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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Origins of the Belgae</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins_of_the_Belgae-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tribes_of_the_Belgae" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tribes_of_the_Belgae"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Tribes of the Belgae</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tribes_of_the_Belgae-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conquest_of_the_Belgae" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conquest_of_the_Belgae"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Conquest of the Belgae</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conquest_of_the_Belgae-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Belgae_outside_Gaul" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belgae_outside_Gaul"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Belgae outside Gaul</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Belgae_outside_Gaul-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Belgae outside Gaul subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Belgae_outside_Gaul-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Great_Britain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Great_Britain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Great Britain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Great_Britain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Belgae</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 47 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">47 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Belgae" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%AC" title="بلج – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بلج" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Belgae" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belql%C9%99r" title="Belqlər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Belqlər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B3%D1%96" title="Белгі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Белгі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Белги – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Белги" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belged" title="Belged – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Belged" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Belgae" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgov%C3%A9" title="Belgové – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Belgové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Belgae" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgere" title="Belgere – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Belgere" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belger" title="Belger – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Belger" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblo_belga" title="Pueblo belga – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pueblo belga" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgoj" title="Belgoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Belgoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antzinako_belgiarrak" title="Antzinako belgiarrak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Antzinako belgiarrak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%DA%98%D9%87%D8%A7" title="بلژها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بلژها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belges" title="Belges – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Belges" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Belgae" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%A8%EA%B0%80%EC%9D%B4%EC%A1%B1" title="벨가이족 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="벨가이족" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgi" title="Belgi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Belgi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Belgae" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgi_(popolo_antico)" title="Belgi (popolo antico) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Belgi (popolo antico)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%92%D7%99%D7%9D_(%D7%A2%D7%9D_%D7%A2%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%A7)" title="בלגים (עם עתיק) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בלגים (עם עתיק)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Белгтер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Белгтер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Belgae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgai" title="Belgai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Belgai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Belgae" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belga_t%C3%B6rzsek" title="Belga törzsek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Belga törzsek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%89" title="بيلجى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بيلجى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%87%D2%AF%D2%AF%D0%B4" title="Белгичүүд – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Белгичүүд" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Belgae" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%99%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AC%E3%82%A8" title="ベルガエ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ベルガエ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Belgae" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Belgae" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Belgae" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Белги – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Белги" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belg%C3%ABt" title="Belgët – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Belgët" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Belgae" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgi" title="Belgi – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Belgi" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Белги – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Белги" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgi" title="Belgi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Belgi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgit" title="Belgit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Belgit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgier" title="Belgier – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Belgier" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgalar" title="Belgalar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Belgalar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Белги – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Белги" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancyins_Bedjes" title="Ancyins Bedjes – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Ancyins Bedjes" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E7%9B%96%E4%BA%BA" title="贝尔盖人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="贝尔盖人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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searchaux" style="display:none">Historical Gallic-Germanic tribal confederation</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Gallia_Tribes_Towns.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Map_Gallia_Tribes_Towns.png/330px-Map_Gallia_Tribes_Towns.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Map_Gallia_Tribes_Towns.png/500px-Map_Gallia_Tribes_Towns.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Map_Gallia_Tribes_Towns.png/600px-Map_Gallia_Tribes_Towns.png 2x" data-file-width="787" data-file-height="799" /></a><figcaption>Map with the approximate location of pre-Roman Belgic Gaul shortly before Roman conquest, according to an interpretation of Caesar</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Germania_70.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Germania_70.svg/330px-Germania_70.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Germania_70.svg/500px-Germania_70.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Germania_70.svg/960px-Germania_70.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="972" data-file-height="780" /></a><figcaption>Map of northeastern Gaul around 70 AD</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Belgae</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span></span>/</a></span></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were a large confederation<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of <a href="/wiki/Tribe" title="Tribe">tribes</a> living in northern <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a>, between the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a>, the west bank of the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a>, and the northern bank of the river <a href="/wiki/Seine" title="Seine">Seine</a>, from at least the third century BC. They were discussed in depth by <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Commentarii_de_Bello_Gallico" title="Commentarii de Bello Gallico">account</a> of his wars in Gaul. Some peoples in southern <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Britain</a> were also called Belgae and had apparently moved from the continent. <a href="/wiki/T._F._O%27Rahilly" title="T. F. O'Rahilly">T. F. O'Rahilly</a> believed that some had moved further west and he equated them with the <a href="/wiki/Fir_Bolg" title="Fir Bolg">Fir Bolg</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>. The Roman province of <a href="/wiki/Gallia_Belgica" title="Gallia Belgica">Gallia Belgica</a> was named after the continental Belgae. The term continued to be used in the region until the present day and is reflected in the name of the modern country of <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belgae&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The consensus among linguists is that the ethnic name <i>Belgae</i> probably comes from the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Celtic">Proto-Celtic</a> root <i>*belg-</i> or <i>*bolg-</i> meaning "to swell (particularly with anger/battle fury/etc.)", cognate with the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> adjective <i>gebelgd</i> "very angry" (weak perfect participle of the verb <i>belgen</i> "to become angry") and <i>verbolgen</i> "being angry" (strong perfect participle of obsolete <i>verbelgen</i> "to make angry"), as well as the <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> verb <i>belgan</i>, "to be angry" (from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Germanic">Proto-Germanic</a> <i>*balgiz</i>), derived ultimately from the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> root <i>*bhelgh-</i> ("to swell, bulge, billow"). Thus, a Proto-Celtic ethnic name <i>*Bolgoi</i> could be interpreted as "the people who swell (particularly with anger/battle fury)".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins_of_the_Belgae">Origins of the Belgae</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belgae&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins of the Belgae"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Julius Caesar's Latin terminology, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Belgium</i></span> was a geographical region comprising territories of the <a href="/wiki/Bellovaci" title="Bellovaci">Bellovaci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ambiani" title="Ambiani">Ambiani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atrebates" title="Atrebates">Atrebates</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Veromandui" class="mw-redirect" title="Veromandui">Veromandui</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These four communities are widely thought to have been the original Belgae in Gaul.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Caesar also defined the Belgae in a broader sense when he described them as inhabiting the northernmost of the three major divisions of Gaul at the time of his conquests (58–51 BC), along with by the <a href="/wiki/Aquitani" title="Aquitani">Aquitani</a> in the southwest, the <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a> in the biggest central part, who in their own language were called <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtae</a>. Each of these three parts, he wrote, differed in terms of customs, laws and language. He noted that the Belgae, were "the bravest, because they are furthest from the civilization and refinement of [our] Province, and merchants least frequently resort to them, and import those things which tend to effeminate the mind; and they are the nearest to the Germans, who dwell beyond the Rhine, with whom they are continually waging war".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ancient sources such as Caesar are not always clear about the things used to define ethnicity today. While Caesar or his sources described the Belgae as distinctly different from the Gauls, <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> stated that the differences between the Celts (Gauls) and Belgae in countenance, language, politics and way of life was a small one, unlike the difference between the Aquitanians and Celts.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fact that the Belgae were living in Gaul means that in one sense they were Gauls. This may be Caesar's meaning when he says "The Belgae have the same method of attacking a fortress as the rest of the Gauls".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Inconsistently, Caesar in <i>Bello Gallico</i>, II.4 also contrasted them with Gauls: </p> <dl><dd>When Caesar inquired of them what states were in arms, how powerful they were, and what they could do, in war, he received the following information: that the greater part of the Belgae were sprung, from the Germans, and that having crossed the Rhine at an early period, they had settled there, on account of the fertility of the country, and had driven out the Gauls who inhabited those regions; and that they were the only people who, in the memory of our fathers [i.e. as far as we can remember], when all Gaul was overrun, had prevented the Teutones and the Cimbri from entering their territories; the effect of which was, that, from the recollection of those events, they assumed to themselves great authority and haughtiness in military matters.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>So Caesar used the word "Germani" in two ways. He described a group of tribes within the Belgic alliance as the "Germani", distinguishing them from their neighbours. The most important of these tribes in relation to Caesar's campaigns were the <a href="/wiki/Eburones" title="Eburones">Eburones</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dbg2.4_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dbg2.4-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other way he used the term was to refer to those related tribes east of the Rhine, who were not Celtic. So the Germani among the Belgae are called, based on Caesar's account, the <i><a href="/wiki/Germani_cisrhenani" title="Germani cisrhenani">Germani cisrhenani</a></i>, to distinguish them from other Germani living east of the Rhine in what he understood to be their homeland. However, the later historian <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a> was informed that the name Germania was known to have changed in meaning: </p> <dl><dd>The first people to cross the Rhine and oust the Gauls, those now called <a href="/wiki/Tungri" title="Tungri">Tungri</a>, were then called <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germani</a>. It was the name of this nation, not a race, that gradually came into general use. And so, to begin with, they were all called Germani after the conquerors because of the terror these inspired, and then, once the name had been devised, they adopted it themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>In other words, Tacitus understood that the collective name Germani had first been used in Gaul, for a specific people there with connections beyond the Rhine, the Tungri being the name of the people living where the Eburones had lived in later imperial times, and was later adopted as a collective name for the non-Celtic peoples beyond the Rhine, the other, better-known way that Caesar used the term. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belgae&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The cultural cohesion of <i>Belgium</i> as Caesar sketched it is suggested by the maintaining of these borders, more or less, in administrative divisions (<i><a href="/wiki/Pagus" title="Pagus">pagi</a></i>) mapped out later by the Romans and still evident in the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_church#Bishoprics" title="Carolingian church">parishes of the Carolingian era</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archaeology suggests cultural continuities from the third through the first centuries BC within this subregion, inhabited in the time of Caesar by Bellovaci, Ambiani, Atrebates, and Veromandui.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 250 BC onward, the disposal of the dead was primarily through cremation, with some inhumation practiced.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ceramics and brooches are typical grave goods, while items of feasting appear in wealthier graves. The absence of weapons distinguishes these burials from the funerary practice of communities to the north and south.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around this same time, a characteristic form of enclosed sanctuary began to be built, and from the late 2nd through the mid 1st centuries BC, fortifications with a high earthen rampart and a wide, flat-bottomed ditch are concentrated there.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The coinage of the Belgae in Gaul shows commonalities in design and distribution patterns from the 4th through the 1st centuries BC.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Belgae of this period do not appear to have drunk beer.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belgae&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Belgian_language" title="Ancient Belgian language">Ancient Belgian language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nordwestblock" title="Nordwestblock">Nordwestblock</a></div> <p>Caesar's book <i><a href="/wiki/Commentarii_de_Bello_Gallico" title="Commentarii de Bello Gallico">Commentarii de Bello Gallico</a></i> begins: "All Gaul is divided into three parts, one of which the Belgae inhabit, the Aquitani another, those who in their own language are called Celts, in ours Gauls, the third. All these differ from each other in language, customs and laws." However, many modern scholars believe that the Belgae were a <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic-speaking</a> group.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, at least part of the Belgae may also have had significant cultural and historical connections to peoples east of the Rhine, including <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a>, judging from archaeological, placename and textual evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has also been argued based on placename studies that the older language of the area, though apparently <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a>, was not Celtic (see <a href="/wiki/Nordwestblock" title="Nordwestblock">Nordwestblock</a>) and that Celtic, though influential amongst the elite, might never have been the main language of the part of the Belgic area north of the Ardennes.<sup id="cite_ref-Davidsfonds_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davidsfonds-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-M._Gysseling_1975_pp._1-6_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M._Gysseling_1975_pp._1-6-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, <a href="/wiki/Maurits_Gysseling" title="Maurits Gysseling">Maurits Gysseling</a> suggested that prior to Celtic and Germanic influences the Belgae may have comprised a distinct Indo-European branch, termed <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Belgian_language" title="Ancient Belgian language">Belgian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-M._Gysseling_1975_pp._1-6_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M._Gysseling_1975_pp._1-6-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, most of the Belgic tribal and personal names recorded are identifiably <a href="/wiki/Gaulish" title="Gaulish">Gaulish</a>, including those of the <i>Germani cisrhenani</i>, and this is indeed also true of the tribes immediately over the Rhine at this time, such as the <a href="/wiki/Tencteri" title="Tencteri">Tencteri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Usipetes" title="Usipetes">Usipetes</a>. Surviving inscriptions also indicate that Gaulish was spoken in at least part of Belgic territory.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Romans were not precise in their <a href="/wiki/Ethnography" title="Ethnography">ethnography</a> of northern <a href="/wiki/Barbarian" title="Barbarian">barbarians</a>: by "Germanic", Caesar may simply have meant "originating east of the Rhine" (the homeland of the <i>Germani cisrhenani</i>) with no distinction of language intended. The east of the Rhine was not necessarily inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Germanic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic language">Germanic</a> speakers at this time. It has been remarked that Germanic speakers might have been no closer than the river <a href="/wiki/Elbe" title="Elbe">Elbe</a> in the time of Caesar.<sup id="cite_ref-wightman_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wightman-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, studies of place names, such as those of <a href="/wiki/Maurits_Gysseling" title="Maurits Gysseling">Maurits Gysseling</a>, have been argued to show evidence of the pre-Roman presence of early Germanic languages throughout the Belgic area north of the <a href="/wiki/Ardennes" title="Ardennes">Ardennes</a>, where the <i>Germani cisrhenani</i> lived. The sound changes described by "<a href="/wiki/Grimm%27s_law" title="Grimm's law">Grimm's law</a>" appear to have affected names with older forms, apparently already in the second century BC. Strong evidence for old Celtic placenames, though, is found in the Ardennes and to the south of them.<sup id="cite_ref-Davidsfonds_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davidsfonds-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-M._Gysseling_1975_pp._1-6_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M._Gysseling_1975_pp._1-6-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, the country of the Belgae extended along the coast where 15 tribes were living from the Rhenus (Rhine) to the Liger (Loire).<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Strabo also says that "Augustus Caesar, when dividing the country into four parts, united the Keltae to the Narbonnaise; the Aquitani he preserved the same as Julius Caesar, but added thereto fourteen other nations of those who dwelt between the Garonne and the river Loire, and dividing the rest into two parts, the one extending to the upper districts of the Rhine (<a href="/wiki/Gallia_Lugdunensis" title="Gallia Lugdunensis">Gallia Lugdunensis</a>) he made dependent upon Lugdunum, the other [he assigned] to the Belgae (<a href="/wiki/Gallia_Belgica" title="Gallia Belgica">Gallia Belgica</a>)."<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Apart from the Germani, the report of Caesar seems to indicate that more of the Belgae had some Germanic ethnicity, but this is not necessarily what defines a tribe as Belgic. Edith Wightman proposed that Caesar can be read as treating only the southwestern Belgic tribes, the Suessiones, Viromandui and Ambiani and perhaps some of their neighbours, as the true ethnic Belgae, as opposed to those in a political and military alliance with them. She reads Caesar as implying a "transition zone" of mixed ethnicity and ancestry for the <a href="/wiki/Menapii" title="Menapii">Menapii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nervii" title="Nervii">Nervii</a> and <a href="/wiki/Morini" title="Morini">Morini</a>, all living in the northwest of the Belgic region, neighbours to the <i>Germani cisrhenani</i> in the northeast.<sup id="cite_ref-wightman_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wightman-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Caesar also mentions his allies the Remi being closest to the Celts amongst the Belgae.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </p><p>It seems that, whatever their ancestry, at least some of the Belgic tribes spoke a variety of Gaulish as their main language by Caesar's time, and all of them used such languages in at least some contexts.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (June 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Luc van Durme summarizes competing evidence of Celtic and Germanic influence at the time of Caesar by saying that "one has to accept the rather remarkable conclusion that Caesar must have witnessed a situation opposing Celtic and Germanic in Belgium, in a territory slightly more to the south than the early medieval <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a>-Germanic language border", but van Durme accepts that Germanic did not block "Celticisation coming from the south" so "both phenomena were simultaneous and interfering".<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The medieval <i><a href="/wiki/Gesta_Treverorum" title="Gesta Treverorum">Gesta Treverorum</a></i> compiled by monks of <a href="/wiki/Trier" title="Trier">Trier</a> claims that the Belgae were descendants of <a href="/wiki/Trebeta" title="Trebeta">Trebeta</a>, an otherwise unattested legendary founder of Trier, the Roman <i>Augusta Treverorum</i>, "Augusta of the <a href="/wiki/Treveri" title="Treveri">Treveri</a>". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tribes_of_the_Belgae">Tribes of the Belgae</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belgae&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Tribes of the Belgae"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Caesar names the following as Belgic tribes, which can be related to later Roman provinces: </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peuples_gaulois.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Peuples_gaulois.jpg/330px-Peuples_gaulois.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="338" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Peuples_gaulois.jpg/500px-Peuples_gaulois.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Peuples_gaulois.jpg 2x" data-file-width="533" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>According to Strabo: the Belgian tribes (in orange), including the <a href="/wiki/Armoricani" class="mw-redirect" title="Armoricani">Armoricani</a> (in purple)</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th width="20%">Belgae of Caesar's "Belgium", in later Roman <i>Belgica II</i> </th> <th width="20%">Belgae in later Roman <i>Belgica II</i> sometimes described by Caesar as if not in "Belgium" </th> <th width="20%"><i><a href="/wiki/Germani_Cisrhenani" class="mw-redirect" title="Germani Cisrhenani">Germani Cisrhenani</a></i>, in northeast. Imperial <i><a href="/wiki/Germania_Inferior" title="Germania Inferior">Germania Inferior</a></i> or <i>Germania II</i>. </th> <th width="20%">Southeast: not mentioned as Belgae, but part of imperial Roman <a href="/wiki/Gallia_Belgica" title="Gallia Belgica">Gallia Belgica</a> (later Roman <i>Belgica I</i>) </th></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambiani" title="Ambiani">Ambiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atrebates" title="Atrebates">Atrebates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellovaci" title="Bellovaci">Bellovaci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suessiones" title="Suessiones">Suessiones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viromandui" title="Viromandui">Viromandui</a></li></ul> <p>Southwest: possibly not in "Belgium":<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caleti" class="mw-redirect" title="Caleti">Caleti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veliocasses" title="Veliocasses">Veliocassi</a></li></ul> </td> <td> <p>Northwest and considered remote by Romans: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menapii" title="Menapii">Menapii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morini" title="Morini">Morini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nervii" title="Nervii">Nervii</a></li></ul> <p>South, not in alliance against Rome: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Remi" title="Remi">Remi</a></li></ul> </td> <td> <p>Caesar sometimes calls them Belgae, sometimes contrasts them with Belgae. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caerosi" title="Caerosi">Caerosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condrusi" title="Condrusi">Condrusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eburones" title="Eburones">Eburones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paemani" title="Paemani">Paemani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segni_(tribe)" title="Segni (tribe)">Segni</a></li></ul> <p>Descendants of the <a href="/wiki/Cimbri" title="Cimbri">Cimbri</a>, living near <i>Germani Cisrhenani</i>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atuatuci" title="Atuatuci">Atuatuci</a></li></ul> </td> <td> <p>Possibly Belgae, later within Belgica I: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treveri" title="Treveri">Treveri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leuci" title="Leuci">Leuci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediomatrici" title="Mediomatrici">Mediomatrici</a></li></ul> <p>Not Belgae, later in <i><a href="/wiki/Germania_Superior" title="Germania Superior">Germania Superior</a></i> (still later Germania I): </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lingones" title="Lingones">Lingones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sequani" title="Sequani">Sequani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rauricii" class="mw-redirect" title="Rauricii">Rauricii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helvetii" title="Helvetii">Helvetii</a></li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Later, <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a> mentioned a tribe called the <a href="/wiki/Tungri" title="Tungri">Tungri</a> living where the <i>Germani cisrhenani</i> had lived, and he also stated that they had once been called the Germani (although Caesar had claimed to have wiped out the name of the main tribe, the Eburones). Other tribes that may have been included among the Belgae in some contexts were the <a href="/wiki/Leuci" title="Leuci">Leuci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Treveri" title="Treveri">Treveri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mediomatrici" title="Mediomatrici">Mediomatrici</a>. <a href="/wiki/Posidonius" title="Posidonius">Posidonius</a> includes the <a href="/wiki/Armorica" title="Armorica">Armoricani</a>, as well. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conquest_of_the_Belgae">Conquest of the Belgae</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belgae&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Conquest of the Belgae"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Caesar conquered the Belgae, beginning in 57 BC. He writes that the Belgae were conspiring and arming themselves in response to his earlier conquests; to counter this threat, he raised two new <a href="/wiki/Roman_legion" title="Roman legion">legions</a> and ordered his Gallic allies, the <a href="/wiki/Aedui" title="Aedui">Aedui</a>, to invade the territory of the <a href="/wiki/Bellovaci" title="Bellovaci">Bellovaci</a>, the largest and fiercest of the Belgae tribes. Wary of the numbers and bravery of the Belgae, Caesar initially avoided a pitched battle, resorting mainly to <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry</a> skirmishes to probe their strengths and weaknesses. Once he was satisfied his troops were a match for them, he made camp on a low hill protected by a marsh at the front and the river <a href="/wiki/Aisne_(river)" title="Aisne (river)">Aisne</a> behind, near Bibrax (between modern <a href="/wiki/Laon" title="Laon">Laon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reims" title="Reims">Reims</a>) in the territory of the Remi. </p><p>The Belgae attacked over the river, but were repulsed after a fierce battle. Realising they could not dislodge the Romans and aware of the approach of the Aedui into the lands of the Bellovaci, the Belgae decided to disband their combined force and return to their own lands. Caesar's informants advised him that whichever tribe Caesar attacked first, the others would come to their defence. They broke camp shortly before midnight. At daybreak, satisfied the retreat was not a trap, Caesar sent cavalry to harass the rear guard, followed by three legions. Many of the Belgae were killed in battle. </p><p>Caesar next marched into the territory of the Suessiones and besieged the town of Noviodunum (<a href="/wiki/Soissons" title="Soissons">Soissons</a>). Seeing the Romans' <a href="/wiki/Siege_engine" title="Siege engine">siege engines</a>, the Suessiones surrendered, whereupon Caesar turned his attention to the Bellovaci, who had retreated into the fortress of Bratuspantium (between modern <a href="/wiki/Amiens" title="Amiens">Amiens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beauvais" title="Beauvais">Beauvais</a>). They quickly surrendered, as did the Ambiani. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Nervii" title="Nervii">Nervii</a>, along with the Atrebates and Viromandui, decided to fight (the Atuatuci had also agreed to join them, but had not yet arrived). They concealed themselves in the forests and attacked the approaching Roman column at the river <a href="/wiki/Sambre" title="Sambre">Sabis</a> (previously thought to be the <a href="/wiki/Sambre" title="Sambre">Sambre</a>, but recently the <a href="/wiki/Selle_(Somme_tributary)" title="Selle (Somme tributary)">Selle</a> is thought to be more probable). Their attack was quick and unexpected. The element of surprise briefly left the Romans exposed. Some of the Romans did not have time to take the covers off their shields or to even put on their helmets. However, Caesar grabbed a shield, made his way to the front line, and quickly organised his forces. The two Roman legions guarding the baggage train at the rear finally arrived and helped to turn the tide of the battle. Caesar says the Nervii were almost annihilated in the battle, and is effusive in his tribute to their bravery, calling them "heroes" (for more details see <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sabis" title="Battle of the Sabis">Battle of the Sabis</a>). </p><p>The Atuatuci, who were marching to their aid, turned back on hearing of the defeat and retreated to one stronghold, were put under siege, and soon surrendered and handed over their arms. However, the surrender was a ploy, and the Atuatuci, armed with weapons they had hidden, tried to break out during the night. The Romans had the advantage of position and killed 4,000. The rest, about 53,000, were sold into slavery. </p><p>In 53 BC, the Eburones, led by <a href="/wiki/Ambiorix" title="Ambiorix">Ambiorix</a>, along with the Nervii, Menapii and Morini, revolted again and wiped out fifteen cohorts, only to be put down by Caesar. The Belgae fought in the uprising of <a href="/wiki/Vercingetorix" title="Vercingetorix">Vercingetorix</a> in 52 BC. </p><p>After their final subjugation, Caesar combined the three parts of Gaul, the territory of the Belgae, Celtae and Aquitani, into a single unwieldy province (<i>Gallia Comata</i>, "long-haired Gaul") that was reorganized by the emperor <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> into its traditional cultural divisions. The <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gallia_Belgica" title="Gallia Belgica">Gallia Belgica</a> was bounded on its east by the Rhine and extended all the way from the North Sea to <a href="/wiki/Lake_Constance" title="Lake Constance">Lake Constance</a> (<i>Lacus Brigantinus</i>), including parts of what is now western Switzerland, with its capital at the city of the Remi (Reims). Under <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a>, <i>Belgica Prima</i> (capital Augusta Trevirorum, <a href="/wiki/Trier" title="Trier">Trier</a>) and <i>Belgica Secunda</i> (capital <a href="/wiki/Reims" title="Reims">Reims</a>) formed part of the <a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">diocese</a> of Gaul. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Belgae_outside_Gaul">Belgae outside Gaul</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belgae&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Belgae outside Gaul"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Belgae in Great Britain</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Britain.south.peoples.Ptolemy.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Celtic tribes of South England"><img alt="Celtic tribes of South England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Britain.south.peoples.Ptolemy.jpg/250px-Britain.south.peoples.Ptolemy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Britain.south.peoples.Ptolemy.jpg/330px-Britain.south.peoples.Ptolemy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Britain.south.peoples.Ptolemy.jpg/500px-Britain.south.peoples.Ptolemy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2760" data-file-height="3035" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Geography</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/Venta_Belgarum" title="Venta Belgarum">Venta Belgarum</a></i> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Winchester" title="Winchester">Winchester</a>)</small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data">Southern Britain</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rulers</th><td class="infobox-data">Diviciacus(?)</td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Great_Britain">Great Britain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belgae&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Great Britain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Belgae had made their way across the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a> into southern Britain in Caesar's time.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Caesar asserts they had first crossed the channel as raiders, only later establishing themselves on the island. The precise extent of their conquests is unknown. After the Roman conquest of Great Britain, the <a href="/wiki/Civitas" title="Civitas">civitas</a> of the Belgae was bordered to the north by the British <a href="/wiki/Atrebates#The_Atrebates_in_Britain" title="Atrebates">Atrebates</a>, who were also a Belgic tribe, and to the east by the <a href="/wiki/Regni" title="Regni">Regni</a>, who were probably<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> linked to the Belgae as well. The arrival and spread of <a href="/wiki/Aylesford-Swarling_pottery" title="Aylesford-Swarling pottery">Aylesford-Swarling pottery</a> across the southeastern corner of Britain has been related to the Belgic invasion since <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Evans" title="Arthur Evans">Arthur Evans</a> published his excavation of <a href="/wiki/Aylesford" title="Aylesford">Aylesford</a> in 1890,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was then thought to show "the demonstrable reality of a Belgic invasion", according to Sir <a href="/wiki/Barry_Cunliffe" title="Barry Cunliffe">Barry Cunliffe</a>, although more recent studies tend to downplay the role of migration in favour of increasing trade links; the question remains unclear.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A large number of coins of the <a href="/wiki/Ambiani" title="Ambiani">Ambiani</a> dating to the mid-second century BC have been found in southern Britain and the remains of a possible Belgic fort have been unearthed in Kent.<sup id="cite_ref-earthworks_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-earthworks-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within memory of Caesar's time, a king of the <a href="/wiki/Suessiones" title="Suessiones">Suessiones</a> (also referred to as Suaeuconi) called <a href="/wiki/Diviciacus_(Suessiones)" title="Diviciacus (Suessiones)">Diviciacus</a> was not only the most powerful king of Belgic Gaul, but also ruled territory in Britain. <a href="/wiki/Commius" title="Commius">Commius</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Atrebates" title="Atrebates">Atrebates</a>, Caesar's former ally, fled to Britain after participating in <a href="/wiki/Vercingetorix" title="Vercingetorix">Vercingetorix</a>'s rebellion and either joined or established a British branch of his tribe. Based on the development of imagery on coins, by the time of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Britain" title="Roman conquest of Britain">Roman conquest</a>, some of the tribes of south-eastern Britain likely were ruled by a Belgic nobility and were culturally influenced by them. The later <i><a href="/wiki/Civitas" title="Civitas">civitas</a></i> (administrative division) of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman Britain</a> had towns including <i>Portus Adurni</i> (<a href="/wiki/Portchester" title="Portchester">Portchester</a>) and <i>Clausentum</i> (<a href="/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton">Southampton</a>). The <i>civitas</i> capital was at <i>Venta Belgarum</i> (<a href="/wiki/Winchester" title="Winchester">Winchester</a>), which was built on top of an Iron Age <i><a href="/wiki/Oppidum" title="Oppidum">oppidum</a></i> (this was itself built on the site of two earlier abandoned <a href="/wiki/Hillforts_in_Britain" title="Hillforts in Britain">hillforts</a>); Winchester remains Hampshire's <a href="/wiki/County_town" title="County town">county town</a> to this day.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to Venta Belgarum, the ancient geographer <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a> lists <i><a href="/wiki/Aquae_Sulis" title="Aquae Sulis">Aquae Calidae</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Bath,_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath</a>) and <i><a href="/wiki/Iscalis" title="Iscalis">Iscalis</a></i> as <i><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">poleis</a></i> of the Belgae.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ireland">Ireland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belgae&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his theory of Ireland's prehistory, <a href="/wiki/T._F._O%27Rahilly" title="T. F. O'Rahilly">T. F. O'Rahilly</a> suggested in 1946 that a branch of the Belgae settled in <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> around the <a href="/wiki/5th_century_BC" title="5th century BC">5th century BC</a>, later becoming the historical <a href="/wiki/Iverni" title="Iverni">Iverni</a> (Érainn) and their offshoots. He believes the memory of Belgae settlers was preserved in <a href="/wiki/Lebor_Gab%C3%A1la_%C3%89renn" title="Lebor Gabála Érenn">medieval Irish legend</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Fir_Bolg" title="Fir Bolg">Fir Bolg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> O'Rahilly's theory has been challenged by historians and archaeologists, and is no longer accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Fintan_O%27Toole" title="Fintan O'Toole">Fintan O'Toole</a> suggested the <a href="/wiki/Keshcarrigan_Bowl" title="Keshcarrigan Bowl">Keshcarrigan Bowl</a> is evidence for the movement of people into Ireland following upheaval and displacement, triggered by the Belgae arriving into Britain as refugees.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Toole201345_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Toole201345-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belgae&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parisii_(Gaul)" title="Parisii (Gaul)">Parisii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordwestblock" title="Nordwestblock">Nordwestblock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisii" title="Frisii">Frisii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isogloss" title="Isogloss">Isogloss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Builg" class="mw-redirect" title="Builg">Builg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgic_foot" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgic foot">Belgic foot</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belgae&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/belgae?showCookiePolicy=true">"Belgae"</a>. Collins Dictionary. n.d<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Belgae&rft.pub=Collins+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fbelgae%3FshowCookiePolicy%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSage2013" class="citation book cs1">Sage, Michael (11 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f4zSyQH-0PIC&q=belgae+tribe+a+confederation&pg=PA134"><i>The Republican Roman Army: A Sourcebook</i></a>. Routledge. p. 314. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134682881" title="Special:BookSources/9781134682881"><bdi>9781134682881</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Republican+Roman+Army%3A+A+Sourcebook.&rft.pages=314&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-01-11&rft.isbn=9781134682881&rft.aulast=Sage&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df4zSyQH-0PIC%26q%3Dbelgae%2Btribe%2Ba%2Bconfederation%26pg%3DPA134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie</i> (ZcP). Volume 44, Issue 1, Pages 67–69, ISSN (Online) 1865-889X, ISSN (Print) 0084-5302, //1991</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/John_T._Koch" title="John T. Koch">Koch, John</a>. <i>Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia</i>. ABC-CLIO 2006, p. 198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Julius_Pokorny" title="Julius Pokorny">Pokorny, Julius</a>. <i>Indogermanisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch</i> (1959), Bern - Muenchen - Francke, pp. 125-126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Maier" title="Bernhard Maier">Maier, Bernhard</a>. <i>Dictionary of Celtic religion and culture</i>, Boydell & Brewer, 1997, p. 272.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Julius_Pokorny" title="Julius Pokorny">Pokorny, Julius</a>, <i>The pre-Celtic inhabitants of Ireland</i>, Celtic, DIAS, 1960 (reprint 1983), p. 231.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrew W. Lamb, "The Belgae of Gaul and Britain: Revisiting Cross-Channel Contacts in the Later Iron Age," in <i>ΕΥΔΑΙΜΩΝ: Studies in Honor of Jan Bouzek</i>, Opera Facultatis Philosophicae Universitatis Carolinae Pragensis 18 (2018), p. 336, with reference to Caesar <i>BG</i> 5.12, 5. 24–25, 8.46, 8.49, 8.43, and citing S. Fichtl, <i>Les Gaulois de Nord de la Gaule</i> (Paris, 1994), pp. 4–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lamb, "The Belgae of Gaul and Britain", p. 336, citing C.F.C. Hawkes and G.G. Dunning, "The Belgae of Gaul and Britain," <i>Archaeological Journal</i> 87 (1931), 241–242; Hawkes, "New Thoughts on the Belgae," <i>Antiquity</i> 33 (1968) 170–182; R. Hachmann, "The problem of the Belgae seen from the continent," <i>Bulletin of the London Institute of Archaeology</i> 13 (1976) 117–138; N. Roymans, <i>Tribal Societies in North Gaul: An Anthropological Perspective</i> (Amsterdam, 1990), p. 13; Fichtl, <i>Les Gaulois de Nord de la Gaule</i> (1994), <i>passim</i>; C. Haselgrove, "The age of enclosure: Later Iron Age settlement and society in northern France," in <i>The Later Iron Age in Britain and Beyond</i> (Oxford, 2007), pp. 492–493.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>, <i>Gallic War</i>, trans. Devitte, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0001%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D1">I.1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Strabo <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0239:book=4:chapter=1">Geography 4.1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Caesar, <i>The Conquest of Gaul</i>, trans. S. A. Handford, revised with a new introduction by Jane F. Gardner (Penguin Books 1982), II.1.6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>, <i>Gallic War</i>, trans. Devitte, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0001%3Abook%3D2%3Achapter%3D4">II.4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dbg2.4-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dbg2.4_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Julius Caesar, <i>Commentarii de Bello Gallico</i> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Commentaries_on_the_Gallic_War/Book_2#4" class="extiw" title="s:Commentaries on the Gallic War/Book 2">2.4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a>, <i>Germania</i>, trans. H. Mattingly, revised by J. B. Rives (Penguin Books 2009), 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lamb, "The Belgae of Gaul and Britain", p. 336, citing Fichtl, <i>Les Peuples Gaulois: III<sup>er</sup>–I<sup>er</sup> a.v. J.-C.</i> (Paris, 2012).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lamb, "The Belgae of Gaul and Britain", p. 336, citing Haselgrove, "The age of enclosure," 493–494.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lamb, "The Belgae of Gaul and Britain", p. 336, citing J.R. Collis, "Pre-Roman burial rites in north-western Europe," in <i>Burial in the Roman World</i> (London, 1977), 3–8; F. Malrain et al., "La protohistoire récente," <i>Revue Archéologique</i> 3/4 (2005) 145–146; Pinard et al., <i>Actes e la table ronde. "Les Gestuelles Funéraires au Second Âge du Fer” tenue à Soissons les 6 et 7 novembre 2008,</i> Revue Archéologique de Picardie 2009, pp. 30, 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lamb, "The Belgae of Gaul and Britain", p. 337, citing D. Bayard and N. Buchez, "Les tombes gauloises du <i>Belgium</i>, décourvertes récentes, in <i>Les Celtes: Rites funeraires en Gaule du Nord entre le VI<sup>e</sup> et I<sup>er</sup> siècle avant Jésus Christ. Recherches récentes en Wallonie</i> (Namur, 1998), p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lamb, "The Belgae of Gaul and Britain", p. 336, citing J.-L. Brunaux, <i>Les Gaulois: sanctuaires et rites</i> (Paris, 1986) and Fichtl (1994), p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lamb, "The Belgae of Gaul and Britain", p. 336, citing S. Scheers, <i>Traite de numismatique Celtique II: La Gaule Belgique</i> (Paris, 1997), and C. Haselgrove, "The development of Iron Age coinage in Belgic Gaul," <i>Numismatic Chronicle</i> 159 (1999) 111–168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lamb, "The Belgae of Gaul and Britain", p. 337, citing Bayard and Buchez, "Les tombes gauloises du <i>Belgium</i>," p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/John_T._Koch" title="John T. Koch">Koch, John T.</a> 2006. <i>Celtic culture: A Historical Encyclopedia</i>. p.196</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bell, Andrew Villen. 2000. The role of migration in the history of the Eurasian steppe. P.112</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Swan, Toril, Endre Mørck, Olaf Jansen Westvik. 1994. Language change and language structure: older Germanic languages in a Comparative Perspective. P.294</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aldhouse-Green, Miranda Jane. 1995. <i>The Celtic World</i>. P.607.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Ann_Kipfer" title="Barbara Ann Kipfer">Kipfer, Barbara Ann</a>. 2007. <i>Encyclopedic dictionary of archaeology</i>. P.63</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">King, Anthony. 1990. Roman Gaul and Germany. P.32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davidsfonds-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Davidsfonds_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davidsfonds_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLamarcqRogge1996" class="citation cs2">Lamarcq, Danny; Rogge, Marc (1996), <i>De Taalgrens: Van de oude tot de nieuwe Belgen</i>, Davidsfonds</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+Taalgrens%3A+Van+de+oude+tot+de+nieuwe+Belgen&rft.pub=Davidsfonds&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Lamarcq&rft.aufirst=Danny&rft.au=Rogge%2C+Marc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgae" class="Z3988"></span> page 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-M._Gysseling_1975_pp._1-6-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-M._Gysseling_1975_pp._1-6_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-M._Gysseling_1975_pp._1-6_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-M._Gysseling_1975_pp._1-6_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Maurits_Gysseling" title="Maurits Gysseling">M. Gysseling</a>, Enkele Belgische leenwoorden in de toponymie, in Naamkunde 7 (1975), pp. 1-6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Inscriptions in Celtic language on <i><a href="/wiki/Instrumentum" class="mw-redirect" title="Instrumentum">instrumentum</a></i> were discovered in <a href="/wiki/Bavai" class="mw-redirect" title="Bavai">Bavai</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Arras" title="Arras">Arras</a> (cf. <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Yves_Lambert" class="extiw" title="fr:Pierre-Yves Lambert">P-Y. Lambert</a>, <i>La langue gauloise</i>, éditions errance 1994), on the contrary, never an inscription in a Germanic language dating back before the fall of the Roman Empire was excavated.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wightman-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wightman_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wightman_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWightman1985" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Edith_Wightman" title="Edith Wightman">Wightman, Edith Mary</a> (1985), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aEyS54uSj88C"><i>Gallia Belgica</i></a>, University of California Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520052970" title="Special:BookSources/9780520052970"><bdi>9780520052970</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gallia+Belgica&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=9780520052970&rft.aulast=Wightman&rft.aufirst=Edith+Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaEyS54uSj88C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgae" class="Z3988"></span> pages 12–14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Geographica" title="Geographica">Geographica</a></i>, Book IV chapter IV, 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hamilton, H.C. (trans.), <i>The Geography of Strabo</i>, Vol. 1, George Bell & Sons, 1892, p. 265.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGonzález_VillaescusaJacquemin2011" class="citation cs2">González Villaescusa; Jacquemin (2011), "Gallia Belgica: An Entity with No National Claim", <i>Études rurales</i>, <b>2</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">93–</span>111, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fetudesrurales.9499">10.4000/etudesrurales.9499</a></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%C3%89tudes+rurales&rft.atitle=Gallia+Belgica%3A+An+Entity+with+No+National+Claim&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E93-%3C%2Fspan%3E111&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fetudesrurales.9499&rft.au=Gonz%C3%A1lez+Villaescusa&rft.au=Jacquemin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">II.3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/John_T._Koch" title="John T. Koch">Koch, John T.</a> <i>Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia</i> (2006) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85109-440-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-85109-440-7">1-85109-440-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTreffers-DallerWillemyns2002" class="citation cs2">Treffers-Daller, Jeanine; Willemyns, Roland (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H7VcdGI20FkC&pg=PA9">"Genesis and Evolution of the Romance-Germanic Language Border in Europe"</a>, <i>Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development</i> (Language Contact at the Romance-Germanic Language Border), <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01434630208666450">10.1080/01434630208666450</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781853596278" title="Special:BookSources/9781853596278"><bdi>9781853596278</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144862907">144862907</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Multilingual+and+Multicultural+Development&rft.atitle=Genesis+and+Evolution+of+the+Romance-Germanic+Language+Border+in+Europe&rft.issue=Language+Contact+at+the+Romance-Germanic+Language+Border&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144862907%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01434630208666450&rft.isbn=9781853596278&rft.aulast=Treffers-Daller&rft.aufirst=Jeanine&rft.au=Willemyns%2C+Roland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH7VcdGI20FkC%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWightman1985" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Edith_Wightman" title="Edith Wightman">Wightman, Edith Mary</a> (January 1985), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aEyS54uSj88C&q=belgium&pg=PA27"><i>Gallia Belgica</i></a>, University of California Press, p. 27, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520052970" title="Special:BookSources/9780520052970"><bdi>9780520052970</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gallia+Belgica&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1985-01&rft.isbn=9780520052970&rft.aulast=Wightman&rft.aufirst=Edith+Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaEyS54uSj88C%26q%3Dbelgium%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgae" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGonzález_VillaescusaJacquemin2011" class="citation cs2">González Villaescusa; Jacquemin (2011), "Gallia Belgica: An Entity with No National Claim", <i>Études rurales</i>, <b>2</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">93–</span>111, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fetudesrurales.9499">10.4000/etudesrurales.9499</a></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%C3%89tudes+rurales&rft.atitle=Gallia+Belgica%3A+An+Entity+with+No+National+Claim&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E93-%3C%2Fspan%3E111&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fetudesrurales.9499&rft.au=Gonz%C3%A1lez+Villaescusa&rft.au=Jacquemin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Julius Caesar, <i>Commentarii de Bello Gallico</i> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Commentaries_on_the_Gallic_War/Book_2#4" class="extiw" title="s:Commentaries on the Gallic War/Book 2">2.4</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Commentaries_on_the_Gallic_War/Book_5#12" class="extiw" title="s:Commentaries on the Gallic War/Book 5">5.2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Archaeologia 52, 1891</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Barry_Cunliffe" title="Barry Cunliffe">Cunliffe, Barry W.</a>, <i>Iron Age Communities in Britain, Fourth Edition: An Account of England, Scotland and Wales from the Seventh Century BC, Until the Roman Conquest</i>, near Figure 1.4, 2012 (4th edition), Routledge, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v1Zkio7jluAC&dq=Britons+Iron+Age&pg=PT676">google preview, with no page numbers</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-earthworks-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-earthworks_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Earthworks discovered at <a href="/wiki/Sharsted_Court" title="Sharsted Court">Sharsted Court</a> near <a href="/wiki/Newnham,_Kent" title="Newnham, Kent">Newnham</a> were of possible Belgic origin. See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071008215903/http://www.doddington-kent.org.uk/Appraisal_files/historyofdoddington.html">"History of Doddington"</a>. <i>The Doddington Village Appraisal (1997)</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.doddington-kent.org.uk/Appraisal_files/historyofdoddington.html">the original</a> on 8 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Doddington+Village+Appraisal+%281997%29&rft.atitle=History+of+Doddington&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.doddington-kent.org.uk%2FAppraisal_files%2Fhistoryofdoddington.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Sheppard_Frere" title="Sheppard Frere">Sheppard Frere</a>, <i>Britannia: a History of Roman Britain</i>, third edition, Pimlico, 1987; <a href="/wiki/John_Creighton_(archaeologist)" title="John Creighton (archaeologist)">John Creighton</a>, <i>Coins and power in Late Iron Age Britain</i>, Cambridge University Press, 2000</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFwww.roman-britain.co.uk" class="citation web cs1">www.roman-britain.co.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.roman-britain.co.uk/classical-references/the-geography-of-ptolemy/">"The Geography of Ptolemy"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Geography+of+Ptolemy&rft.au=www.roman-britain.co.uk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.roman-britain.co.uk%2Fclassical-references%2Fthe-geography-of-ptolemy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/T._F._O%27Rahilly" title="T. F. O'Rahilly">T. F. O'Rahilly</a>, <i>Early Irish History and Mythology</i>. <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Institute_for_Advanced_Studies" title="Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies">Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies</a>. 1946.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBradyO'DowdMercer_Walker1989" class="citation book cs1">Brady, Ciaran; O'Dowd, Mary; Mercer Walker, Brian, eds. (1989). <i>Ulster: An Illustrated History</i>. <a href="/wiki/Batsford_Books" title="Batsford Books">Batsford Books</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">22–</span>23. <q>T. F. O'Rahilly, whose historical conclusions have been questioned by archaeologists and historians. In particular, O'Rahilly's thesis on the chronology of the invasion has been subject to serious revision and, consequently, as explained in more detail below, his views on the ethnic makeup of early Ireland are no longer accepted.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ulster%3A+An+Illustrated+History&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E22-%3C%2Fspan%3E23&rft.pub=Batsford+Books&rft.date=1989&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Myles_Dillon" title="Myles Dillon">Dillon, Myles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nora_K._Chadwick" title="Nora K. Chadwick">Chadwick, Nora</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Celtic Realms: History and Civilization</i>. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 1967. p. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Celtic+Realms%3A+History+and+Civilization&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=1967&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Toole201345-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Toole201345_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Toole2013">O'Toole 2013</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belgae&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBusse2006" class="citation book cs1">Busse, Peter E. (2006). "Belgae". In <a href="/wiki/John_T._Koch" title="John T. Koch">Koch, John T.</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f899xH_quaMC"><i>Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. <span class="nowrap">195–</span>200. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-440-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-440-0"><bdi>978-1-85109-440-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Belgae&rft.btitle=Celtic+Culture%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E195-%3C%2Fspan%3E200&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-440-0&rft.aulast=Busse&rft.aufirst=Peter+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df899xH_quaMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgae" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFO'Toole2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fintan_O%27Toole" title="Fintan O'Toole">O'Toole, Fintan</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ria.ie/history-ireland-100-objects"><i>History of Ireland in 100 Objects</i></a>. An Post, The Irish Times, the National Museum of Ireland and the Royal Irish Academy.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Ireland+in+100+Objects&rft.pub=An+Post%2C+The+Irish+Times%2C+the+National+Museum+of+Ireland+and+the+Royal+Irish+Academy&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=O%27Toole&rft.aufirst=Fintan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ria.ie%2Fhistory-ireland-100-objects&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgae" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belgae&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roman-britain.co.uk/tribes/belgae/">Belgae</a> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roman-britain.co.uk/tribes/belgae/">Roman-Britain</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Iron_Age_tribes_in_Britain" title="Template:Iron Age tribes in Britain"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iron_Age_tribes_in_Britain" title="Template talk:Iron Age tribes in Britain"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iron_Age_tribes_in_Britain" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iron Age tribes in Britain"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Iron_Age_tribes_in_Britain92" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_tribes_in_Britain" title="Iron Age tribes in Britain">Iron Age tribes in Britain</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atrebates" title="Atrebates">Atrebates</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Belgae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigantes" title="Brigantes">Brigantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caereni" title="Caereni">Caereni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caledonians" title="Caledonians">Caledonii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantiaci" title="Cantiaci">Cantiaci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnonacae" title="Carnonacae">Carnonacae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carvetii" title="Carvetii">Carvetii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catuvellauni" title="Catuvellauni">Catuvellauni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corieltauvi" title="Corieltauvi">Coritani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corionototae" title="Corionototae">Corionototae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornovii_(Midlands)" title="Cornovii (Midlands)">Cornovii <small>(Central)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornovii_(Caithness)" title="Cornovii (Caithness)">Cornovii <small>(Northern)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creones" title="Creones">Creones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damnonii" title="Damnonii">Damnonii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decantae" title="Decantae">Decantae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deceangli" title="Deceangli">Deceangli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetae" title="Demetae">Demetae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobunni" title="Dobunni">Dobunni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumnonii" title="Dumnonii">Dumnonii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durotriges" title="Durotriges">Durotriges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidii" title="Epidii">Epidii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabrantovices" title="Gabrantovices">Gabrantovices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceni" title="Iceni">Iceni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lopocares" title="Lopocares">Lopocares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugi" title="Lugi">Lugi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novantae" title="Novantae">Novantae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordovices" title="Ordovices">Ordovices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parisi_(Yorkshire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parisi (Yorkshire)">Parisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regni" title="Regni">Regni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selgovae" title="Selgovae">Selgovae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setantii" title="Setantii">Setantii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silures" title="Silures">Silures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smertae" title="Smertae">Smertae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suessiones" title="Suessiones">Suessiones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taexali" title="Taexali">Taexali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textoverdi" title="Textoverdi">Textoverdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinovantes" title="Trinovantes">Trinovantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacomagi" title="Vacomagi">Vacomagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venicones" title="Venicones">Venicones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Votadini" title="Votadini">Votadini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Part of:</i> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Celtic tribes">Celtic tribes in Europe</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gauls76" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gallic_peoples" title="Template:Gallic peoples"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gallic_peoples" title="Template talk:Gallic peoples"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gallic_peoples" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gallic peoples"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gauls76" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Allia" title="Battle of the Allia">Battle of the Allia</a> (ca. 387 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_settlement_of_Southeast_Europe" title="Celtic settlement of Southeast Europe">Celtic settlement of Southeast Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatian_War" title="Galatian War">Galatian War</a> (189 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Transalpine_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Transalpine War">First Transalpine War</a> (125–121 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallic_Wars" title="Gallic Wars">Gallic Wars</a> (58–50 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Gaul" title="Roman Gaul">Roman Gaul</a> (50 BC–476 AD)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sequani_coin_5th_to_1st_century_BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sequani gold coin"><img alt="Sequani gold coin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Sequani_coin_5th_to_1st_century_BCE.jpg/120px-Sequani_coin_5th_to_1st_century_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Sequani_coin_5th_to_1st_century_BCE.jpg/250px-Sequani_coin_5th_to_1st_century_BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1954" data-file-height="1977" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ambactus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ambactus (page does not exist)">Ambactus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bard" title="Bard">Bard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">Druid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eubages&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eubages (page does not exist)">Eubages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_culture" title="Gallo-Roman culture">Gallo-Roman culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemeton" title="Nemeton">Nemeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppidum" title="Oppidum">Oppidum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaulish" title="Gaulish">Language</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaulish" title="Cisalpine Gaulish">Cisalpine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galatian_language" title="Galatian language">Galatian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_T%C3%A8ne_culture" title="La Tène culture">La Tène culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaulish_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaulish religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vates" title="Vates">Vātes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vergobret" title="Vergobret">Vergobret</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Peoples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Gallia_Belgica" title="Gallia Belgica">Belgica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambiani" title="Ambiani">Ambiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aresaces" title="Aresaces">Aresaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atrebates" title="Atrebates">Atrebates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atuatuci" title="Atuatuci">Atuatuci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellovaci" title="Bellovaci">Bellovaci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caeracates" title="Caeracates">Caeracates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caeroesi" class="mw-redirect" title="Caeroesi">Caeroesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caletes" title="Caletes">Caletes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catuslugi" title="Catuslugi">Catuslugi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalauni" title="Catalauni">Catalauni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condrusi" title="Condrusi">Condrusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eburones" title="Eburones">Eburones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leuci" title="Leuci">Leuci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediomatrici" title="Mediomatrici">Mediomatrici</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meldi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meldi (page does not exist)">Meldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menapii" title="Menapii">Menapii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morini" title="Morini">Morini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemetes" title="Nemetes">Nemetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nervii" title="Nervii">Nervii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paemani" title="Paemani">Paemani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remi" title="Remi">Remi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvanectes" title="Silvanectes">Silvanectes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suessiones" title="Suessiones">Suessiones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treveri" title="Treveri">Treveri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triboci" title="Triboci">Triboci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadicassii" title="Vadicassii">Vadicassii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veliocasses" title="Veliocasses">Veliocasses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viromandui" title="Viromandui">Viromandui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Gallia_Celtica" title="Gallia Celtica">Celtica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrincatui" title="Abrincatui">Abrincatui</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ambiliati&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ambiliati (page does not exist)">Ambiliati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aedui" title="Aedui">Aedui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambarri" title="Ambarri">Ambarri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andecavi" title="Andecavi">Andecavi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arouii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arouii (page does not exist)">Arouii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arverni" title="Arverni">Arverni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aulerci" title="Aulerci">Aulerci</a> (<a href="/wiki/Brannovices" title="Brannovices">Brannovices</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aulerci_Cenomani" title="Aulerci Cenomani">Cenomani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diablintes" title="Diablintes">Diablintes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eburovices" title="Eburovices">Eburovices</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodiocasses" title="Bodiocasses">Bodiocasses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bituriges_Cubi" title="Bituriges Cubi">Bituriges Cubi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bituriges_Vivisci" title="Bituriges Vivisci">Bituriges Vivisci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadurci" title="Cadurci">Cadurci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnutes" title="Carnutes">Carnutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coriosolites" title="Coriosolites">Coriosolites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durocasses" title="Durocasses">Durocasses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esuvii" title="Esuvii">Esuvii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabali" title="Gabali">Gabali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helvetii" title="Helvetii">Helvetii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latobrigi" title="Latobrigi">Latobrigi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemovices" title="Lemovices">Lemovices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexovii" title="Lexovii">Lexovii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingones" title="Lingones">Lingones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandubii" title="Mandubii">Mandubii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namnetes" title="Namnetes">Namnetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitiobroges" title="Nitiobroges">Nitiobroges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osismii" title="Osismii">Osismii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parisii_(Gaul)" title="Parisii (Gaul)">Parisii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrocorii" title="Petrocorii">Petrocorii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictones" title="Pictones">Pictones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rauraci" title="Rauraci">Rauraci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redones" title="Redones">Redones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruteni" title="Ruteni">Ruteni</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sagii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sagii (page does not exist)">Sagii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santoni_(tribe)" title="Santoni (tribe)">Santoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senones" title="Senones">Senones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segusiavi" title="Segusiavi">Segusiavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sequani" title="Sequani">Sequani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigurini" title="Tigurini">Tigurini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricasses" title="Tricasses">Tricasses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulingi" title="Tulingi">Tulingi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turoni" title="Turoni">Turoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellavii" title="Vellavii">Vellavii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venelli" title="Venelli">Venelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneti_(Gaul)" title="Veneti (Gaul)">Veneti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viducasses" title="Viducasses">Viducasses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Gallia_Narbonensis" title="Gallia Narbonensis">Narbonensis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agesinates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agesinates (page does not exist)">Agesinates</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albici&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albici (page does not exist)">Albici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allobroges" title="Allobroges">Allobroges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatilii" title="Anatilii">Anatilii</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atacini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atacini (page does not exist)">Atacini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avatici" title="Avatici">Avatici</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bormani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bormani (page does not exist)">Bormani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budenicenses" title="Budenicenses">Budenicenses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camactulici" title="Camactulici">Camactulici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavari" title="Cavari">Cavari</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cenomani_(Narbonensis)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cenomani (Narbonensis) (page does not exist)">Cenomani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comani_(tribe)" title="Comani (tribe)">Comani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexivates" title="Dexivates">Dexivates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helvii" title="Helvii">Helvii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libicii_(Narbonensis)" title="Libicii (Narbonensis)">Libicii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligauni" title="Ligauni">Ligauni</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Longostaletes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Longostaletes (page does not exist)">Longostaletes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Memini_(tribe)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Memini (tribe) (page does not exist)">Memini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nearchi" title="Nearchi">Nearchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxybii" title="Oxybii">Oxybii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reii" title="Reii">Reii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salyes" title="Salyes">Salyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segobrigii" title="Segobrigii">Segobrigii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segovellauni" title="Segovellauni">Segovellauni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suelteri" title="Suelteri">Suelteri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolosates" class="mw-redirect" title="Tolosates">Tolosates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricastini" title="Tricastini">Tricastini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricores" title="Tricores">Tricores</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tricorii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tricorii (page does not exist)">Tricorii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tritolli" title="Tritolli">Tritolli</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vertamocorii_(Narbonensis)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vertamocorii (Narbonensis) (page does not exist)">Vertamocorii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verucini" title="Verucini">Verucini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocontii" title="Vocontii">Vocontii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcae" title="Volcae">Volcae</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arecomici" title="Arecomici">Arecomici</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tectosages" title="Tectosages">Tectosages</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulgientes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vulgientes (page does not exist)">Vulgientes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Gallia_Alpina" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallia Alpina">Alpina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acitavones" title="Acitavones">Acitavones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adanates" title="Adanates">Adanates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adunicates" title="Adunicates">Adunicates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alauni" title="Alauni">Alauni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambidravi" title="Ambidravi">Ambidravi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambilici" title="Ambilici">Ambilici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambisontes" title="Ambisontes">Ambisontes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aneuniates" title="Aneuniates">Aneuniates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ausuciates" title="Ausuciates">Ausuciates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avantici" title="Avantici">Avantici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belaci" title="Belaci">Belaci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belouni" title="Belouni">Belouni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benacenses" title="Benacenses">Benacenses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergalei" title="Bergalei">Bergalei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodiontici" title="Bodiontici">Bodiontici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigantii" title="Brigantii">Brigantii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigianii" title="Brigianii">Brigianii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brixentes" title="Brixentes">Brixentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calucones" title="Calucones">Calucones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carni" title="Carni">Carni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catenates" title="Catenates">Catenates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catubrini" title="Catubrini">Catubrini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caturiges" title="Caturiges">Caturiges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceutrones" title="Ceutrones">Ceutrones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosuanetes" title="Cosuanetes">Cosuanetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecdinii" title="Ecdinii">Ecdinii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eguiturii" title="Eguiturii">Eguiturii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallitae" title="Gallitae">Gallitae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genauni" title="Genauni">Genauni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graioceli" title="Graioceli">Graioceli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iemerii" title="Iemerii">Iemerii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingauni" title="Ingauni">Ingauni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licates" title="Licates">Licates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medulli" title="Medulli">Medulli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nantuates" title="Nantuates">Nantuates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemaloni" title="Nemaloni">Nemaloni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemeturii" title="Nemeturii">Nemeturii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quariates" title="Quariates">Quariates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rucinates" title="Rucinates">Rucinates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salassi" title="Salassi">Salassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savincates" title="Savincates">Savincates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebaginni" title="Sebaginni">Sebaginni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seduni" title="Seduni">Seduni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segovii" title="Segovii">Segovii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segusini" title="Segusini">Segusini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentii" title="Sentii">Sentii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogionti" title="Sogionti">Sogionti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suanetes" title="Suanetes">Suanetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suetrii" title="Suetrii">Suetrii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tebavii" title="Tebavii">Tebavii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triulatti" title="Triulatti">Triulatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ucennii" title="Ucennii">Ucennii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vediantii" title="Vediantii">Vediantii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velaunii" title="Velaunii">Velaunii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venisami" title="Venisami">Venisami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venostes" title="Venostes">Venostes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vennones" title="Vennones">Vennones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veragri" title="Veragri">Veragri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vergunni" title="Vergunni">Vergunni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vesubiani" title="Vesubiani">Vesubiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vindelici" title="Vindelici">Vindelici</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Gallia_Cisalpina" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallia Cisalpina">Cisalpina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anamares&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anamares (page does not exist)">Anamares</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anauni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anauni (page does not exist)">Anauni</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anesiates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anesiates (page does not exist)">Anesiates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arusnates" title="Arusnates">Arusnates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagienni" title="Bagienni">Bagienni</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boii_(Cisalpine_Gaul)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boii (Cisalpine Gaul) (page does not exist)">Boii</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bromanenses&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bromanenses (page does not exist)">Bromanenses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenomani_(Cisalpine_Gaul)" title="Cenomani (Cisalpine Gaul)">Cenomani</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallianates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gallianates (page does not exist)">Gallianates</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gennanates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gennanates (page does not exist)">Gennanates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insubres" title="Insubres">Insubres</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libicii_(Cisalpine_Gaul)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Libicii (Cisalpine Gaul) (page does not exist)">Libicii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marici_(tribe)" title="Marici (tribe)">Marici</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Montunates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Montunates (page does not exist)">Montunates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orobii" title="Orobii">Orobii</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subinates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subinates (page does not exist)">Subinates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taurini" title="Taurini">Taurini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertamocorii" title="Vertamocorii">Vertamocorii</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Votodrones&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Votodrones (page does not exist)">Votodrones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Gallia_Aquitania" title="Gallia Aquitania">Aquitania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boii_(Aquitania)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boii (Aquitania) (page does not exist)">Boii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocosates" title="Cocosates">Cocosates</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lactorates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lactorates (page does not exist)">Lactorates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sotiates" title="Sotiates">Sotiates</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tarusates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tarusates (page does not exist)">Tarusates</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasates_(tribe)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vasates (tribe) (page does not exist)">Vasates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_settlement_of_Southeast_Europe" title="Celtic settlement of Southeast Europe">Eastern Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anartes" title="Anartes">Anartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabiates" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabiates">Arabiates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boii" title="Boii">Boii</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Britolagai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Britolagai (page does not exist)">Britolagai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornacates" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornacates">Cornacates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costoboci" title="Costoboci">Costoboci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotini" class="mw-redirect" title="Gotini">Gotini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eravisci" title="Eravisci">Eravisci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hercuniates" class="mw-redirect" title="Hercuniates">Hercuniates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latobici" title="Latobici">Latobici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scordisci" title="Scordisci">Scordisci</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dindari" title="Dindari">Dindari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Celegeri" title="Celegeri">Celegeri</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serdi" title="Serdi">Serdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taurisci" title="Taurisci">Taurisci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varciani" title="Varciani">Varciani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Galatia" title="Galatia">Galatia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aigosages" title="Aigosages">Aigosages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tectosages" title="Tectosages">Tectosages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolistobogii" title="Tolistobogii">Tolistobogii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trocmi" title="Trocmi">Trocmi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-Roman<br />settlements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alesia_(city)" title="Alesia (city)">Alesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentomagus" title="Argentomagus">Argentomagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avaricum" title="Avaricum">Avaricum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basel-M%C3%BCnsterh%C3%BCgel" title="Basel-Münsterhügel">Basel-Münsterhügel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibracte" title="Bibracte">Bibracte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibrax" title="Bibrax">Bibrax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenabum" title="Cenabum">Cenabum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cularo" title="Cularo">Cularo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppidum_d%27Ens%C3%A9rune" title="Oppidum d'Ensérune">Ensérune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entremont_(oppidum)" title="Entremont (oppidum)">Entremont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gergovia" title="Gergovia">Gergovia</a></li> 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