonant shift</a>, it is usually classified as an <a href="/wiki/Upper_German" title="Upper German">Upper German</a> dialect descended from <a href="/wiki/Elbe_Germanic" title="Elbe Germanic">Elbe Germanic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pforzen_Inschrift.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Pforzen_Inschrift.JPG/300px-Pforzen_Inschrift.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/Pforzen_Inschrift.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="328" data-file-height="113" /></a><figcaption>The runic inscription from the <a href="/wiki/Pforzen_buckle" title="Pforzen buckle">Pforzen buckle</a> may be the earliest written example of Lombardic language</figcaption></figure> <p>Lombardic fragments are preserved in <a href="/wiki/Rune" title="Rune">runic</a> inscriptions. Primary source texts include short inscriptions in the <a href="/wiki/Elder_Futhark" title="Elder Futhark">Elder Futhark</a>, among them the "bronze capsule of <a href="/wiki/Schretzheim" class="mw-redirect" title="Schretzheim">Schretzheim</a>" (c. 600) and the silver belt buckle found in <a href="/wiki/Pforzen" title="Pforzen">Pforzen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ostallg%C3%A4u" title="Ostallgäu">Ostallgäu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Schwaben" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwaben">Schwaben</a>). A number of Latin texts include Lombardic names, and Lombardic legal texts contain terms taken from the legal vocabulary of the vernacular. In 2005, Emilia Denčeva argued that the inscription of the <a href="/wiki/Pernik_sword" title="Pernik sword">Pernik sword</a> may be Lombardic.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Italian language preserves a large number of Lombardic words, although it is not always easy to distinguish them from other Germanic borrowings such as those from <a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic</a> or from <a href="/wiki/Frankish_language" title="Frankish language">Frankish</a>. They often bear some resemblance to English words, as Lombardic was akin to <a href="/wiki/Old_Saxon" title="Old Saxon">Old Saxon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutterer1999339_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutterer1999339-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, <i>landa</i> from <i>land</i>, <i>guardia</i> from <i>wardan</i> (warden), <i>guerra</i> from <i>werra</i> (war), <i>ricco</i> from <i>rikki</i> (rich), and <i>guadare</i> from <i>wadjan</i> (to wade). </p><p>The <i>Codice diplomatico longobardo</i>, a collection of legal documents, makes reference to many Lombardic terms, some of them still in use in the Italian language: </p><p><i>barba</i> (beard), <i>marchio</i> (mark), <i>maniscalco</i> (blacksmith), <i>aia</i> (courtyard), <i>braida</i> (suburban meadow), <i>borgo</i> (burg, village), <i>fara</i> (fundamental unity of Lombard social and military organization, presently used as toponym), <i>picco</i> (peak, mountain top, also used as toponym), <i>sala</i> (hall, room, also used as toponym), <i>staffa</i> (stirrup), <i>stalla</i> (stable), <i>sculdascio</i>, <i>faida</i> (feud), <i>manigoldo</i> (scoundrel), <i>sgherro</i> (henchman); <i>fanone</i> (baleen), <i>stamberga</i> (hovel); <i>anca</i> (hip), <i>guancia</i> (cheek), <i>nocca</i> (knuckle), <i>schiena</i> (back); <i>gazza</i> (magpie), <i>martora</i> (marten); <i>gualdo</i> (wood, presently used as toponym), <i>pozza</i> (pool); verbs like <i>bussare</i> (to knock), <i>piluccare</i> (to peck), <i>russare</i> (to snore). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_structure">Social structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lombards&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Social structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Migration_Period_society">Migration Period society</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lombards&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Migration Period society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During their stay at the mouth of the Elbe, the Lombards came into contact with other western Germanic populations, such as the Saxons and the <a href="/wiki/Frisians" title="Frisians">Frisians</a>. From these populations, which had long been in contact with the <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> (especially the Saxons), they adopted a rigid social organization into castes, rarely present in other Germanic peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Lombard kings can be traced back as early as c. 380 and thus to the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Great Migration</a>. Kingship developed among the Germanic peoples when the unity of a single military command was found necessary. Schmidt believed that the Germanic tribes were divided into <a href="/wiki/Canton_(country_subdivision)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton (country subdivision)">cantons</a> and that the earliest government was a general assembly that selected canton chiefs and war leaders in times of conflict. All such figures were probably selected from a caste of nobility. As a result of the wars of their wanderings, royal power developed such that the king became the representative of the people, but the influence of the people on the government did not fully disappear.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paul the Deacon gives an account of the Lombard tribal structure during the migration: </p> <blockquote> <p>... in order that they might increase the number of their warriors, [the Lombards] confer liberty upon many whom they deliver from the yoke of bondage, and that the freedom of these may be regarded as established, they confirm it in their accustomed way by an arrow, uttering certain words of their country in confirmation of the fact. </p> </blockquote> <p>Complete emancipation appears to have been granted only among the Franks and the Lombards.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Society_of_the_Catholic_kingdom">Society of the Catholic kingdom</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lombards&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Society of the Catholic kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Duke_(Lombard)" title="Duke (Lombard)">Duke (Lombard)</a></div> <p>Lombard society was divided into classes comparable to those found in the other Germanic successor states of Rome, <a href="/wiki/Frankish_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankish Empire">Frankish Gaul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Spain</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a>. There was a noble class, a class of free persons beneath them, a class of unfree non-slaves (serfs), and finally slaves. The aristocracy itself was poorer, more urbanised, and less landed than elsewhere. Aside from the richest and most powerful of the dukes and the king himself, Lombard noblemen tended to live in cities (unlike their Frankish counterparts) and hold little more than twice as much in land as the merchant class (a far cry from provincial Frankish aristocrats who held vast swathes of land, hundreds of times larger than those beneath his status). The aristocracy by the eighth century was highly dependent on the king for means of income related especially to judicial duties: many Lombard nobles are referred to in contemporary documents as <i>iudices</i> (judges) even when their offices had important military and legislative functions as well. </p><p>The freemen of the Lombard kingdom were far more numerous than in Frankish lands, especially in the eighth century, when they are almost invisible in surviving documentary evidence. Smallholders, owner-cultivators, and rentiers are the most numerous types of person in surviving diplomata for the Lombard kingdom. They may have owned more than half of the land in Lombard Italy. The freemen were <i>exercitales</i> and <i>viri devoti</i>, that is, soldiers and "devoted men" (a military term like "retainers"); they formed the <a href="/wiki/Conscription#Medieval_levies" title="Conscription">levy</a> of the Lombard army, and they were sometimes, if infrequently, called to serve, though this seems not to have been their preference. The small landed class, however, lacked the political influence necessary with the king (and the dukes) to control the politics and legislation of the kingdom. The aristocracy was more thoroughly powerful politically if not economically in Italy than in contemporary Gaul and Spain. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BRONZETTO.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/BRONZETTO.jpg/220px-BRONZETTO.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="412" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/BRONZETTO.jpg/330px-BRONZETTO.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/BRONZETTO.jpg 2x" data-file-width="352" data-file-height="659" /></a><figcaption>Lombard warrior, bronze statue, eighth century, <a href="/wiki/Pavia_Civic_Museums" title="Pavia Civic Museums">Pavia Civic Museums</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The urbanisation of Lombard Italy was characterised by the <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">città ad isole</i></span> (or "city as islands"). It appears from archaeology that the great cities of Lombard Italy—<a href="/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia">Pavia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucca" title="Lucca">Lucca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siena" title="Siena">Siena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arezzo" title="Arezzo">Arezzo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>—were themselves formed of small urban cores within the old Roman city walls. The cities of the Roman Empire had been partially destroyed in the series of wars of the fifth and sixth centuries. Many sectors were left in ruins and ancient monuments became fields of grass used as pastures for animals, thus the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Forum" title="Roman Forum">Roman Forum</a> became the <i>Campo Vaccino</i>, the field of cows. The portions of the cities that remained intact were small, modest, contained a cathedral or major church (often sumptuously decorated), and a few public buildings and townhouses of the aristocracy. Few buildings of importance were stone, most were wood. In the end, the inhabited parts of the cities were separated from one another by stretches of pasture even within the city walls. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lombard_states">Lombard states</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lombards&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Lombard states"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Lombard state on the Carpathians (sixth century)</li> <li>Lombard state in Pannonia (sixth century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Lombard)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Italy (Lombard)">Kingdom of Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_the_Lombards" title="List of kings of the Lombards">List of kings of the Lombards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Benevento" title="Principality of Benevento">Principality of Benevento</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_dukes_and_princes_of_Benevento" title="List of dukes and princes of Benevento">List of dukes and princes of Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Salerno" title="Principality of Salerno">Principality of Salerno</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_princes_of_Salerno" title="List of princes of Salerno">List of princes of Salerno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Capua" title="Principality of Capua">Principality of Capua</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_princes_of_Capua" title="List of princes of Capua">List of princes of Capua</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_history">Religious history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lombards&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Religious history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The legend from Origo may hint that initially, before the passage from Scandinavia to the southern coast of the Baltic Sea, the Lombards worshiped the <a href="/wiki/Vanir" title="Vanir">Vanir</a>. Later, in contact with other Germanic populations, they adopted the worship of the <a href="/wiki/%C3%86sir" title="Æsir">Æsir</a>: an evolution that marked the passage from the adoration of deities related to fertility and the earth to the cult of warlike gods.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In chapter 40 of his <i><a href="/wiki/Germania_(book)" title="Germania (book)">Germania</a></i>, Roman historian <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a>, discussing the Suebian tribes of Germania, writes that the Lombards were one of the Suebian tribes united in worship of the deity Nerthus, who is often identified with the <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse</a> goddess <a href="/wiki/Freyja" title="Freyja">Freyja</a>. The other tribes were the <a href="/wiki/Reudigni" title="Reudigni">Reudigni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aviones" class="mw-redirect" title="Aviones">Aviones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglii" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglii">Anglii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Varini" class="mw-redirect" title="Varini">Varini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eudoses" class="mw-redirect" title="Eudoses">Eudoses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suarines" title="Suarines">Suarines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nuitones" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuitones">Nuitones</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Barbatus_of_Benevento" title="Barbatus of Benevento">St. Barbatus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Benevento" title="Benevento">Benevento</a> observed many pagan rituals and traditions among the Lombards authorised by the <a href="/wiki/Romuald_I_of_Benevento" title="Romuald I of Benevento">Duke Romuald</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Grimoald,_King_of_the_Lombards" title="Grimoald, King of the Lombards">King Grimoald</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-RAB_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RAB-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>They expressed a religious veneration to a golden viper, and prostrated themselves before it: they paid also a superstitious honour to a tree, on which they hung the skin of a wild beast, and these ceremonies were closed by public games, in which the skin served for a mark at which bowmen shot arrows over their shoulder.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Christianisation">Christianisation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lombards&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Christianisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Lombards first adopted Christianity while still in Pannonia, but their conversion and Christianisation was largely nominal and far from complete. During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Wacho" title="Wacho">Wacho</a>, they were Orthodox Catholics allied with the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, but <a href="/wiki/Alboin" title="Alboin">Alboin</a> converted to <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a> as an ally of the <a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogoths</a> and invaded Italy. All these Christian conversions primarily affected the aristocracy, while the common people remained pagan.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Italy, the Lombards were intensively Christianised, and the pressure to convert to Orthodox Catholicism was great. With the <a href="/wiki/Baiuvarii" title="Baiuvarii">Bavarian</a> queen <a href="/wiki/Theodelinda" title="Theodelinda">Theodelinda</a>, an Orthodox Catholic, the monarchy was brought under heavy Catholic influence. After initial support for the anti-Rome party in the <a href="/wiki/Schism_of_the_Three_Chapters" title="Schism of the Three Chapters">Schism of the Three Chapters</a>, Theodelinda remained a close contact and supporter of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 603, <a href="/wiki/Adaloald" title="Adaloald">Adaloald</a>, the heir to the throne, received Orthodox Catholic baptism.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the lack of spiritual involvement of most of the Lombards in religious disputes remained constant, so much so that the opposition between Orthodox Catholics, on the one hand, and pagans, Arians and schismatics, on the other, soon took on political significance. The supporters of Roman orthodoxy, led by the <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_dynasty" title="Bavarian dynasty">Bavarian dynasty</a>, were politically the proponents of greater integration with the Romans, accompanied by a strategy of preserving the status quo with the Byzantines. Arians, pagans and schismatics, rooted above all in the northeastern regions of the kingdom (<a href="/wiki/Austria_(Lombard)" title="Austria (Lombard)">Austria</a>), were instead interpreters of the preservation of the warlike and aggressive spirit of the people. Thus, to the "pro-Catholic" phase of <a href="/wiki/Agilulf" title="Agilulf">Agilulf</a>, Theodolinda and Adaloald followed, from 626 (<a href="/wiki/Arioald" title="Arioald">Arioald</a>'s accession to the throne) to 690 (definitive defeat of the rebel <a href="/wiki/Alahis" title="Alahis">Alahis</a>), a long phase of the revival of Arianism, embodied by militarily aggressive kings like <a href="/wiki/Rothari" title="Rothari">Rothari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grimoald,_King_of_the_Lombards" title="Grimoald, King of the Lombards">Grimoald</a>. However, tolerance towards Orthodox Catholics was never questioned by the various kings, also safeguarded by the influential contribution of the respective queens (largely chosen, for reasons of dynastic legitimacy, among the Orthodox Catholic princesses of the Bavarian dynasty).<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the seventh century, the nominally Christian aristocracy of Benevento was still practising pagan rituals such as sacrifices in "sacred" woods.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the reign of <a href="/wiki/Cunipert" title="Cunipert">Cunincpert</a>, however, the Lombards were more or less completely Catholicised. Under <a href="/wiki/Liutprand,_King_of_the_Lombards" title="Liutprand, King of the Lombards">Liutprand</a> Orthodox Catholicism became tangible as the king sought to justify his title <i>rex totius Italiae</i> by uniting the south of the peninsula with the north, thereby bringing together his Italo-Roman and Germanic subjects into one Catholic State.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Beneventan_Christianity">Beneventan Christianity</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lombards&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Beneventan Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beneventan.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Beneventan.jpeg/220px-Beneventan.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Beneventan.jpeg/330px-Beneventan.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Beneventan.jpeg/440px-Beneventan.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="532" data-file-height="799" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_Saint_Benedict" title="Rule of Saint Benedict">Rule of Saint Benedict</a> in Beneventan (i.e. Lombard) script</figcaption></figure> <p>The Duchy and eventually Principality of Benevento in southern Italy developed a unique Christian <a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">rite</a> in the seventh and eighth centuries. The Beneventan rite is more closely related to the liturgy of the <a href="/wiki/Ambrosian_rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambrosian rite">Ambrosian rite</a> than to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman rite">Roman rite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Beneventan rite has not survived in its complete form, although most of the principal feasts and several feasts of local significance are extant. The Beneventan rite appears to have been less complete, less systematic, and more liturgically flexible than the Roman rite. </p><p>Characteristic of this rite was the <a href="/wiki/Beneventan_chant" title="Beneventan chant">Beneventan chant</a>, a Lombard-influenced<sup id="cite_ref-:0_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> chant that bore similarities to the <a href="/wiki/Ambrosian_chant" title="Ambrosian chant">Ambrosian chant</a> of Milan. The Beneventan chant is largely defined by its role in the liturgy of the Beneventan rite; many Beneventan chants were assigned multiple roles when inserted into Gregorian chantbooks, appearing variously as antiphons, offertories, and communions, for example. It was eventually supplanted by the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_chant" title="Gregorian chant">Gregorian chant</a> in the eleventh century. </p><p>The chief centre of the Beneventan chant was <a href="/wiki/Montecassino" class="mw-redirect" title="Montecassino">Montecassino</a>, one of the first and greatest abbeys of <a href="/wiki/Western_monasticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Western monasticism">Western monasticism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gisulf_II_of_Benevento" title="Gisulf II of Benevento">Gisulf II of Benevento</a> had donated a large swathe of land to Montecassino in 744, and that became the basis for an important state, the <i><a href="/wiki/Terra_Sancti_Benedicti" title="Terra Sancti Benedicti">Terra Sancti Benedicti</a></i>, which was a subject only to Rome. The Cassinese influence on Christianity in southern Italy was immense.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Montecassino was also the starting point for another characteristic of Beneventan monasticism, the use of the distinct <a href="/wiki/Beneventan_script" title="Beneventan script">Beneventan script</a>, a clear, angular script derived from the <a href="/wiki/Roman_cursive" title="Roman cursive">Roman cursive</a> as used by the Lombards.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art">Art</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lombards&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During their nomadic phase, the Lombards primarily created art that was easily carried with them, like arms and jewellery. Though relatively little of this has survived, it bears resemblance to the similar endeavours of other Germanic tribes of central Europe from the same era. </p><p>The first major modifications to the Germanic style of the Lombards came in Pannonia and especially in Italy, under the influence of local, <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_art_and_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine art and architecture">Byzantine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Early_Christian_art_and_architecture" title="Early Christian art and architecture">Christian</a> styles. The conversions from nomadism and paganism to settlement and Christianity also opened up new arenas of artistic expressions, such as architecture (especially churches) and its accompanying decorative arts (such as frescoes). </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Langobard_Shield_Boss_7th_Century.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lombard shield boss northern Italy, seventh century, Metropolitan Museum of Art"><img alt="Lombard shield boss northern Italy, seventh century, Metropolitan Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Langobard_Shield_Boss_7th_Century.jpg/120px-Langobard_Shield_Boss_7th_Century.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Langobard_Shield_Boss_7th_Century.jpg/180px-Langobard_Shield_Boss_7th_Century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Langobard_Shield_Boss_7th_Century.jpg/240px-Langobard_Shield_Boss_7th_Century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1804" data-file-height="1704" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lombard <a href="/wiki/Shield_boss" title="Shield boss">shield boss</a><br />northern Italy, seventh century, Metropolitan Museum of Art</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Langobardic_-_Fibula_-_Walters_542440.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lombard S-shaped fibula"><img alt="Lombard S-shaped fibula" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Langobardic_-_Fibula_-_Walters_542440.jpg/118px-Langobardic_-_Fibula_-_Walters_542440.jpg" decoding="async" width="118" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Langobardic_-_Fibula_-_Walters_542440.jpg/177px-Langobardic_-_Fibula_-_Walters_542440.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Langobardic_-_Fibula_-_Walters_542440.jpg/236px-Langobardic_-_Fibula_-_Walters_542440.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1768" data-file-height="1799" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lombard <a href="/wiki/Fibula_(brooch)" title="Fibula (brooch)">S-shaped fibula</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arte_longobarda,_da_sutri,_bicchiere_a_forma_di_corno,_fine_VI-inizio_VII_sec.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A glass drinking horn from Castel Trosino"><img alt="A glass drinking horn from Castel Trosino" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Arte_longobarda%2C_da_sutri%2C_bicchiere_a_forma_di_corno%2C_fine_VI-inizio_VII_sec.JPG/120px-Arte_longobarda%2C_da_sutri%2C_bicchiere_a_forma_di_corno%2C_fine_VI-inizio_VII_sec.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Arte_longobarda%2C_da_sutri%2C_bicchiere_a_forma_di_corno%2C_fine_VI-inizio_VII_sec.JPG/180px-Arte_longobarda%2C_da_sutri%2C_bicchiere_a_forma_di_corno%2C_fine_VI-inizio_VII_sec.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Arte_longobarda%2C_da_sutri%2C_bicchiere_a_forma_di_corno%2C_fine_VI-inizio_VII_sec.JPG/240px-Arte_longobarda%2C_da_sutri%2C_bicchiere_a_forma_di_corno%2C_fine_VI-inizio_VII_sec.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2058" data-file-height="1290" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A glass <a href="/wiki/Drinking_horn" title="Drinking horn">drinking horn</a> from Castel Trosino</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Langobardic_-_Shroud_Cross_-_Walters_571773.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lombard Goldblattkreuz"><img alt="Lombard Goldblattkreuz" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Langobardic_-_Shroud_Cross_-_Walters_571773.jpg/120px-Langobardic_-_Shroud_Cross_-_Walters_571773.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Langobardic_-_Shroud_Cross_-_Walters_571773.jpg/180px-Langobardic_-_Shroud_Cross_-_Walters_571773.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Langobardic_-_Shroud_Cross_-_Walters_571773.jpg/240px-Langobardic_-_Shroud_Cross_-_Walters_571773.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1799" data-file-height="1601" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lombard <i>Goldblattkreuz</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cividale_fibula1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lombard fibulae"><img alt="Lombard fibulae" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Cividale_fibula1.jpg/120px-Cividale_fibula1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Cividale_fibula1.jpg/180px-Cividale_fibula1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Cividale_fibula1.jpg/240px-Cividale_fibula1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2114" data-file-height="1587" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lombard <a href="/wiki/Fibula_(brooch)" title="Fibula (brooch)">fibulae</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cividale_Ratchis1.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Altar of Ratchis"><img alt="Altar of Ratchis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Cividale_Ratchis1.JPG/120px-Cividale_Ratchis1.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Cividale_Ratchis1.JPG/180px-Cividale_Ratchis1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Cividale_Ratchis1.JPG/240px-Cividale_Ratchis1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3168" data-file-height="2376" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Altar of <a href="/wiki/Ratchis" title="Ratchis">Ratchis</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cividale_Tempietto_Longobardo_-_Westwand_M%C3%A4rtyrerinnen_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Eighth-century Lombard sculpture depicting female martyrs, based on a Byzantine model. Tempietto Longobardo, Cividale del Friuli"><img alt="Eighth-century Lombard sculpture depicting female martyrs, based on a Byzantine model. Tempietto Longobardo, Cividale del Friuli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Cividale_Tempietto_Longobardo_-_Westwand_M%C3%A4rtyrerinnen_1.jpg/80px-Cividale_Tempietto_Longobardo_-_Westwand_M%C3%A4rtyrerinnen_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Cividale_Tempietto_Longobardo_-_Westwand_M%C3%A4rtyrerinnen_1.jpg/120px-Cividale_Tempietto_Longobardo_-_Westwand_M%C3%A4rtyrerinnen_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Cividale_Tempietto_Longobardo_-_Westwand_M%C3%A4rtyrerinnen_1.jpg/160px-Cividale_Tempietto_Longobardo_-_Westwand_M%C3%A4rtyrerinnen_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1712" data-file-height="2560" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Eighth-century Lombard sculpture depicting female martyrs, based on a Byzantine model. <i>Tempietto Longobardo</i>, <a href="/wiki/Cividale_del_Friuli" title="Cividale del Friuli">Cividale del Friuli</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Interno_della_cripta.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Crypt of Sant'Eusebio, Pavia."><img alt="Crypt of Sant'Eusebio, Pavia." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Interno_della_cripta.jpg/120px-Interno_della_cripta.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Interno_della_cripta.jpg/180px-Interno_della_cripta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Interno_della_cripta.jpg/240px-Interno_della_cripta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4887" data-file-height="2874" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Crypt_of_Sant%27Eusebio" title="Crypt of Sant'Eusebio">Crypt of Sant'Eusebio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia">Pavia</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Architecture">Architecture</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lombards&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Lombard_architecture" title="Lombard architecture">Lombard architecture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Longobards_in_Italy,_Places_of_Power_(568-774_A.D.)" class="mw-redirect" title="Longobards in Italy, Places of Power (568-774 A.D.)">Longobards in Italy, Places of Power (568-774 A.D.)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chiesa_di_santa_sofia,_benevento.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Chiesa di santa sofia, benevento.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Chiesa_di_santa_sofia%2C_benevento.jpg/220px-Chiesa_di_santa_sofia%2C_benevento.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Chiesa_di_santa_sofia%2C_benevento.jpg/330px-Chiesa_di_santa_sofia%2C_benevento.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Chiesa_di_santa_sofia%2C_benevento.jpg/440px-Chiesa_di_santa_sofia%2C_benevento.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1272" data-file-height="1629" /></a><figcaption>Church of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Sofia,_Benevento" title="Santa Sofia, Benevento">Santa Sofia, Benevento</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Few Lombard buildings have survived. Most have been lost, rebuilt, or renovated at some point, so they preserve little of their original Lombard structure. Lombard architecture was well-studied in the twentieth century, and the four-volume <i>Lombard Architecture</i> (1919) by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Kingsley_Porter" title="Arthur Kingsley Porter">Arthur Kingsley Porter</a> is a "monument of illustrated history". </p><p>The small <a href="/wiki/Oratorio_di_Santa_Maria_in_Valle" title="Oratorio di Santa Maria in Valle">Oratorio di Santa Maria in Valle</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cividale_del_Friuli" title="Cividale del Friuli">Cividale del Friuli</a> is probably one of the oldest preserved examples of Lombard architecture, as Cividale was the first Lombard city in Italy. Parts of Lombard constructions have been preserved in <a href="/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia">Pavia</a> (<a href="/wiki/San_Pietro_in_Ciel_d%27Oro" title="San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro">San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crypt_of_Sant%27Eusebio" title="Crypt of Sant'Eusebio">crypts of Sant'Eusebio</a> and San Giovanni Domnarum) and <a href="/wiki/Monza" title="Monza">Monza</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Monza" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral of Monza">cathedral</a>). The <i>Basilic autariana</i> in <a href="/wiki/Fara_Gera_d%27Adda" title="Fara Gera d'Adda">Fara Gera d'Adda</a> near <a href="/wiki/Bergamo" title="Bergamo">Bergamo</a> and the church of San Salvatore in <a href="/wiki/Brescia" title="Brescia">Brescia</a> also have Lombard elements. All these buildings are in northern Italy (Langobardia major), but by far the best-preserved Lombard structure is in southern Italy (Langobardia minor). The <a href="/wiki/Santa_Sofia,_Benevento" title="Santa Sofia, Benevento">Church of Santa Sofia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Benevento" title="Benevento">Benevento</a> was erected in 760 by <a href="/wiki/Arechis_II_of_Benevento" title="Arechis II of Benevento">Duke Arechis II</a>, and it preserves Lombard frescoes on the walls and even Lombard capitals on the columns. </p><p>Lombard architecture flourished under the impulse provided by the Catholic monarchs like <a href="/wiki/Theodelinda" title="Theodelinda">Theodelinda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liutprand_the_Lombard" class="mw-redirect" title="Liutprand the Lombard">Liutprand</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Desiderius" title="Desiderius">Desiderius</a> to the foundation of monasteries to further their political control. <a href="/wiki/Bobbio_Abbey" title="Bobbio Abbey">Bobbio Abbey</a> was founded during this time. </p><p>Some of the late Lombard structures of the ninth and tenth centuries have been found to contain elements of style associated with <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque architecture</a> and so have been dubbed "<a href="/wiki/First_Romanesque" title="First Romanesque">first Romanesque</a>". These edifices are considered, along with some similar buildings in <a href="/wiki/Southern_France" title="Southern France">southern France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, to mark a transitory phase between the <a href="/wiki/Pre-Romanesque_art_and_architecture" title="Pre-Romanesque art and architecture">Pre-Romanesque</a> and full-fledged Romanesque. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_rulers">List of rulers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lombards&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: List of rulers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_the_Lombards" title="List of kings of the Lombards">List of kings of the Lombards</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_sources">Notes and sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lombards&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Notes and sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lombards&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/lombard">"Lombard"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Collins_English_Dictionary" title="Collins English Dictionary">Collins English Dictionary</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lombard&rft.btitle=Collins+English+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Flombard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombards" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFChristie1995">Christie 1995</a>. "The Lombards, also known as the Longobards, were a Germanic tribe whose fabled origins lay in the barbarian realm of Scandinavia."</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFWhitby2012">Whitby 2012</a>, p. 857. "Lombards, or Langobardi, a Germanic group..."</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFBrown2005">Brown 2005</a>. "Lombards... a west-Germanic people..."</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFDarvill2009">Darvill 2009</a>. "Lombards (Lombard). Germanic people..."</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFTaviani-Carozzi2005">Taviani-Carozzi 2005</a>. "Lombards, A people of Germanic origin, conquerors of part of Italy from 568."</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPriester2004">Priester 2004</a>, p. 16: "From <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a> <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/winnan%C4%85" class="extiw" title="wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/winnaną">winna-</a></i>, meaning "to fight, win"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dick-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dick_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dick_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dick_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dick_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrisonSvensson2007" class="citation book cs1">Harrison, D.; Svensson, K. (2007). <i>Vikingaliv</i>. Värnamo: Fälth & Hässler. p. 74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-27-35725-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-27-35725-9"><bdi>978-91-27-35725-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vikingaliv&rft.place=V%C3%A4rnamo&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=F%C3%A4lth+%26+H%C3%A4ssler&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-91-27-35725-9&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Svensson%2C+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombards" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080604203505/http://www.lansmuseum.a.se/runriket/taby.html">"2. Runriket – Täby Kyrka"</a>. <i>Stockholm County Museum</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lansmuseum.a.se/runriket/taby.html">the original</a> on 4 June 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stockholm+County+Museum&rft.atitle=2.+Runriket+%E2%80%93+T%C3%A4by+Kyrka&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lansmuseum.a.se%2Frunriket%2Ftaby.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombards" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristie19953-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristie19953_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChristie1995">Christie 1995</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSergent1991" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Sergent" title="Bernard Sergent">Sergent, Bernard</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/dha_0755-7256_1991_num_17_2_1932">"Ethnozoonymes indo-européens"</a> [Indo-European ethnozoonyms]. <i>Dialogues d'Histoire Ancienne</i> (in French). <b>17</b> (2): 15. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fdha.1991.1932">10.3406/dha.1991.1932</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dialogues+d%27Histoire+Ancienne&rft.atitle=Ethnozoonymes+indo-europ%C3%A9ens&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=15&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fdha.1991.1932&rft.aulast=Sergent&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Fdha_0755-7256_1991_num_17_2_1932&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombards" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristie2018b920–922-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristie2018b920–922_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChristie2018b">Christie 2018b</a>, pp. 920–922.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristie19951–6-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristie19951–6_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristie19951–6_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristie19951–6_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChristie1995">Christie 1995</a>, pp. 1–6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vai_2019-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vai_2019_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vai_2019_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVai2019">Vai 2019</a>. "[T]he presence in this cluster of haplogroups that reach high frequency in Northern European populations, suggests a possible link between this core group of individuals and the proposed homeland of different ancient barbarian Germanic groups... This supports the view that the spread of Longobards into Italy actually involved movements of people, who gave a substantial contribution to the gene pool of the resulting populations...This is even more remarkable thinking that, in many studied cases, military invasions are movements of males, and hence do not have consequences at the mtDNA level. Here, instead, we have evidence of maternally linked genetic similarities between LC in Hungary and Italy, supporting the view that immigration from Central Europe involved females as well as males."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HLcG2-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HLcG2_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HLcG2_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HLcG2_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Historia Langobardorum codicis Gothani</i>, 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMenghin1985">Menghin 1985</a>, p. 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Priester, 16. Grimm, <i>Deutsche Mythologie</i>, I, 336. Old Germanic for "Strenuus", "<a href="/wiki/Sibyl" title="Sibyl">Sibyl</a>".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ibor and Aio were called by Prosper of Aquitaine, Iborea and Agio; Saxo-Grammaticus calls them Ebbo and Aggo; the popular song of Gothland (Bethmann, 342), Ebbe and Aaghe (Wiese, 14).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPriester2004">Priester 2004</a>, p. 16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hammerstein-Loxten56-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hammerstein-Loxten56_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hammerstein-Loxten56_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVon_Hammerstein-Loxten1869">Von Hammerstein-Loxten 1869</a>, p. 56</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PD,_VII-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PD,_VII_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PD,_VII_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">PD, VII.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PD,_VIII-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PD,_VIII_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PD,_VIII_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">PD, VIII.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">OGL, appendix 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPriester2004">Priester 2004</a>, p. 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">PD, I, 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nedoma, Robert (2005).<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/36246147/Der_altisländische_Odinsname_Langbarðr_Langbart_und_die_Langobarden">Der altisländische Odinsname Langbarðr: 'Langbart' und die Langobarden</a></i>. In Pohl, Walter and Erhart, Peter, eds. <i>Die Langobarden. Herrschaft und Identität</i>. Wien. pp. 439–444</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPriester2004">Priester 2004</a>, p. 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFröhlich1980">Fröhlich 1980</a>, p. 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBruckner1895">Bruckner 1895</a>, pp. 30–33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hadubarder-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hadubarder_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://runeberg.org/nfbj/0531.html">The article <i>Hadubarder</i> in <i>Nordisk familjebok</i> (1909).</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson_Chambers2010" class="citation book cs1">Wilson Chambers, Raymond (2010). <i>Widsith: A Study in Old English Heroic Legend</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 205.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Widsith%3A+A+Study+in+Old+English+Heroic+Legend&rft.pages=205&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Wilson+Chambers&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombards" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1875" class="citation book cs1">Smith, William (1875). <i>A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities</i>. London: John Murray. p. 119.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Greek+and+Roman+Antiquities&rft.place=London&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1875&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombards" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrosius1773" class="citation book cs1">Orosius (1773). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anglosaxonversi00barrgoog/page/n559/mode/2up/search/scoringa"><i>The Anglo-Saxon Version, from the Historian Orosius, by Ælfred the Great together with an English Translation from the Anglo-Saxon</i></a>. Translated by Barrington, Daines (Alfred the Great ed.). London: Printed by W. Bowyer and J. Nichols and sold by S. Baker. p. 256<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anglo-Saxon+Version%2C+from+the+Historian+Orosius%2C+by+%C3%86lfred+the+Great+together+with+an+English+Translation+from+the+Anglo-Saxon&rft.place=London&rft.pages=256&rft.edition=Alfred+the+Great&rft.pub=Printed+by+W.+Bowyer+and+J.+Nichols+and+sold+by+S.+Baker&rft.date=1773&rft.au=Orosius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fanglosaxonversi00barrgoog%2Fpage%2Fn559%2Fmode%2F2up%2Fsearch%2Fscoringa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombards" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Widsith" title="Widsith">Widsith</a>, line 30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCardini2019">Cardini 2019</a>, p. 80</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinder1988" class="citation cs2">Kinder, Hermann (1988), <i>Penguin Atlas of World History</i>, vol. I, London: Penguin, p. 108, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-051054-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-051054-0"><bdi>0-14-051054-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Penguin+Atlas+of+World+History&rft.place=London&rft.pages=108&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-14-051054-0&rft.aulast=Kinder&rft.aufirst=Hermann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombards" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EB_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newencyclopaedia07ency">"Languages of the World: Germanic languages"</a>. <i>The New Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. Chicago, IL, United States: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 1993. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85229-571-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-85229-571-5"><bdi>0-85229-571-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Languages+of+the+World%3A+Germanic+languages&rft.btitle=The+New+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.place=Chicago%2C+IL%2C+United+States&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-85229-571-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewencyclopaedia07ency&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombards" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Menghin,_15-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Menghin,_15_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Menghin,_15_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Menghin,_15_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Menghin,_15_34-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Menghin,_15_34-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMenghin1985">Menghin 1985</a>, p. 15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Velleius_Paterculus/2D*.html#ref:Langobardi">"Velleius, Hist. Rom. II, 106. Schmidt, 5"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Velleius%2C+Hist.+Rom.+II%2C+106.+Schmidt%2C+5.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FRoman%2FTexts%2FVelleius_Paterculus%2F2D%2A.html%23ref%3ALangobardi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombards" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0198:book=7:chapter=1&highlight=langobardi">"Strabo, VII, 1, 3"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Strabo%2C+VII%2C+1%2C+3.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0198%3Abook%3D7%3Achapter%3D1%26highlight%3Dlangobardi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombards" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Twelve_Caesars" title="The Twelve Caesars">The Twelve Caesars</a>, chapters II and III.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWegewitz1964" class="citation book cs1">Wegewitz (1964). "Das langobardische Brandgräberfeld von Putensen, Kreis Harburg". <i>Problemi della civilita e dell'economia Longobarda</i>. Milan (published 1972). pp. 1–29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Das+langobardische+Brandgr%C3%A4berfeld+von+Putensen%2C+Kreis+Harburg&rft.btitle=Problemi+della+civilita+e+dell%27economia+Longobarda&rft.place=Milan&rft.pages=1-29&rft.date=1964&rft.au=Wegewitz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombards" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Menghin,_17-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Menghin,_17_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMenghin1985">Menghin 1985</a>, p. 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMenghin1985">Menghin 1985</a>, p. 18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPriester2004">Priester 2004</a>, p. 18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tacitus, Germania, 38–40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tacitus,_Ann._II,_45-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tacitus,_Ann._II,_45_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tacitus, Annals, II, 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tacitus, Annals, XI, 16, 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cassius Dio, 71, 3, 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Menghin,_16-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Menghin,_16_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Menghin,_16_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Menghin,_16_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMenghin1985">Menghin 1985</a>, p. 16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPriester2004">Priester 2004</a>, p. 21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zeuss471-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zeuss471_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zeuss471_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZeuss2012">Zeuss 2012</a>, p. 471</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wiese38-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wiese38_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wiese38_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWiese1877">Wiese 1877</a>, p. 38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schmidt35-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schmidt35_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schmidt35_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmidt2018">Schmidt 2018</a>, pp. 35–36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ptolemy, Geogr. II, 11, 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ptolemy, Geogr. II, 11, 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchütte" class="citation book cs1">Schütte. <i>Ptolemy's Maps of Northern Europe</i>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/ptolemysmapsofno00schrich#page/34/mode/2up/search/angles">34</a>, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/ptolemysmapsofno00schrich#page/118/mode/2up/search/angles">118</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ptolemy%27s+Maps+of+Northern+Europe&rft.pages=34%2C+and+118&rft.au=Sch%C3%BCtte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombards" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Priester,_14-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Priester,_14_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Priester,_14_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPriester2004">Priester 2004</a>, p. 14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHartmann2011">Hartmann 2011</a>, p. 5, II, pt I</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMenghin1985">Menghin 1985</a>, pp. 17–19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPriester2004">Priester 2004</a>, pp. 21–22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cosmographer of Ravenna, I, 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHodgkin2012">Hodgkin 2012</a>, p. 92, Ch. V</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmidt2018">Schmidt 2018</a>, p. 49</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHodgkin2012">Hodgkin 2012</a>, p. 143, Ch. V</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Menghin, <i>Das Reich an der Donau</i>, 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPriester2004">Priester 2004</a>, p. 22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBluhme1868">Bluhme 1868</a>, Ch. XIII</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMenghin1985">Menghin 1985</a>, p. 14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hist. gentis Lang., Ch. XVII</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hist. gentis Lang., Ch. XVII.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">PD, XVII.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMárki1899" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Márki, Sándor (1899). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://real-eod.mtak.hu/5753/1/000911018.pdf"><i>A longobárdok hazánkban</i></a> [<i>The Langobards in our homeland</i>] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Hungarian). Kolozsvár (<a href="/wiki/Cluj-Napoca" title="Cluj-Napoca">Cluj-Napoca</a>): Ajtai Kovách Albert Magyar Polgár Könyvnyomdája.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+longob%C3%A1rdok+haz%C3%A1nkban&rft.place=Kolozsv%C3%A1r+%28Cluj-Napoca%29&rft.pub=Ajtai+Kov%C3%A1ch+Albert+Magyar+Polg%C3%A1r+K%C3%B6nyvnyomd%C3%A1ja&rft.date=1899&rft.aulast=M%C3%A1rki&rft.aufirst=S%C3%A1ndor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freal-eod.mtak.hu%2F5753%2F1%2F000911018.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombards" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorovszky" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Borovszky, Samu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01267/html/04kotet/ind04kot.htm">"A népvándorlás kora"</a> [The Migration Period]. In Marczali, Henrik (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01267/html/index.htm"><i>Nagy Képes Világtörténet</i></a> [<i>Great Illuminated World History</i>] (in Hungarian). Budapest: Franklin Társulat Magyar Irodalmi Intézet és Könyvnyomda Rt.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+n%C3%A9pv%C3%A1ndorl%C3%A1s+kora&rft.btitle=Nagy+K%C3%A9pes+Vil%C3%A1gt%C3%B6rt%C3%A9net&rft.place=Budapest&rft.pub=Franklin+T%C3%A1rsulat+Magyar+Irodalmi+Int%C3%A9zet+%C3%A9s+K%C3%B6nyvnyomda+Rt.&rft.aulast=Borovszky&rft.aufirst=Samu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmek.oszk.hu%2F01200%2F01267%2Fhtml%2F04kotet%2Find04kot.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombards" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HFH-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HFH_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelmolt1907" class="citation book cs1">Helmolt, Hans Ferdinand (1907). <i>Battles The World's History: Central and northern Europe</i>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battles+The+World%27s+History%3A+Central+and+northern+Europe&rft.place=London&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=Helmolt&rft.aufirst=Hans+Ferdinand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombards" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_72-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiss2020" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kiss, Attila (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mki.gov.hu/hu/hirek-hu/minden-hir-hu/innen-aprilis-havaban-koltoztek-ki-a-szent-husvetra-kovetkezo-napon-a-langobardok-pannoniai-kivonulasa">"A langobardok pannóniai kivonulása"</a> [The withdrawal of the Langobards from Pannonia]. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_Hungarian_Research&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Institute of Hungarian Research (page does not exist)">Magyarságkutató Intézet</a></i> (in Hungarian).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Magyars%C3%A1gkutat%C3%B3+Int%C3%A9zet&rft.atitle=A+langobardok+pann%C3%B3niai+kivonul%C3%A1sa&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Kiss&rft.aufirst=Attila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmki.gov.hu%2Fhu%2Fhirek-hu%2Fminden-hir-hu%2Finnen-aprilis-havaban-koltoztek-ki-a-szent-husvetra-kovetkezo-napon-a-langobardok-pannoniai-kivonulasa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombards" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HGL-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HGL_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HGL_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters2003" class="citation book cs1">Peters, Edward (2003). <i>History of the Lombards: Translated by William Dudley Foulke</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Press" title="University of Pennsylvania Press">University of Pennsylvania Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Lombards%3A+Translated+by+William+Dudley+Foulke&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombards" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peters, 2.7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peters, 2.26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paolo Diacono, Historia Langobardorum, FV, II, 4, 6, 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">De Bello Gothico IV 32, pp. 241–245</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The New Cambridge Medieval History: c. 500–c. 700" by Paul Fouracre and <a href="/wiki/Rosamond_McKitterick" title="Rosamond McKitterick">Rosamond McKitterick</a> (p. 8)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FEL-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FEL_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLot1931" class="citation book cs1">Lot, Ferdinand (1931). <i>The End of the Ancient World and the Beginnings of the Middle Ages</i>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+End+of+the+Ancient+World+and+the+Beginnings+of+the+Middle+Ages&rft.place=London&rft.date=1931&rft.aulast=Lot&rft.aufirst=Ferdinand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombards" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VidmarSolkan-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VidmarSolkan_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VidmarSolkan_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VidmarSolkan_80-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVidmar" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vidmar, Jernej. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304113612/http://www.solkan.si/o-solkanu/od-kod-prihajajo-in-kdo-so-solkanski-langobardi">"Od kod prihajajo in kdo so solkanski Langobardi"</a> [From Where Come and Who Are the Solkan Lombards] (in Slovenian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.solkan.si/o-solkanu/od-kod-prihajajo-in-kdo-so-solkanski-langobardi">the original</a> on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Od+kod+prihajajo+in+kdo+so+solkanski+Langobardi&rft.aulast=Vidmar&rft.aufirst=Jernej&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.solkan.si%2Fo-solkanu%2Fod-kod-prihajajo-in-kdo-so-solkanski-langobardi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombards" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŠtihSimonitiVodopivec2008" class="citation book cs1">Štih, Peter; Simoniti, Vasko; Vodopivec, Peter (2008). "The Settlement of the Slavs". In Lazarević, Žarko (ed.). <i>A Slovene history: society – politics – culture</i>. Ljubljana: Institute of Modern History. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-961-6386-19-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-961-6386-19-7"><bdi>978-961-6386-19-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Settlement+of+the+Slavs&rft.btitle=A+Slovene+history%3A+society+%E2%80%93+politics+%E2%80%93+culture&rft.place=Ljubljana&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Institute+of+Modern+History&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-961-6386-19-7&rft.aulast=%C5%A0tih&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Simoniti%2C+Vasko&rft.au=Vodopivec%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombards" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Norwich, 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmorim2018">Amorim 2018</a>. "[B]iological relationships played an important role in these early medieval societies... Finally, our data are consistent with the proposed long-distance migration from Pannonia to Northern Italy."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Sullivan2018">O'Sullivan 2018</a>. "Niederstotzingen North individuals are closely related to northern and eastern European populations, particularly from Lithuania and Iceland."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BKM-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BKM_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKortmann2011" class="citation book cs1">Kortmann, Bernd (2011). <i>The Languages and Linguistics of Europe</i>. Vol. II. Berlin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Languages+and+Linguistics+of+Europe&rft.place=Berlin&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Kortmann&rft.aufirst=Bernd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombards" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marcello Meli, <i>Le lingue germaniche</i>, p. 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Emilia Denčeva (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110206095949/http://germanistik.gradina.net/wp-content/blogs/16/uploads/Grosse.Schwert.pdf">"Langobardische (?) Inschrift auf einem Schwert aus dem 8. Jahrhundert in bulgarischem Boden"</a> (PDF). <i><a href="/wiki/Beitr%C3%A4ge_zur_Geschichte_der_deutschen_Sprache_und_Literatur" title="Beiträge zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache und Literatur">Beiträge zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache und Literatur</a></i>. <b>128</b> (1): 1–11. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2FBGSL.2006.1">10.1515/BGSL.2006.1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutterer1999339-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutterer1999339_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHutterer1999">Hutterer 1999</a>, p. 339.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCardini2019">Cardini 2019</a>, p. 82</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmidt2018">Schmidt 2018</a>, pp. 76–77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmidt2018">Schmidt 2018</a>, p. 47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRovagnati2003">Rovagnati 2003</a>, p. 99</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHauk" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hauk, Karl. <i>Lebensnormen und Kultmythen in germanischen Sammes- und Herrscher genealogien</i> [<i>Norms of life and cult myths in Germanic collection and ruler genealogies</i>] (in German).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lebensnormen+und+Kultmythen+in+germanischen+Sammes-+und+Herrscher+genealogien&rft.aulast=Hauk&rft.aufirst=Karl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombards" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tacitus', <i>Germania</i>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Germania#XL" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Germania">40</a>, Medieval Source Book. Code and format by Northvegr.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.northvegr.org/lore/tacitus/009.php">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080404105305/http://www.northvegr.org/lore/tacitus/009.php">Archived</a> 2008-04-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RAB-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RAB_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRev._Butler1866" class="citation book cs1">Rev. Butler, Alban (1866). <i>The Lives of the Fathers, Martyrs, and Other Principal Saints: Vol. I</i>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lives+of+the+Fathers%2C+Martyrs%2C+and+Other+Principal+Saints%3A+Vol.+I&rft.place=London&rft.date=1866&rft.aulast=Rev.+Butler&rft.aufirst=Alban&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombards" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJarnut2002">Jarnut 2002</a>, p. 51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJarnut2002">Jarnut 2002</a>, p. 51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaitz1964" class="citation book cs1">Waitz, Georg (1964). <i>Scriptores rerum Langobardicarum et Italicarum saec. VI–IX</i>. Hannover: Hahn. pp. 12–219.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scriptores+rerum+Langobardicarum+et+Italicarum+saec.+VI%E2%80%93IX&rft.place=Hannover&rft.pages=12-219&rft.pub=Hahn&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Waitz&rft.aufirst=Georg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombards" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJarnut2002">Jarnut 2002</a>, pp. 61–62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRovagnati2003">Rovagnati 2003</a>, p. 101</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRovagnati2003">Rovagnati 2003</a>, p. 64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_102-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_102-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scuoladicantogregoriano.it/">"Approfondimenti – Il canto beneventano – Scuola di Canto Gregoriano"</a>. <i>www.scuoladicantogregoriano.it</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.scuoladicantogregoriano.it&rft.atitle=Approfondimenti+%E2%80%93+Il+canto+beneventano+%E2%80%93+Scuola+di+Canto+Gregoriano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scuoladicantogregoriano.it%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombards" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/montecassino">"Montecassino nell'Enciclopedia Treccani"</a>. <i>www.treccani.it</i> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.treccani.it&rft.atitle=Montecassino+nell%27Enciclopedia+Treccani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.treccani.it%2Fenciclopedia%2Fmontecassino&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombards" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://beneventolongobarda.it/rivive-dopo-mille-anni-uno-scriptorium-di-scrittura-beneventana-benevento-longobarda-affila-le-penne/">"Rivive dopo mille anni uno scriptorium di Scrittura Beneventana, Benevento Longobarda affila le 'penne'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Benevento Longobarda</i> (in Italian). 20 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Benevento+Longobarda&rft.atitle=Rivive+dopo+mille+anni+uno+scriptorium+di+Scrittura+Beneventana%2C+Benevento+Longobarda+affila+le+%27penne%27&rft.date=2015-02-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbeneventolongobarda.it%2Frivive-dopo-mille-anni-uno-scriptorium-di-scrittura-beneventana-benevento-longobarda-affila-le-penne%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombards" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lombards&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Ancient sources</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cosmographer_of_Ravenna" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmographer of Ravenna">Cosmographer of Ravenna</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Historia_Langobardorum_codicis_Gothani" title="Historia Langobardorum codicis Gothani">Historia Langobardorum codicis Gothani</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Historia_Langobardorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Historia Langobardorum">Historia Langobardorum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Origo_Gentis_Langobardorum" title="Origo Gentis Langobardorum">Origo Gentis Langobardorum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a>. <i>Annals</i></li> <li>Tacitus. <i><a href="/wiki/Germania_(book)" title="Germania (book)">Germania</a></i></li></ul> </div> <p><b>Modern sources</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCardini2019" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cardini, Franco (2019). <i>Storia medievale</i> (in Italian). Florence: Le Monnier Università. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8800748155" title="Special:BookSources/978-8800748155"><bdi>978-8800748155</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Storia+medievale&rft.place=Florence&rft.pub=Le+Monnier+Universit%C3%A0&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-8800748155&rft.aulast=Cardini&rft.aufirst=Franco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombards" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmorim2018" class="citation journal cs1">Amorim, Carlos Eduardo G. (11 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6134036">"Understanding 6th-century barbarian social organization and migration through paleogenomics"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_Communications" title="Nature Communications">Nature Communications</a></i>. <b>9</b> (3547). <a href="/wiki/Nature_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Nature Research">Nature Research</a>: 3547. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NatCo...9.3547A">2018NatCo...9.3547A</a>. <a href="/wiki/BioRxiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="BioRxiv (identifier)">bioRxiv</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1101%2F268250">10.1101/268250</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41467-018-06024-4">10.1038/s41467-018-06024-4</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6134036">6134036</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30206220">30206220</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=Understanding+6th-century+barbarian+social+organization+and+migration+through+paleogenomics&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=3547&rft.pages=3547&rft.date=2018-09-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6134036%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018NatCo...9.3547A&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30206220&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41467-018-06024-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1101%2F268250%23id-name%3DbioRxiv&rft.aulast=Amorim&rft.aufirst=Carlos+Eduardo+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6134036&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombards" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBluhme1868" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Bluhme" class="extiw" title="de:Friedrich Bluhme">Bluhme, Friedrich</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in German]</span> (1868). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/008235861"><i>Die Gens Langobardorum und ihre Herkunft, ...und ihre Sprache</i></a> [<i>The Gens Langobardorum and their origin, ...and their language</i>] (in German). Bonn: A.Marcus.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Gens+Langobardorum+und+ihre+Herkunft%2C+...und+ihre+Sprache&rft.place=Bonn&rft.pub=A.Marcus&rft.date=1868&rft.aulast=Bluhme&rft.aufirst=Friedrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.hathitrust.org%2FRecord%2F008235861&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombards" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2005" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Thomas S. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195046526.001.0001/acref-9780195046526-e-3191?">"Lombards"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kazhdan" title="Alexander Kazhdan">Kazhdan, Alexander P.</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Dictionary_of_Byzantium" class="mw-redirect" title="The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium">The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195187922" title="Special:BookSources/9780195187922"><bdi>9780195187922</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lombards&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Byzantium&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780195187922&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Thomas+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195046526.001.0001%2Facref-9780195046526-e-3191%3F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombards" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruckner1895" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bruckner, Wilhelm (1895). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/quellenundforsc03unkngoog/page/n453">"Die Sprache der Langobarden"</a> [The language of the Lombards]. <i>Quellen und Forschungen zur Sprach- und Culturgeschichte der germanischen Völker</i> (in German). <b>75</b>. Strassburg: Karl J. Trübner.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quellen+und+Forschungen+zur+Sprach-+und+Culturgeschichte+der+germanischen+V%C3%B6lker&rft.atitle=Die+Sprache+der+Langobarden&rft.volume=75&rft.date=1895&rft.aulast=Bruckner&rft.aufirst=Wilhelm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fquellenundforsc03unkngoog%2Fpage%2Fn453&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombards" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChadwick_Oman2016" class="citation book cs1">Chadwick Oman, Charles William (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.86389/page/n5/mode/2up"><i>The Dark Ages 476–918</i></a>. Palala Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1358378560" title="Special:BookSources/978-1358378560"><bdi>978-1358378560</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dark+Ages+476%E2%80%93918&rft.pub=Palala+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1358378560&rft.aulast=Chadwick+Oman&rft.aufirst=Charles+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.86389%2Fpage%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombards" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristie2018a" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Neil_Christie" title="Neil Christie">Christie, Neil</a> (2018a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001/acref-9780198662778-e-2847">"Lombards"</a>. In Nicholson, Oliver (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Dictionary_of_Late_Antiquity" title="The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity">The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 920–922. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780198662778.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191744457" title="Special:BookSources/9780191744457"><bdi>9780191744457</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lombards&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Late+Antiquity&rft.pages=920-922&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780198662778.001.0001&rft.isbn=9780191744457&rft.aulast=Christie&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780198662778.001.0001%2Facref-9780198662778-e-2847&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombards" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristie2018b" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Neil_Christie" title="Neil Christie">Christie, Neil</a> (2018b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001/acref-9780198662778-e-2845">"Lombard Invasion Of Italy"</a>. In Nicholson, Oliver (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Dictionary_of_Late_Antiquity" title="The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity">The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 919–920. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780198662778.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191744457" title="Special:BookSources/9780191744457"><bdi>9780191744457</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lombard+Invasion+Of+Italy&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Late+Antiquity&rft.pages=919-920&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780198662778.001.0001&rft.isbn=9780191744457&rft.aulast=Christie&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780198662778.001.0001%2Facref-9780198662778-e-2845&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombards" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristie1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Neil_Christie" title="Neil Christie">Christie, Neil</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xNuGQgAACAAJ"><i>The Lombards</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Wiley_(publisher)" title="Wiley (publisher)">Wiley</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0631182381" title="Special:BookSources/0631182381"><bdi>0631182381</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lombards&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0631182381&rft.aulast=Christie&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxNuGQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombards" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaim2019" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Daim, Falko (2019). "The Longobards in Pannonia". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/42431017"><i>Prima e dopo Alboino: sulle tracce dei Longobardi</i></a> [<i>Before and after Alboino: on the trail of the Lombards</i>] (in Italian). Napoli: Guida. pp. 221–241.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Longobards+in+Pannonia&rft.btitle=Prima+e+dopo+Alboino%3A+sulle+tracce+dei+Longobardi&rft.place=Napoli&rft.pages=221-241&rft.pub=Guida&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Daim&rft.aufirst=Falko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F42431017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombards" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarvill2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Darvill" title="Timothy Darvill">Darvill, Timothy</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199534043.001.0001/acref-9780199534043-e-2297?">"Lombards"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199534043.001.0001/acref-9780199534043"><i>The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology</i></a> (3 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199534043.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780199534043.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191727139" title="Special:BookSources/9780191727139"><bdi>9780191727139</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lombards&rft.btitle=The+Concise+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Archaeology&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199534043.001.0001&rft.isbn=9780191727139&rft.aulast=Darvill&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199534043.001.0001%2Facref-9780199534043-e-2297%3F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombards" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEverett2003" class="citation book cs1">Everett, Nicholas (2003). <i>Literacy in Lombard Italy, c. 568–774</i>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521819053" title="Special:BookSources/9780521819053"><bdi>9780521819053</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Literacy+in+Lombard+Italy%2C+c.+568%E2%80%93774&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780521819053&rft.aulast=Everett&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombards" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Lombard Laws</i>. Translated by Fischer Drew, Katherine. foreword by Edward Peters. Philadelphia: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Press" title="University of Pennsylvania Press">University of Pennsylvania Press</a>. 1973. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8122-1055-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8122-1055-7"><bdi>0-8122-1055-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lombard+Laws&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=0-8122-1055-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombards" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFock1884" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fock, Gustav (1884). <i>Älteste Geschichte der Langobarden. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Völkerwanderung</i> (in German). Leipzig: Universität.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C3%84lteste+Geschichte+der+Langobarden.+Ein+Beitrag+zur+Geschichte+der+V%C3%B6lkerwanderung&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pub=Universit%C3%A4t&rft.date=1884&rft.aulast=Fock&rft.aufirst=Gustav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombards" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFröhlich1980" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fröhlich, Hermann (1980). <i>Studien zur langobardischen Thronfolge</i> [<i>Studies on the Longobard succession</i>] (in German).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studien+zur+langobardischen+Thronfolge&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Fr%C3%B6hlich&rft.aufirst=Hermann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombards" class="Z3988"></span> In two volumes. Diss. Eberhard-Karls-Universität zu Tübingen.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFröhlich1976" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fröhlich, Hermann (1976). "Zur Herkunft der Langobarden" [On the origin of the Lombards]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perspectivia.net/publikationen/qfiab/55-56-1976"><i>Quellen und Forschungen aus italienischen Archiven und Bibliotheken (QFIAB) 55/56</i></a> [<i>Sources and Research from Italian Archives and Libraries (QFIAB) 55/56</i>] (in German). Tübingen: Max Niemeyer. pp. 1–21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Zur+Herkunft+der+Langobarden&rft.btitle=Quellen+und+Forschungen+aus+italienischen+Archiven+und+Bibliotheken+%28QFIAB%29+55%2F56&rft.place=T%C3%BCbingen&rft.pages=1-21&rft.pub=Max+Niemeyer&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Fr%C3%B6hlich&rft.aufirst=Hermann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perspectivia.net%2Fpublikationen%2Fqfiab%2F55-56-1976&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombards" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiess1959" class="citation journal cs1">Giess, Hildegard (September 1959). "The Sculpture of the Cloister of Santa Sofia in Benevento". <i>The Art Bulletin</i>. <b>41</b> (3): 249–256. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00043079.1959.11407988">10.1080/00043079.1959.11407988</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3047841">3047841</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Art+Bulletin&rft.atitle=The+Sculpture+of+the+Cloister+of+Santa+Sofia+in+Benevento&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=249-256&rft.date=1959-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00043079.1959.11407988&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3047841%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Giess&rft.aufirst=Hildegard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombards" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrimm2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Grimm, Jacob (2003). <i>Deutsche Mythologie</i> (in German). Marix. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3932412249" title="Special:BookSources/3932412249"><bdi>3932412249</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deutsche+Mythologie&rft.pub=Marix&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=3932412249&rft.aulast=Grimm&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombards" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHallenbeck1982" class="citation journal cs1">Hallenbeck, Jan T. (1982). "Pavia and Rome: The Lombard Monarchy and the Papacy in the Eighth Century". <i>Transactions of the American Philosophical Society</i>. New Series. <b>74</b> (4). Philadelphia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+American+Philosophical+Society&rft.atitle=Pavia+and+Rome%3A+The+Lombard+Monarchy+and+the+Papacy+in+the+Eighth+Century&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=4&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Hallenbeck&rft.aufirst=Jan+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombards" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartmann2011" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hartmann, Ludwig Moritz (2011). <i>Geschichte Italiens Im Mittelalter</i> (in German). Nabu Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1247551845" title="Special:BookSources/978-1247551845"><bdi>978-1247551845</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geschichte+Italiens+Im+Mittelalter&rft.pub=Nabu+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1247551845&rft.aulast=Hartmann&rft.aufirst=Ludwig+Moritz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombards" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutterer1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hutterer, Claus Jürgen (1999). "Langobardisch" [Lombardish]. <i>Die Germanischen Sprachen</i> [<i>The Germanic Languages</i>] (in German). Wiesbaden: Albus. pp. 336–341. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-928127-57-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-928127-57-8"><bdi>3-928127-57-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Langobardisch&rft.btitle=Die+Germanischen+Sprachen&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pages=336-341&rft.pub=Albus&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=3-928127-57-8&rft.aulast=Hutterer&rft.aufirst=Claus+J%C3%BCrgen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombards" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodgkin2012" class="citation book cs1">Hodgkin, Thomas (2012). <i>Italy and her invaders</i>. Ulan Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Italy+and+her+invaders&rft.pub=Ulan+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Hodgkin&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombards" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJarnut2002" class="citation book cs1">Jarnut, Jörg (2002). <i>Storia dei Longobardi</i>. Turin: <a href="/wiki/Einaudi" title="Einaudi">Einaudi</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-06-16182-2" title="Special:BookSources/88-06-16182-2"><bdi>88-06-16182-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Storia+dei+Longobardi&rft.place=Turin&rft.pub=Einaudi&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=88-06-16182-2&rft.aulast=Jarnut&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B6rg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombards" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeonardi2018" class="citation journal cs1">Leonardi, Michela (6 September 2018). "Storia dei Longobardi". <i><a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Physical_Anthropology" class="mw-redirect" title="American Journal of Physical Anthropology">American Journal of Physical Anthropology</a></i>. <b>167</b> (3). <a href="/wiki/Wiley_(publisher)" title="Wiley (publisher)">Wiley</a>: 497–506. <a href="/wiki/BioRxiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="BioRxiv (identifier)">bioRxiv</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1101%2F268250">10.1101/268250</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajpa.23679">10.1002/ajpa.23679</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30187463">30187463</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:52161000">52161000</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Physical+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Storia+dei+Longobardi&rft.volume=167&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=497-506&rft.date=2018-09-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fajpa.23679&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A52161000%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30187463&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1101%2F268250%23id-name%3DbioRxiv&rft.aulast=Leonardi&rft.aufirst=Michela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombards" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMenghin1985" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Menghin, Wilifred (1985). <i>Die Langobarden / Geschichte und Archäologie</i> (in German). 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Wien. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7001-3400-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7001-3400-8"><bdi>978-3-7001-3400-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Langobarden+Herrschaft+und+Identit%C3%A4t&rft.place=Wien&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-3-7001-3400-8&rft.aulast=Pohl&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombards" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPriester2004" class="citation book cs1">Priester, Karin (2004). <i>Die Geschichte der Langobarden: Gesellschaft – Kultur – Alltagsleben</i>. Stuttgart: Theiss. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/380621848X" title="Special:BookSources/380621848X"><bdi>380621848X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Geschichte+der+Langobarden%3A+Gesellschaft+%E2%80%93+Kultur+%E2%80%93+Alltagsleben&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pub=Theiss&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=380621848X&rft.aulast=Priester&rft.aufirst=Karin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombards" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRovagnati2003" class="citation book cs1">Rovagnati, Sergio (2003). <i>I Longobardi</i>. Milan: Xenia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-7273-484-3" title="Special:BookSources/88-7273-484-3"><bdi>88-7273-484-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+Longobardi&rft.place=Milan&rft.pub=Xenia&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=88-7273-484-3&rft.aulast=Rovagnati&rft.aufirst=Sergio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombards" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSantosuosso2004" class="citation book cs1">Santosuosso, Antonio (2004). <i>Barbarians, Marauders, and Infidels: The Ways of Medieval Warfare</i>. Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0813391539" title="Special:BookSources/0813391539"><bdi>0813391539</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Barbarians%2C+Marauders%2C+and+Infidels%3A+The+Ways+of+Medieval+Warfare&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0813391539&rft.aulast=Santosuosso&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombards" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidt2018" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schmidt, Ludwig (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/zurgeschichtede08schmgoog/page/n5"><i>Zur Geschichte der Langobarden</i></a> (in German). Leipzig: Forgotten Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0267059577" title="Special:BookSources/978-0267059577"><bdi>978-0267059577</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zur+Geschichte+der+Langobarden&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pub=Forgotten+Books&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0267059577&rft.aulast=Schmidt&rft.aufirst=Ludwig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fzurgeschichtede08schmgoog%2Fpage%2Fn5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombards" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaviani-Carozzi2005" class="citation book cs1">Taviani-Carozzi, Huguette (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780227679319.001.0001/acref-9780227679319-e-1700">"Lombards"</a>. 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Harburg: Hildesheim.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+langobardische+Brandgr%C3%A4berfeld+von+Putensen&rft.place=Harburg&rft.pub=Hildesheim&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Wegwitz&rft.aufirst=Willie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombards" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitby2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Whitby" title="Michael Whitby">Whitby, L. Michael</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199545568.001.0001/acref-9780199545568-e-3764?">"Lombards"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Simon_Hornblower" title="Simon Hornblower">Hornblower, Simon</a>; Spawforth, Antony; <a href="/wiki/Esther_Eidinow" title="Esther Eidinow">Eidinow, Esther</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Classical_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="The Oxford Classical Dictionary">The Oxford Classical Dictionary</a></i> (4th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 857. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199545568.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780199545568.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191735257" title="Special:BookSources/9780191735257"><bdi>9780191735257</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lombards&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Classical+Dictionary&rft.pages=857&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199545568.001.0001&rft.isbn=9780191735257&rft.aulast=Whitby&rft.aufirst=L.+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199545568.001.0001%2Facref-9780199545568-e-3764%3F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombards" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitney1913" class="citation book cs1">Whitney, J. P. (1913). <i><span></span></i><a href="/wiki/The_Cambridge_Medieval_History" title="The Cambridge Medieval History">The Cambridge Medieval History</a>: Volume II – The Rise of the Saracens and the Foundations of the Western Empire<i><span></span></i>. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Medieval+History%3A+Volume+II+%E2%80%93+The+Rise+of+the+Saracens+and+the+Foundations+of+the+Western+Empire&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Whitney&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombards" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWickham1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Chris_Wickham" title="Chris Wickham">Wickham, Christopher</a> (1998). "Aristocratic Power in Eighth-Century Lombard Italy". In <a href="/wiki/Walter_Goffart" title="Walter Goffart">Goffart, Walter A.</a>; Murray, Alexander C. (eds.). <i>After Rome's Fall: Narrators and Sources of Early Medieval History, Essays presented to Walter Goffart</i>. Toronto: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>. pp. 153–170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-0779-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8020-0779-1"><bdi>0-8020-0779-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aristocratic+Power+in+Eighth-Century+Lombard+Italy&rft.btitle=After+Rome%27s+Fall%3A+Narrators+and+Sources+of+Early+Medieval+History%2C+Essays+presented+to+Walter+Goffart&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=153-170&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-8020-0779-1&rft.aulast=Wickham&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombards" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiese1877" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wiese, Robert (1877). <i>Die älteste Geschichte der Langobarden bis zum Untergange des Reiches der Heruler</i> (in German). Ratz, Jena.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+%C3%A4lteste+Geschichte+der+Langobarden+bis+zum+Untergange+des+Reiches+der+Heruler&rft.pub=Ratz%2C+Jena&rft.date=1877&rft.aulast=Wiese&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombards" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZeuss2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Zeuss, Johann Kaspar (2012). <i>Deutschen und die Nachbarstämme</i> (in German). Nabu Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1278747057" title="Special:BookSources/978-1278747057"><bdi>978-1278747057</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deutschen+und+die+Nachbarst%C3%A4mme&rft.pub=Nabu+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1278747057&rft.aulast=Zeuss&rft.aufirst=Johann+Kaspar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombards" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lombards&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox 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href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lombards&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Beck&rft.aufirst=Frederick+George+Meeson&rft.au=Church%2C+Richard+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombards" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Roman_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Roman Iron Age">Pre-Roman Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Iron Age">Roman Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Germanic_culture" title="Romano-Germanic culture">Romano-Germanic culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic Iron Age">Germanic Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_culture" title="Early Germanic culture">Early culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period_art" title="Migration Period art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_calendars" title="Early Germanic calendars">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_clothing" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_in_early_Germanic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Family in early Germanic culture">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_mythology" title="Germanic mythology">Folklore </a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_folklore" title="Proto-Germanic folklore">Proto-Germanic folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon mythology">Anglo-Saxon mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental Germanic mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_funerary_practices" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic funerary practices">Funerary practices</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_burial_mounds" title="Anglo-Saxon burial mounds">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_funeral" title="Norse funeral">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_law" title="Germanic law">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_law" title="Anglo-Saxon law">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Scandinavian_law" title="Medieval Scandinavian law">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_English_literature" title="Old English literature">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_literature" title="Old Norse literature">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_name" title="Germanic name">Names</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_name" title="Gothic name">Gothic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numbers_in_Germanic_paganism" title="Numbers in Germanic paganism">Numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Paganism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_paganism" title="Gothic paganism">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_in_Germanic_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rings in Germanic paganism">Rings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_culture#Scripts" title="Early Germanic culture">Scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">Runes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_symbols" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic symbols">Symbology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_warfare" title="Early Germanic warfare">Warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_warfare" title="Anglo-Saxon warfare">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_and_Vandal_warfare" title="Gothic and Vandal warfare">Gothic and Vandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_raid_warfare_and_tactics" title="Viking raid warfare and tactics">Viking</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_parent_language" title="Germanic parent language">Germanic parent language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East Germanic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North Germanic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_early_Germanic_peoples" title="List of early Germanic peoples">Groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alemanni" title="Alemanni">Alemanni</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brisigavi" title="Brisigavi">Brisgavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucinobantes" title="Bucinobantes">Bucinobantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentienses" title="Lentienses">Lentienses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raetovari" title="Raetovari">Raetovari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrabaecampi" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrabaecampi">Adrabaecampi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angles_(tribe)" title="Angles (tribe)">Angles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrones" title="Ambrones">Ambrones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ampsivarii" title="Ampsivarii">Ampsivarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angrivarii" title="Angrivarii">Angrivarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armalausi" title="Armalausi">Armalausi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auiones" title="Auiones">Auiones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avarpi" title="Avarpi">Avarpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baemi" title="Baemi">Baemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baiuvarii" title="Baiuvarii">Baiuvarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banochaemae" title="Banochaemae">Banochaemae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastarnae" title="Bastarnae">Bastarnae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batavi_(Germanic_tribe)" title="Batavi (Germanic tribe)">Batavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae">Belgae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germani_cisrhenani" title="Germani cisrhenani">Germani cisrhenani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atuatuci" title="Atuatuci">Atuatuci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caerosi" title="Caerosi">Caeroesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condrusi" title="Condrusi">Condrusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eburones" title="Eburones">Eburones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paemani" title="Paemani">Paemani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segni_(tribe)" title="Segni (tribe)">Segni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morini" title="Morini">Morini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nervii" title="Nervii">Nervii</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bateinoi" title="Bateinoi">Bateinoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baetasii" title="Baetasii">Betasii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brondings" title="Brondings">Brondings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bructeri" title="Bructeri">Bructeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgundians" title="Burgundians">Burgundians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buri_tribe" title="Buri tribe">Buri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cananefates" title="Cananefates">Cananefates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caritni" title="Caritni">Caritni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casuari" title="Casuari">Casuari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaedini" title="Chaedini">Chaedini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaemae" title="Chaemae">Chaemae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamavi" title="Chamavi">Chamavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chali" title="Chali">Chali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charudes" title="Charudes">Charudes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chasuarii" title="Chasuarii">Chasuarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattuarii" title="Chattuarii">Chattuarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatti" title="Chatti">Chatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauci" title="Chauci">Chauci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherusci" title="Cherusci">Cherusci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimbri" title="Cimbri">Cimbri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobandi" title="Cobandi">Cobandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corconti" title="Corconti">Corconti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cugerni" title="Cugerni">Cugerni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danes_(tribe)" title="Danes (tribe)">Danes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dauciones" title="Dauciones">Dauciones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulgubnii" title="Dulgubnii">Dulgubnii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Favonae" title="Favonae">Favonae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firaesi" title="Firaesi">Firaesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fosi" title="Fosi">Fosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ripuarian_Franks" title="Ripuarian Franks">Ripuarian Franks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salian_Franks" title="Salian Franks">Salian Franks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisiavones" title="Frisiavones">Frisiavones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisii" title="Frisii">Frisii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambrivii" title="Gambrivii">Gambrivii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geats" title="Geats">Geats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gepids" title="Gepids">Gepids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Goths" title="Crimean Goths">Crimean Goths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greuthungi" title="Greuthungi">Greuthungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutones" title="Gutones">Gutones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogoths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thervingi" title="Thervingi">Thervingi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_Goths" title="Thracian Goths">Thracian Goths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutes" title="Gutes">Gutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harii" title="Harii">Harii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermunduri" title="Hermunduri">Hermunduri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heruli" title="Heruli">Heruli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilleviones" title="Hilleviones">Hilleviones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingaevones" title="Ingaevones">Ingaevones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irminones" title="Irminones">Irminones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istvaeones" title="Istvaeones">Istvaeones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jutes" title="Jutes">Jutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juthungi" title="Juthungi">Juthungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacringi" title="Lacringi">Lacringi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemovii" title="Lemovii">Lemovii</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lombards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hea%C3%B0obards" title="Heaðobards">Heaðobards</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugii" title="Lugii">Lugii</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diduni" title="Diduni">Diduni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helisii" class="mw-redirect" title="Helisii">Helisii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helveconae" title="Helveconae">Helveconae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manimi" title="Manimi">Manimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahanarvali" title="Nahanarvali">Nahanarvali</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcomanni" title="Marcomanni">Marcomanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsacii" title="Marsacii">Marsacii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsi_(Germanic_tribe)" title="Marsi (Germanic tribe)">Marsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattiaci" title="Mattiaci">Mattiaci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemetes" title="Nemetes">Nemetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Njars" title="Njars">Njars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuithones" title="Nuithones">Nuithones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osi_(tribe)" title="Osi (tribe)">Osi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadi" title="Quadi">Quadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reudigni" title="Reudigni">Reudigni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugii" title="Rugii">Rugii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugini" title="Rugini">Rugini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semnones" title="Semnones">Semnones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicambri" title="Sicambri">Sicambri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciri" title="Sciri">Sciri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitones" title="Sitones">Sitones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suarines" title="Suarines">Suarines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suebi" title="Suebi">Suebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunici" title="Sunici">Sunici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedes_(tribe)" title="Swedes (tribe)">Swedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taifals" title="Taifals">Taifals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tencteri" title="Tencteri">Tencteri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teutons" title="Teutons">Teutons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelir" title="Thelir">Thelir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuringii" title="Thuringii">Thuringii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texandri" title="Texandri">Toxandri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treveri" title="Treveri">Treveri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triboci" title="Triboci">Triboci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubantes" title="Tubantes">Tubantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulingi" title="Tulingi">Tulingi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungri" title="Tungri">Tungri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubii" title="Ubii">Ubii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usipetes" title="Usipetes">Usipetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagoth" title="Vagoth">Vagoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasdingi" title="Hasdingi">Hasdingi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silingi" title="Silingi">Silingi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vangiones" title="Vangiones">Vangiones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varisci" title="Varisci">Varisci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victohali" title="Victohali">Victohali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidivarii" title="Vidivarii">Vidivarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinoviloth" title="Vinoviloth">Vinoviloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warini" title="Warini">Warini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_the_Germanic_peoples" title="Christianisation of the Germanic peoples">Christianization</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Christianity" title="Gothic Christianity">Gothic Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Franks" title="Christianization of the Franks">Christianization of the Franks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England">Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Scandinavia" title="Christianization of Scandinavia">Christianization of Scandinavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iceland" title="Christianization of Iceland">Christianization of Iceland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#d5dcb0;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Germanic_peoples" title="Category:Germanic peoples">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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