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The accumulation of these highly toxic and difficult-to-biodegrade CAPs and their long-term exposure in ecological environments can pose insidious and long-term hazards to human health and aquatic organisms. In this study, co-carbon composite nanocatalysts (CoxZn10&amp;amp;minus;x-NC) with many carbon nanotubes on the surface were prepared via the one-step pyrolysis of bimetallic CoxZn10&amp;amp;minus;x-ZIF with different Co/Zn ratios and used for the degradation of trace amounts of CAPs in a water column. The microstructure and chemical composition of the prepared catalysts were fully characterized using SEM, TEM, and XPS. The CAP degradation experiments demonstrated that Co6Zn4-NC in CoxZn10&amp;amp;minus;x-NC possessed the highest catalytic activity level, removing 100% of the CAPs in 60 min. The CAPs had a corresponding reaction rate constant of 0.22 min&amp;amp;minus;1, and Co6Zn4-NC was able to completely mineralize 44.57% of them. Doping moderate amounts of Zn can effectively improve the carbon nanotube structure on the catalyst surface and promote the generation of monoatomic Co, thus improving catalytic activity. The results of the free-radical burst experiments and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) showed that the free-radical pathway mainly dominated within the Co6Zn4-NC+PMS system, in which SO4&amp;amp;bull;&amp;amp;minus; was the main ROS for CAP degradation.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-26</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2670: Research on the Chloramphenicol Removal Performance of Co-Doped Porous Carbon Materials Derived from Co-Zn Bimetallic ZIFs</b></p> <p>Processes <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2670">doi: 10.3390/pr12122670</a></p> <p>Authors: Ke-Hong Chen Ao-Tian Gu Liang Zhang Hao Tang Zhi-Ming Zhang Yi-Ming Zhou Yu-Qi Cheng Yi Yang </p> <p>Chloramphenicol antibiotics (CAPs) are broad-spectrum antibiotics, and excessive consumption has led to increasingly dangerous residues in the environment. The accumulation of these highly toxic and difficult-to-biodegrade CAPs and their long-term exposure in ecological environments can pose insidious and long-term hazards to human health and aquatic organisms. In this study, co-carbon composite nanocatalysts (CoxZn10&amp;amp;minus;x-NC) with many carbon nanotubes on the surface were prepared via the one-step pyrolysis of bimetallic CoxZn10&amp;amp;minus;x-ZIF with different Co/Zn ratios and used for the degradation of trace amounts of CAPs in a water column. The microstructure and chemical composition of the prepared catalysts were fully characterized using SEM, TEM, and XPS. The CAP degradation experiments demonstrated that Co6Zn4-NC in CoxZn10&amp;amp;minus;x-NC possessed the highest catalytic activity level, removing 100% of the CAPs in 60 min. The CAPs had a corresponding reaction rate constant of 0.22 min&amp;amp;minus;1, and Co6Zn4-NC was able to completely mineralize 44.57% of them. Doping moderate amounts of Zn can effectively improve the carbon nanotube structure on the catalyst surface and promote the generation of monoatomic Co, thus improving catalytic activity. The results of the free-radical burst experiments and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) showed that the free-radical pathway mainly dominated within the Co6Zn4-NC+PMS system, in which SO4&amp;amp;bull;&amp;amp;minus; was the main ROS for CAP degradation.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Research on the Chloramphenicol Removal Performance of Co-Doped Porous Carbon Materials Derived from Co-Zn Bimetallic ZIFs</dc:title> <dc:creator>Ke-Hong Chen</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Ao-Tian Gu</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Liang Zhang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Hao Tang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Zhi-Ming Zhang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Yi-Ming Zhou</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Yu-Qi Cheng</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Yi Yang</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/pr12122670</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Processes</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-26</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Processes</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-26</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>12</prism:volume> <prism:number>12</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>2670</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/pr12122670</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2670</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2669"> <title>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2669: A Review of Research Progress in Carbon Monitoring and Carbon Metering Methods: Comparison at Home and Abroad</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2669</link> <description>Carbon monitoring and carbon measurement are not only important foundations for realizing the marketization of carbon trading, but also a key link in realizing China&amp;amp;rsquo;s strategic &amp;amp;ldquo;dual carbon&amp;amp;rdquo; goal. The aim of this research is to comprehensively summarize and compare carbon monitoring and carbon metering technologies, as well as to analyze their current status and challenges. This study adopts literature research, comparative analysis, case analysis, policy interpretation, and other methods to comprehensively and deeply explore the relevant content of carbon monitoring and carbon metering technology. An in-depth exploration of relevant methods, standards, and applications provides a reference for promoting the sustainable development of global carbon monitoring and carbon metering technologies. By summarizing the difficulties of carbon monitoring and the characteristics of existing technologies, as well as comparing carbon measurement methods and the relevant measurement standards, this paper focuses on the difficulty of carbon monitoring, which lies in the credibility and accuracy of the data, where remote sensing technology possesses higher applicability. The principles of carbon measurement methods mainly include direct underlying data measurements, indirect measurements through statistical modelling, and market mechanism measurements. The relevance and precision of carbon measurement methods have been gradually strengthened as the measurement standards have been developed and implemented. Finally, future development directions and relevant suggestions will be described in detail and put forward in combination with the application of carbon monitoring and carbon measurement. Among them, blockchain technology is considered to be one potential area for future development, and data standardization will play an important role in the development of carbon monitoring and measurement technology. We recommended establishing and perfecting data-sharing mechanisms in future policies to improve the accuracy and credibility of data.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-26</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2669: A Review of Research Progress in Carbon Monitoring and Carbon Metering Methods: Comparison at Home and Abroad</b></p> <p>Processes <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2669">doi: 10.3390/pr12122669</a></p> <p>Authors: Dongxu Wang Wenhui Sha Yingwen Hu Yitao Li Shuzhou Wei Yongzheng Gu Pingping Wang Zhuo Xiong </p> <p>Carbon monitoring and carbon measurement are not only important foundations for realizing the marketization of carbon trading, but also a key link in realizing China&amp;amp;rsquo;s strategic &amp;amp;ldquo;dual carbon&amp;amp;rdquo; goal. The aim of this research is to comprehensively summarize and compare carbon monitoring and carbon metering technologies, as well as to analyze their current status and challenges. This study adopts literature research, comparative analysis, case analysis, policy interpretation, and other methods to comprehensively and deeply explore the relevant content of carbon monitoring and carbon metering technology. An in-depth exploration of relevant methods, standards, and applications provides a reference for promoting the sustainable development of global carbon monitoring and carbon metering technologies. By summarizing the difficulties of carbon monitoring and the characteristics of existing technologies, as well as comparing carbon measurement methods and the relevant measurement standards, this paper focuses on the difficulty of carbon monitoring, which lies in the credibility and accuracy of the data, where remote sensing technology possesses higher applicability. The principles of carbon measurement methods mainly include direct underlying data measurements, indirect measurements through statistical modelling, and market mechanism measurements. The relevance and precision of carbon measurement methods have been gradually strengthened as the measurement standards have been developed and implemented. Finally, future development directions and relevant suggestions will be described in detail and put forward in combination with the application of carbon monitoring and carbon measurement. Among them, blockchain technology is considered to be one potential area for future development, and data standardization will play an important role in the development of carbon monitoring and measurement technology. We recommended establishing and perfecting data-sharing mechanisms in future policies to improve the accuracy and credibility of data.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>A Review of Research Progress in Carbon Monitoring and Carbon Metering Methods: Comparison at Home and Abroad</dc:title> <dc:creator>Dongxu Wang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Wenhui Sha</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Yingwen Hu</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Yitao Li</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Shuzhou Wei</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Yongzheng Gu</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Pingping Wang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Zhuo Xiong</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/pr12122669</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Processes</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-26</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Processes</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-26</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>12</prism:volume> <prism:number>12</prism:number> <prism:section>Review</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>2669</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/pr12122669</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2669</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2668"> <title>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2668: Experimental and Numerical Simulation Studies on the Synergistic Design of Gas Injection and Extraction Reservoirs of Condensate Gas Reservoir-Based Underground Gas Storage</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2668</link> <description>The natural gas industry has developed rapidly in recent years, with gas storage playing an important role in regulating winter and summer gas consumption and ensuring energy security. The Ke7010 sand body is a typical edge water condensate gas reservoir with an oil ring, and the construction of gas storage has been started. In order to clarify the feasibility of synergistic storage building for gas injection and production, the fluid characteristics during the synergistic reservoir building process were investigated through several rounds of drive-by experiments. The results show that the oil-phase flow capacity is improved by increasing the number of oil&amp;amp;ndash;water interdrives, and the injection and recovery capacity is improved by increasing the number of oil&amp;amp;ndash;gas interdrives; the reservoir capacities of the high-permeability and low-permeability rock samples increase by about 4.84% and 7.26%, respectively, after multiple rounds of driving. Meanwhile, a numerical model of the study area was established to simulate the synergistic storage construction scheme of gas injection and extraction, and the reservoir capacity was increased by 7.02% at the end of the simulation period, which was in line with the experimental results. This study may provide a reference for gas storage construction in the study area.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-26</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2668: Experimental and Numerical Simulation Studies on the Synergistic Design of Gas Injection and Extraction Reservoirs of Condensate Gas Reservoir-Based Underground Gas Storage</b></p> <p>Processes <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2668">doi: 10.3390/pr12122668</a></p> <p>Authors: Jie Geng Hu Zhang Ping Yue Simin Qu Mutong Wang Baoxin Chen </p> <p>The natural gas industry has developed rapidly in recent years, with gas storage playing an important role in regulating winter and summer gas consumption and ensuring energy security. The Ke7010 sand body is a typical edge water condensate gas reservoir with an oil ring, and the construction of gas storage has been started. In order to clarify the feasibility of synergistic storage building for gas injection and production, the fluid characteristics during the synergistic reservoir building process were investigated through several rounds of drive-by experiments. The results show that the oil-phase flow capacity is improved by increasing the number of oil&amp;amp;ndash;water interdrives, and the injection and recovery capacity is improved by increasing the number of oil&amp;amp;ndash;gas interdrives; the reservoir capacities of the high-permeability and low-permeability rock samples increase by about 4.84% and 7.26%, respectively, after multiple rounds of driving. Meanwhile, a numerical model of the study area was established to simulate the synergistic storage construction scheme of gas injection and extraction, and the reservoir capacity was increased by 7.02% at the end of the simulation period, which was in line with the experimental results. This study may provide a reference for gas storage construction in the study area.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Experimental and Numerical Simulation Studies on the Synergistic Design of Gas Injection and Extraction Reservoirs of Condensate Gas Reservoir-Based Underground Gas Storage</dc:title> <dc:creator>Jie Geng</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Hu Zhang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Ping Yue</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Simin Qu</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Mutong Wang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Baoxin Chen</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/pr12122668</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Processes</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-26</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Processes</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-26</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>12</prism:volume> <prism:number>12</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>2668</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/pr12122668</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2668</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2667"> <title>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2667: Pulsed Electric Field Treatment in Extracting Proteins from Legumes: A Review</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2667</link> <description>A healthy diet rich in plant proteins can help in preventing chronic degenerative diseases. Plant-based protein consists of derivatives from algae, fungi (like mushrooms) and other plant products including stems, leaves, fruits, vegetables, grains, seeds, legumes and nuts. These sources are not only rich in protein, but also contain a high percentage of iron, calcium, folates, fiber, carbohydrates, fats etc. Hence, it is essential to explore plant-based protein sources and their other nutritional components to address existing food insecurity issues. Nowadays, the impact of food processing has produced promising results in extracting valuable bio-compounds including proteins from the plant matrix. In this view, PEF technology has secured an exceptional place in solving food quality issues through minimized thermal effects in the samples, improved extraction capabilities at a shorter time, higher extraction levels, high nutritional content of extracted samples, greater shelf-life extension and increased microbial killing efficiency. It is an energy efficient process which is used as a pre-treatment to increase selective extraction of intracellular compounds through electroporation technique. Here, the processing parameters play a significant role in obtaining enhanced extraction levels. These parameters have also considerably influenced the protein digestibility and amino acid modification. So far, PEF has been producing remarkable results in plant protein extraction research. Among various plant sources mentioned above, there is a limited literature available on the use of PEF-assisted protein extraction from legumes. In this review, the authors have discussed essential legumes and their nutritional components and have highlighted how PEF can be beneficial in extracting the protein levels from these sources. Further research should focus on PEF-assisted protein extraction from legumes, specifically analyzing the properties of protein quality and quantity.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-26</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2667: Pulsed Electric Field Treatment in Extracting Proteins from Legumes: A Review</b></p> <p>Processes <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2667">doi: 10.3390/pr12122667</a></p> <p>Authors: Ramya Ramaswamy Sivaneasan Bala Krishnan </p> <p>A healthy diet rich in plant proteins can help in preventing chronic degenerative diseases. Plant-based protein consists of derivatives from algae, fungi (like mushrooms) and other plant products including stems, leaves, fruits, vegetables, grains, seeds, legumes and nuts. These sources are not only rich in protein, but also contain a high percentage of iron, calcium, folates, fiber, carbohydrates, fats etc. Hence, it is essential to explore plant-based protein sources and their other nutritional components to address existing food insecurity issues. Nowadays, the impact of food processing has produced promising results in extracting valuable bio-compounds including proteins from the plant matrix. In this view, PEF technology has secured an exceptional place in solving food quality issues through minimized thermal effects in the samples, improved extraction capabilities at a shorter time, higher extraction levels, high nutritional content of extracted samples, greater shelf-life extension and increased microbial killing efficiency. It is an energy efficient process which is used as a pre-treatment to increase selective extraction of intracellular compounds through electroporation technique. Here, the processing parameters play a significant role in obtaining enhanced extraction levels. These parameters have also considerably influenced the protein digestibility and amino acid modification. So far, PEF has been producing remarkable results in plant protein extraction research. Among various plant sources mentioned above, there is a limited literature available on the use of PEF-assisted protein extraction from legumes. In this review, the authors have discussed essential legumes and their nutritional components and have highlighted how PEF can be beneficial in extracting the protein levels from these sources. Further research should focus on PEF-assisted protein extraction from legumes, specifically analyzing the properties of protein quality and quantity.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Pulsed Electric Field Treatment in Extracting Proteins from Legumes: A Review</dc:title> <dc:creator>Ramya Ramaswamy</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Sivaneasan Bala Krishnan</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/pr12122667</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Processes</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-26</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Processes</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-26</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>12</prism:volume> <prism:number>12</prism:number> <prism:section>Review</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>2667</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/pr12122667</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2667</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2666"> <title>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2666: Food Functional Powders with Redox Capacity and Antioxidant Properties Obtained from Food Losses and Waste of Olive Oil Industry</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2666</link> <description>Food powders were produced from olive pomace (Coratina, COP, and Arbequina, AOP) using freeze-drying with maltodextrin (MD) and native corn starch (NS) as wall materials in varying proportions. Optical microscopy revealed that OP was partially recovered by MD and NS. COP presented a total polyphenol content (TPC) of 53.8 g GAE/kg; meanwhile, AOP was 31.9 g GAE/kg. Accordingly, powders obtained from COP presented higher TPC than those from AOP. NS allowed obtaining powders with higher TPC and antioxidant activity. The greatest encapsulation efficiency was achieved by using 15% MD, achieving values of 94.9% for COP and 89.4% for AOP. Hydroxytyrosol was identified as the predominant polyphenol in the powders. It was demonstrated that powders could be added to food formulations and withstand cooking temperatures up to 220 &amp;amp;deg;C without suffering a significant thermal degradation. Chemometric analysis of MIR and NIR spectra evidenced that they are analytical techniques capable of differentiating OP varieties and wall material types, besides variations in OP concentration. Results derived from this study demonstrated that it is feasible to give added value to olive pomace, obtaining powders rich in antioxidants to be used as ingredients of functional foods.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-26</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2666: Food Functional Powders with Redox Capacity and Antioxidant Properties Obtained from Food Losses and Waste of Olive Oil Industry</b></p> <p>Processes <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2666">doi: 10.3390/pr12122666</a></p> <p>Authors: Natalia González Consuelo Pacheco Ana Luisa Grafia Mariela Fernanda Razuc Carolina Cecilia Acebal Olivia Valeria López </p> <p>Food powders were produced from olive pomace (Coratina, COP, and Arbequina, AOP) using freeze-drying with maltodextrin (MD) and native corn starch (NS) as wall materials in varying proportions. Optical microscopy revealed that OP was partially recovered by MD and NS. COP presented a total polyphenol content (TPC) of 53.8 g GAE/kg; meanwhile, AOP was 31.9 g GAE/kg. Accordingly, powders obtained from COP presented higher TPC than those from AOP. NS allowed obtaining powders with higher TPC and antioxidant activity. The greatest encapsulation efficiency was achieved by using 15% MD, achieving values of 94.9% for COP and 89.4% for AOP. Hydroxytyrosol was identified as the predominant polyphenol in the powders. It was demonstrated that powders could be added to food formulations and withstand cooking temperatures up to 220 &amp;amp;deg;C without suffering a significant thermal degradation. Chemometric analysis of MIR and NIR spectra evidenced that they are analytical techniques capable of differentiating OP varieties and wall material types, besides variations in OP concentration. Results derived from this study demonstrated that it is feasible to give added value to olive pomace, obtaining powders rich in antioxidants to be used as ingredients of functional foods.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Food Functional Powders with Redox Capacity and Antioxidant Properties Obtained from Food Losses and Waste of Olive Oil Industry</dc:title> <dc:creator>Natalia González</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Consuelo Pacheco</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Ana Luisa Grafia</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Mariela Fernanda Razuc</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Carolina Cecilia Acebal</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Olivia Valeria López</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/pr12122666</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Processes</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-26</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Processes</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-26</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>12</prism:volume> <prism:number>12</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>2666</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/pr12122666</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2666</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2665"> <title>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2665: An Experimental Investigation of the Hydrate Formation Mechanism in the Throttling of Carbon Dioxide-Containing Trace Moisture</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2665</link> <description>Carbon capture, utilization and storage are facilitated through carbon dioxide (CO2) transport. Pipe transportation is the main method for transporting CO2. However, hydrate blockages reduce transport efficiency in the pipelines, and the throttling devices are the main location of hydrate blockages. In this paper, the mechanism of hydrate formation in the throttling of CO2-containing trace moisture was investigated. The throttling device in a pipe was mimicked using a cylindrical orifice plate. The work also studied the effects of moisture content, upstream pressure and upstream temperature on hydrate formation. The results indicate that the Joule&amp;amp;ndash;Thomson cooling effect is a key contributor, and promotes the condensation of trace moisture, resulting in the free water necessary for hydrate nucleation. Under the effect of gas flow back-mixing, it is easy for the hydrate to adhere to the inner surface of the pipe behind the orifice plate. When the moisture content in the gas increases from 123 &amp;amp;mu;mol/mol to 1024 &amp;amp;mu;mol/mol, the hydrate induction time decreases from infinity to 792 s. However, the moisture content has no effect on the adhesion strength of the hydrate to the inner surface of the pipe. When the initial upstream pressure increases from 2.0 MPa to 3.5 MPa, the hydrate induction time decreases from infinity to 306 s. When the upstream temperature decreases from 291.15 K to 285.15 K, the hydrate induction time decreases from infinity to 330 s. With the decrease in the initial upstream temperature, the adhesion of hydrate particles to the inner surface of the pipe is promoted. This study provides experimental evidence for the characteristics of hydrate formation in the process of CO2 throttling.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-26</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2665: An Experimental Investigation of the Hydrate Formation Mechanism in the Throttling of Carbon Dioxide-Containing Trace Moisture</b></p> <p>Processes <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2665">doi: 10.3390/pr12122665</a></p> <p>Authors: Zhen Xu Wenlei Xu Zeli Dai Rong Cao Lina Meng Zengqi Liu Yiwei Wang Qiang Sun Jianyi Chen Xuqiang Guo </p> <p>Carbon capture, utilization and storage are facilitated through carbon dioxide (CO2) transport. Pipe transportation is the main method for transporting CO2. However, hydrate blockages reduce transport efficiency in the pipelines, and the throttling devices are the main location of hydrate blockages. In this paper, the mechanism of hydrate formation in the throttling of CO2-containing trace moisture was investigated. The throttling device in a pipe was mimicked using a cylindrical orifice plate. The work also studied the effects of moisture content, upstream pressure and upstream temperature on hydrate formation. The results indicate that the Joule&amp;amp;ndash;Thomson cooling effect is a key contributor, and promotes the condensation of trace moisture, resulting in the free water necessary for hydrate nucleation. Under the effect of gas flow back-mixing, it is easy for the hydrate to adhere to the inner surface of the pipe behind the orifice plate. When the moisture content in the gas increases from 123 &amp;amp;mu;mol/mol to 1024 &amp;amp;mu;mol/mol, the hydrate induction time decreases from infinity to 792 s. However, the moisture content has no effect on the adhesion strength of the hydrate to the inner surface of the pipe. When the initial upstream pressure increases from 2.0 MPa to 3.5 MPa, the hydrate induction time decreases from infinity to 306 s. When the upstream temperature decreases from 291.15 K to 285.15 K, the hydrate induction time decreases from infinity to 330 s. With the decrease in the initial upstream temperature, the adhesion of hydrate particles to the inner surface of the pipe is promoted. This study provides experimental evidence for the characteristics of hydrate formation in the process of CO2 throttling.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>An Experimental Investigation of the Hydrate Formation Mechanism in the Throttling of Carbon Dioxide-Containing Trace Moisture</dc:title> <dc:creator>Zhen Xu</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Wenlei Xu</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Zeli Dai</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Rong Cao</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Lina Meng</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Zengqi Liu</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Yiwei Wang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Qiang Sun</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Jianyi Chen</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Xuqiang Guo</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/pr12122665</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Processes</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-26</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Processes</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-26</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>12</prism:volume> <prism:number>12</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>2665</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/pr12122665</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2665</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2664"> <title>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2664: Towards Sustainability in Hydraulic Machinery Manufacturing by 3D Printing</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2664</link> <description>Material wear, maintenance costs, performance, efficiency, and corrosion are some of the issues that turbomachinery impellers may encounter. The optimization of impellers through additive manufacturing (AM) has been the focus of extensive research, aiming to address these challenges in turbine, pump, compressor, fan, and mixer components. This research aims to identify and analyze the main techniques currently being developed to tackle several of these issues. Evaluating the published research, the methodology highlights various AM techniques applied to impellers and related components, as well as the diverse materials used in functional system elements. The analysis revealed that the most commonly used additive manufacturing technologies for the production of turbomachinery components are FDM, with a 22% application rate, and powder bed fusion technology, accounting for 35%, utilized for high-complexity parts and even superalloys. Although more expensive, these technologies employ materials with superior resistance capabilities, surpass the limitations of conventional machining, optimize manufacturing times, and allow for the fine-tuning of multiple parameters. In terms of wear and corrosion resistance, materials such as Inconel 718 exhibited a loss of less than 0.1 mpy (mils per year) in highly corrosive environments, representing a significant improvement over traditional materials.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-26</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2664: Towards Sustainability in Hydraulic Machinery Manufacturing by 3D Printing</b></p> <p>Processes <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2664">doi: 10.3390/pr12122664</a></p> <p>Authors: Abel Remache Modesto Pérez-Sánchez Víctor Hugo Hidalgo Helena M. Ramos Francisco-Javier Sánchez-Romero </p> <p>Material wear, maintenance costs, performance, efficiency, and corrosion are some of the issues that turbomachinery impellers may encounter. The optimization of impellers through additive manufacturing (AM) has been the focus of extensive research, aiming to address these challenges in turbine, pump, compressor, fan, and mixer components. This research aims to identify and analyze the main techniques currently being developed to tackle several of these issues. Evaluating the published research, the methodology highlights various AM techniques applied to impellers and related components, as well as the diverse materials used in functional system elements. The analysis revealed that the most commonly used additive manufacturing technologies for the production of turbomachinery components are FDM, with a 22% application rate, and powder bed fusion technology, accounting for 35%, utilized for high-complexity parts and even superalloys. Although more expensive, these technologies employ materials with superior resistance capabilities, surpass the limitations of conventional machining, optimize manufacturing times, and allow for the fine-tuning of multiple parameters. In terms of wear and corrosion resistance, materials such as Inconel 718 exhibited a loss of less than 0.1 mpy (mils per year) in highly corrosive environments, representing a significant improvement over traditional materials.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Towards Sustainability in Hydraulic Machinery Manufacturing by 3D Printing</dc:title> <dc:creator>Abel Remache</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Modesto Pérez-Sánchez</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Víctor Hugo Hidalgo</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Helena M. Ramos</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Francisco-Javier Sánchez-Romero</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/pr12122664</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Processes</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-26</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Processes</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-26</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>12</prism:volume> <prism:number>12</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>2664</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/pr12122664</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2664</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2663"> <title>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2663: Carbon-Free H2 Production from Ammonia Decomposition over 3D-Printed Ni-Alloy Structures Activated with a Ru/Al2O3 Catalyst</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2663</link> <description>Hydrogen, with its high energy density and zero greenhouse gas emissions, is an exceptional energy vector, pivotal for a sustainable energy future. Ammonia, serving as a practical and cost-effective hydrogen carrier, offers a secure method for hydrogen storage and transport. The decomposition of ammonia into hydrogen is a crucial process for producing green hydrogen, enabling its use in applications ranging from clean energy generation to fueling hydrogen-powered vehicles, thereby advancing the transition to a carbon-free energy economy. This study investigates the catalytic performance of various 3D-printed porous supports based on periodic open cellular structures (POCS) and triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) architecture manufactured from IN625 nickel alloy powder using the laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) technique. The POCS and TPMS, featuring geometries including BCC, Kelvin, and Gyroid, were analyzed for cell size, strut/sheet diameter, porosity, and specific surface area. Pressure drop analyses demonstrated correlations between structural parameters and fluid dynamics, with BCC structures exhibiting lower pressure drops due to their higher porosity and the open channel network. The dip/spin coating method was successfully applied to activate the supports with a commercial Ru/Al2O3 catalyst, achieving uniform coverage crucial for catalytic performance. Among the tested geometries, the Gyroid structure showed superior catalytic activity towards ammonia decomposition, attributed to its efficient mass transfer pathways. This study highlights the importance of structural design in optimizing catalytic processes and suggests the Gyroid structure as a promising candidate for improving reactor efficiency and compactness in hydrogen production systems.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-26</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2663: Carbon-Free H2 Production from Ammonia Decomposition over 3D-Printed Ni-Alloy Structures Activated with a Ru/Al2O3 Catalyst</b></p> <p>Processes <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2663">doi: 10.3390/pr12122663</a></p> <p>Authors: Cristina Italiano Gabriel Marino Minju Thomas Benjamin Hary Steve Nardone Simon Richard Assia Saker Damien Tasso Nicolas Meynet Pierre Olivier Fausto Gallucci Antonio Vita </p> <p>Hydrogen, with its high energy density and zero greenhouse gas emissions, is an exceptional energy vector, pivotal for a sustainable energy future. Ammonia, serving as a practical and cost-effective hydrogen carrier, offers a secure method for hydrogen storage and transport. The decomposition of ammonia into hydrogen is a crucial process for producing green hydrogen, enabling its use in applications ranging from clean energy generation to fueling hydrogen-powered vehicles, thereby advancing the transition to a carbon-free energy economy. This study investigates the catalytic performance of various 3D-printed porous supports based on periodic open cellular structures (POCS) and triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) architecture manufactured from IN625 nickel alloy powder using the laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) technique. The POCS and TPMS, featuring geometries including BCC, Kelvin, and Gyroid, were analyzed for cell size, strut/sheet diameter, porosity, and specific surface area. Pressure drop analyses demonstrated correlations between structural parameters and fluid dynamics, with BCC structures exhibiting lower pressure drops due to their higher porosity and the open channel network. The dip/spin coating method was successfully applied to activate the supports with a commercial Ru/Al2O3 catalyst, achieving uniform coverage crucial for catalytic performance. Among the tested geometries, the Gyroid structure showed superior catalytic activity towards ammonia decomposition, attributed to its efficient mass transfer pathways. This study highlights the importance of structural design in optimizing catalytic processes and suggests the Gyroid structure as a promising candidate for improving reactor efficiency and compactness in hydrogen production systems.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Carbon-Free H2 Production from Ammonia Decomposition over 3D-Printed Ni-Alloy Structures Activated with a Ru/Al2O3 Catalyst</dc:title> <dc:creator>Cristina Italiano</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Gabriel Marino</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Minju Thomas</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Benjamin Hary</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Steve Nardone</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Simon Richard</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Assia Saker</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Damien Tasso</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Nicolas Meynet</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Pierre Olivier</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Fausto Gallucci</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Antonio Vita</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/pr12122663</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Processes</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-26</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Processes</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-26</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>12</prism:volume> <prism:number>12</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>2663</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/pr12122663</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2663</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2662"> <title>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2662: Deep Fat Frying Characteristics of Malpoa: Kinetics, Heat, and Mass Transfer Modeling</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2662</link> <description>This article investigated deep-frying characteristics of malpoa for varied frying time (2&amp;amp;ndash;10 min) and temperature (170&amp;amp;ndash;190 &amp;amp;deg;C). The evaluation encompassed a comprehensive analysis of textural and color kinetics and heat and mass transfer modeling during deep fat frying of malpoa balls. Such investigations confirmed an enhancement in fat content from 10.2 to 41.65%. On the other hand, textural properties such as hardness, cohesiveness, and springiness varied from 3.14 to 22.59 N/mm, 0.22 to 0.76, and 15.5 to 49.56, respectively. Similarly, color parameters such as b*/a* and &amp;amp;Delta;E varied from 3.31 to 1.55 and 55.36 to 75.48. For the textural and color kinetics, the activation energies ranged between 58.65 and 85.82 kJ/mol and 31.34 and 64.34 kJ/mol. Similarly, for a variation in frying time from 2 to 10 min, responses (hardness, cohesiveness, springiness, and overall color) varied across the following ranges: 3.15&amp;amp;ndash;13.57 N, 0.22&amp;amp;ndash;0.66, 15.5&amp;amp;ndash;35.5, and 55.63&amp;amp;ndash;63.50 and 5.60&amp;amp;ndash;20.60 N, 0.30&amp;amp;ndash;0.77, 22.35&amp;amp;ndash;49.56, and 62.26&amp;amp;ndash;75.65 for temperatures of 170 and 190 degrees, respectively. On the other hand, heat and mass transfer analysis indicated a Biot number and heat transfer coefficient within the range of 0.31&amp;amp;ndash;0.65 and 25.58&amp;amp;ndash;34.64 for 170&amp;amp;ndash;190 &amp;amp;deg;C. Thus, this investigation provides a deeper insight of the deep fat frying characteristics of malpoa. This provides a guideline for the food processing sector for such products.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-26</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2662: Deep Fat Frying Characteristics of Malpoa: Kinetics, Heat, and Mass Transfer Modeling</b></p> <p>Processes <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2662">doi: 10.3390/pr12122662</a></p> <p>Authors: Puneeta Gupta Imdadul Hoque Mondal Kshirod Kumar Dash Geetika Tejas Suthar Khadija Ramzan Endre Harsanyi Ayaz Mukarram Shaikh Kovács Béla </p> <p>This article investigated deep-frying characteristics of malpoa for varied frying time (2&amp;amp;ndash;10 min) and temperature (170&amp;amp;ndash;190 &amp;amp;deg;C). The evaluation encompassed a comprehensive analysis of textural and color kinetics and heat and mass transfer modeling during deep fat frying of malpoa balls. Such investigations confirmed an enhancement in fat content from 10.2 to 41.65%. On the other hand, textural properties such as hardness, cohesiveness, and springiness varied from 3.14 to 22.59 N/mm, 0.22 to 0.76, and 15.5 to 49.56, respectively. Similarly, color parameters such as b*/a* and &amp;amp;Delta;E varied from 3.31 to 1.55 and 55.36 to 75.48. For the textural and color kinetics, the activation energies ranged between 58.65 and 85.82 kJ/mol and 31.34 and 64.34 kJ/mol. Similarly, for a variation in frying time from 2 to 10 min, responses (hardness, cohesiveness, springiness, and overall color) varied across the following ranges: 3.15&amp;amp;ndash;13.57 N, 0.22&amp;amp;ndash;0.66, 15.5&amp;amp;ndash;35.5, and 55.63&amp;amp;ndash;63.50 and 5.60&amp;amp;ndash;20.60 N, 0.30&amp;amp;ndash;0.77, 22.35&amp;amp;ndash;49.56, and 62.26&amp;amp;ndash;75.65 for temperatures of 170 and 190 degrees, respectively. On the other hand, heat and mass transfer analysis indicated a Biot number and heat transfer coefficient within the range of 0.31&amp;amp;ndash;0.65 and 25.58&amp;amp;ndash;34.64 for 170&amp;amp;ndash;190 &amp;amp;deg;C. Thus, this investigation provides a deeper insight of the deep fat frying characteristics of malpoa. This provides a guideline for the food processing sector for such products.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Deep Fat Frying Characteristics of Malpoa: Kinetics, Heat, and Mass Transfer Modeling</dc:title> <dc:creator>Puneeta Gupta</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Imdadul Hoque Mondal</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Kshirod Kumar Dash</dc:creator> <dc:creator> Geetika</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Tejas Suthar</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Khadija Ramzan</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Endre Harsanyi</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Ayaz Mukarram Shaikh</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Kovács Béla</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/pr12122662</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Processes</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-26</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Processes</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-26</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>12</prism:volume> <prism:number>12</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>2662</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/pr12122662</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2662</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2661"> <title>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2661: Numerical Simulation of Coal&amp;rsquo;s Mechanical Properties and Fracture Process Under Uniaxial Compression: Dual Effects of Bedding Angle and Loading Rate</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2661</link> <description>In view of the significant influence of bedding structure on the mechanical characteristics and fracture behavior of coal, uniaxial compression discrete element numerical simulation experiments were carried out on coal samples with bedding angles of 0&amp;amp;deg;, 30&amp;amp;deg;, 60&amp;amp;deg;, and 90&amp;amp;deg;, and loading rates of 10&amp;amp;minus;3/s, 10&amp;amp;minus;2/s, 10&amp;amp;minus;1/s, and 100/s, respectively, using PFC 6.0 software. The dual effects of bedding angle and loading rate on the mechanical properties of coal and its damage behavior were analyzed. The results show that (1) as the loading rate increases, the peak strength of the specimen increases, and the damage intensifies. The counts of the three types of cracks increased exponentially, while the crack growth rate was dramatic. (2) With the increase in loading rate, the density of the compressive stress force chain inside the specimen increases and gathers to the two ends, and the density of the tensile stress force chain is basically unchanged but gathers to the middle. The overall strength of the force chain changes according to the law of decreasing and then increasing. (3) With the increase in the bedding angle, the peak strength decreases and then increases, and the curve is approximately &amp;amp;ldquo;V&amp;amp;rdquo; shape. When the bedding angle is 60&amp;amp;deg; and 90&amp;amp;deg;, the peak stress is minimum and maximum, respectively. Shear cracks are dominant in the model, and the crack distribution shows a trend of increasing and then decreasing. (4) With the increase in the bedding angle, the density of the compressive stress force chain gradually decreases, and the density of the tensile stress force chain appears to be aggregated. The overall strength of the force chain changes according to the law of decreasing and then increasing.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-25</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2661: Numerical Simulation of Coal&amp;rsquo;s Mechanical Properties and Fracture Process Under Uniaxial Compression: Dual Effects of Bedding Angle and Loading Rate</b></p> <p>Processes <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2661">doi: 10.3390/pr12122661</a></p> <p>Authors: Jianchun Ou Jizhan Niu Bican Wang Wei Zhang Jing Zhao Benming Lyu Beihuai Zhan Yue Ma </p> <p>In view of the significant influence of bedding structure on the mechanical characteristics and fracture behavior of coal, uniaxial compression discrete element numerical simulation experiments were carried out on coal samples with bedding angles of 0&amp;amp;deg;, 30&amp;amp;deg;, 60&amp;amp;deg;, and 90&amp;amp;deg;, and loading rates of 10&amp;amp;minus;3/s, 10&amp;amp;minus;2/s, 10&amp;amp;minus;1/s, and 100/s, respectively, using PFC 6.0 software. The dual effects of bedding angle and loading rate on the mechanical properties of coal and its damage behavior were analyzed. The results show that (1) as the loading rate increases, the peak strength of the specimen increases, and the damage intensifies. The counts of the three types of cracks increased exponentially, while the crack growth rate was dramatic. (2) With the increase in loading rate, the density of the compressive stress force chain inside the specimen increases and gathers to the two ends, and the density of the tensile stress force chain is basically unchanged but gathers to the middle. The overall strength of the force chain changes according to the law of decreasing and then increasing. (3) With the increase in the bedding angle, the peak strength decreases and then increases, and the curve is approximately &amp;amp;ldquo;V&amp;amp;rdquo; shape. When the bedding angle is 60&amp;amp;deg; and 90&amp;amp;deg;, the peak stress is minimum and maximum, respectively. Shear cracks are dominant in the model, and the crack distribution shows a trend of increasing and then decreasing. (4) With the increase in the bedding angle, the density of the compressive stress force chain gradually decreases, and the density of the tensile stress force chain appears to be aggregated. The overall strength of the force chain changes according to the law of decreasing and then increasing.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Numerical Simulation of Coal&amp;amp;rsquo;s Mechanical Properties and Fracture Process Under Uniaxial Compression: Dual Effects of Bedding Angle and Loading Rate</dc:title> <dc:creator>Jianchun Ou</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Jizhan Niu</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Bican Wang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Wei Zhang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Jing Zhao</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Benming Lyu</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Beihuai Zhan</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Yue Ma</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/pr12122661</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Processes</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-25</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Processes</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-25</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>12</prism:volume> <prism:number>12</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>2661</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/pr12122661</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2661</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2660"> <title>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2660: Introducing the Second-Order Features Adjoint Sensitivity Analysis Methodology for Neural Ordinary Differential Equations&amp;mdash;I: Mathematical Framework</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2660</link> <description>This work introduces the mathematical framework of the novel &amp;amp;ldquo;First-Order Features Adjoint Sensitivity Analysis Methodology for Neural Ordinary Differential Equations&amp;amp;rdquo; (1st-FASAM-NODE). The 1st-FASAM-NODE methodology produces and computes most efficiently the exact expressions of all of the first-order sensitivities of NODE-decoder responses with respect to the parameters underlying the NODE&amp;amp;rsquo;s decoder, hidden layers, and encoder, after having optimized the NODE-net to represent the physical system under consideration. Building on the 1st-FASAM-NODE, this work subsequently introduces the mathematical framework of the novel &amp;amp;ldquo;Second-Order Features Adjoint Sensitivity Analysis Methodology for Neural Ordinary Differential Equations (2nd-FASAM-NODE)&amp;amp;rdquo;. The 2nd-FASAM-NODE methodology efficiently computes the exact expressions of the second-order sensitivities of NODE decoder responses with respect to the NODE parameters. Since the physical system modeled by the NODE-net necessarily comprises imprecisely known parameters that stem from measurements and/or computations subject to uncertainties, the availability of the first- and second-order sensitivities of decoder responses to the parameters underlying the NODE-net is essential for performing sensitivity analysis and quantifying the uncertainties induced in the NODE-decoder responses by uncertainties in the underlying uncertain NODE-parameters.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-25</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2660: Introducing the Second-Order Features Adjoint Sensitivity Analysis Methodology for Neural Ordinary Differential Equations&amp;mdash;I: Mathematical Framework</b></p> <p>Processes <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2660">doi: 10.3390/pr12122660</a></p> <p>Authors: Dan Gabriel Cacuci </p> <p>This work introduces the mathematical framework of the novel &amp;amp;ldquo;First-Order Features Adjoint Sensitivity Analysis Methodology for Neural Ordinary Differential Equations&amp;amp;rdquo; (1st-FASAM-NODE). The 1st-FASAM-NODE methodology produces and computes most efficiently the exact expressions of all of the first-order sensitivities of NODE-decoder responses with respect to the parameters underlying the NODE&amp;amp;rsquo;s decoder, hidden layers, and encoder, after having optimized the NODE-net to represent the physical system under consideration. Building on the 1st-FASAM-NODE, this work subsequently introduces the mathematical framework of the novel &amp;amp;ldquo;Second-Order Features Adjoint Sensitivity Analysis Methodology for Neural Ordinary Differential Equations (2nd-FASAM-NODE)&amp;amp;rdquo;. The 2nd-FASAM-NODE methodology efficiently computes the exact expressions of the second-order sensitivities of NODE decoder responses with respect to the NODE parameters. Since the physical system modeled by the NODE-net necessarily comprises imprecisely known parameters that stem from measurements and/or computations subject to uncertainties, the availability of the first- and second-order sensitivities of decoder responses to the parameters underlying the NODE-net is essential for performing sensitivity analysis and quantifying the uncertainties induced in the NODE-decoder responses by uncertainties in the underlying uncertain NODE-parameters.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Introducing the Second-Order Features Adjoint Sensitivity Analysis Methodology for Neural Ordinary Differential Equations&amp;amp;mdash;I: Mathematical Framework</dc:title> <dc:creator>Dan Gabriel Cacuci</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/pr12122660</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Processes</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-25</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Processes</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-25</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>12</prism:volume> <prism:number>12</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>2660</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/pr12122660</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2660</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2659"> <title>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2659: Enhancing Engine Cylinder Heat Dissipation Capacity Through Direct Optimization (DO) Techniques</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2659</link> <description>Internal combustion (IC) engines are used widely as the primary power source for automobiles of all types, cars, motorcycles, and trucks. Because of the high combustion temperatures involved in the operation, the excess heat is removed by means of extended fins that increase the surface area for adequate cooling. Significant improvement in the heat dissipation characteristics of the engine cylinder can be achieved by optimizing the design of these fins. The aim of this study is to evaluate the thermal performance of engine cylinder fins using an analytical system of finite element analysis (ANSYS FEA) software, using a direct optimization (DO) approach to identify optimal fin design. Analysis shows that fin length and width play critical roles in improving cooling efficiency, lowering the maximum temperature within the cylinder to 549.46 K and enhancing total heat flux to 7225.31 W/m2, which is a 25.87% increase from the generic design, capable of heating removal of 5740.22 W/m2. The current fin design is effective but could be improved in heat dissipation, mainly at fin tips. To optimize thermal performance while minimizing material costs, a balanced fin dimension is recommended. Alternative materials, transient heating analysis, and experimental verification may be examined in the future to achieve a total understanding of fin geometry and behavior under real operating conditions. These insights lay a foundation to accelerate cooling systems development in the automotive, aerospace, and heavy equipment industries, where efficient heat transfer is key for performance and long-term durability.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-25</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2659: Enhancing Engine Cylinder Heat Dissipation Capacity Through Direct Optimization (DO) Techniques</b></p> <p>Processes <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2659">doi: 10.3390/pr12122659</a></p> <p>Authors: Abhishek Agarwal Megersa Olumana Dinka Masengo Ilunga </p> <p>Internal combustion (IC) engines are used widely as the primary power source for automobiles of all types, cars, motorcycles, and trucks. Because of the high combustion temperatures involved in the operation, the excess heat is removed by means of extended fins that increase the surface area for adequate cooling. Significant improvement in the heat dissipation characteristics of the engine cylinder can be achieved by optimizing the design of these fins. The aim of this study is to evaluate the thermal performance of engine cylinder fins using an analytical system of finite element analysis (ANSYS FEA) software, using a direct optimization (DO) approach to identify optimal fin design. Analysis shows that fin length and width play critical roles in improving cooling efficiency, lowering the maximum temperature within the cylinder to 549.46 K and enhancing total heat flux to 7225.31 W/m2, which is a 25.87% increase from the generic design, capable of heating removal of 5740.22 W/m2. The current fin design is effective but could be improved in heat dissipation, mainly at fin tips. To optimize thermal performance while minimizing material costs, a balanced fin dimension is recommended. Alternative materials, transient heating analysis, and experimental verification may be examined in the future to achieve a total understanding of fin geometry and behavior under real operating conditions. These insights lay a foundation to accelerate cooling systems development in the automotive, aerospace, and heavy equipment industries, where efficient heat transfer is key for performance and long-term durability.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Enhancing Engine Cylinder Heat Dissipation Capacity Through Direct Optimization (DO) Techniques</dc:title> <dc:creator>Abhishek Agarwal</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Megersa Olumana Dinka</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Masengo Ilunga</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/pr12122659</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Processes</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-25</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Processes</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-25</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>12</prism:volume> <prism:number>12</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>2659</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/pr12122659</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2659</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2658"> <title>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2658: Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass into 2nd Generation Biofuel</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2658</link> <description>Bioenergy is considered the largest contributor to the renewable and sustainable energy sector worldwide, playing a significant role in various energy sectors such as heating, electricity supply, and even in replacing fossil fuels in the transportation sector. As part of renewable, low-carbon energy systems, bioenergy can also ensure atmospheric carbon sequestration, provide numerous environmental and socio-economic benefits, and thus contribute to achieving global climate change goals, as well as broader environmental, social, economic, and sustainable development objectives. The use of bioenergy can significantly reduce our carbon footprint and thus contribute to improving the environment. While bioenergy conversion of biomass produces some amount of carbon dioxide, similar to traditional fossil fuels, its impact can be minimized by replacing forest biomass with fast-growing trees and energy crops. Therefore, fast-growing trees and energy crops are the primary raw materials for bioenergy. The results of the research in this publication confirm the high efficiency of biomass depolymerization through thermochemical conversion. The principle of continuous biomass conversion was used at a process temperature of 520 &amp;amp;deg;C. The experiments were carried out in the Biomass Gasification Laboratory at the AgroBioTech Research Center of the Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra. The biomass used for the experiments was from energy-producing fast-growing willows, specifically the varieties Sven, Inger, and Express. The aim was to determine the amount of biochar produced from each of these tree species and subsequently to investigate its potential use for energy purposes. During the experiments, 0.106 kg of biochar was produced from 1 kg of Inger willow biomass, 0.252 kg from 1 kg of Express willow biomass, and 0.256 kg from 1 kg of Sven willow biomass. A subsequent goal was to determine the production of gas, which can also be used for energy purposes. The biofuel samples obtained were subsequently subjected to thermogravimetric analysis to determine moisture content, volatile matter, and ash content. The ash content in dry matter ranged from 6% to 7.28%, while the volatile matter in dry matter was between 92.72% and 94%. The moisture content in the samples ranged from 1.7% to 2.43%. These results may contribute to innovative insights into biomass depolymerization and help define optimized parameters for thermochemical conversion, as well as the required biomass composition, with the goal of generating second-generation biofuels in the most cost-effective way.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-25</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2658: Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass into 2nd Generation Biofuel</b></p> <p>Processes <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2658">doi: 10.3390/pr12122658</a></p> <p>Authors: Tomáš Giertl Ivan Vitázek Ján Gaduš Rastislav Kollárik Grzegorz Przydatek </p> <p>Bioenergy is considered the largest contributor to the renewable and sustainable energy sector worldwide, playing a significant role in various energy sectors such as heating, electricity supply, and even in replacing fossil fuels in the transportation sector. As part of renewable, low-carbon energy systems, bioenergy can also ensure atmospheric carbon sequestration, provide numerous environmental and socio-economic benefits, and thus contribute to achieving global climate change goals, as well as broader environmental, social, economic, and sustainable development objectives. The use of bioenergy can significantly reduce our carbon footprint and thus contribute to improving the environment. While bioenergy conversion of biomass produces some amount of carbon dioxide, similar to traditional fossil fuels, its impact can be minimized by replacing forest biomass with fast-growing trees and energy crops. Therefore, fast-growing trees and energy crops are the primary raw materials for bioenergy. The results of the research in this publication confirm the high efficiency of biomass depolymerization through thermochemical conversion. The principle of continuous biomass conversion was used at a process temperature of 520 &amp;amp;deg;C. The experiments were carried out in the Biomass Gasification Laboratory at the AgroBioTech Research Center of the Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra. The biomass used for the experiments was from energy-producing fast-growing willows, specifically the varieties Sven, Inger, and Express. The aim was to determine the amount of biochar produced from each of these tree species and subsequently to investigate its potential use for energy purposes. During the experiments, 0.106 kg of biochar was produced from 1 kg of Inger willow biomass, 0.252 kg from 1 kg of Express willow biomass, and 0.256 kg from 1 kg of Sven willow biomass. A subsequent goal was to determine the production of gas, which can also be used for energy purposes. The biofuel samples obtained were subsequently subjected to thermogravimetric analysis to determine moisture content, volatile matter, and ash content. The ash content in dry matter ranged from 6% to 7.28%, while the volatile matter in dry matter was between 92.72% and 94%. The moisture content in the samples ranged from 1.7% to 2.43%. These results may contribute to innovative insights into biomass depolymerization and help define optimized parameters for thermochemical conversion, as well as the required biomass composition, with the goal of generating second-generation biofuels in the most cost-effective way.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass into 2nd Generation Biofuel</dc:title> <dc:creator>Tomáš Giertl</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Ivan Vitázek</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Ján Gaduš</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Rastislav Kollárik</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Grzegorz Przydatek</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/pr12122658</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Processes</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-25</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Processes</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-25</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>12</prism:volume> <prism:number>12</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>2658</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/pr12122658</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2658</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2656"> <title>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2656: Two-Stage, Three-Layer Stochastic Robust Model and Solution for Multi-Energy Access System Based on Hybrid Game Theory</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2656</link> <description>This paper proposes a two-stage, three-layer stochastic robust model and its solution method for a multi-energy access system (MEAS) considering different weather scenarios which are described through scenario probabilities and output uncertainties. In the first stage, based on the principle of the master&amp;amp;ndash;slave game, the master&amp;amp;ndash;slave relationship between the grid dispatch department (GDD) and the MEAS is constructed and the master&amp;amp;ndash;slave game transaction mechanism is analyzed. The GDD establishes a stochastic pricing model that takes into account the uncertainty of wind power scenario probabilities. In the second stage, considering the impacts of wind power and photovoltaic scenario probability uncertainties and output uncertainties, a max&amp;amp;ndash;max&amp;amp;ndash;min three-layer structured stochastic robust model for the MEAS is established and its cooperation model is constructed based on the Nash bargaining principle. A variable alternating iteration algorithm combining Karush&amp;amp;ndash;Kuhn&amp;amp;ndash;Tucker conditions (KKT) is proposed to solve the stochastic robust model of the MEAS. The alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) is used to solve the cooperation model of the MEAS and a particle swarm algorithm (PSO) is employed to solve the non-convex two-stage model. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed model and method is verified through case studies.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-25</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2656: Two-Stage, Three-Layer Stochastic Robust Model and Solution for Multi-Energy Access System Based on Hybrid Game Theory</b></p> <p>Processes <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2656">doi: 10.3390/pr12122656</a></p> <p>Authors: Guodong Wu Xiaohu Li Jianhui Wang Ruixiao Zhang Guangqing Bao </p> <p>This paper proposes a two-stage, three-layer stochastic robust model and its solution method for a multi-energy access system (MEAS) considering different weather scenarios which are described through scenario probabilities and output uncertainties. In the first stage, based on the principle of the master&amp;amp;ndash;slave game, the master&amp;amp;ndash;slave relationship between the grid dispatch department (GDD) and the MEAS is constructed and the master&amp;amp;ndash;slave game transaction mechanism is analyzed. The GDD establishes a stochastic pricing model that takes into account the uncertainty of wind power scenario probabilities. In the second stage, considering the impacts of wind power and photovoltaic scenario probability uncertainties and output uncertainties, a max&amp;amp;ndash;max&amp;amp;ndash;min three-layer structured stochastic robust model for the MEAS is established and its cooperation model is constructed based on the Nash bargaining principle. A variable alternating iteration algorithm combining Karush&amp;amp;ndash;Kuhn&amp;amp;ndash;Tucker conditions (KKT) is proposed to solve the stochastic robust model of the MEAS. The alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) is used to solve the cooperation model of the MEAS and a particle swarm algorithm (PSO) is employed to solve the non-convex two-stage model. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed model and method is verified through case studies.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Two-Stage, Three-Layer Stochastic Robust Model and Solution for Multi-Energy Access System Based on Hybrid Game Theory</dc:title> <dc:creator>Guodong Wu</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Xiaohu Li</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Jianhui Wang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Ruixiao Zhang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Guangqing Bao</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/pr12122656</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Processes</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-25</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Processes</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-25</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>12</prism:volume> <prism:number>12</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>2656</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/pr12122656</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2656</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2657"> <title>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2657: A Real-Time Accounting Method for Carbon Dioxide Emissions in High-Energy-Consuming Industrial Parks</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2657</link> <description>Industrial parks play a crucial role in carbon control and reduction. With energy-intensive enterprises at their core, such parks feature highly concentrated carbon emission sources and a significant demand for carbon trading. Nonetheless, the absence of precise and real-time carbon accounting methods makes it difficult for them to effectively manage and regulate carbon emissions. The real-time accounting methods for carbon dioxide emissions in high-energy-consuming industrial parks urgently need further study. Therefore, this paper initially examines three areas&amp;amp;mdash;fuel combustion, industrial engineering, and electricity usage&amp;amp;mdash;and proposes a real-time framework to account for carbon dioxide emissions in high-energy industrial parks. Secondly, it extracts real-time elements from each part and proposes a real-time carbon dioxide emission accounting method tailored to the actual needs of high-energy-consuming industrial parks. Finally, an empirical analysis is carried out on an aluminum production park as an example to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the real-time accounting method for carbon dioxide emissions in high-energy-consuming industrial parks.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-25</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2657: A Real-Time Accounting Method for Carbon Dioxide Emissions in High-Energy-Consuming Industrial Parks</b></p> <p>Processes <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2657">doi: 10.3390/pr12122657</a></p> <p>Authors: Hongli Liu Lianfang Xie Yang Wei Yumin Chen Xueyuan Liu Yibin Zhang Deming Liu Qian Li </p> <p>Industrial parks play a crucial role in carbon control and reduction. With energy-intensive enterprises at their core, such parks feature highly concentrated carbon emission sources and a significant demand for carbon trading. Nonetheless, the absence of precise and real-time carbon accounting methods makes it difficult for them to effectively manage and regulate carbon emissions. The real-time accounting methods for carbon dioxide emissions in high-energy-consuming industrial parks urgently need further study. Therefore, this paper initially examines three areas&amp;amp;mdash;fuel combustion, industrial engineering, and electricity usage&amp;amp;mdash;and proposes a real-time framework to account for carbon dioxide emissions in high-energy industrial parks. Secondly, it extracts real-time elements from each part and proposes a real-time carbon dioxide emission accounting method tailored to the actual needs of high-energy-consuming industrial parks. Finally, an empirical analysis is carried out on an aluminum production park as an example to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the real-time accounting method for carbon dioxide emissions in high-energy-consuming industrial parks.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>A Real-Time Accounting Method for Carbon Dioxide Emissions in High-Energy-Consuming Industrial Parks</dc:title> <dc:creator>Hongli Liu</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Lianfang Xie</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Yang Wei</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Yumin Chen</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Xueyuan Liu</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Yibin Zhang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Deming Liu</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Qian Li</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/pr12122657</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Processes</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-25</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Processes</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-25</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>12</prism:volume> <prism:number>12</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>2657</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/pr12122657</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2657</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2655"> <title>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2655: Research on Gas Emission Prediction Based on KPCA-ICSA-SVR</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2655</link> <description>In the context of deep mining, the uncertainty of gas emission levels presents significant safety challenges for mines. This study proposes a gas emission prediction model based on Kernel Principal Component Analysis (KPCA), an Improved Crow Search Algorithm (ICSA) incorporating adaptive neighborhood search, and Support Vector Regression (SVR). Initially, data preprocessing is conducted to ensure a clean and complete dataset. Subsequently, KPCA is applied to reduce dimensionality by extracting key nonlinear features from the gas emission influencing factors, thereby enhancing computational efficiency. The ICSA is then employed to optimize SVR hyperparameters, improving the model&amp;amp;rsquo;s optimization capabilities and generalization performance, leading to the development of a robust KPCA-ICSA-SVR prediction model. The results indicate that the KPCA-ICSA-SVR model achieves the best performance, with RMSE values of 0.17898 and 0.3071 for the training and testing sets, respectively, demonstrating superior robustness and generalization capability.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-25</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2655: Research on Gas Emission Prediction Based on KPCA-ICSA-SVR</b></p> <p>Processes <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2655">doi: 10.3390/pr12122655</a></p> <p>Authors: Li Liu Linchao Dai Xinyi Mao Yutao Chen Yongheng Jing </p> <p>In the context of deep mining, the uncertainty of gas emission levels presents significant safety challenges for mines. This study proposes a gas emission prediction model based on Kernel Principal Component Analysis (KPCA), an Improved Crow Search Algorithm (ICSA) incorporating adaptive neighborhood search, and Support Vector Regression (SVR). Initially, data preprocessing is conducted to ensure a clean and complete dataset. Subsequently, KPCA is applied to reduce dimensionality by extracting key nonlinear features from the gas emission influencing factors, thereby enhancing computational efficiency. The ICSA is then employed to optimize SVR hyperparameters, improving the model&amp;amp;rsquo;s optimization capabilities and generalization performance, leading to the development of a robust KPCA-ICSA-SVR prediction model. The results indicate that the KPCA-ICSA-SVR model achieves the best performance, with RMSE values of 0.17898 and 0.3071 for the training and testing sets, respectively, demonstrating superior robustness and generalization capability.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Research on Gas Emission Prediction Based on KPCA-ICSA-SVR</dc:title> <dc:creator>Li Liu</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Linchao Dai</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Xinyi Mao</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Yutao Chen</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Yongheng Jing</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/pr12122655</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Processes</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-25</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Processes</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-25</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>12</prism:volume> <prism:number>12</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>2655</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/pr12122655</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2655</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2653"> <title>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2653: Enhancing the Thermal Efficiency of Parabolic Trough Collectors by Using Annular Receivers for Low-Enthalpy Steam Generation</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2653</link> <description>Parabolic Trough Collectors (PTCs) are a well-established technology for efficiently generating hot water and low-enthalpy steam. For instance, PTCs can be used in steam power systems to drive small Organic Rankine Cycles (ORCs). This study evaluated the thermal efficiency of a PTC equipped with a receiver tube featuring a concentric annular cross-section. This receiver design consists of a tube with a concentric rod inside, forming an annular gap through which the working fluid flows. A thermodynamic model was developed to assess the PTC&amp;amp;rsquo;s thermal efficiency in hot water and low-enthalpy steam applications. The evaluation considered the First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics, factoring in environmental losses. The model included a bare receiver tube with three-rod diameters&amp;amp;mdash;3/8, 1/2, and 3/4 inches&amp;amp;mdash;and a range of volumetric flow rates from 1 to 6 L per minute. The results showed improved heat transfer with the annular cross-section receiver compared to a conventional circular one, particularly at lower flow rates of 1 and 2 L per minute. The highest increase in thermal efficiency was observed with the 3/4-inch rod at a flow rate of 1 L per minute, where the maximum efficiency reached 40%.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-25</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2653: Enhancing the Thermal Efficiency of Parabolic Trough Collectors by Using Annular Receivers for Low-Enthalpy Steam Generation</b></p> <p>Processes <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2653">doi: 10.3390/pr12122653</a></p> <p>Authors: Zuriel Aquino-Santiago J. O. Aguilar Guillermo Becerra-Núñez O. A. Jaramillo </p> <p>Parabolic Trough Collectors (PTCs) are a well-established technology for efficiently generating hot water and low-enthalpy steam. For instance, PTCs can be used in steam power systems to drive small Organic Rankine Cycles (ORCs). This study evaluated the thermal efficiency of a PTC equipped with a receiver tube featuring a concentric annular cross-section. This receiver design consists of a tube with a concentric rod inside, forming an annular gap through which the working fluid flows. A thermodynamic model was developed to assess the PTC&amp;amp;rsquo;s thermal efficiency in hot water and low-enthalpy steam applications. The evaluation considered the First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics, factoring in environmental losses. The model included a bare receiver tube with three-rod diameters&amp;amp;mdash;3/8, 1/2, and 3/4 inches&amp;amp;mdash;and a range of volumetric flow rates from 1 to 6 L per minute. The results showed improved heat transfer with the annular cross-section receiver compared to a conventional circular one, particularly at lower flow rates of 1 and 2 L per minute. The highest increase in thermal efficiency was observed with the 3/4-inch rod at a flow rate of 1 L per minute, where the maximum efficiency reached 40%.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Enhancing the Thermal Efficiency of Parabolic Trough Collectors by Using Annular Receivers for Low-Enthalpy Steam Generation</dc:title> <dc:creator>Zuriel Aquino-Santiago</dc:creator> <dc:creator>J. O. Aguilar</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Guillermo Becerra-Núñez</dc:creator> <dc:creator>O. A. Jaramillo</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/pr12122653</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Processes</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-25</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Processes</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-25</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>12</prism:volume> <prism:number>12</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>2653</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/pr12122653</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2653</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2654"> <title>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2654: Analysis of the Effect of Structural Parameters on the Internal Flow Field of Composite Curved Inlet Body Hydrocyclone</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2654</link> <description>To enhance the classification efficiency of hydrocyclones, this study introduces a novel hydrocyclone design featuring a composite curved-inlet-body structure. Through numerical simulations, the internal flow field characteristics of this structure are thoroughly investigated. The results reveal several key findings: when the diameter of the overflow tube is reduced below a critical threshold, the axial velocity exhibits predominantly downward movement within the outer cyclone, accompanied by substantial recirculation, leading to a loss of effective separation. Moreover, both static pressure and tangential velocity are largely independent of the insertion depth of the overflow tube. In contrast, the diameter of the bottom flow opening plays a crucial role in determining flow dynamics within the hydrocyclone. An excessively large or small bottom opening leads to flow instabilities, causing fluctuations that disrupt the uniformity of the flow field. Additionally, a small height-to-diameter ratio exacerbates flow instability, increasing turbulence intensity and resulting in irregular fluctuations in the LZVV. These findings provide important theoretical insights for the design of more efficient hydrocyclone separation structures.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-25</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2654: Analysis of the Effect of Structural Parameters on the Internal Flow Field of Composite Curved Inlet Body Hydrocyclone</b></p> <p>Processes <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2654">doi: 10.3390/pr12122654</a></p> <p>Authors: Yanchao Wang Hu Han Zhitao Liang Huanbo Yang Feng Li Wen Zhang Yanrui Zhao </p> <p>To enhance the classification efficiency of hydrocyclones, this study introduces a novel hydrocyclone design featuring a composite curved-inlet-body structure. Through numerical simulations, the internal flow field characteristics of this structure are thoroughly investigated. The results reveal several key findings: when the diameter of the overflow tube is reduced below a critical threshold, the axial velocity exhibits predominantly downward movement within the outer cyclone, accompanied by substantial recirculation, leading to a loss of effective separation. Moreover, both static pressure and tangential velocity are largely independent of the insertion depth of the overflow tube. In contrast, the diameter of the bottom flow opening plays a crucial role in determining flow dynamics within the hydrocyclone. An excessively large or small bottom opening leads to flow instabilities, causing fluctuations that disrupt the uniformity of the flow field. Additionally, a small height-to-diameter ratio exacerbates flow instability, increasing turbulence intensity and resulting in irregular fluctuations in the LZVV. These findings provide important theoretical insights for the design of more efficient hydrocyclone separation structures.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Analysis of the Effect of Structural Parameters on the Internal Flow Field of Composite Curved Inlet Body Hydrocyclone</dc:title> <dc:creator>Yanchao Wang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Hu Han</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Zhitao Liang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Huanbo Yang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Feng Li</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Wen Zhang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Yanrui Zhao</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/pr12122654</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Processes</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-25</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Processes</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-25</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>12</prism:volume> <prism:number>12</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>2654</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/pr12122654</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2654</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2652"> <title>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2652: Pressure Transient Analysis for Fractured Shale Gas Wells Using Trilinear Flow Model</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2652</link> <description>Shale gas, a low-permeability, unconventional resource, requires horizontal drilling and multi-stage fracturing for commercial production. This study develops a trilinear flow model for fractured horizontal wells in shale gas formations, incorporating key mechanisms such as adsorption, desorption, diffusion, wellbore storage, and skin effects. The model delineates seven distinct flow regimes, providing insights into gas migration processes and the factors controlling production. Sensitivity analyses reveal that desorption plays a critical role under low-pressure and low-production conditions, significantly enhancing gas transfer rates from the matrix to the fracture network and contributing to overall production. Monte Carlo simulations further highlight the variability in pressure responses under different input conditions, offering a comprehensive understanding of the model&amp;amp;rsquo;s behavior in complex reservoir environments. These findings advance the characterization of shale gas flow dynamics and inform the optimization of production strategies.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-25</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2652: Pressure Transient Analysis for Fractured Shale Gas Wells Using Trilinear Flow Model</b></p> <p>Processes <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2652">doi: 10.3390/pr12122652</a></p> <p>Authors: Li Liu Liang Xue Jiangxia Han </p> <p>Shale gas, a low-permeability, unconventional resource, requires horizontal drilling and multi-stage fracturing for commercial production. This study develops a trilinear flow model for fractured horizontal wells in shale gas formations, incorporating key mechanisms such as adsorption, desorption, diffusion, wellbore storage, and skin effects. The model delineates seven distinct flow regimes, providing insights into gas migration processes and the factors controlling production. Sensitivity analyses reveal that desorption plays a critical role under low-pressure and low-production conditions, significantly enhancing gas transfer rates from the matrix to the fracture network and contributing to overall production. Monte Carlo simulations further highlight the variability in pressure responses under different input conditions, offering a comprehensive understanding of the model&amp;amp;rsquo;s behavior in complex reservoir environments. These findings advance the characterization of shale gas flow dynamics and inform the optimization of production strategies.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Pressure Transient Analysis for Fractured Shale Gas Wells Using Trilinear Flow Model</dc:title> <dc:creator>Li Liu</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Liang Xue</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Jiangxia Han</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/pr12122652</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Processes</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-25</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Processes</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-25</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>12</prism:volume> <prism:number>12</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>2652</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/pr12122652</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2652</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2651"> <title>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2651: Acoustic Tunnel Lining Void Detection: Modeling and Instrument System Development</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2651</link> <description>The detachment of railway tunnel lining constitutes a grave danger to train operation safety and drastically curtails the tunnel&amp;amp;rsquo;s service life. This study endeavors to efficiently detect the void defects in railway tunnel lining by creating a finite element model of tunnel lining structures. Utilizing this model, the study simulates the nonlinear acoustic wave propagation cloud maps for three representative tunnel lining structures: void-free, air void, and water void. This facilitates a thorough examination of the acoustic signal characteristics in the wavefield, time domain, and frequency domain. To satisfy the precision and efficiency demands of tunnel lining void detection, this study has devised and developed a portable acoustic detector that incorporates automatic analysis and processing capabilities and is furnished with a high-performance rare-earth magneto-strictive acoustic excitation device. This detection system can swiftly detect and assess typical void defects in tunnel lining. To further validate the effectiveness of this system, this study conducted lining defect detection in the Pingdao Railway Tunnel in the eastern Qinling Mountains. The test results show that the detection rate of this system for both air-filled and water-filled voids with a width of 1 m reached 100%, demonstrating its extremely high application value.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-25</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2651: Acoustic Tunnel Lining Void Detection: Modeling and Instrument System Development</b></p> <p>Processes <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2651">doi: 10.3390/pr12122651</a></p> <p>Authors: Luxin Tang Jinbin Zeng Chuixin Chen Jian Huang Shuxing Zhou Li Wang Defu Zhang Weibin Wu Ting Gao </p> <p>The detachment of railway tunnel lining constitutes a grave danger to train operation safety and drastically curtails the tunnel&amp;amp;rsquo;s service life. This study endeavors to efficiently detect the void defects in railway tunnel lining by creating a finite element model of tunnel lining structures. Utilizing this model, the study simulates the nonlinear acoustic wave propagation cloud maps for three representative tunnel lining structures: void-free, air void, and water void. This facilitates a thorough examination of the acoustic signal characteristics in the wavefield, time domain, and frequency domain. To satisfy the precision and efficiency demands of tunnel lining void detection, this study has devised and developed a portable acoustic detector that incorporates automatic analysis and processing capabilities and is furnished with a high-performance rare-earth magneto-strictive acoustic excitation device. This detection system can swiftly detect and assess typical void defects in tunnel lining. To further validate the effectiveness of this system, this study conducted lining defect detection in the Pingdao Railway Tunnel in the eastern Qinling Mountains. The test results show that the detection rate of this system for both air-filled and water-filled voids with a width of 1 m reached 100%, demonstrating its extremely high application value.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Acoustic Tunnel Lining Void Detection: Modeling and Instrument System Development</dc:title> <dc:creator>Luxin Tang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Jinbin Zeng</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Chuixin Chen</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Jian Huang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Shuxing Zhou</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Li Wang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Defu Zhang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Weibin Wu</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Ting Gao</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/pr12122651</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Processes</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-25</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Processes</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-25</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>12</prism:volume> <prism:number>12</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>2651</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/pr12122651</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2651</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2650"> <title>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2650: Fabrication of Flexible SWCNTs/Polyurethane Coatings for Efficient Electric and Thermal Management of Space Optical Remote Sensors</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2650</link> <description>Given the requirement of high-efficiency thermal dissipation for large-aperture space optical remote sensors, a radiator based on single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) filled with waterborne polyurethane (SWCNTs/WPU) coatings was proposed in this work. In situ polymerized SWCNTs/WPU coatings allowed for the uniform distribution of acid-purified SWCNTs in WPU matrix. Modified oxygen-containing groups on purified SWCNTs enhanced the interfacial compatibility of SWCNTs/WPU and enabled an improved tensile strength 9 (26.3 MPa) compared to raw-SWCNTs/WPU. A high electrical conductivity of 5.16 W/mK and thermal conductivity of 10.9 S/cm were achieved by adding 49.1 wt.% of SWCNTs. Only 2.85% and 4.2% of declined ratios for electric and thermal conductivities were presented after 1000 bending cycles, demonstrating excellent durability and flexibility. The designed radiator was composed of a heat pipe, SWCNTs/WPU coatings and an aluminum honeycomb core, allowing for &amp;amp;minus;1.6~0.3 &amp;amp;deg;C of temperature difference for the in-orbit temperature and thermal balance experimental temperature of the collector pipe. Moreover, the close temperature difference for the in-orbit and ground temperatures of the radiator indicated that the designed radiator with high heat dissipation met the mechanical environment requirements of a rocket launch. SWCNTs/WPU would be promising electric/thermal interface materials in the application of space optical remote sensors.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-25</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2650: Fabrication of Flexible SWCNTs/Polyurethane Coatings for Efficient Electric and Thermal Management of Space Optical Remote Sensors</b></p> <p>Processes <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2650">doi: 10.3390/pr12122650</a></p> <p>Authors: Huiqiao Yang Yueting Wang Bo Yang Fulong Ji Haitong Jiang Lei Li </p> <p>Given the requirement of high-efficiency thermal dissipation for large-aperture space optical remote sensors, a radiator based on single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) filled with waterborne polyurethane (SWCNTs/WPU) coatings was proposed in this work. In situ polymerized SWCNTs/WPU coatings allowed for the uniform distribution of acid-purified SWCNTs in WPU matrix. Modified oxygen-containing groups on purified SWCNTs enhanced the interfacial compatibility of SWCNTs/WPU and enabled an improved tensile strength 9 (26.3 MPa) compared to raw-SWCNTs/WPU. A high electrical conductivity of 5.16 W/mK and thermal conductivity of 10.9 S/cm were achieved by adding 49.1 wt.% of SWCNTs. Only 2.85% and 4.2% of declined ratios for electric and thermal conductivities were presented after 1000 bending cycles, demonstrating excellent durability and flexibility. The designed radiator was composed of a heat pipe, SWCNTs/WPU coatings and an aluminum honeycomb core, allowing for &amp;amp;minus;1.6~0.3 &amp;amp;deg;C of temperature difference for the in-orbit temperature and thermal balance experimental temperature of the collector pipe. Moreover, the close temperature difference for the in-orbit and ground temperatures of the radiator indicated that the designed radiator with high heat dissipation met the mechanical environment requirements of a rocket launch. SWCNTs/WPU would be promising electric/thermal interface materials in the application of space optical remote sensors.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Fabrication of Flexible SWCNTs/Polyurethane Coatings for Efficient Electric and Thermal Management of Space Optical Remote Sensors</dc:title> <dc:creator>Huiqiao Yang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Yueting Wang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Bo Yang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Fulong Ji</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Haitong Jiang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Lei Li</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/pr12122650</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Processes</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-25</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Processes</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-25</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>12</prism:volume> <prism:number>12</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>2650</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/pr12122650</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2650</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2649"> <title>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2649: A Study of Flexible Job-Shop Scheduling with Dual Constraints</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2649</link> <description>The flexible production job shop was selected as the research object, with the goal of minimizing the maximum completion time. A novel production scheduling model was devised by taking into account the sequence of occurrence of two distinct perturbations, namely preventive maintenance and emergency order insertion, within the same production scheduling plan. This was solved by an improved three-body crossover operator genetic algorithm. Finally, the superiority and effectiveness of the new production scheduling were demonstrated through an illustrative analysis.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-24</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2649: A Study of Flexible Job-Shop Scheduling with Dual Constraints</b></p> <p>Processes <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2649">doi: 10.3390/pr12122649</a></p> <p>Authors: Zhenhua Gao Hengyun Qiao </p> <p>The flexible production job shop was selected as the research object, with the goal of minimizing the maximum completion time. A novel production scheduling model was devised by taking into account the sequence of occurrence of two distinct perturbations, namely preventive maintenance and emergency order insertion, within the same production scheduling plan. This was solved by an improved three-body crossover operator genetic algorithm. Finally, the superiority and effectiveness of the new production scheduling were demonstrated through an illustrative analysis.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>A Study of Flexible Job-Shop Scheduling with Dual Constraints</dc:title> <dc:creator>Zhenhua Gao</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Hengyun Qiao</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/pr12122649</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Processes</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-24</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Processes</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-24</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>12</prism:volume> <prism:number>12</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>2649</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/pr12122649</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2649</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2648"> <title>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2648: Optimized Fault Classification in Electric Vehicle Drive Motors Using Advanced Machine Learning and Data Transformation Techniques</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2648</link> <description>The increasing use of electric vehicles has made fault diagnosis in electric drive motors, particularly in variable speed drives (VSDs) using three-phase induction motors, a critical area of research. This article presents a fault classification model based on machine learning (ML) algorithms to identify various faults under six operating conditions: normal operating mode (NOM), phase-to-phase fault (PTPF), phase-to-ground fault (PTGF), overloading fault (OLF), over-voltage fault (OVF), and under-voltage fault (UVF). A dataset simulating real-world operating conditions, consisting of 39,034 instances and nine key motor features, was analyzed. Comprehensive data preprocessing steps, including missing value removal, duplicate detection, and data transformation, were applied to enhance the dataset&amp;amp;rsquo;s suitability for ML models. Yeo&amp;amp;ndash;Johnson and Hyperbolic Sine transformations were used to reduce skewness and improve the normality of the features. Multiple ML algorithms, including CatBoost, Random Forest (RF) Classifier, AdaBoost, and quadratic discriminant analysis (QDA), were trained and evaluated using Bayesian optimization with cross-validation. The CatBoost model achieved the best performance, with an accuracy of 94.1%, making it the most suitable model for fault classification in electric vehicle drive motors.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-24</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2648: Optimized Fault Classification in Electric Vehicle Drive Motors Using Advanced Machine Learning and Data Transformation Techniques</b></p> <p>Processes <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2648">doi: 10.3390/pr12122648</a></p> <p>Authors: S. Thirunavukkarasu K. Karthick S. K. Aruna R. Manikandan Mejdl Safran </p> <p>The increasing use of electric vehicles has made fault diagnosis in electric drive motors, particularly in variable speed drives (VSDs) using three-phase induction motors, a critical area of research. This article presents a fault classification model based on machine learning (ML) algorithms to identify various faults under six operating conditions: normal operating mode (NOM), phase-to-phase fault (PTPF), phase-to-ground fault (PTGF), overloading fault (OLF), over-voltage fault (OVF), and under-voltage fault (UVF). A dataset simulating real-world operating conditions, consisting of 39,034 instances and nine key motor features, was analyzed. Comprehensive data preprocessing steps, including missing value removal, duplicate detection, and data transformation, were applied to enhance the dataset&amp;amp;rsquo;s suitability for ML models. Yeo&amp;amp;ndash;Johnson and Hyperbolic Sine transformations were used to reduce skewness and improve the normality of the features. Multiple ML algorithms, including CatBoost, Random Forest (RF) Classifier, AdaBoost, and quadratic discriminant analysis (QDA), were trained and evaluated using Bayesian optimization with cross-validation. The CatBoost model achieved the best performance, with an accuracy of 94.1%, making it the most suitable model for fault classification in electric vehicle drive motors.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Optimized Fault Classification in Electric Vehicle Drive Motors Using Advanced Machine Learning and Data Transformation Techniques</dc:title> <dc:creator>S. Thirunavukkarasu</dc:creator> <dc:creator>K. Karthick</dc:creator> <dc:creator>S. K. Aruna</dc:creator> <dc:creator>R. Manikandan</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Mejdl Safran</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/pr12122648</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Processes</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-24</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Processes</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-24</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>12</prism:volume> <prism:number>12</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>2648</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/pr12122648</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2648</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2646"> <title>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2646: Causes and Evolution of High Injection&amp;ndash;Production Ratios in Low-Permeability Reservoirs: The Role of Water Absorption in Barrier and Intercalated Layers</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2646</link> <description>During the waterflood development of low-permeability reservoirs, the lithology of barrier and intercalated layers adjacent to the reservoir, with specific permeability and porosity, has a significant impact on water injection efficiency and reservoir energy recovery. However, current research on injection&amp;amp;ndash;production parameters and pressure changes in low-permeability reservoirs has not fully considered the effect of these barrier layers. Therefore, this study focuses on the Chaoyanggou Oilfield, a typical low-permeability reservoir, aiming to reveal the influence of water absorption by barrier layers on water injection efficiency and pressure changes in the reservoir. The study systematically analyzes the evolution of the injection&amp;amp;ndash;production ratio at different development stages by constructing a comprehensive lithological geological model and applying numerical simulation methods. It explores how the water absorption characteristics of barrier layers affect reservoir pressure and injection efficiency. The results demonstrate that argillaceous siltstone and silty mudstone have significant water absorption effects on injected water, critically influencing pressure distribution and fluid flow dynamics in the reservoir. As the water cut increases, the injection&amp;amp;ndash;production ratio gradually stabilizes, and the elastic water storage in the reservoir becomes crucial for establishing an effective oil displacement system. The water absorption of barrier layers accounts for 30% to 40% of the injected water. A high injection&amp;amp;ndash;production ratio alone does not lead to rapid energy recovery or increased production. Only by balancing the injection&amp;amp;ndash;production ratio, reservoir pressure, and water absorption in barrier layers can the efficiency and recovery rate of waterflood development in low-permeability reservoirs be further improved.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-24</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2646: Causes and Evolution of High Injection&amp;ndash;Production Ratios in Low-Permeability Reservoirs: The Role of Water Absorption in Barrier and Intercalated Layers</b></p> <p>Processes <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2646">doi: 10.3390/pr12122646</a></p> <p>Authors: Zheng Fang Mian Chen Daiyin Yin Dongqi Wang Kai Liu Yuqing Yang Konghang Yang </p> <p>During the waterflood development of low-permeability reservoirs, the lithology of barrier and intercalated layers adjacent to the reservoir, with specific permeability and porosity, has a significant impact on water injection efficiency and reservoir energy recovery. However, current research on injection&amp;amp;ndash;production parameters and pressure changes in low-permeability reservoirs has not fully considered the effect of these barrier layers. Therefore, this study focuses on the Chaoyanggou Oilfield, a typical low-permeability reservoir, aiming to reveal the influence of water absorption by barrier layers on water injection efficiency and pressure changes in the reservoir. The study systematically analyzes the evolution of the injection&amp;amp;ndash;production ratio at different development stages by constructing a comprehensive lithological geological model and applying numerical simulation methods. It explores how the water absorption characteristics of barrier layers affect reservoir pressure and injection efficiency. The results demonstrate that argillaceous siltstone and silty mudstone have significant water absorption effects on injected water, critically influencing pressure distribution and fluid flow dynamics in the reservoir. As the water cut increases, the injection&amp;amp;ndash;production ratio gradually stabilizes, and the elastic water storage in the reservoir becomes crucial for establishing an effective oil displacement system. The water absorption of barrier layers accounts for 30% to 40% of the injected water. A high injection&amp;amp;ndash;production ratio alone does not lead to rapid energy recovery or increased production. Only by balancing the injection&amp;amp;ndash;production ratio, reservoir pressure, and water absorption in barrier layers can the efficiency and recovery rate of waterflood development in low-permeability reservoirs be further improved.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Causes and Evolution of High Injection&amp;amp;ndash;Production Ratios in Low-Permeability Reservoirs: The Role of Water Absorption in Barrier and Intercalated Layers</dc:title> <dc:creator>Zheng Fang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Mian Chen</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Daiyin Yin</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Dongqi Wang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Kai Liu</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Yuqing Yang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Konghang Yang</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/pr12122646</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Processes</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-24</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Processes</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-24</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>12</prism:volume> <prism:number>12</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>2646</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/pr12122646</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2646</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2647"> <title>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2647: Impact of Advanced Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor on Load Frequency Control and Automatic Voltage Regulator Dual Area System with Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Sets-PID Usage</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2647</link> <description>A major priority for practicing engineers in an electric power system is preserving the stability of frequency and voltage levels. Any change in these two factors will impact the efficiency and lifespan of the machines connected to the power supply. Therefore, this paper provides a control approach utilizing the Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Sets- Proportional Integral Derivative (IT2FSs-PID) controller and Advanced Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (ATCSC) with a combined Load Frequency Control-Automatic Voltage Regulator (LFC-AVR). Several inspections were implemented to demonstrate the controller&amp;amp;rsquo;s strength, including various disturbances in the power system. The LFC-AVR was studied using two different dynamic models, referred to as open and closed loops on the Generation Rate Constraint (GRC) forms. A comparison was made using different techniques from the literature using the same model. Before using the approach, the frequency deviation of area-1 had a very large settling time value, which was caused by system instability. However, after implementing the approach, this value decreased to 4.9236 s. Finally, an additional ATCSC was added to the proposed model to observe its effect on the power system. The simulation was implemented using MATLAB/SIMULINK tools.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-24</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2647: Impact of Advanced Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor on Load Frequency Control and Automatic Voltage Regulator Dual Area System with Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Sets-PID Usage</b></p> <p>Processes <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2647">doi: 10.3390/pr12122647</a></p> <p>Authors: Saeed Alshehri Awadh Ba Wazir Abdullah Ali Alhussainy Sultan Alghamdi Abdulraheem Alobaidi Muhyaddin Rawa Yusuf A. Alturki </p> <p>A major priority for practicing engineers in an electric power system is preserving the stability of frequency and voltage levels. Any change in these two factors will impact the efficiency and lifespan of the machines connected to the power supply. Therefore, this paper provides a control approach utilizing the Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Sets- Proportional Integral Derivative (IT2FSs-PID) controller and Advanced Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (ATCSC) with a combined Load Frequency Control-Automatic Voltage Regulator (LFC-AVR). Several inspections were implemented to demonstrate the controller&amp;amp;rsquo;s strength, including various disturbances in the power system. The LFC-AVR was studied using two different dynamic models, referred to as open and closed loops on the Generation Rate Constraint (GRC) forms. A comparison was made using different techniques from the literature using the same model. Before using the approach, the frequency deviation of area-1 had a very large settling time value, which was caused by system instability. However, after implementing the approach, this value decreased to 4.9236 s. Finally, an additional ATCSC was added to the proposed model to observe its effect on the power system. The simulation was implemented using MATLAB/SIMULINK tools.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Impact of Advanced Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor on Load Frequency Control and Automatic Voltage Regulator Dual Area System with Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Sets-PID Usage</dc:title> <dc:creator>Saeed Alshehri</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Awadh Ba Wazir</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Abdullah Ali Alhussainy</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Sultan Alghamdi</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Abdulraheem Alobaidi</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Muhyaddin Rawa</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Yusuf A. Alturki</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/pr12122647</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Processes</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-24</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Processes</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-24</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>12</prism:volume> <prism:number>12</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>2647</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/pr12122647</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2647</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2645"> <title>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2645: Research on Vibration Reduction, Energy Enhancement, and Speed Increase Methods for Drilling String in Deep Heterogeneous Strata</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2645</link> <description>There are a series of problems in the drilling process of deep heterogeneous formations, such as severe drilling string vibration, slow rock-breaking drilling speed, and the short practical working life of drill bits. It is urgent to develop supporting technical methods for breakthroughs. Based on the main characteristics of the drilling environment in deep formations and the results of drilling string dynamics research in recent years, a technical equipment design concept was proposed to use the vibration of the drill string during the drilling process in heterogeneous formations to improve the hydraulic energy of the bottom hole drilling fluid and thus improve the drilling speed. A technical equipment research and development design was carried out to use the vibration energy of the drill string to enhance the injection energy of the bottom hole drilling medium, and a vibration reduction and energy enhancement device for the bottom hole drill string was developed; we conducted on-site acceleration effect testing, and the research results showed that the vibration of the drill string contains enormous energy, which can be converted into rock-breaking acceleration energy; The designed vibration reduction and energy enhancement device for the bottom hole drilling string can enhance the injection energy of drilling fluid, and reduce the harm of preparing a string vibration; The vibration reduction and energy enhancement device of the bottom hole drill string can significantly improve the drilling speed. The research results have opened up new directions for deep well acceleration technology and provided equipment support for accelerating the exploration and development of deep oil and gas resources. It is recommended to strengthen further the research on the basic theory of downhole drill string vibration, the acceleration technology equipment based on drill string vibration, and vibration acceleration methods.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-24</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2645: Research on Vibration Reduction, Energy Enhancement, and Speed Increase Methods for Drilling String in Deep Heterogeneous Strata</b></p> <p>Processes <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2645">doi: 10.3390/pr12122645</a></p> <p>Authors: Changchang Chen Chenchao Bi Guodong Ji Hong Wang Yunru Huo Puwei Yu </p> <p>There are a series of problems in the drilling process of deep heterogeneous formations, such as severe drilling string vibration, slow rock-breaking drilling speed, and the short practical working life of drill bits. It is urgent to develop supporting technical methods for breakthroughs. Based on the main characteristics of the drilling environment in deep formations and the results of drilling string dynamics research in recent years, a technical equipment design concept was proposed to use the vibration of the drill string during the drilling process in heterogeneous formations to improve the hydraulic energy of the bottom hole drilling fluid and thus improve the drilling speed. A technical equipment research and development design was carried out to use the vibration energy of the drill string to enhance the injection energy of the bottom hole drilling medium, and a vibration reduction and energy enhancement device for the bottom hole drill string was developed; we conducted on-site acceleration effect testing, and the research results showed that the vibration of the drill string contains enormous energy, which can be converted into rock-breaking acceleration energy; The designed vibration reduction and energy enhancement device for the bottom hole drilling string can enhance the injection energy of drilling fluid, and reduce the harm of preparing a string vibration; The vibration reduction and energy enhancement device of the bottom hole drill string can significantly improve the drilling speed. The research results have opened up new directions for deep well acceleration technology and provided equipment support for accelerating the exploration and development of deep oil and gas resources. It is recommended to strengthen further the research on the basic theory of downhole drill string vibration, the acceleration technology equipment based on drill string vibration, and vibration acceleration methods.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Research on Vibration Reduction, Energy Enhancement, and Speed Increase Methods for Drilling String in Deep Heterogeneous Strata</dc:title> <dc:creator>Changchang Chen</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Chenchao Bi</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Guodong Ji</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Hong Wang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Yunru Huo</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Puwei Yu</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/pr12122645</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Processes</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-24</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Processes</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-24</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>12</prism:volume> <prism:number>12</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>2645</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/pr12122645</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2645</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2644"> <title>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2644: Deep Learning Integration for Normal Breathing Classification Using a Flexible Fiber Sensor</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2644</link> <description>Measuring respiratory parameters is crucial for clinical decision making and detecting abnormal patterns for disease prevention. While deep learning methods are commonly used in respiratory analysis, the image-based classification of abnormal breathing remains limited. This study developed a stitched sensor using silver-coated thread, optimized for the knit fabric&amp;amp;rsquo;s course direction in a belt configuration. By applying a Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT) and a two-dimension Convolutional Neural Network (2D-CNN), the model achieved 96% accuracy, with potential for further improvement through data expansion.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-24</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2644: Deep Learning Integration for Normal Breathing Classification Using a Flexible Fiber Sensor</b></p> <p>Processes <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2644">doi: 10.3390/pr12122644</a></p> <p>Authors: Jiseon Kim Jooyong Kim </p> <p>Measuring respiratory parameters is crucial for clinical decision making and detecting abnormal patterns for disease prevention. While deep learning methods are commonly used in respiratory analysis, the image-based classification of abnormal breathing remains limited. This study developed a stitched sensor using silver-coated thread, optimized for the knit fabric&amp;amp;rsquo;s course direction in a belt configuration. By applying a Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT) and a two-dimension Convolutional Neural Network (2D-CNN), the model achieved 96% accuracy, with potential for further improvement through data expansion.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Deep Learning Integration for Normal Breathing Classification Using a Flexible Fiber Sensor</dc:title> <dc:creator>Jiseon Kim</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Jooyong Kim</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/pr12122644</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Processes</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-24</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Processes</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-24</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>12</prism:volume> <prism:number>12</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>2644</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/pr12122644</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2644</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2643"> <title>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2643: Comprehensive Analysis and Optimization of Peach (Prunus persica) Vacuum Drying: Employing Principal Component Analysis, Artificial Neural Networks and the Standard Score Approach</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2643</link> <description>Dried peaches are widely consumed as a snack food product and used as an ingredient in cereals as well in chocolate and energy bars. Accordingly, the main objective of this investigation was to optimize the vacuum-drying process for peaches using a combination of three different statistical methods: principal component analysis, the standard score method and an artificial neural network approach. Applied input drying parameters were temperature (50&amp;amp;ndash;70 &amp;amp;deg;C), pressure (20&amp;amp;ndash;120 mbar) and time (6&amp;amp;ndash;10 h), while the investigated output parameters were moisture content, water activity, total color change, phenolic and flavonoid contents and antioxidant activity. It was noted that all investigated output parameters constantly decreased (moisture content, water activity) and increased (total color change, total phenolic and flavonoid contents and antioxidant activity (FRAP, DPPH and ABTS assays)) in accordance with the applied drying temperature. The key variables accounted for 86.33% of data variance based on the PCA results, while the SS and ANN method resulted in the same optimal drying conditions: 60 &amp;amp;deg;C, 70 mbar and 6 h, which indicated the effectiveness of the applied statistical methods.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-23</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2643: Comprehensive Analysis and Optimization of Peach (Prunus persica) Vacuum Drying: Employing Principal Component Analysis, Artificial Neural Networks and the Standard Score Approach</b></p> <p>Processes <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2643">doi: 10.3390/pr12122643</a></p> <p>Authors: Šumić Tepić Horecki Pezo Pavlić Nastić Milić </p> <p>Dried peaches are widely consumed as a snack food product and used as an ingredient in cereals as well in chocolate and energy bars. Accordingly, the main objective of this investigation was to optimize the vacuum-drying process for peaches using a combination of three different statistical methods: principal component analysis, the standard score method and an artificial neural network approach. Applied input drying parameters were temperature (50&amp;amp;ndash;70 &amp;amp;deg;C), pressure (20&amp;amp;ndash;120 mbar) and time (6&amp;amp;ndash;10 h), while the investigated output parameters were moisture content, water activity, total color change, phenolic and flavonoid contents and antioxidant activity. It was noted that all investigated output parameters constantly decreased (moisture content, water activity) and increased (total color change, total phenolic and flavonoid contents and antioxidant activity (FRAP, DPPH and ABTS assays)) in accordance with the applied drying temperature. The key variables accounted for 86.33% of data variance based on the PCA results, while the SS and ANN method resulted in the same optimal drying conditions: 60 &amp;amp;deg;C, 70 mbar and 6 h, which indicated the effectiveness of the applied statistical methods.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Comprehensive Analysis and Optimization of Peach (Prunus persica) Vacuum Drying: Employing Principal Component Analysis, Artificial Neural Networks and the Standard Score Approach</dc:title> <dc:creator> Šumić</dc:creator> <dc:creator> Tepić Horecki</dc:creator> <dc:creator> Pezo</dc:creator> <dc:creator> Pavlić</dc:creator> <dc:creator> Nastić</dc:creator> <dc:creator> Milić</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/pr12122643</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Processes</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-23</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Processes</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-23</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>12</prism:volume> <prism:number>12</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>2643</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/pr12122643</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2643</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2642"> <title>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2642: Uncertainty Quantification Method for Trend Prediction of Oil Well Time Series Data Based on SDMI Loss Function</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2642</link> <description>IoT sensors in oilfields gather real-time data sequences from oil wells. Accurate trend predictions of these data are crucial for production optimization and failure forecasting. However, oil well time series data exhibit strong nonlinearity, requiring not only precise trend prediction but also the estimation of uncertainty intervals. This paper first proposed a data denoising method based on Variational Mode Decomposition (VMD) and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) to reduce the noise present in oil well time series data. Subsequently, an SDMI loss function was introduced, combining the respective advantages of Soft Dynamic Time Warping and Mean Squared Error (MSE). The loss function additionally accepts the upper and lower bounds of the uncertainty prediction interval as input and is optimized with the prediction sequence. By predicting the data of the next 48 data points, the prediction results using the SDMI loss function and the existing three common loss functions are compared on multiple data sets. The prediction results before and after data denoising are compared and the results of predicting the uncertainty interval are shown. The experimental results demonstrate that the average coverage rate of the predicted uncertainty intervals across data from seven wells is 81.4%, and the prediction results accurately reflect the trends in real data.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-23</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2642: Uncertainty Quantification Method for Trend Prediction of Oil Well Time Series Data Based on SDMI Loss Function</b></p> <p>Processes <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2642">doi: 10.3390/pr12122642</a></p> <p>Authors: Yancen Shen Xiang Wang Yixin Xie Wei Wang Rui Zhang </p> <p>IoT sensors in oilfields gather real-time data sequences from oil wells. Accurate trend predictions of these data are crucial for production optimization and failure forecasting. However, oil well time series data exhibit strong nonlinearity, requiring not only precise trend prediction but also the estimation of uncertainty intervals. This paper first proposed a data denoising method based on Variational Mode Decomposition (VMD) and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) to reduce the noise present in oil well time series data. Subsequently, an SDMI loss function was introduced, combining the respective advantages of Soft Dynamic Time Warping and Mean Squared Error (MSE). The loss function additionally accepts the upper and lower bounds of the uncertainty prediction interval as input and is optimized with the prediction sequence. By predicting the data of the next 48 data points, the prediction results using the SDMI loss function and the existing three common loss functions are compared on multiple data sets. The prediction results before and after data denoising are compared and the results of predicting the uncertainty interval are shown. The experimental results demonstrate that the average coverage rate of the predicted uncertainty intervals across data from seven wells is 81.4%, and the prediction results accurately reflect the trends in real data.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Uncertainty Quantification Method for Trend Prediction of Oil Well Time Series Data Based on SDMI Loss Function</dc:title> <dc:creator>Yancen Shen</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Xiang Wang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Yixin Xie</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Wei Wang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Rui Zhang</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/pr12122642</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Processes</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-23</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Processes</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-23</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>12</prism:volume> <prism:number>12</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>2642</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/pr12122642</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2642</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2641"> <title>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2641: Electrochemical Co-Degradation of Acetaminophen and Bisphenol A in Aqueous Solutions: Degradation Competition and Pathways</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2641</link> <description>This study investigated the degradation competition and pathways of electrochemical co-degradation of two emerging environmental contaminants, polar acetaminophen (AP) and (moderately) non-polar bisphenol A (BPA), on a boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrode in aqueous solutions. The results showed that both compounds mainly relied on hydroxyl radicals (•OH) to trigger indirect oxidation for their electrochemical degradation, although AP also underwent direct oxidation during electrolysis. The effect of increasing current density on the increases in degradation performance was almost the same for AP and BPA. However, BPA exhibited a better performance in mono-degradation than AP, while the opposite tendency was observed for their co-degradation. Their degradation efficiencies were better in 1 M Na2SO4 solution than in a real water matrix. Both UV-vis and excitation–emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence analyses demonstrated that all the aromatic rings of AP and BPA were opened after 30 min of electrolysis at 0.5 A cm−2 in 1 M Na2SO4 solution. Regardless of the small difference in intermediate species, the pathways of electrochemical AP+BPA co-degradation were similar to those of their mono-degradation combination. A double exponential decay model is proposed to simulate the formation and degradation rate constants of benzoquinone (an intermediate).</description> <pubDate>2024-11-23</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2641: Electrochemical Co-Degradation of Acetaminophen and Bisphenol A in Aqueous Solutions: Degradation Competition and Pathways</b></p> <p>Processes <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2641">doi: 10.3390/pr12122641</a></p> <p>Authors: Kuo-Lin Huang Jui-Chiung Hung Yi-Ming Kuo </p> <p>This study investigated the degradation competition and pathways of electrochemical co-degradation of two emerging environmental contaminants, polar acetaminophen (AP) and (moderately) non-polar bisphenol A (BPA), on a boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrode in aqueous solutions. The results showed that both compounds mainly relied on hydroxyl radicals (•OH) to trigger indirect oxidation for their electrochemical degradation, although AP also underwent direct oxidation during electrolysis. The effect of increasing current density on the increases in degradation performance was almost the same for AP and BPA. However, BPA exhibited a better performance in mono-degradation than AP, while the opposite tendency was observed for their co-degradation. Their degradation efficiencies were better in 1 M Na2SO4 solution than in a real water matrix. Both UV-vis and excitation–emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence analyses demonstrated that all the aromatic rings of AP and BPA were opened after 30 min of electrolysis at 0.5 A cm−2 in 1 M Na2SO4 solution. Regardless of the small difference in intermediate species, the pathways of electrochemical AP+BPA co-degradation were similar to those of their mono-degradation combination. A double exponential decay model is proposed to simulate the formation and degradation rate constants of benzoquinone (an intermediate).</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Electrochemical Co-Degradation of Acetaminophen and Bisphenol A in Aqueous Solutions: Degradation Competition and Pathways</dc:title> <dc:creator>Kuo-Lin Huang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Jui-Chiung Hung</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Yi-Ming Kuo</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/pr12122641</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Processes</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-23</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Processes</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-23</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>12</prism:volume> <prism:number>12</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>2641</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/pr12122641</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2641</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2640"> <title>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2640: Formulating an Innovative Emulsion Based on Poloxamer 407 Containing Oregano and Thyme Essential Oils as Alternatives for the Control of Mastitis Caused by Staphylococcus aureus</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2640</link> <description>Antimicrobial resistance poses a significant challenge in human and veterinary medicine, primarily due to the overuse and misuse of antimicrobial agents. This issue is especially problematic when treating bovine mastitis, a prevalent infection in dairy cattle often caused by Staphylococcus aureus. We developed a sterile emulsion incorporating essential oils (EOs) of Origanum vulgare and Thymus vulgaris, known for their antimicrobial properties. The formulation based on poloxamer 407 was designed for intramammary or topical application on bovine teats. The most promising emulsion was subjected to preliminary stability testing at various temperature conditions over a 35-day period, during which its physicochemical characteristics, texture profile, and film-forming capacity were assessed. In vitro assays were used to evaluate its efficacy against both antimicrobial-sensitive and -resistant S. aureus strains. Thymol was identified as the predominant bioactive compound in the EOs. The formulation, containing 10% (w/w) EOs, exhibited antimicrobial activity against all tested strains and remained stable without phase separation. The emulsion demonstrated film-forming properties along with a satisfactory texture profile. These findings suggest that the emulsion has potential as an alternative therapeutic approach for the treatment of antimicrobial-resistant S. aureus infections in bovine mastitis, highlighting the potential of natural compounds in combating AMR. Further clinical studies are necessary to confirm the safety and therapeutic efficacy of the emulsion in vivo.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-23</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2640: Formulating an Innovative Emulsion Based on Poloxamer 407 Containing Oregano and Thyme Essential Oils as Alternatives for the Control of Mastitis Caused by Staphylococcus aureus</b></p> <p>Processes <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2640">doi: 10.3390/pr12122640</a></p> <p>Authors: Nayhara M. Guimarães Nicolly S. Ferreira Kássia V. Menezes Cleveland S. Neto Gabriel M. Cunha Luciano Menini Juliana A. Resende Janaina C. O. Villanova </p> <p>Antimicrobial resistance poses a significant challenge in human and veterinary medicine, primarily due to the overuse and misuse of antimicrobial agents. This issue is especially problematic when treating bovine mastitis, a prevalent infection in dairy cattle often caused by Staphylococcus aureus. We developed a sterile emulsion incorporating essential oils (EOs) of Origanum vulgare and Thymus vulgaris, known for their antimicrobial properties. The formulation based on poloxamer 407 was designed for intramammary or topical application on bovine teats. The most promising emulsion was subjected to preliminary stability testing at various temperature conditions over a 35-day period, during which its physicochemical characteristics, texture profile, and film-forming capacity were assessed. In vitro assays were used to evaluate its efficacy against both antimicrobial-sensitive and -resistant S. aureus strains. Thymol was identified as the predominant bioactive compound in the EOs. The formulation, containing 10% (w/w) EOs, exhibited antimicrobial activity against all tested strains and remained stable without phase separation. The emulsion demonstrated film-forming properties along with a satisfactory texture profile. These findings suggest that the emulsion has potential as an alternative therapeutic approach for the treatment of antimicrobial-resistant S. aureus infections in bovine mastitis, highlighting the potential of natural compounds in combating AMR. Further clinical studies are necessary to confirm the safety and therapeutic efficacy of the emulsion in vivo.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Formulating an Innovative Emulsion Based on Poloxamer 407 Containing Oregano and Thyme Essential Oils as Alternatives for the Control of Mastitis Caused by Staphylococcus aureus</dc:title> <dc:creator>Nayhara M. Guimarães</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Nicolly S. Ferreira</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Kássia V. Menezes</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Cleveland S. Neto</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Gabriel M. Cunha</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Luciano Menini</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Juliana A. Resende</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Janaina C. O. Villanova</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/pr12122640</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Processes</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-23</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Processes</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-23</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>12</prism:volume> <prism:number>12</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>2640</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/pr12122640</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2640</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2639"> <title>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2639: Advanced Emission Reduction Strategies: Integrating SSSC and Carbon Trading in Power Systems</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2639</link> <description>The global power sector faces the critical challenge of balancing rising electricity demand with stringent carbon reduction targets. Taiwan&amp;amp;rsquo;s unique geopolitical and energy import constraints provide an ideal context for exploring advanced grid technologies integrated with carbon-trading mechanisms. This study combines the Adaptive Time-Varying Gravitational Search Algorithm (ATGA) with Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) technology to optimize power flow and enable carbon transactions between the power generation and transmission sectors. Through a feedback-driven mechanism, power producers acquire carbon credits from transmission operators, maximizing profitability while meeting emission targets. Managed by the transmission companies, the SSSC enhances grid stability, reduces transmission losses, and generates valuable carbon credits. Simulations based on Taiwan&amp;amp;rsquo;s power market demonstrate that this integrated approach achieves a 50% reduction in emissions and increases profitability for power producers by up to 20%. This model has potential applications in other regions, and future work could explore its scalability and adaptability in different economic and regulatory contexts.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-23</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2639: Advanced Emission Reduction Strategies: Integrating SSSC and Carbon Trading in Power Systems</b></p> <p>Processes <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2639">doi: 10.3390/pr12122639</a></p> <p>Authors: Kai-Hung Lu Junfang Lian Ting-Wei Liu </p> <p>The global power sector faces the critical challenge of balancing rising electricity demand with stringent carbon reduction targets. Taiwan&amp;amp;rsquo;s unique geopolitical and energy import constraints provide an ideal context for exploring advanced grid technologies integrated with carbon-trading mechanisms. This study combines the Adaptive Time-Varying Gravitational Search Algorithm (ATGA) with Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) technology to optimize power flow and enable carbon transactions between the power generation and transmission sectors. Through a feedback-driven mechanism, power producers acquire carbon credits from transmission operators, maximizing profitability while meeting emission targets. Managed by the transmission companies, the SSSC enhances grid stability, reduces transmission losses, and generates valuable carbon credits. Simulations based on Taiwan&amp;amp;rsquo;s power market demonstrate that this integrated approach achieves a 50% reduction in emissions and increases profitability for power producers by up to 20%. This model has potential applications in other regions, and future work could explore its scalability and adaptability in different economic and regulatory contexts.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Advanced Emission Reduction Strategies: Integrating SSSC and Carbon Trading in Power Systems</dc:title> <dc:creator>Kai-Hung Lu</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Junfang Lian</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Ting-Wei Liu</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/pr12122639</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Processes</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-23</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Processes</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-23</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>12</prism:volume> <prism:number>12</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>2639</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/pr12122639</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2639</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2638"> <title>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2638: Deep Neural Network Optimization for Efficient Gas Detection Systems in Edge Intelligence Environments</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2638</link> <description>This paper introduces an optimized deep neural network (DNN) framework for an efficient gas detection system applicable across various settings. The proposed optimized DNN model addresses key issues in conventional machine learning (ML), including slow computation times, convergence issues, and poor adaptability to new data, which can result in increased prediction errors and reduced reliability. The proposed framework methodology comprises four phases: data collection, pre-processing, offline DNN training optimization, and online model testing and deployment. The training datasets are collected from seven classes of liquid beverages and environmental air samples using integrated gas sensor devices and an edge intelligence environment. The proposed DNN algorithm is trained on high-performance computing systems by fine-tuning multiple hyperparameter optimization techniques, resulting in an optimized DNN. This well-trained DNN model is validated using unseen new testing datasets in high-performance computing systems. Experimental results demonstrate that the optimized DNN can accurately recognize different beverages, achieving an impressive detection accuracy rate of 98.29%. The findings indicate that the proposed system significantly enhances gas identification capabilities and effectively addresses the slow computation and performance issues associated with traditional ML methods. This work highlights the potential of optimized DNNs to provide reliable and efficient contactless detection solutions across various industries, enhancing real-time gas detection applications.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-22</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2638: Deep Neural Network Optimization for Efficient Gas Detection Systems in Edge Intelligence Environments</b></p> <p>Processes <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2638">doi: 10.3390/pr12122638</a></p> <p>Authors: Amare Mulatie Dehnaw Ying-Jui Lu Jiun-Hann Shih Cheng-Kai Yao Mekuanint Agegnehu Bitew Peng-Chun Peng </p> <p>This paper introduces an optimized deep neural network (DNN) framework for an efficient gas detection system applicable across various settings. The proposed optimized DNN model addresses key issues in conventional machine learning (ML), including slow computation times, convergence issues, and poor adaptability to new data, which can result in increased prediction errors and reduced reliability. The proposed framework methodology comprises four phases: data collection, pre-processing, offline DNN training optimization, and online model testing and deployment. The training datasets are collected from seven classes of liquid beverages and environmental air samples using integrated gas sensor devices and an edge intelligence environment. The proposed DNN algorithm is trained on high-performance computing systems by fine-tuning multiple hyperparameter optimization techniques, resulting in an optimized DNN. This well-trained DNN model is validated using unseen new testing datasets in high-performance computing systems. Experimental results demonstrate that the optimized DNN can accurately recognize different beverages, achieving an impressive detection accuracy rate of 98.29%. The findings indicate that the proposed system significantly enhances gas identification capabilities and effectively addresses the slow computation and performance issues associated with traditional ML methods. This work highlights the potential of optimized DNNs to provide reliable and efficient contactless detection solutions across various industries, enhancing real-time gas detection applications.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Deep Neural Network Optimization for Efficient Gas Detection Systems in Edge Intelligence Environments</dc:title> <dc:creator>Amare Mulatie Dehnaw</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Ying-Jui Lu</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Jiun-Hann Shih</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Cheng-Kai Yao</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Mekuanint Agegnehu Bitew</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Peng-Chun Peng</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/pr12122638</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Processes</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-22</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Processes</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-22</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>12</prism:volume> <prism:number>12</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>2638</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/pr12122638</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2638</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2637"> <title>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2637: A Study on the Sustainability of Petrochemical Industrial Complexes Through Accident Data Analysis</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2637</link> <description>The increase in energy demand due to industrial development and urbanization has resulted in the development of large-scale energy facilities. Republic of Korea&amp;amp;rsquo;s petrochemical industrial complexes serve as prime examples of this phenomenon. However, because of complex processes and aging facilities, many of which have been in operation for over a decade, these industrial complexes are prone to process-deviation-related accidents. Chemical accidents in energy facilities involving high-pressure liquids or gases are especially dangerous; therefore, proactive accident prevention is critical. This study is also relevant to corporate environment, social, and governance (ESG) management. Preventing chemical accidents to protect workers from injury is critical for business and preventing damage to surrounding areas from chemical accidents is a key component of ESG safety. In this study, we collected accident data, specifically injury-related incidents, from Republic of Korea&amp;amp;rsquo;s petrochemical industrial complexes, which are the foundation of the energy industry. We analyzed the causes of accidents in a step-by-step manner. Furthermore, we conducted a risk analysis by categorizing accident data based on the level of risk associated with each analysis result; we identified the main causes of accidents and &amp;amp;ldquo;high-risk process stages&amp;amp;rdquo; that posed significant risk. The analysis reveals that the majority of accidents occur during general operations (50%, 167 cases) and process operations (39%, 128 cases). In terms of incident types, fire/explosion incidents accounted for the highest proportion (43%, 144 cases), followed by leakage incidents (24%, 78 cases). Furthermore, we propose a disaster safety artificial intelligence (AI) model to prevent major and fatal accidents during these high-risk process stages. A detailed analysis reveals that human factors such as accumulated worker fatigue, insufficient safety training, and non-compliance with operational procedures can significantly increase the likelihood of accidents in petrochemical facilities. This finding emphasizes the importance of introducing measurement sensors and AI convergence technologies to help humans predict and detect any issues. Therefore, we selected representative accident cases for implementing our disaster safety model.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-22</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2637: A Study on the Sustainability of Petrochemical Industrial Complexes Through Accident Data Analysis</b></p> <p>Processes <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2637">doi: 10.3390/pr12122637</a></p> <p>Authors: Lee Su Kim Cheolhee Yoon Daeun Lee Gwyam Shin Seungho Jung </p> <p>The increase in energy demand due to industrial development and urbanization has resulted in the development of large-scale energy facilities. Republic of Korea&amp;amp;rsquo;s petrochemical industrial complexes serve as prime examples of this phenomenon. However, because of complex processes and aging facilities, many of which have been in operation for over a decade, these industrial complexes are prone to process-deviation-related accidents. Chemical accidents in energy facilities involving high-pressure liquids or gases are especially dangerous; therefore, proactive accident prevention is critical. This study is also relevant to corporate environment, social, and governance (ESG) management. Preventing chemical accidents to protect workers from injury is critical for business and preventing damage to surrounding areas from chemical accidents is a key component of ESG safety. In this study, we collected accident data, specifically injury-related incidents, from Republic of Korea&amp;amp;rsquo;s petrochemical industrial complexes, which are the foundation of the energy industry. We analyzed the causes of accidents in a step-by-step manner. Furthermore, we conducted a risk analysis by categorizing accident data based on the level of risk associated with each analysis result; we identified the main causes of accidents and &amp;amp;ldquo;high-risk process stages&amp;amp;rdquo; that posed significant risk. The analysis reveals that the majority of accidents occur during general operations (50%, 167 cases) and process operations (39%, 128 cases). In terms of incident types, fire/explosion incidents accounted for the highest proportion (43%, 144 cases), followed by leakage incidents (24%, 78 cases). Furthermore, we propose a disaster safety artificial intelligence (AI) model to prevent major and fatal accidents during these high-risk process stages. A detailed analysis reveals that human factors such as accumulated worker fatigue, insufficient safety training, and non-compliance with operational procedures can significantly increase the likelihood of accidents in petrochemical facilities. This finding emphasizes the importance of introducing measurement sensors and AI convergence technologies to help humans predict and detect any issues. Therefore, we selected representative accident cases for implementing our disaster safety model.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>A Study on the Sustainability of Petrochemical Industrial Complexes Through Accident Data Analysis</dc:title> <dc:creator>Lee Su Kim</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Cheolhee Yoon</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Daeun Lee</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Gwyam Shin</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Seungho Jung</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/pr12122637</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Processes</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-22</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Processes</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-22</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>12</prism:volume> <prism:number>12</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>2637</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/pr12122637</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2637</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2636"> <title>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2636: Comparative Genomic Analysis of Extracellular Electron Transfer in Bacteria</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2636</link> <description>Certain bacteria can transfer extracellular electrons and are applied in microbial fuel cells (MFCs). In this study, we compared the extracellular electron transfer characteristics of 85 genomes from nine genera, namely Blautia, Bradyrhizobium, Desulfuromonas, Dialister, Geobacter, Geothrix, Shewanella, Sphingomonas, and Phascolarctobacterium, using the bioinformatic tools Prokka 1.14.6, Roary 3.13.0, Panaroo 1.3.4, PEPPAN 1.0.6, and Twilight. The unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) clustering of genes related to extracellular electron transfer revealed a good genus-level structure. The relative abundance and hierarchical clustering analyses performed in this study suggest that the bacteria Desulfuromonas, Geobacter, Geothrix, and Shewanella have more extracellular electron transfer genes and cluster together. Further functional differences among the genomes showed that 66 genes in these bacteria were significantly higher in abundance than in the other five bacteria (p &amp;amp;lt; 0.01) based on PEPPAN followed by a Twilight analysis. Our work provides new potential insights into extracellular electron transfer in microorganisms.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-22</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2636: Comparative Genomic Analysis of Extracellular Electron Transfer in Bacteria</b></p> <p>Processes <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2636">doi: 10.3390/pr12122636</a></p> <p>Authors: Daniel Liu Jimmy Kuo Chorng-Horng Lin </p> <p>Certain bacteria can transfer extracellular electrons and are applied in microbial fuel cells (MFCs). In this study, we compared the extracellular electron transfer characteristics of 85 genomes from nine genera, namely Blautia, Bradyrhizobium, Desulfuromonas, Dialister, Geobacter, Geothrix, Shewanella, Sphingomonas, and Phascolarctobacterium, using the bioinformatic tools Prokka 1.14.6, Roary 3.13.0, Panaroo 1.3.4, PEPPAN 1.0.6, and Twilight. The unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) clustering of genes related to extracellular electron transfer revealed a good genus-level structure. The relative abundance and hierarchical clustering analyses performed in this study suggest that the bacteria Desulfuromonas, Geobacter, Geothrix, and Shewanella have more extracellular electron transfer genes and cluster together. Further functional differences among the genomes showed that 66 genes in these bacteria were significantly higher in abundance than in the other five bacteria (p &amp;amp;lt; 0.01) based on PEPPAN followed by a Twilight analysis. Our work provides new potential insights into extracellular electron transfer in microorganisms.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Comparative Genomic Analysis of Extracellular Electron Transfer in Bacteria</dc:title> <dc:creator>Daniel Liu</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Jimmy Kuo</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Chorng-Horng Lin</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/pr12122636</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Processes</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-22</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Processes</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-22</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>12</prism:volume> <prism:number>12</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>2636</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/pr12122636</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2636</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2635"> <title>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2635: A Novel Approach to Predicting Critical Alternating Stall in a Centrifugal Pump Impeller with Even Blades Under Transient Conditions</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2635</link> <description>A novel approach is proposed to predict alternating stall in a centrifugal pump impeller with even blades by introducing a low-pressure ratio, which is defined as the ratio of the deviation of the low-pressure zones of adjacent impeller passages. The threshold of 2/3 is shown to be a good quantity with which to accurately and quantitatively predict alternating stall and even critical alternating stall (CAS). The effectiveness of this new approach is validated by comparison with previous findings obtained under quasi-steady conditions. Large eddy simulation data for a six-blade centrifugal pump impeller are used to predict the CAS under transient conditions, with the transient conditions corresponding to a sinusoidal flow rate with an equilibrium value of 0.5Qd (where Qd is the design load) and an initial phase of zero combined with different oscillation amplitudes. The low-pressure ratio frequency equals the flow rate frequency, approximately 2 Hz. The phase of the low-pressure ratio lags behind the flow rate. When the oscillation amplitude is larger than 0.15Qd, a non-stall state occurs during the dropping stage of the flow rate. The flow rates corresponding to the CAS during the dropping and rising stages, respectively, increase and decrease as the oscillation amplitude increases.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-22</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2635: A Novel Approach to Predicting Critical Alternating Stall in a Centrifugal Pump Impeller with Even Blades Under Transient Conditions</b></p> <p>Processes <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2635">doi: 10.3390/pr12122635</a></p> <p>Authors: Xiaojie Zhou Xulai Chen Di Yu Yu Li Xiaoping Chen </p> <p>A novel approach is proposed to predict alternating stall in a centrifugal pump impeller with even blades by introducing a low-pressure ratio, which is defined as the ratio of the deviation of the low-pressure zones of adjacent impeller passages. The threshold of 2/3 is shown to be a good quantity with which to accurately and quantitatively predict alternating stall and even critical alternating stall (CAS). The effectiveness of this new approach is validated by comparison with previous findings obtained under quasi-steady conditions. Large eddy simulation data for a six-blade centrifugal pump impeller are used to predict the CAS under transient conditions, with the transient conditions corresponding to a sinusoidal flow rate with an equilibrium value of 0.5Qd (where Qd is the design load) and an initial phase of zero combined with different oscillation amplitudes. The low-pressure ratio frequency equals the flow rate frequency, approximately 2 Hz. The phase of the low-pressure ratio lags behind the flow rate. When the oscillation amplitude is larger than 0.15Qd, a non-stall state occurs during the dropping stage of the flow rate. The flow rates corresponding to the CAS during the dropping and rising stages, respectively, increase and decrease as the oscillation amplitude increases.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>A Novel Approach to Predicting Critical Alternating Stall in a Centrifugal Pump Impeller with Even Blades Under Transient Conditions</dc:title> <dc:creator>Xiaojie Zhou</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Xulai Chen</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Di Yu</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Yu Li</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Xiaoping Chen</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/pr12122635</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Processes</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-22</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Processes</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-22</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>12</prism:volume> <prism:number>12</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>2635</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/pr12122635</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2635</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2634"> <title>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2634: Automatic History Matching Method and Application of Artificial Intelligence for Fractured-Porous Carbonate Reservoirs</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2634</link> <description>Fractured-porous carbonate reservoirs, mainly composed of dolomites and crystalline rocks with various rock types and extremely poor initial porosity and permeability, are dominated by tectonic fractures and exhibit extreme heterogeneity. The fracture system plays a predominant role in hydrocarbon fluid transport. Compared with conventional sandstone reservoirs, fracture geometry and topological structure parameters are key factors for the accuracy and computational efficiency of numerical simulation history matching in fractured reservoirs. To address the matching issue, this paper introduces an artificial intelligence history matching method combining the Monte Carlo experimental planning method with an artificial neural network and a particle swarm optimization algorithm. Taking reservoir geological parameters and phase infiltration properties as the objective function, this method performs reservoir production history matching to correct the geological model. Through case studies, it is verified that this method can accurately correct the geological model of fractured-porous reservoirs and match the observed production data. This research represents a collaborative effort among multiple disciplines, integrating advanced algorithms and geological knowledge with the expertise of computer scientists, geologists, and engineers. Currently the world&amp;amp;rsquo;s major oilfields history fitting is mainly based on reservoir engineers&amp;amp;rsquo; experience to fit; the method is applicable to major oilfields, but the fitting accuracy and fitting efficiency is severely limited, the fitting accuracy is less than 75%, while the artificial intelligence history fitting method shows a stronger applicability; intelligent history fitting is mainly based on the integrity of the field data, and as far as the theory is concerned, the accuracy of the intelligent history fitting can be up to 100%. Therefore, AI history fitting can provide a significant foundation for mine field research. Future research could further explore interdisciplinary collaboration to address other challenges in reservoir characterization and management.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-22</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2634: Automatic History Matching Method and Application of Artificial Intelligence for Fractured-Porous Carbonate Reservoirs</b></p> <p>Processes <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2634">doi: 10.3390/pr12122634</a></p> <p>Authors: Kaijun Tong Wentong Song Han Chen Sheng Guo Xueyuan Li Zhixue Sun </p> <p>Fractured-porous carbonate reservoirs, mainly composed of dolomites and crystalline rocks with various rock types and extremely poor initial porosity and permeability, are dominated by tectonic fractures and exhibit extreme heterogeneity. The fracture system plays a predominant role in hydrocarbon fluid transport. Compared with conventional sandstone reservoirs, fracture geometry and topological structure parameters are key factors for the accuracy and computational efficiency of numerical simulation history matching in fractured reservoirs. To address the matching issue, this paper introduces an artificial intelligence history matching method combining the Monte Carlo experimental planning method with an artificial neural network and a particle swarm optimization algorithm. Taking reservoir geological parameters and phase infiltration properties as the objective function, this method performs reservoir production history matching to correct the geological model. Through case studies, it is verified that this method can accurately correct the geological model of fractured-porous reservoirs and match the observed production data. This research represents a collaborative effort among multiple disciplines, integrating advanced algorithms and geological knowledge with the expertise of computer scientists, geologists, and engineers. Currently the world&amp;amp;rsquo;s major oilfields history fitting is mainly based on reservoir engineers&amp;amp;rsquo; experience to fit; the method is applicable to major oilfields, but the fitting accuracy and fitting efficiency is severely limited, the fitting accuracy is less than 75%, while the artificial intelligence history fitting method shows a stronger applicability; intelligent history fitting is mainly based on the integrity of the field data, and as far as the theory is concerned, the accuracy of the intelligent history fitting can be up to 100%. Therefore, AI history fitting can provide a significant foundation for mine field research. Future research could further explore interdisciplinary collaboration to address other challenges in reservoir characterization and management.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Automatic History Matching Method and Application of Artificial Intelligence for Fractured-Porous Carbonate Reservoirs</dc:title> <dc:creator>Kaijun Tong</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Wentong Song</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Han Chen</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Sheng Guo</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Xueyuan Li</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Zhixue Sun</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/pr12122634</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Processes</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-22</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Processes</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-22</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>12</prism:volume> <prism:number>12</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>2634</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/pr12122634</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2634</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2632"> <title>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2632: Design and Parametric Analysis of the Constant Force Characteristics of the Electromagnet for Hydraulic Valves</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2632</link> <description>The electromagnet is the most used driving device for hydraulic valves; especially the proportional electromagnet with constant force characteristics is the basis for the excellent control performance of hydraulic valves. However, the constant force characteristics of the proportional electromagnet are related to many parameters and are difficult to obtain. In view of the above problems, this paper designs a proportional electromagnet for driving hydraulic valves with the goal of constant force characteristics, with the minimum variance of the output electromagnetic force in the working range as the condition. Firstly, this paper introduces the working principle of proportional electromagnets and establishes the model of electromagnetic force. Then, the influences of the basin bottom radius, the guide angle width and the basin mouth depth on the constant force characteristics of the electromagnet were studied by the finite element method (FEM). Their values are found respectively to give the electromagnet constant force characteristics. Finally, the test bench of the electromagnet was built, and its constant force characteristics and output characteristics were continuously tested. The results show that the test results of the output electromagnet force are highly consistent with the simulation results and have constant force characteristics. Related research deepens the understanding of how the key parameters affect the constant force characteristics, and helps designers optimize these parameters to develop new structures, which have certain practical engineering values.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-22</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2632: Design and Parametric Analysis of the Constant Force Characteristics of the Electromagnet for Hydraulic Valves</b></p> <p>Processes <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2632">doi: 10.3390/pr12122632</a></p> <p>Authors: Wang Ren Liujie Wu Wei Zhang Pengfei Jiang Ziyue Wang Chao Luo Jichang Guo Chang Liu Yaozhong Wei Zhiliang Chen Zongke He Yijie Liu Ting Yu Yanhe Song Bin Yu </p> <p>The electromagnet is the most used driving device for hydraulic valves; especially the proportional electromagnet with constant force characteristics is the basis for the excellent control performance of hydraulic valves. However, the constant force characteristics of the proportional electromagnet are related to many parameters and are difficult to obtain. In view of the above problems, this paper designs a proportional electromagnet for driving hydraulic valves with the goal of constant force characteristics, with the minimum variance of the output electromagnetic force in the working range as the condition. Firstly, this paper introduces the working principle of proportional electromagnets and establishes the model of electromagnetic force. Then, the influences of the basin bottom radius, the guide angle width and the basin mouth depth on the constant force characteristics of the electromagnet were studied by the finite element method (FEM). Their values are found respectively to give the electromagnet constant force characteristics. Finally, the test bench of the electromagnet was built, and its constant force characteristics and output characteristics were continuously tested. The results show that the test results of the output electromagnet force are highly consistent with the simulation results and have constant force characteristics. Related research deepens the understanding of how the key parameters affect the constant force characteristics, and helps designers optimize these parameters to develop new structures, which have certain practical engineering values.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Design and Parametric Analysis of the Constant Force Characteristics of the Electromagnet for Hydraulic Valves</dc:title> <dc:creator>Wang Ren</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Liujie Wu</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Wei Zhang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Pengfei Jiang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Ziyue Wang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Chao Luo</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Jichang Guo</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Chang Liu</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Yaozhong Wei</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Zhiliang Chen</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Zongke He</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Yijie Liu</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Ting Yu</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Yanhe Song</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Bin Yu</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/pr12122632</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Processes</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-22</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Processes</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-22</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>12</prism:volume> <prism:number>12</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>2632</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/pr12122632</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2632</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2633"> <title>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2633: Experimental Investigation into Atmospheric Microwave Plasma-Driven Nitrogen Fixation Using Metal&amp;ndash;Organic Frameworks</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2633</link> <description>Microwave plasma-driven nitrogen fixation can occur at atmospheric pressure without complex processing conditions. However, this method still faces the challenge of high energy consumption and low production. Combined plasma&amp;amp;ndash;catalyst systems are widely used to increase production and reduce energy consumption in nitrogen fixation. However, the efficacy of currently used catalysts remains limited. In this paper, the metal&amp;amp;ndash;organic framework materials (MOFs) copper benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylate (Cu-BTC) and zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) are combined with atmospheric microwave plasma for nitrogen fixation. The experimental results show that they have a better catalytic effect than the ordinary catalyst zeolite socony mobil-5 (ZSM-5). The maximum nitrogen oxide concentration reaches 33,400 ppm, and the lowest energy consumption is 2.05 MJ/mol. Compared to no catalyst, the production of nitrogen oxides (NOx) can be increased by 17.1%, and the energy consumption can be reduced by 14.6%. The stability test carried out these catalysts demonstrates that they have a stable performance within one hour. To the knowledge of the authors, this is the first effort to study the synergistic effects of atmospheric microwave plasma and MOFs on nitrogen fixation. This study also introduces a potentially eco-friendly approach to nitrogen fixation, characterized by its low energy consumption and emissions.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-22</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2633: Experimental Investigation into Atmospheric Microwave Plasma-Driven Nitrogen Fixation Using Metal&amp;ndash;Organic Frameworks</b></p> <p>Processes <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2633">doi: 10.3390/pr12122633</a></p> <p>Authors: Fang Zheng Kai Feng Shaokun Wu Wei Xiao </p> <p>Microwave plasma-driven nitrogen fixation can occur at atmospheric pressure without complex processing conditions. However, this method still faces the challenge of high energy consumption and low production. Combined plasma&amp;amp;ndash;catalyst systems are widely used to increase production and reduce energy consumption in nitrogen fixation. However, the efficacy of currently used catalysts remains limited. In this paper, the metal&amp;amp;ndash;organic framework materials (MOFs) copper benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylate (Cu-BTC) and zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) are combined with atmospheric microwave plasma for nitrogen fixation. The experimental results show that they have a better catalytic effect than the ordinary catalyst zeolite socony mobil-5 (ZSM-5). The maximum nitrogen oxide concentration reaches 33,400 ppm, and the lowest energy consumption is 2.05 MJ/mol. Compared to no catalyst, the production of nitrogen oxides (NOx) can be increased by 17.1%, and the energy consumption can be reduced by 14.6%. The stability test carried out these catalysts demonstrates that they have a stable performance within one hour. To the knowledge of the authors, this is the first effort to study the synergistic effects of atmospheric microwave plasma and MOFs on nitrogen fixation. This study also introduces a potentially eco-friendly approach to nitrogen fixation, characterized by its low energy consumption and emissions.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Experimental Investigation into Atmospheric Microwave Plasma-Driven Nitrogen Fixation Using Metal&amp;amp;ndash;Organic Frameworks</dc:title> <dc:creator>Fang Zheng</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Kai Feng</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Shaokun Wu</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Wei Xiao</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/pr12122633</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Processes</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-22</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Processes</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-22</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>12</prism:volume> <prism:number>12</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>2633</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/pr12122633</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2633</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2631"> <title>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2631: Comprehensive Analysis of the Annulus Pressure Buildup in Wells with Sustained Gas Leakage Below the Liquid Level</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2631</link> <description>During the process of natural gas development, sustained casing pressure (SCP) frequently occurs within the annulus of the gas wells; we specifically referred to the &amp;amp;ldquo;A&amp;amp;rdquo; annular space located between the tubing and the production casing in this paper. SCP in an annulus poses a paramount safety challenge, universally acknowledged as a significant threat to gas field development and production, jeopardizing well integrity, personnel safety, and environmental protection. There are multiple factors that contribute to this issue. Due to the multitude of factors contributing to SCP in an annulus and the unclear mechanisms underlying the pressure buildup in wells, an early assessment of downhole leakage risks remains challenging. Hence, this study focused on a comprehensive analysis of the SCP in the annulus of gas wells. A detailed experimental study on the pressure buildup in an annulus due to tubing leakage below the liquid level was conducted, and the variation patterns of the annulus pressure under various leakage conditions were explored. The findings indicated that the equilibrium attainment time of annulus pressure at the wellhead subsequent to tubing leakage decreases with the increase in the pressure difference between the tubing and the casing, the liquid level height, the leakage orifice diameter, and the quantity, while it increases with the increase in the leakage position and gas temperature. According to the theory of gas fluid dynamics, a predictive model of the annulus pressure buildup with sustained gas leakage below the liquid level was proposed, which was well-validated against experimental results, achieving a model accuracy of over 95%. This study provided a theoretical framework for diagnosing SCP in the annulus of gas wells and developing mitigation strategies, thereby contributing to the advancement of the research field and ensuring the safety of industrial operations.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-22</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2631: Comprehensive Analysis of the Annulus Pressure Buildup in Wells with Sustained Gas Leakage Below the Liquid Level</b></p> <p>Processes <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2631">doi: 10.3390/pr12122631</a></p> <p>Authors: Siqi Yang Jianglong Fu Nan Zhao Changfeng Xu Lihong Han Jianjun Wang Hailong Liu Yuhang Zhang Jun Liu </p> <p>During the process of natural gas development, sustained casing pressure (SCP) frequently occurs within the annulus of the gas wells; we specifically referred to the &amp;amp;ldquo;A&amp;amp;rdquo; annular space located between the tubing and the production casing in this paper. SCP in an annulus poses a paramount safety challenge, universally acknowledged as a significant threat to gas field development and production, jeopardizing well integrity, personnel safety, and environmental protection. There are multiple factors that contribute to this issue. Due to the multitude of factors contributing to SCP in an annulus and the unclear mechanisms underlying the pressure buildup in wells, an early assessment of downhole leakage risks remains challenging. Hence, this study focused on a comprehensive analysis of the SCP in the annulus of gas wells. A detailed experimental study on the pressure buildup in an annulus due to tubing leakage below the liquid level was conducted, and the variation patterns of the annulus pressure under various leakage conditions were explored. The findings indicated that the equilibrium attainment time of annulus pressure at the wellhead subsequent to tubing leakage decreases with the increase in the pressure difference between the tubing and the casing, the liquid level height, the leakage orifice diameter, and the quantity, while it increases with the increase in the leakage position and gas temperature. According to the theory of gas fluid dynamics, a predictive model of the annulus pressure buildup with sustained gas leakage below the liquid level was proposed, which was well-validated against experimental results, achieving a model accuracy of over 95%. This study provided a theoretical framework for diagnosing SCP in the annulus of gas wells and developing mitigation strategies, thereby contributing to the advancement of the research field and ensuring the safety of industrial operations.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Comprehensive Analysis of the Annulus Pressure Buildup in Wells with Sustained Gas Leakage Below the Liquid Level</dc:title> <dc:creator>Siqi Yang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Jianglong Fu</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Nan Zhao</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Changfeng Xu</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Lihong Han</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Jianjun Wang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Hailong Liu</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Yuhang Zhang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Jun Liu</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/pr12122631</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Processes</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-22</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Processes</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-22</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>12</prism:volume> <prism:number>12</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>2631</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/pr12122631</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2631</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2630"> <title>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2630: Numerical Investigation of Complex Hydraulic Fracture Propagation in Shale Formation</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2630</link> <description>Due to the high flow resistance of shale oil and gas, creating artificial flow channels with high conductivity in shale formation was the main challenge for the development of shale oil and gas resources. To further understand the fracture propagation mechanism in shale formation, this paper proposed a global cohesive element method to simulate the hydraulic fracture propagation behavior in which natural fractures were distributed randomly, and the fracture geometry was quantitatively analyzed. From the simulation, it can be found that the horizontal stress difference was the determining factor affecting the generation of a complex fracture network. The simulation indicated that a low horizontal stress difference was beneficial for improving the stimulated volume. When the stress difference was below 5.0 MPa, numerous branch fractures were created which was the foundation of a complex fracture network. High injection rates with low-viscosity fracturing fluid were helpful for creating a complex fracture network, while high-viscosity fracturing fluid limited the fracture fluid flow into the deep formation.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-22</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2630: Numerical Investigation of Complex Hydraulic Fracture Propagation in Shale Formation</b></p> <p>Processes <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2630">doi: 10.3390/pr12122630</a></p> <p>Authors: Heng Zheng Fengxia Li Di Wang </p> <p>Due to the high flow resistance of shale oil and gas, creating artificial flow channels with high conductivity in shale formation was the main challenge for the development of shale oil and gas resources. To further understand the fracture propagation mechanism in shale formation, this paper proposed a global cohesive element method to simulate the hydraulic fracture propagation behavior in which natural fractures were distributed randomly, and the fracture geometry was quantitatively analyzed. From the simulation, it can be found that the horizontal stress difference was the determining factor affecting the generation of a complex fracture network. The simulation indicated that a low horizontal stress difference was beneficial for improving the stimulated volume. When the stress difference was below 5.0 MPa, numerous branch fractures were created which was the foundation of a complex fracture network. High injection rates with low-viscosity fracturing fluid were helpful for creating a complex fracture network, while high-viscosity fracturing fluid limited the fracture fluid flow into the deep formation.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Numerical Investigation of Complex Hydraulic Fracture Propagation in Shale Formation</dc:title> <dc:creator>Heng Zheng</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Fengxia Li</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Di Wang</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/pr12122630</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Processes</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-22</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Processes</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-22</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>12</prism:volume> <prism:number>12</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>2630</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/pr12122630</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2630</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2629"> <title>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2629: Assessment of the Influences of Numerical Models on Aerodynamic Performances in Hypersonic Nonequilibrium Flows</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2629</link> <description>In this paper, the aerodynamic performances including shock wave standoff distance (SSD) and heat flux of ELECTRE vehicle at 53.3 km and 4230 m/s for several types of numerical models are investigated. The numerical models include thermal equilibrium/nonequilibrium (1T/2T) assumption, three surface boundary conditions (no-slip/non-catalytic, slip/non-catalytic, slip/fully-catalytic), four chemical kinetic models (DK, Park, Gupta, and No Reaction (NR)) and two controlling temperatures (Ttr0.7Tve0.3, Ttr0.5Tve0.5). The results show that the chemical kinetic model significantly affects the SSD, and its value gradually decreases with the increase in chemical reaction rate. The SSD predicted by the NR model is 20.7% larger than that of the Park model. The SSD is also affected by the proportion of vibro-electronic temperature (Tve) in the controlling temperature, and the higher the proportion, the larger the SSD. Regarding the heat flux, the catalytic surface setting is crucial, where the value predicted by the fully-catalytic model is 62.2% higher than that by the non-catalytic model. As the chemical reaction rate of Gupta, DK, and Park models increases sequentially, the calculated heat flux decreases in turn. The heat flux predicted by the 2T model is lower than that by the 1T model, and the higher Tve proportion in the controlling temperature, the smaller the heat flux. The fundamental reason is that the trans-rotational convective heat flux of the 2T model is much lower than that of the 1T model, and the trans-rotational convective heat flux decreases with an increase in the Tve proportion.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-22</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2629: Assessment of the Influences of Numerical Models on Aerodynamic Performances in Hypersonic Nonequilibrium Flows</b></p> <p>Processes <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2629">doi: 10.3390/pr12122629</a></p> <p>Authors: Wenqing Zhang Zhijun Zhang Hualin Yang </p> <p>In this paper, the aerodynamic performances including shock wave standoff distance (SSD) and heat flux of ELECTRE vehicle at 53.3 km and 4230 m/s for several types of numerical models are investigated. The numerical models include thermal equilibrium/nonequilibrium (1T/2T) assumption, three surface boundary conditions (no-slip/non-catalytic, slip/non-catalytic, slip/fully-catalytic), four chemical kinetic models (DK, Park, Gupta, and No Reaction (NR)) and two controlling temperatures (Ttr0.7Tve0.3, Ttr0.5Tve0.5). The results show that the chemical kinetic model significantly affects the SSD, and its value gradually decreases with the increase in chemical reaction rate. The SSD predicted by the NR model is 20.7% larger than that of the Park model. The SSD is also affected by the proportion of vibro-electronic temperature (Tve) in the controlling temperature, and the higher the proportion, the larger the SSD. Regarding the heat flux, the catalytic surface setting is crucial, where the value predicted by the fully-catalytic model is 62.2% higher than that by the non-catalytic model. As the chemical reaction rate of Gupta, DK, and Park models increases sequentially, the calculated heat flux decreases in turn. The heat flux predicted by the 2T model is lower than that by the 1T model, and the higher Tve proportion in the controlling temperature, the smaller the heat flux. The fundamental reason is that the trans-rotational convective heat flux of the 2T model is much lower than that of the 1T model, and the trans-rotational convective heat flux decreases with an increase in the Tve proportion.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Assessment of the Influences of Numerical Models on Aerodynamic Performances in Hypersonic Nonequilibrium Flows</dc:title> <dc:creator>Wenqing Zhang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Zhijun Zhang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Hualin Yang</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/pr12122629</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Processes</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-22</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Processes</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-22</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>12</prism:volume> <prism:number>12</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>2629</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/pr12122629</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2629</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2628"> <title>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2628: Simulation and Experiment on Hull Lower Welding Deformation Using Heat Source Shape</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2628</link> <description>To effectively use aluminum, which is inherently weak under heat, as a material for hull construction, it is crucial to precisely predict the thermal deformation in the weld zone. Most studies employing finite element (FE) methods to predict thermal deformation due to welding typically use estimated heat source conditions based on the results of the weld. However, these estimated values can differ significantly from the actual welding conditions. In this study, we investigated whether using the actual shape of the heat source, rather than an estimated value, can serve as a reliable condition for analysis in predicting thermal deformation. This prediction is essential for minimizing deformation in the fillet welds of an aluminum hull. To compare deformation outcomes, Al 5083, commonly used in hull construction, was selected as the base material. The thermal deformation of aluminum hull fillet welds, welded using the Cold Metal Transfer (CMT) welding method, which reduces heat input, was measured. The simulation results demonstrated similar deformation trends, with discrepancies ranging from a minimum of 0.02 mm to a maximum of 1.4 mm when using actual welding conditions and heat source shapes. The results of this study confirm that the actual heat source shape can be utilized as a reliable condition for predicting thermal deformation in aluminum hull welds. The aim is to contribute to the improvement of aluminum hull manufacturing quality by providing essential data for establishing welding conditions and minimizing deformation.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-22</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2628: Simulation and Experiment on Hull Lower Welding Deformation Using Heat Source Shape</b></p> <p>Processes <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2628">doi: 10.3390/pr12122628</a></p> <p>Authors: Chung-Woo Lee Suseong Woo Jisun Kim </p> <p>To effectively use aluminum, which is inherently weak under heat, as a material for hull construction, it is crucial to precisely predict the thermal deformation in the weld zone. Most studies employing finite element (FE) methods to predict thermal deformation due to welding typically use estimated heat source conditions based on the results of the weld. However, these estimated values can differ significantly from the actual welding conditions. In this study, we investigated whether using the actual shape of the heat source, rather than an estimated value, can serve as a reliable condition for analysis in predicting thermal deformation. This prediction is essential for minimizing deformation in the fillet welds of an aluminum hull. To compare deformation outcomes, Al 5083, commonly used in hull construction, was selected as the base material. The thermal deformation of aluminum hull fillet welds, welded using the Cold Metal Transfer (CMT) welding method, which reduces heat input, was measured. The simulation results demonstrated similar deformation trends, with discrepancies ranging from a minimum of 0.02 mm to a maximum of 1.4 mm when using actual welding conditions and heat source shapes. The results of this study confirm that the actual heat source shape can be utilized as a reliable condition for predicting thermal deformation in aluminum hull welds. The aim is to contribute to the improvement of aluminum hull manufacturing quality by providing essential data for establishing welding conditions and minimizing deformation.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Simulation and Experiment on Hull Lower Welding Deformation Using Heat Source Shape</dc:title> <dc:creator>Chung-Woo Lee</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Suseong Woo</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Jisun Kim</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/pr12122628</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Processes</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-22</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Processes</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-22</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>12</prism:volume> <prism:number>12</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>2628</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/pr12122628</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2628</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2627"> <title>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2627: Suspended Particles in Water and Energetically Sustainable Solutions of Their Removal&amp;mdash;A Review</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2627</link> <description>Solid particles (SP) suspended in water represent a common contamination that degrades the water quality, not only in drinking water sources. Particles differ in size, nature, and related features like surface charge. Thus, various methods can be utilized for their removal&amp;amp;mdash;physical approaches including settling or filtration, chemical coagulation/flocculation, biological microbial degradation, and others. This paper aims to summarize currently available methods for SP removal with special attention devoted to alternative, cost-effective, sustainable, and eco-friendly approaches with low energetic demands where the power of renewable energy sources can be utilized. Besides SP properties, the selection of the proper method (or a sequence of methods) for their separation also depends on the purpose of water treatment. Drinking water production demands technologies with immediate effect and high throughputs, like conventional filtration and coagulation/flocculation (electro- or chemical with alternative coagulant/flocculant agents) or some hybrid approaches to ensure quick and cost-effective decontamination. Such technologies usually imply heavy machinery with high electricity consumption, but current progress allows the construction of smaller facilities powered by solar or wind power plant systems. On the other hand, water decontamination in rivers or ponds can include slower processes based on phytoremediation, being long-term sustainable with minimal energy and cost investments.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-22</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2627: Suspended Particles in Water and Energetically Sustainable Solutions of Their Removal&amp;mdash;A Review</b></p> <p>Processes <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2627">doi: 10.3390/pr12122627</a></p> <p>Authors: Štěpán Zezulka Blahoslav Maršálek Eliška Maršálková Klára Odehnalová Marcela Pavlíková Adéla Lamaczová </p> <p>Solid particles (SP) suspended in water represent a common contamination that degrades the water quality, not only in drinking water sources. Particles differ in size, nature, and related features like surface charge. Thus, various methods can be utilized for their removal&amp;amp;mdash;physical approaches including settling or filtration, chemical coagulation/flocculation, biological microbial degradation, and others. This paper aims to summarize currently available methods for SP removal with special attention devoted to alternative, cost-effective, sustainable, and eco-friendly approaches with low energetic demands where the power of renewable energy sources can be utilized. Besides SP properties, the selection of the proper method (or a sequence of methods) for their separation also depends on the purpose of water treatment. Drinking water production demands technologies with immediate effect and high throughputs, like conventional filtration and coagulation/flocculation (electro- or chemical with alternative coagulant/flocculant agents) or some hybrid approaches to ensure quick and cost-effective decontamination. Such technologies usually imply heavy machinery with high electricity consumption, but current progress allows the construction of smaller facilities powered by solar or wind power plant systems. On the other hand, water decontamination in rivers or ponds can include slower processes based on phytoremediation, being long-term sustainable with minimal energy and cost investments.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Suspended Particles in Water and Energetically Sustainable Solutions of Their Removal&amp;amp;mdash;A Review</dc:title> <dc:creator>Štěpán Zezulka</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Blahoslav Maršálek</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Eliška Maršálková</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Klára Odehnalová</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Marcela Pavlíková</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Adéla Lamaczová</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/pr12122627</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Processes</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-22</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Processes</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-22</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>12</prism:volume> <prism:number>12</prism:number> <prism:section>Review</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>2627</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/pr12122627</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2627</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2626"> <title>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2626: Optimization of CO2 Capture Using a New Aqueous Hybrid Solvent (MDEA-[TBPA][TFA]) with a Low Heat Capacity: Integration of COSMO-RS and RSM Approaches</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2626</link> <description>This study aims to evaluate the performance of a new hybrid solvent, comprising aqueous MDEA and tetrabutylphosphonium trifluoroacetate ([TBP][TFA]), for CO2 capture and to optimize its CO2 absorption efficiency. First, this study focused on predicting the thermodynamic properties of aqueous MDEAs and [TBP][TFA] and their interaction energy with CO2 using COSMO-RS. Based on the prediction, it aligns with the principle that CO2 solubility in the MDEA-[TBP][TFA] hybrid solvent decreases as the Henry&amp;amp;rsquo;s Law constant increases, with the interactions primarily governed by van der Waals forces and hydrogen bonding. The aqueous MDEA-[TBP][TFA] hybrid solvent was prepared in two steps: synthesizing and blending [TBP][TFA] with aqueous MDEAs. The formation and purity of [TBP][TFA] were confirmed through NMR, FT-IR, and Karl Fischer. The heat capacity of the hybrid solvents was lower than their aqueous MDEA solutions. The performance and optimization of CO2 capture were studied using RSM-FC-CCD design, with the optimal value obtained at 50 wt.% MDEA, 20 wt.% [TBP][TFA], 30 &amp;amp;deg;C, and 30 bar (12.14 mol/kg), aligning with COSMO-RS predictions. A 26% reduction in the heat capacity was achieved with the optimal ratio (wt.%) of the hybrid solvent. These findings suggest that the aqueous MDEA-[TBP][TFA] hybrid solvent is a promising alternative for CO2 capture, providing a high removal capacity and lower heat capacity for more efficient regeneration compared to commercial aqueous MDEA solutions.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-22</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2626: Optimization of CO2 Capture Using a New Aqueous Hybrid Solvent (MDEA-[TBPA][TFA]) with a Low Heat Capacity: Integration of COSMO-RS and RSM Approaches</b></p> <p>Processes <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2626">doi: 10.3390/pr12122626</a></p> <p>Authors: Fairuz Liyana Mohd Rasdi Revathi Jeyaseelan Mohd Faisal Taha Mohamad Amirul Ashraf Mohd Razip </p> <p>This study aims to evaluate the performance of a new hybrid solvent, comprising aqueous MDEA and tetrabutylphosphonium trifluoroacetate ([TBP][TFA]), for CO2 capture and to optimize its CO2 absorption efficiency. First, this study focused on predicting the thermodynamic properties of aqueous MDEAs and [TBP][TFA] and their interaction energy with CO2 using COSMO-RS. Based on the prediction, it aligns with the principle that CO2 solubility in the MDEA-[TBP][TFA] hybrid solvent decreases as the Henry&amp;amp;rsquo;s Law constant increases, with the interactions primarily governed by van der Waals forces and hydrogen bonding. The aqueous MDEA-[TBP][TFA] hybrid solvent was prepared in two steps: synthesizing and blending [TBP][TFA] with aqueous MDEAs. The formation and purity of [TBP][TFA] were confirmed through NMR, FT-IR, and Karl Fischer. The heat capacity of the hybrid solvents was lower than their aqueous MDEA solutions. The performance and optimization of CO2 capture were studied using RSM-FC-CCD design, with the optimal value obtained at 50 wt.% MDEA, 20 wt.% [TBP][TFA], 30 &amp;amp;deg;C, and 30 bar (12.14 mol/kg), aligning with COSMO-RS predictions. A 26% reduction in the heat capacity was achieved with the optimal ratio (wt.%) of the hybrid solvent. These findings suggest that the aqueous MDEA-[TBP][TFA] hybrid solvent is a promising alternative for CO2 capture, providing a high removal capacity and lower heat capacity for more efficient regeneration compared to commercial aqueous MDEA solutions.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Optimization of CO2 Capture Using a New Aqueous Hybrid Solvent (MDEA-[TBPA][TFA]) with a Low Heat Capacity: Integration of COSMO-RS and RSM Approaches</dc:title> <dc:creator>Fairuz Liyana Mohd Rasdi</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Revathi Jeyaseelan</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Mohd Faisal Taha</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Mohamad Amirul Ashraf Mohd Razip</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/pr12122626</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Processes</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-22</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Processes</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-22</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>12</prism:volume> <prism:number>12</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>2626</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/pr12122626</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2626</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2625"> <title>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2625: The Use of a Trichoderma reesei Culture for the Hydrolysis of Wheat Straw to Obtain Bioethanol</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2625</link> <description>To reduce environmental pollution, a renewable source of energy that we may utilize is bioethanol obtained from wheat straw. Wheat straw was ground to 40&amp;amp;ndash;50 mm in size and heat-treated with high-pressure steam to release lignocelluloses, making them accessible to enzymes during saccharification. Through mechanical pretreatment, a substrate was obtained, which contains toxic components in concentrations that do not diminish the performance of the enzymes in the enzymatic hydrolysis phase. Through the thermal pretreatment of wheat straw, its acidity was improved, influencing the amounts of glucose, xylose, and other components emitted. Following enzymatic hydrolysis, very small concentrations of sugars were released. In order to increase the efficiency of the transformation of sugars into ethanol during the fermentation process, a strain of yeast, Trichoderma reesei multiplied in the laboratory, was added, under the conditions of temperature&amp;amp;mdash;28 degrees and stirring&amp;amp;mdash;800 rpm. Trichoderma reesei penetrated the wheat straw substrate, facilitating the subsequent hydrolysis process. The improved biodegradation of the pretreated straws was highlighted by the electron microscopy analysis.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-22</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2625: The Use of a Trichoderma reesei Culture for the Hydrolysis of Wheat Straw to Obtain Bioethanol</b></p> <p>Processes <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2625">doi: 10.3390/pr12122625</a></p> <p>Authors: Maria Ciobanu Carmen Otilia Rusănescu Raluca Lucia Dinculoiu </p> <p>To reduce environmental pollution, a renewable source of energy that we may utilize is bioethanol obtained from wheat straw. Wheat straw was ground to 40&amp;amp;ndash;50 mm in size and heat-treated with high-pressure steam to release lignocelluloses, making them accessible to enzymes during saccharification. Through mechanical pretreatment, a substrate was obtained, which contains toxic components in concentrations that do not diminish the performance of the enzymes in the enzymatic hydrolysis phase. Through the thermal pretreatment of wheat straw, its acidity was improved, influencing the amounts of glucose, xylose, and other components emitted. Following enzymatic hydrolysis, very small concentrations of sugars were released. In order to increase the efficiency of the transformation of sugars into ethanol during the fermentation process, a strain of yeast, Trichoderma reesei multiplied in the laboratory, was added, under the conditions of temperature&amp;amp;mdash;28 degrees and stirring&amp;amp;mdash;800 rpm. Trichoderma reesei penetrated the wheat straw substrate, facilitating the subsequent hydrolysis process. The improved biodegradation of the pretreated straws was highlighted by the electron microscopy analysis.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>The Use of a Trichoderma reesei Culture for the Hydrolysis of Wheat Straw to Obtain Bioethanol</dc:title> <dc:creator>Maria Ciobanu</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Carmen Otilia Rusănescu</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Raluca Lucia Dinculoiu</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/pr12122625</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Processes</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-22</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Processes</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-22</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>12</prism:volume> <prism:number>12</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>2625</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/pr12122625</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2625</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2624"> <title>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2624: Fluid Phase Behavior of the Licuri (Syagrus coronata) Fatty Acid Ethyl Ester + Glycerol + Ethanol Mixtures at Different Temperatures&amp;mdash;Experimental and Thermodynamic Modeling</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2624</link> <description>This study provides experimental insights into the liquid&amp;amp;ndash;liquid equilibrium (LLE) of a system consisting of fatty acid ethyl ester (FAEE) derived from licuri oil, glycerol, and ethanol, evaluated at various temperatures and standard atmospheric pressures. FAEE was synthesized through transesterification of licuri oil using NaOH as a catalyst. The liquid phase compositions were assessed via titration, and the results were consistent with the solubility curves and overall compositions. Data reliability was confirmed using Hand and Othmer-Tobias correlations, with a determination coefficient (R2) of 1, validating the dependability of the results. The NRTL model was employed to correlate the LLE data, yielding a root-mean-square deviation (RMSD) of approximately 1.20%, signifying a strong correlation with experimental uncertainties. The selectivity (S) and distribution (D) parameters indicated the efficacy of glycerol in the system, with S values exceeding 1 under all conditions tested. This investigation is crucial for biodiesel production, highlighting the potential of licuri oil as a renewable feedstock and the importance of phase equilibrium studies in the separation processes of biodiesel production products.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-22</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2624: Fluid Phase Behavior of the Licuri (Syagrus coronata) Fatty Acid Ethyl Ester + Glycerol + Ethanol Mixtures at Different Temperatures&amp;mdash;Experimental and Thermodynamic Modeling</b></p> <p>Processes <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2624">doi: 10.3390/pr12122624</a></p> <p>Authors: Iza Estevam Pedrosa Toledo Dayana de Gusmão Coêlho Lucas Meili Carlos Toshiyuki Hiranobe Marcos Lúcio Corazza Pedro Arce Erivaldo Antônio da Silva Sandra Helena Vieira de Carvalho Renivaldo José dos Santos João Inácio Soletti Leandro Ferreira-Pinto </p> <p>This study provides experimental insights into the liquid&amp;amp;ndash;liquid equilibrium (LLE) of a system consisting of fatty acid ethyl ester (FAEE) derived from licuri oil, glycerol, and ethanol, evaluated at various temperatures and standard atmospheric pressures. FAEE was synthesized through transesterification of licuri oil using NaOH as a catalyst. The liquid phase compositions were assessed via titration, and the results were consistent with the solubility curves and overall compositions. Data reliability was confirmed using Hand and Othmer-Tobias correlations, with a determination coefficient (R2) of 1, validating the dependability of the results. The NRTL model was employed to correlate the LLE data, yielding a root-mean-square deviation (RMSD) of approximately 1.20%, signifying a strong correlation with experimental uncertainties. The selectivity (S) and distribution (D) parameters indicated the efficacy of glycerol in the system, with S values exceeding 1 under all conditions tested. This investigation is crucial for biodiesel production, highlighting the potential of licuri oil as a renewable feedstock and the importance of phase equilibrium studies in the separation processes of biodiesel production products.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Fluid Phase Behavior of the Licuri (Syagrus coronata) Fatty Acid Ethyl Ester + Glycerol + Ethanol Mixtures at Different Temperatures&amp;amp;mdash;Experimental and Thermodynamic Modeling</dc:title> <dc:creator>Iza Estevam Pedrosa Toledo</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Dayana de Gusmão Coêlho</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Lucas Meili</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Carlos Toshiyuki Hiranobe</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Marcos Lúcio Corazza</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Pedro Arce</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Erivaldo Antônio da Silva</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Sandra Helena Vieira de Carvalho</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Renivaldo José dos Santos</dc:creator> <dc:creator>João Inácio Soletti</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Leandro Ferreira-Pinto</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/pr12122624</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Processes</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-22</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Processes</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-22</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>12</prism:volume> <prism:number>12</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>2624</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/pr12122624</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2624</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2623"> <title>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2623: Effects of Surface Treatment on Adhesive Performance of Composite-to-Composite and Composite-to-Metal Joints</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2623</link> <description>This study deals with the long-running challenge of joining similar and dissimilar materials using composite-to-composite and composite-to-metal joints. This research was conducted to evaluate the effects of surface morphology and surface treatments on the mechanical performance of adhesively bonded joints used for the aircraft industry. A two-segment, commercially available, toughened epoxy was chosen as the adhesive. Unidirectional carbon fiber prepreg and aluminum 2021-T3 alloys were chosen for the composite and metal panels, respectively. Surface treatment of the metal included corrosion elimination followed by a passive surface coating of Alodine&amp;amp;reg;. A combination of surface treatment methods was used for the composite and metal specimens, including detergent cleaning, plasma exposure, and sandblasting. The shear strength of the single-lap adhesive joint was evaluated according to the ASTM D1002. Ultraviolet (UV) and plasma exposure effects were studied by measuring the water contact angles. The test results showed that the aluminum adherent treated with sandblasting, detergent, and UV irradiation resulted in the strongest adhesive bonding of the composite-to-composite panels, while the composite-to-metal sample cleaned only with detergent resulted in the least bonding strength. The failure strain of the composite-to-composite bonding was reduced by approximately 50% with only sandblasting. However, extended treatment did not introduce additional brittleness in the adhesive joint. The bonding strength of the composite-to-composite panel improved by approximately 35% with plasma treatment alone because of the better surface functionalization and bonding strength. In the composite-to-aluminum bonding process, exposing the aluminum surface to UV resulted in 30% more joint strength compared to the Alodine&amp;amp;reg; coating, which suggests the origination of higher orders of magnitude of covalent groups from the surface. A comparison with published results found that the joint strengths in both similar and dissimilar specimens are higher than most other results. Detailed observations and surface analysis studies showed that the composite-to-composite bonding mainly failed due to adhesive and cohesive failures; however, failure of the composite-to-aluminum bonding was heterogeneous, where adhesive failure occurred on the aluminum side and substrate failure occurred on the composite side.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-21</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2623: Effects of Surface Treatment on Adhesive Performance of Composite-to-Composite and Composite-to-Metal Joints</b></p> <p>Processes <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2623">doi: 10.3390/pr12122623</a></p> <p>Authors: Nikhil Paranjpe Md. Nizam Uddin Akm Samsur Rahman Ramazan Asmatulu </p> <p>This study deals with the long-running challenge of joining similar and dissimilar materials using composite-to-composite and composite-to-metal joints. This research was conducted to evaluate the effects of surface morphology and surface treatments on the mechanical performance of adhesively bonded joints used for the aircraft industry. A two-segment, commercially available, toughened epoxy was chosen as the adhesive. Unidirectional carbon fiber prepreg and aluminum 2021-T3 alloys were chosen for the composite and metal panels, respectively. Surface treatment of the metal included corrosion elimination followed by a passive surface coating of Alodine&amp;amp;reg;. A combination of surface treatment methods was used for the composite and metal specimens, including detergent cleaning, plasma exposure, and sandblasting. The shear strength of the single-lap adhesive joint was evaluated according to the ASTM D1002. Ultraviolet (UV) and plasma exposure effects were studied by measuring the water contact angles. The test results showed that the aluminum adherent treated with sandblasting, detergent, and UV irradiation resulted in the strongest adhesive bonding of the composite-to-composite panels, while the composite-to-metal sample cleaned only with detergent resulted in the least bonding strength. The failure strain of the composite-to-composite bonding was reduced by approximately 50% with only sandblasting. However, extended treatment did not introduce additional brittleness in the adhesive joint. The bonding strength of the composite-to-composite panel improved by approximately 35% with plasma treatment alone because of the better surface functionalization and bonding strength. In the composite-to-aluminum bonding process, exposing the aluminum surface to UV resulted in 30% more joint strength compared to the Alodine&amp;amp;reg; coating, which suggests the origination of higher orders of magnitude of covalent groups from the surface. A comparison with published results found that the joint strengths in both similar and dissimilar specimens are higher than most other results. Detailed observations and surface analysis studies showed that the composite-to-composite bonding mainly failed due to adhesive and cohesive failures; however, failure of the composite-to-aluminum bonding was heterogeneous, where adhesive failure occurred on the aluminum side and substrate failure occurred on the composite side.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Effects of Surface Treatment on Adhesive Performance of Composite-to-Composite and Composite-to-Metal Joints</dc:title> <dc:creator>Nikhil Paranjpe</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Md. Nizam Uddin</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Akm Samsur Rahman</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Ramazan Asmatulu</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/pr12122623</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Processes</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-21</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Processes</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-21</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>12</prism:volume> <prism:number>12</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>2623</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/pr12122623</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2623</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2622"> <title>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2622: Study on Real-Time Detection of Lightweight Tomato Plant Height Under Improved YOLOv5 and Visual Features</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2622</link> <description>Tomato cultivation is relatively dense, and the main stem is easily submerged in a background environment with small color difference. The semi-enclosed planting space and fast growth cycle are both limitations that cannot be ignored in detection technology. The accuracy and real-time performance of plant height detection are of great practical significance. To this end, we are committed to improving YOLOv5 and proposing a lightweight real-time detection method for plant height by combining visual features of tomato main stems. Here, we improved the backbone, neck, head, and activation functions of YOLOv5, using CSP dark net53-s as the backbone structure and introducing a focus structure to reduce the number of GE modules. We replaced all CSP2_X structures in neck and head with GE modules, embedded interactive multi-head attention, and replaced YOLOv5&amp;amp;rsquo;s framework function and attention activation function. We defined visual features such as the color of the main stem of tomato plants in the preprocessed image; input improved YOLOv5; and completed plant height detection through effective feature map fusion, main stem framing, and scale conversion. The experimental results show that the linear deviation between the plant height detection value and the actual value of the proposed method is always less than 3 cm, and the detection FPS can reach up to 67 frames per second, with superior timeliness, which can effectively achieve lightweight real-time detection.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-21</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2622: Study on Real-Time Detection of Lightweight Tomato Plant Height Under Improved YOLOv5 and Visual Features</b></p> <p>Processes <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2622">doi: 10.3390/pr12122622</a></p> <p>Authors: Ling Leng Lin Wang Jinhong Lv Pengan Xie Chao Zeng Weibin Wu Chaoyan Fan </p> <p>Tomato cultivation is relatively dense, and the main stem is easily submerged in a background environment with small color difference. The semi-enclosed planting space and fast growth cycle are both limitations that cannot be ignored in detection technology. The accuracy and real-time performance of plant height detection are of great practical significance. To this end, we are committed to improving YOLOv5 and proposing a lightweight real-time detection method for plant height by combining visual features of tomato main stems. Here, we improved the backbone, neck, head, and activation functions of YOLOv5, using CSP dark net53-s as the backbone structure and introducing a focus structure to reduce the number of GE modules. We replaced all CSP2_X structures in neck and head with GE modules, embedded interactive multi-head attention, and replaced YOLOv5&amp;amp;rsquo;s framework function and attention activation function. We defined visual features such as the color of the main stem of tomato plants in the preprocessed image; input improved YOLOv5; and completed plant height detection through effective feature map fusion, main stem framing, and scale conversion. The experimental results show that the linear deviation between the plant height detection value and the actual value of the proposed method is always less than 3 cm, and the detection FPS can reach up to 67 frames per second, with superior timeliness, which can effectively achieve lightweight real-time detection.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Study on Real-Time Detection of Lightweight Tomato Plant Height Under Improved YOLOv5 and Visual Features</dc:title> <dc:creator>Ling Leng</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Lin Wang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Jinhong Lv</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Pengan Xie</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Chao Zeng</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Weibin Wu</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Chaoyan Fan</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/pr12122622</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Processes</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-21</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Processes</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-21</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>12</prism:volume> <prism:number>12</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>2622</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/pr12122622</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2622</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2621"> <title>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2621: Molecular Energy of Metamorphic Coal and Methane Adsorption Based on Gaussian Simulation</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2621</link> <description>Effectively controlling the adsorption and desorption of coal and mine gas is crucial to preventing harm to the environment. Therefore, this paper investigated the adsorption of coal and methane molecules from the perspective of microscopic energy through Gaussian simulation. Gaussian 09W and GaussView 5.0 software were used to construct and optimize the molecular model of four different metamorphic coals, namely lignite, sub-bituminous coal, bituminous coal, and anthracite, and their adsorption structure with methane as well as the energy, bond length, vibration frequency, infrared spectrum, and other data on the optimal structure were obtained. The binding energy of coal molecules and methane from large to small was as follows: sub-bituminous coal (7.3696 KJ/mol), lignite (6.6149 KJ/mol), bituminous coal (5.2170 KJ/mol), and anthracite (4.9510 KJ/mol). The equilibrium distance was negatively correlated with the binding energy, and the molecular structure and position of coal largely determined the binding energy. Additionally, adsorption was more likely to occur between methane molecules and hydroxyl groups. Many new vibration modes were observed during the adsorption of coal and methane molecules. This paper is of practical significance, as studying the adsorption of coal and mine gas can prevent and control mine gas outbursts and ensure safe production.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-21</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2621: Molecular Energy of Metamorphic Coal and Methane Adsorption Based on Gaussian Simulation</b></p> <p>Processes <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2621">doi: 10.3390/pr12122621</a></p> <p>Authors: Tao Yang Jingyan Hu Tao Li Heng Min Shuchao Zhang </p> <p>Effectively controlling the adsorption and desorption of coal and mine gas is crucial to preventing harm to the environment. Therefore, this paper investigated the adsorption of coal and methane molecules from the perspective of microscopic energy through Gaussian simulation. Gaussian 09W and GaussView 5.0 software were used to construct and optimize the molecular model of four different metamorphic coals, namely lignite, sub-bituminous coal, bituminous coal, and anthracite, and their adsorption structure with methane as well as the energy, bond length, vibration frequency, infrared spectrum, and other data on the optimal structure were obtained. The binding energy of coal molecules and methane from large to small was as follows: sub-bituminous coal (7.3696 KJ/mol), lignite (6.6149 KJ/mol), bituminous coal (5.2170 KJ/mol), and anthracite (4.9510 KJ/mol). The equilibrium distance was negatively correlated with the binding energy, and the molecular structure and position of coal largely determined the binding energy. Additionally, adsorption was more likely to occur between methane molecules and hydroxyl groups. Many new vibration modes were observed during the adsorption of coal and methane molecules. This paper is of practical significance, as studying the adsorption of coal and mine gas can prevent and control mine gas outbursts and ensure safe production.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Molecular Energy of Metamorphic Coal and Methane Adsorption Based on Gaussian Simulation</dc:title> <dc:creator>Tao Yang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Jingyan Hu</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Tao Li</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Heng Min</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Shuchao Zhang</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/pr12122621</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Processes</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-21</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Processes</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-21</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>12</prism:volume> <prism:number>12</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>2621</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/pr12122621</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2621</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2620"> <title>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2620: Application of SPEA2-MMBB for Distributed Fault Diagnosis in Nuclear Power System</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2620</link> <description>Accurate fault diagnosis in nuclear power systems is essential for ensuring reactor stability, reducing the risk of potential faults, enhancing system reliability, and maintaining operational safety. Traditional diagnostic methods, especially those based on single-system approaches, struggle to address the complexities of composite faults and highly coupled fault data. In this paper, we introduce a distributed fault diagnosis method for nuclear power systems that leverages the Strength Pareto Evolutionary Algorithm 2 (SPEA2) for multi-objective optimization and a modified MobileNetV3 neural network with a Bottleneck Attention Module (MMBB). The SPEA2 algorithm is used to optimize sensor feature selection, and the sensor data are then input into the MMBB model for training. The MMBB model outputs accuracy rates for each subsystem and the overall system, which are subsequently used as optimization targets to guide SPEA2 in refining the sensor selection process for distributed diagnosis. The experimental results demonstrate that this method significantly enhances subsystem accuracy, with an average accuracy of 98.73%, and achieves a comprehensive system accuracy of 95.22%, indicating its superior performance compared to traditional optimization and neural network-based approaches.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-21</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2620: Application of SPEA2-MMBB for Distributed Fault Diagnosis in Nuclear Power System</b></p> <p>Processes <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2620">doi: 10.3390/pr12122620</a></p> <p>Authors: Ying Xu Jie Ma Jinxiao Yuan </p> <p>Accurate fault diagnosis in nuclear power systems is essential for ensuring reactor stability, reducing the risk of potential faults, enhancing system reliability, and maintaining operational safety. Traditional diagnostic methods, especially those based on single-system approaches, struggle to address the complexities of composite faults and highly coupled fault data. In this paper, we introduce a distributed fault diagnosis method for nuclear power systems that leverages the Strength Pareto Evolutionary Algorithm 2 (SPEA2) for multi-objective optimization and a modified MobileNetV3 neural network with a Bottleneck Attention Module (MMBB). The SPEA2 algorithm is used to optimize sensor feature selection, and the sensor data are then input into the MMBB model for training. The MMBB model outputs accuracy rates for each subsystem and the overall system, which are subsequently used as optimization targets to guide SPEA2 in refining the sensor selection process for distributed diagnosis. The experimental results demonstrate that this method significantly enhances subsystem accuracy, with an average accuracy of 98.73%, and achieves a comprehensive system accuracy of 95.22%, indicating its superior performance compared to traditional optimization and neural network-based approaches.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Application of SPEA2-MMBB for Distributed Fault Diagnosis in Nuclear Power System</dc:title> <dc:creator>Ying Xu</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Jie Ma</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Jinxiao Yuan</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/pr12122620</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Processes</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-21</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Processes</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-21</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>12</prism:volume> <prism:number>12</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>2620</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/pr12122620</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2620</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2618"> <title>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2618: A Discrete Distributed Activation Energy Model for Cedar and Polyethylene Fast Heating Pyrolysis Kinetics</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2618</link> <description>The pyrolysis of municipal solid waste (MSW) is an efficient, cost-effective, and environmentally beneficial thermochemical treatment method. A macro thermogravimetric analyzer (Macro TGA) was used to study the pyrolysis behavior of cedar and polyethylene (PE) at slow (10 K/min) and fast (700, 800, and 900 &amp;amp;deg;C) heating rates. For cedar, the pyrolysis rate curve showed multi-peak characteristics at the slow heating rate and single-peak characteristics at the fast heating rate. Conversely, PE exhibited the opposite behavior. At fast heating rate of 700 &amp;amp;deg;C, the pyrolysis rate for cedar increased from 0.685 to 0.847 min&amp;amp;minus;1 as the sample temperature rose by over 100 &amp;amp;deg;C, from 351 to 455 &amp;amp;deg;C. By contrast, for PE, the rate increased from 0.217 to 1.008 min&amp;amp;minus;1 with a smaller temperature rise of less than 30 &amp;amp;deg;C, from 630 to 656 &amp;amp;deg;C. According to the International Confederation for Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry (ICTAC) guidelines for analyzing pyrolysis thermogravimetric data, cedar pyrolysis primarily followed a single-step parallel reaction pathway, while PE exhibited some multi-step parallel reactions. A newly developed discrete distributed activation energy model (DDAEM), along with the traditional iso-conversional model (ICM) and distributed activation energy model (DAEM), were applied to predict pyrolysis characteristics at fast heating rates. For cedar, both DDAEM and ICM provide accurate predictions, with average activation energies calculated by these two models being 48.08 and 66.37 kJ/mol, respectively. For PE, DDAEM demonstrates significantly higher predictive accuracy than ICM, particularly when the conversion is below 0.2. As the pyrolysis conversion of PE increases from 0.25 to 0.65, the average activation energy calculated using ICM was found to be 58.32 kJ/mol. By contrast, for DDAEM, the activation energies for the first and second step reactions were 110 and 60 kJ/mol, respectively. This indicates that ICM can only calculate the activation energy for the final step and not for the rate-limiting step. For both cedar and PE, DAEM fails to provide accurate predictions due to the unsteady heating rate.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-21</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2618: A Discrete Distributed Activation Energy Model for Cedar and Polyethylene Fast Heating Pyrolysis Kinetics</b></p> <p>Processes <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2618">doi: 10.3390/pr12122618</a></p> <p>Authors: Sanjun Wu Haiyang Liu Qiwei Duan Jiaye Li Qi Sun Zhenshan Li </p> <p>The pyrolysis of municipal solid waste (MSW) is an efficient, cost-effective, and environmentally beneficial thermochemical treatment method. A macro thermogravimetric analyzer (Macro TGA) was used to study the pyrolysis behavior of cedar and polyethylene (PE) at slow (10 K/min) and fast (700, 800, and 900 &amp;amp;deg;C) heating rates. For cedar, the pyrolysis rate curve showed multi-peak characteristics at the slow heating rate and single-peak characteristics at the fast heating rate. Conversely, PE exhibited the opposite behavior. At fast heating rate of 700 &amp;amp;deg;C, the pyrolysis rate for cedar increased from 0.685 to 0.847 min&amp;amp;minus;1 as the sample temperature rose by over 100 &amp;amp;deg;C, from 351 to 455 &amp;amp;deg;C. By contrast, for PE, the rate increased from 0.217 to 1.008 min&amp;amp;minus;1 with a smaller temperature rise of less than 30 &amp;amp;deg;C, from 630 to 656 &amp;amp;deg;C. According to the International Confederation for Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry (ICTAC) guidelines for analyzing pyrolysis thermogravimetric data, cedar pyrolysis primarily followed a single-step parallel reaction pathway, while PE exhibited some multi-step parallel reactions. A newly developed discrete distributed activation energy model (DDAEM), along with the traditional iso-conversional model (ICM) and distributed activation energy model (DAEM), were applied to predict pyrolysis characteristics at fast heating rates. For cedar, both DDAEM and ICM provide accurate predictions, with average activation energies calculated by these two models being 48.08 and 66.37 kJ/mol, respectively. For PE, DDAEM demonstrates significantly higher predictive accuracy than ICM, particularly when the conversion is below 0.2. As the pyrolysis conversion of PE increases from 0.25 to 0.65, the average activation energy calculated using ICM was found to be 58.32 kJ/mol. By contrast, for DDAEM, the activation energies for the first and second step reactions were 110 and 60 kJ/mol, respectively. This indicates that ICM can only calculate the activation energy for the final step and not for the rate-limiting step. For both cedar and PE, DAEM fails to provide accurate predictions due to the unsteady heating rate.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>A Discrete Distributed Activation Energy Model for Cedar and Polyethylene Fast Heating Pyrolysis Kinetics</dc:title> <dc:creator>Sanjun Wu</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Haiyang Liu</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Qiwei Duan</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Jiaye Li</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Qi Sun</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Zhenshan Li</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/pr12122618</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Processes</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-21</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Processes</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-21</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>12</prism:volume> <prism:number>12</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>2618</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/pr12122618</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2618</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2619"> <title>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2619: Investigation of Influence of High Pressure on the Design of Deep-Water Horizontal Separator and Droplet Evolution</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2619</link> <description>Under deep-water high-pressure conditions, the multiphase flow characteristics within separators show significant differences compared to conventional separators. When designing subsea separators, it is crucial to consider the impact of pressure to ensure that the design meets the separation objectives while remaining cost effective. This study enhances the theoretical foundations of subsea separator design by analyzing droplet motion behaviors under high pressure and incorporating these influences into a rational design framework. A horizontal separator was designed and integrated into a laboratory-scale separation system for experimental validation. Through the comprehensive testing of separation efficiencies and process dynamics, it was found that increased pressures resulted in a decrease in oil droplet sizes; at pressures exceeding 6 MPa, droplet diameters were observed to drop below 100 &amp;amp;mu;m. This reduction in droplet size extends the required separation time, necessitating larger separator dimensions at higher operational pressures to maintain adequate separation quality. Numerical simulations complement experimental findings by clarifying the underlying separation mechanisms under high-pressure conditions and offering design recommendations for separators deployed in deep-water environments.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-21</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2619: Investigation of Influence of High Pressure on the Design of Deep-Water Horizontal Separator and Droplet Evolution</b></p> <p>Processes <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2619">doi: 10.3390/pr12122619</a></p> <p>Authors: Yuehong Cui Ming Zhang Haiyan Wang Hualei Yi Meng Yang Lintong Hou Shuo Liu Jingyu Xu </p> <p>Under deep-water high-pressure conditions, the multiphase flow characteristics within separators show significant differences compared to conventional separators. When designing subsea separators, it is crucial to consider the impact of pressure to ensure that the design meets the separation objectives while remaining cost effective. This study enhances the theoretical foundations of subsea separator design by analyzing droplet motion behaviors under high pressure and incorporating these influences into a rational design framework. A horizontal separator was designed and integrated into a laboratory-scale separation system for experimental validation. Through the comprehensive testing of separation efficiencies and process dynamics, it was found that increased pressures resulted in a decrease in oil droplet sizes; at pressures exceeding 6 MPa, droplet diameters were observed to drop below 100 &amp;amp;mu;m. This reduction in droplet size extends the required separation time, necessitating larger separator dimensions at higher operational pressures to maintain adequate separation quality. Numerical simulations complement experimental findings by clarifying the underlying separation mechanisms under high-pressure conditions and offering design recommendations for separators deployed in deep-water environments.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Investigation of Influence of High Pressure on the Design of Deep-Water Horizontal Separator and Droplet Evolution</dc:title> <dc:creator>Yuehong Cui</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Ming Zhang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Haiyan Wang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Hualei Yi</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Meng Yang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Lintong Hou</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Shuo Liu</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Jingyu Xu</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/pr12122619</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Processes</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-21</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Processes</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-21</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>12</prism:volume> <prism:number>12</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>2619</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/pr12122619</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2619</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2617"> <title>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2617: Lacustrine Shale Oil Occurrence State and Its Controlling Factors: A Case Study from the Jurassic Lianggaoshan Formation in the Sichuan Basin</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2617</link> <description>To reveal the shale oil occurrence state and its controlling factors of the Jurassic Lianggaoshan Formation in the Sichuan Basin, experimental analyses, including total organic content, X-ray diffraction, low-temperature nitrogen adsorption-desorption, nuclear magnetic resonance, conventional, and multistage rock-eval, were conducted on the shale samples. The shale oil occurrence state, the amount/proportion of adsorbed/free oil, and their control factors were clarified. Moreover, the classification evaluation standard of shale oil resources was then determined. The results show that the selected shales are characterized by large oil contents. Total oil ranges from 0.08 mg/g to 10.06 mg/g (mean 2.82 mg/g). Adsorbed oil is between 0.03 mg/g and 5.66 mg/g (1.64 mg/g), while free oil spans from 0.05 mg/g to 4.94 mg/g (1.21 mg/g). The higher the total oil content, the higher the free oil content, indicating that the free oil sweet spot corresponds to the shale oil resource sweet spot. Shale oil is mainly adsorbed in organic matter; the larger TOC content results in the higher adsorbed oil content. Residual shale oil primarily occurs in pores less than 100 nm in diameter, and a higher pore volume corresponds to a higher total oil content. The shale oil enrichment resources refer to the shale with the TOC &amp;amp;gt; 1.5%, S1 &amp;amp;gt; 1.5 mg/g, and S1/TOC &amp;amp;gt; 45 mg/g. This study is helpful for the prediction of shale oil resources and optimizing sweet spots in the Jurassic Lianggaoshan Formation of the Sichuan Basin.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-21</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2617: Lacustrine Shale Oil Occurrence State and Its Controlling Factors: A Case Study from the Jurassic Lianggaoshan Formation in the Sichuan Basin</b></p> <p>Processes <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2617">doi: 10.3390/pr12122617</a></p> <p>Authors: Shaomin Zhang Ruiying Guo Qingsong Tang Haitao Hong Chunyu Qin Shuangfang Lu Pengfei Zhang Tengqiang Wei Keyu Pan Zizhi Lin </p> <p>To reveal the shale oil occurrence state and its controlling factors of the Jurassic Lianggaoshan Formation in the Sichuan Basin, experimental analyses, including total organic content, X-ray diffraction, low-temperature nitrogen adsorption-desorption, nuclear magnetic resonance, conventional, and multistage rock-eval, were conducted on the shale samples. The shale oil occurrence state, the amount/proportion of adsorbed/free oil, and their control factors were clarified. Moreover, the classification evaluation standard of shale oil resources was then determined. The results show that the selected shales are characterized by large oil contents. Total oil ranges from 0.08 mg/g to 10.06 mg/g (mean 2.82 mg/g). Adsorbed oil is between 0.03 mg/g and 5.66 mg/g (1.64 mg/g), while free oil spans from 0.05 mg/g to 4.94 mg/g (1.21 mg/g). The higher the total oil content, the higher the free oil content, indicating that the free oil sweet spot corresponds to the shale oil resource sweet spot. Shale oil is mainly adsorbed in organic matter; the larger TOC content results in the higher adsorbed oil content. Residual shale oil primarily occurs in pores less than 100 nm in diameter, and a higher pore volume corresponds to a higher total oil content. The shale oil enrichment resources refer to the shale with the TOC &amp;amp;gt; 1.5%, S1 &amp;amp;gt; 1.5 mg/g, and S1/TOC &amp;amp;gt; 45 mg/g. This study is helpful for the prediction of shale oil resources and optimizing sweet spots in the Jurassic Lianggaoshan Formation of the Sichuan Basin.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Lacustrine Shale Oil Occurrence State and Its Controlling Factors: A Case Study from the Jurassic Lianggaoshan Formation in the Sichuan Basin</dc:title> <dc:creator>Shaomin Zhang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Ruiying Guo</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Qingsong Tang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Haitao Hong</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Chunyu Qin</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Shuangfang Lu</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Pengfei Zhang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Tengqiang Wei</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Keyu Pan</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Zizhi Lin</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/pr12122617</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Processes</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-21</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Processes</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-21</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>12</prism:volume> <prism:number>12</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>2617</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/pr12122617</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2617</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2616"> <title>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2616: Mathematical Modeling and Experimental Validation for a 50 kW Alkaline Water Electrolyzer</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2616</link> <description>Due to its high maturity and low cost, alkaline water electrolysis (AWE) technology has been widely integrated with large-scale renewable energy systems (RESs) for green hydrogen (H2) production. Here, to evaluate the operational performance of a 50 kW AWE electrolyzer under different operation conditions, we developed an empirical modeling and experimental validation approach. The model particularly focuses on the polarization curve and the hydrogen to oxygen ratio (HTO). The relevant parameters of the empirical model were obtained by fitting the experimental data with MATLAB. The validity and accuracy of the established model and parameters were verified by comparing the fitted values with experimental values, and a good correlation was found. Since the experiments were performed in the sub-cell of 5 MW scale AWE electrolyzers, this model can also predict the performance of industrial MW-scale AWE electrolyzers and serve as a tool for the optimal design and control of industrial AWE electrolyzers. The results demonstrated that the models can achieve an accuracy with an R2 value exceeding 0.95 across a range of operational conditions.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-21</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2616: Mathematical Modeling and Experimental Validation for a 50 kW Alkaline Water Electrolyzer</b></p> <p>Processes <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2616">doi: 10.3390/pr12122616</a></p> <p>Authors: Min Liu Xinyu Zheng Yansong Jia Guining Shao Jianfeng Shi Sheng Zeng Kun Wang Yang Li Chaohua Gu </p> <p>Due to its high maturity and low cost, alkaline water electrolysis (AWE) technology has been widely integrated with large-scale renewable energy systems (RESs) for green hydrogen (H2) production. Here, to evaluate the operational performance of a 50 kW AWE electrolyzer under different operation conditions, we developed an empirical modeling and experimental validation approach. The model particularly focuses on the polarization curve and the hydrogen to oxygen ratio (HTO). The relevant parameters of the empirical model were obtained by fitting the experimental data with MATLAB. The validity and accuracy of the established model and parameters were verified by comparing the fitted values with experimental values, and a good correlation was found. Since the experiments were performed in the sub-cell of 5 MW scale AWE electrolyzers, this model can also predict the performance of industrial MW-scale AWE electrolyzers and serve as a tool for the optimal design and control of industrial AWE electrolyzers. The results demonstrated that the models can achieve an accuracy with an R2 value exceeding 0.95 across a range of operational conditions.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Mathematical Modeling and Experimental Validation for a 50 kW Alkaline Water Electrolyzer</dc:title> <dc:creator>Min Liu</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Xinyu Zheng</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Yansong Jia</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Guining Shao</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Jianfeng Shi</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Sheng Zeng</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Kun Wang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Yang Li</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Chaohua Gu</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/pr12122616</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Processes</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-21</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Processes</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-21</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>12</prism:volume> <prism:number>12</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>2616</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/pr12122616</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2616</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2615"> <title>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2615: Toward Optimal Design of a Factory Air Conditioning System Based on Energy Consumption Prediction</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2615</link> <description>The Make-up Air Unit (MAU) is an air conditioning system which plays an important role in serving semiconductor cleanrooms. It provides constant temperature and humidity for fresh air through various sections, including fresh air filtration, preheating, precooling, humidification, recooling, reheating, air supply, and high-efficiency filtration. However, the commonly used PID control method of the MAU indicates a deficiency in energy consumption. Hence, this research introduces a proactive energy-saving optimization control method based on machine learning and intelligent optimization algorithms. Firstly, the machine learning methods are used to train historical data of the MAU, resulting in a data-driven prediction model of energy consumption for the system. Subsequently, the customized genetic algorithm (GA) is used to optimize energy in cold and hot water systems. It facilitates the dynamic adjustment of the regulating valve opening for the cold and hot water coil in the fresh air unit, responding to real-time variations in outdoor air conditions. Meanwhile, it ensures that the supply air temperature and humidification adhere to specified requirements, thereby reducing the energy consumption associated with cold and hot water usage in the MAU. The experimental results indicate that the proposed algorithm can provide significant energy conservation in the MAU.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-21</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2615: Toward Optimal Design of a Factory Air Conditioning System Based on Energy Consumption Prediction</b></p> <p>Processes <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2615">doi: 10.3390/pr12122615</a></p> <p>Authors: Shuwei Zhu Siying Lv Wenping Wang Meiji Cui </p> <p>The Make-up Air Unit (MAU) is an air conditioning system which plays an important role in serving semiconductor cleanrooms. It provides constant temperature and humidity for fresh air through various sections, including fresh air filtration, preheating, precooling, humidification, recooling, reheating, air supply, and high-efficiency filtration. However, the commonly used PID control method of the MAU indicates a deficiency in energy consumption. Hence, this research introduces a proactive energy-saving optimization control method based on machine learning and intelligent optimization algorithms. Firstly, the machine learning methods are used to train historical data of the MAU, resulting in a data-driven prediction model of energy consumption for the system. Subsequently, the customized genetic algorithm (GA) is used to optimize energy in cold and hot water systems. It facilitates the dynamic adjustment of the regulating valve opening for the cold and hot water coil in the fresh air unit, responding to real-time variations in outdoor air conditions. Meanwhile, it ensures that the supply air temperature and humidification adhere to specified requirements, thereby reducing the energy consumption associated with cold and hot water usage in the MAU. The experimental results indicate that the proposed algorithm can provide significant energy conservation in the MAU.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Toward Optimal Design of a Factory Air Conditioning System Based on Energy Consumption Prediction</dc:title> <dc:creator>Shuwei Zhu</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Siying Lv</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Wenping Wang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Meiji Cui</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/pr12122615</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Processes</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-21</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Processes</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-21</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>12</prism:volume> <prism:number>12</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>2615</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/pr12122615</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2615</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2614"> <title>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2614: Pyrolysis of Hydrothermal Sewage Sludge and Food Waste Digestate for Heavy Metals Stabilization and Ecological Risk Reduction</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2614</link> <description>The application of municipal sewage sludge is often limited by concerns over heavy metal (HM) safety. This study explored the reduction of HM content in hydrothermal sewage sludge (HTS) through co-pyrolysis with food waste digestate (FD), aiming to lower ecological risks in the produced biochar. Results indicated that FD addition effectively lowered HM concentrations in biochar, mainly via dilution effect. Moreover, increased pyrolysis temperatures and FD addition promoted the stabilization of Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, and Pb. Notably, a 50% FD mix significantly increased the proportion of HMs in the residual fraction of Ni (75.66%), Cu (71.66%), Zn (98.13%), and Cd (58.14%) compared to solo pyrolysis at 700 &amp;amp;deg;C. Consequently, the potential ecological risk index significantly dropped from 47.86 to 26.29. Biochar created under optimal conditions (700 &amp;amp;deg;C with a 50% FD ratio) showcased improved application prospects due to reduced bioavailability, thus diminishing HM-related ecological dangers.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-21</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2614: Pyrolysis of Hydrothermal Sewage Sludge and Food Waste Digestate for Heavy Metals Stabilization and Ecological Risk Reduction</b></p> <p>Processes <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2614">doi: 10.3390/pr12122614</a></p> <p>Authors: Yu Wang Ruming Wang Guangyi Zhang </p> <p>The application of municipal sewage sludge is often limited by concerns over heavy metal (HM) safety. This study explored the reduction of HM content in hydrothermal sewage sludge (HTS) through co-pyrolysis with food waste digestate (FD), aiming to lower ecological risks in the produced biochar. Results indicated that FD addition effectively lowered HM concentrations in biochar, mainly via dilution effect. Moreover, increased pyrolysis temperatures and FD addition promoted the stabilization of Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, and Pb. Notably, a 50% FD mix significantly increased the proportion of HMs in the residual fraction of Ni (75.66%), Cu (71.66%), Zn (98.13%), and Cd (58.14%) compared to solo pyrolysis at 700 &amp;amp;deg;C. Consequently, the potential ecological risk index significantly dropped from 47.86 to 26.29. Biochar created under optimal conditions (700 &amp;amp;deg;C with a 50% FD ratio) showcased improved application prospects due to reduced bioavailability, thus diminishing HM-related ecological dangers.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Pyrolysis of Hydrothermal Sewage Sludge and Food Waste Digestate for Heavy Metals Stabilization and Ecological Risk Reduction</dc:title> <dc:creator>Yu Wang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Ruming Wang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Guangyi Zhang</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/pr12122614</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Processes</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-21</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Processes</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-21</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>12</prism:volume> <prism:number>12</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>2614</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/pr12122614</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2614</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2613"> <title>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2613: Experimental Analysis of Acoustic Spectra for Leading/Trailing-Edge Serrated Blades in Cascade Configuration</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2613</link> <description>This study aims to highlight the noise reduction achieved through the integration of serrated blades on the leading and trailing edges within a small-scale cascade configuration relevant to turbomachinery contexts. Experiments were conducted using a newly developed 3D-printed test bench, enabling both acoustic and aerodynamic measurements. Turbulence was generated using a rectangular grid positioned at two axial locations. Non-dimensional spectra were computed and compared with experimental data, showing good agreement over a wide frequency range. Significant noise reduction was observed in the 1000&amp;amp;ndash;3000 Hz band, despite the lack of optimization of turbulence and serration parameters. Leading-edge serrations were found to be effective at lower frequencies in the axial direction and at higher frequencies laterally. In contrast, trailing-edge serrations had a minimal impact above 3500 Hz, performing worse than the reference condition across a large frequency range. Nevertheless, for this initial iteration at a small scale, overall sound pressure level reductions of up to 1 dB were achieved with trailing-edge serrations and up to 1.5 dB with leading-edge serrations, underscoring their potential for noise mitigation in relevant applications.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-20</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2613: Experimental Analysis of Acoustic Spectra for Leading/Trailing-Edge Serrated Blades in Cascade Configuration</b></p> <p>Processes <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2613">doi: 10.3390/pr12112613</a></p> <p>Authors: Andrei-George Totu Marius Deaconu Laurențiu Cristea Alina Bogoi Daniel-Eugeniu Crunțeanu Grigore Cican </p> <p>This study aims to highlight the noise reduction achieved through the integration of serrated blades on the leading and trailing edges within a small-scale cascade configuration relevant to turbomachinery contexts. Experiments were conducted using a newly developed 3D-printed test bench, enabling both acoustic and aerodynamic measurements. Turbulence was generated using a rectangular grid positioned at two axial locations. Non-dimensional spectra were computed and compared with experimental data, showing good agreement over a wide frequency range. Significant noise reduction was observed in the 1000&amp;amp;ndash;3000 Hz band, despite the lack of optimization of turbulence and serration parameters. Leading-edge serrations were found to be effective at lower frequencies in the axial direction and at higher frequencies laterally. In contrast, trailing-edge serrations had a minimal impact above 3500 Hz, performing worse than the reference condition across a large frequency range. Nevertheless, for this initial iteration at a small scale, overall sound pressure level reductions of up to 1 dB were achieved with trailing-edge serrations and up to 1.5 dB with leading-edge serrations, underscoring their potential for noise mitigation in relevant applications.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Experimental Analysis of Acoustic Spectra for Leading/Trailing-Edge Serrated Blades in Cascade Configuration</dc:title> <dc:creator>Andrei-George Totu</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Marius Deaconu</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Laurențiu Cristea</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Alina Bogoi</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Daniel-Eugeniu Crunțeanu</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Grigore Cican</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/pr12112613</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Processes</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-20</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Processes</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-20</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>12</prism:volume> <prism:number>11</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>2613</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/pr12112613</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2613</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2611"> <title>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2611: Industrial Internet of Things Enabled Kata Methodology of Assembly Line Productivity Improvement: Insights from a Case Study</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2611</link> <description>Lean manufacturing focuses on perfection, trying to eliminate all types of Muda (waste), Mura (inconsistency), Muri (overburden), defects, injuries, and accidents through a continuous improvement process. Assembly lines are the final stages of manufacturing before the product is delivered to customers. Kata methodology provides a practical approach to achieving perfection in assembly lines, but its effectiveness is often hindered by delays in data collection, analysis, and diagnostics. In this study, we address these challenges by leveraging industrial internet of things (IIoT) solutions in an industrial setting. The research question of this paper is as follows: &amp;amp;ldquo;Why was the full potential of traditional Kata to achieve assembly line perfection not realized, and will IIoT-integrated Kata address the limitations of the traditional Kata?&amp;amp;rdquo; We demonstrate the integration of IIoT and Kata methodology in a factory assembling automobile heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems to enhance assembly line productivity. We observe that the integration of IIoT with Kata methodology not only addresses existing limitations but drives substantial gains in assembly line performance. We validate improvements in both productivity and efficiency through quantitative and qualitative outcomes. We underscore the pivotal role of real-time data for Kata&amp;amp;rsquo;s effectiveness, discuss the process for digital transformation, and explain the need for data monetization. We recommend the development of an IIoT-savvy workforce, traceability of 4M (men, method, materials, and machine), and present the task scorecards and dashboards for real-time monitoring and decision-making. We highlight the positive impact of IIoT-enabled traceability on overall equipment effectiveness (OEE). The company reduced its workforce from 15 to 13 operators, increased OEE from 75% to 85%, and improved average throughput from 60 to 90 assemblies per hour. The time for traceability of 4M (men, machines, material, and method) was reduced from hours to minutes. The factory eliminated 350 paper documents to achieve a paperless shop floor. This real-world case study serves as a model for companies looking to transition from traditional continuous improvement processes to IIoT-supported lean manufacturing.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-20</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2611: Industrial Internet of Things Enabled Kata Methodology of Assembly Line Productivity Improvement: Insights from a Case Study</b></p> <p>Processes <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2611">doi: 10.3390/pr12112611</a></p> <p>Authors: Pratap Sriram Sundar Chandan Chowdhury Sagar Kamarthi </p> <p>Lean manufacturing focuses on perfection, trying to eliminate all types of Muda (waste), Mura (inconsistency), Muri (overburden), defects, injuries, and accidents through a continuous improvement process. Assembly lines are the final stages of manufacturing before the product is delivered to customers. Kata methodology provides a practical approach to achieving perfection in assembly lines, but its effectiveness is often hindered by delays in data collection, analysis, and diagnostics. In this study, we address these challenges by leveraging industrial internet of things (IIoT) solutions in an industrial setting. The research question of this paper is as follows: &amp;amp;ldquo;Why was the full potential of traditional Kata to achieve assembly line perfection not realized, and will IIoT-integrated Kata address the limitations of the traditional Kata?&amp;amp;rdquo; We demonstrate the integration of IIoT and Kata methodology in a factory assembling automobile heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems to enhance assembly line productivity. We observe that the integration of IIoT with Kata methodology not only addresses existing limitations but drives substantial gains in assembly line performance. We validate improvements in both productivity and efficiency through quantitative and qualitative outcomes. We underscore the pivotal role of real-time data for Kata&amp;amp;rsquo;s effectiveness, discuss the process for digital transformation, and explain the need for data monetization. We recommend the development of an IIoT-savvy workforce, traceability of 4M (men, method, materials, and machine), and present the task scorecards and dashboards for real-time monitoring and decision-making. We highlight the positive impact of IIoT-enabled traceability on overall equipment effectiveness (OEE). The company reduced its workforce from 15 to 13 operators, increased OEE from 75% to 85%, and improved average throughput from 60 to 90 assemblies per hour. The time for traceability of 4M (men, machines, material, and method) was reduced from hours to minutes. The factory eliminated 350 paper documents to achieve a paperless shop floor. This real-world case study serves as a model for companies looking to transition from traditional continuous improvement processes to IIoT-supported lean manufacturing.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Industrial Internet of Things Enabled Kata Methodology of Assembly Line Productivity Improvement: Insights from a Case Study</dc:title> <dc:creator>Pratap Sriram Sundar</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Chandan Chowdhury</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Sagar Kamarthi</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/pr12112611</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Processes</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-20</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Processes</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-20</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>12</prism:volume> <prism:number>11</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>2611</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/pr12112611</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2611</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2612"> <title>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2612: Multi-Model Fusion Demand Forecasting Framework Based on Attention Mechanism</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2612</link> <description>The accuracy of demand forecasting is critical for supply chain management and strategic business decisions. However, as data volumes grow and demand patterns become increasingly complex, traditional forecasting methods encounter significant challenges in processing intricate multi-dimensional data and achieving a satisfactory predictive accuracy. To address these challenges, this paper proposed an end-to-end multi-model demand forecasting framework based on attention mechanisms. The framework employs a dual attention mechanism to dynamically extract features from both the temporal and product dimensions, while integrating conditional information captured through convolutional neural networks, thereby enhancing its ability to model complex demand patterns. Additionally, a channel attention mechanism is introduced to perform the weighted fusion of outputs from multiple predictive models, thereby overcoming the limitations of single-model approaches and improving adaptability to varying demand patterns across diverse scenarios. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms conventional approaches across several evaluation metrics, achieving a 42% reduction in Mean Squared Error (MSE) compared to the baseline model. This notable improvement enhances both the accuracy and stability of demand forecasting. The framework offers valuable insights for addressing large-scale and complex demand patterns, providing guidance for precise decision-making and resource optimization within supply chain management. Future research will concentrate on further enhancing the model&amp;amp;rsquo;s generalization capability to manage missing data and demand fluctuations. Additionally, efforts will focus on integrating diverse heterogeneous data sources to assess its performance in various practical scenarios, ultimately improving the model&amp;amp;rsquo;s accuracy and flexibility.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-20</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2612: Multi-Model Fusion Demand Forecasting Framework Based on Attention Mechanism</b></p> <p>Processes <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2612">doi: 10.3390/pr12112612</a></p> <p>Authors: Chunrui Lei Heng Zhang Zhigang Wang Qiang Miao </p> <p>The accuracy of demand forecasting is critical for supply chain management and strategic business decisions. However, as data volumes grow and demand patterns become increasingly complex, traditional forecasting methods encounter significant challenges in processing intricate multi-dimensional data and achieving a satisfactory predictive accuracy. To address these challenges, this paper proposed an end-to-end multi-model demand forecasting framework based on attention mechanisms. The framework employs a dual attention mechanism to dynamically extract features from both the temporal and product dimensions, while integrating conditional information captured through convolutional neural networks, thereby enhancing its ability to model complex demand patterns. Additionally, a channel attention mechanism is introduced to perform the weighted fusion of outputs from multiple predictive models, thereby overcoming the limitations of single-model approaches and improving adaptability to varying demand patterns across diverse scenarios. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms conventional approaches across several evaluation metrics, achieving a 42% reduction in Mean Squared Error (MSE) compared to the baseline model. This notable improvement enhances both the accuracy and stability of demand forecasting. The framework offers valuable insights for addressing large-scale and complex demand patterns, providing guidance for precise decision-making and resource optimization within supply chain management. Future research will concentrate on further enhancing the model&amp;amp;rsquo;s generalization capability to manage missing data and demand fluctuations. Additionally, efforts will focus on integrating diverse heterogeneous data sources to assess its performance in various practical scenarios, ultimately improving the model&amp;amp;rsquo;s accuracy and flexibility.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Multi-Model Fusion Demand Forecasting Framework Based on Attention Mechanism</dc:title> <dc:creator>Chunrui Lei</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Heng Zhang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Zhigang Wang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Qiang Miao</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/pr12112612</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Processes</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-20</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Processes</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-20</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>12</prism:volume> <prism:number>11</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>2612</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/pr12112612</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2612</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2610"> <title>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2610: Chemical Composition, Structural Properties, and Bioactivity of Carrageenan from Field-Cultivated Betaphycus gelatinus</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2610</link> <description>This study investigates seasonal biomass variations in Betaphycus gelatinus, a red alga cultivated in the field in Ninh Thuan, Vietnam, along with the chemical composition, structural properties, and bioactivity of its carrageenan. Monthly measurements over a one-year period revealed peak growth (2.02% per day) and carrageenan yield (59.61%) in June, identifying it as the optimal harvest period. FTIR and NMR analyses of carrageenan extracted from field-cultivated B. gelatinus showed hybrid &amp;amp;kappa;- and &amp;amp;beta;-carrageenan forms and a unique pyruvylated &amp;amp;beta;-carrageenan structure not previously reported for this species. Bioactivity assays indicated high antioxidant potential, with a total antioxidant capacity equivalent to 48.30 mg ascorbic acid/g carrageenan and an ABTS radical scavenging IC50 of 3.64 &amp;amp;micro;g/mL. Additionally, antibacterial tests demonstrated strong inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes (12.00 mm inhibition zone). These findings suggest that field cultivation is a sustainable approach for carrageenan production, yielding bioactive compounds with promising applications in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and food preservation as a viable alternative to wild harvesting.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-20</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2610: Chemical Composition, Structural Properties, and Bioactivity of Carrageenan from Field-Cultivated Betaphycus gelatinus</b></p> <p>Processes <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2610">doi: 10.3390/pr12112610</a></p> <p>Authors: Tran Van Huynh Hang Thi Thuy Cao Vo Mai Nhu Hieu Vy Ha Nguyen Tran Tran Thi Thanh Van Thuan Thi Nguyen Thanh Thi Thu Thuy Vo Thanh Trung Pham Duc Thinh Phan Thi Hoai Trinh Tran Mai Duc </p> <p>This study investigates seasonal biomass variations in Betaphycus gelatinus, a red alga cultivated in the field in Ninh Thuan, Vietnam, along with the chemical composition, structural properties, and bioactivity of its carrageenan. Monthly measurements over a one-year period revealed peak growth (2.02% per day) and carrageenan yield (59.61%) in June, identifying it as the optimal harvest period. FTIR and NMR analyses of carrageenan extracted from field-cultivated B. gelatinus showed hybrid &amp;amp;kappa;- and &amp;amp;beta;-carrageenan forms and a unique pyruvylated &amp;amp;beta;-carrageenan structure not previously reported for this species. Bioactivity assays indicated high antioxidant potential, with a total antioxidant capacity equivalent to 48.30 mg ascorbic acid/g carrageenan and an ABTS radical scavenging IC50 of 3.64 &amp;amp;micro;g/mL. Additionally, antibacterial tests demonstrated strong inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes (12.00 mm inhibition zone). These findings suggest that field cultivation is a sustainable approach for carrageenan production, yielding bioactive compounds with promising applications in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and food preservation as a viable alternative to wild harvesting.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Chemical Composition, Structural Properties, and Bioactivity of Carrageenan from Field-Cultivated Betaphycus gelatinus</dc:title> <dc:creator>Tran Van Huynh</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Hang Thi Thuy Cao</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Vo Mai Nhu Hieu</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Vy Ha Nguyen Tran</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Tran Thi Thanh Van</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Thuan Thi Nguyen</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Thanh Thi Thu Thuy</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Vo Thanh Trung</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Pham Duc Thinh</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Phan Thi Hoai Trinh</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Tran Mai Duc</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/pr12112610</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Processes</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-20</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Processes</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-20</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>12</prism:volume> <prism:number>11</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>2610</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/pr12112610</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2610</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2609"> <title>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2609: Mechanical and Tribological Performance of Epoxy Composites Reinforced with YSZ Waste Ceramics for Sustainable Green Engineering Applications</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2609</link> <description>The growing need for sustainable materials in engineering applications has led to increased interest in the use of waste-derived ceramics as reinforcing fillers in polymer composites. This study investigates the mechanical and tribological performance of epoxy composites reinforced with Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia (YSZ) waste ceramics, focusing on the effects of varying ceramic content (0&amp;amp;ndash;40 wt.%). The results demonstrate that while the tensile strength decreases with increasing ceramic content, the wear resistance and surface hardness improve, particularly at 20 wt.% YSZ. These findings are highly relevant for industries such as automotive, aerospace, and industrial manufacturing, where the demand for eco-friendly, high-performance materials is growing. This work aligns with the journal&amp;amp;rsquo;s focus on sustainable engineering by offering new insights into the practical application of waste materials in high-performance composite systems.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-20</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2609: Mechanical and Tribological Performance of Epoxy Composites Reinforced with YSZ Waste Ceramics for Sustainable Green Engineering Applications</b></p> <p>Processes <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2609">doi: 10.3390/pr12112609</a></p> <p>Authors: Talal Alsaeed Ayedh Eid Alajmi Jasem Ghanem Alotaibi Voravich Ganthavee Belal F. Yousif </p> <p>The growing need for sustainable materials in engineering applications has led to increased interest in the use of waste-derived ceramics as reinforcing fillers in polymer composites. This study investigates the mechanical and tribological performance of epoxy composites reinforced with Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia (YSZ) waste ceramics, focusing on the effects of varying ceramic content (0&amp;amp;ndash;40 wt.%). The results demonstrate that while the tensile strength decreases with increasing ceramic content, the wear resistance and surface hardness improve, particularly at 20 wt.% YSZ. These findings are highly relevant for industries such as automotive, aerospace, and industrial manufacturing, where the demand for eco-friendly, high-performance materials is growing. This work aligns with the journal&amp;amp;rsquo;s focus on sustainable engineering by offering new insights into the practical application of waste materials in high-performance composite systems.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Mechanical and Tribological Performance of Epoxy Composites Reinforced with YSZ Waste Ceramics for Sustainable Green Engineering Applications</dc:title> <dc:creator>Talal Alsaeed</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Ayedh Eid Alajmi</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Jasem Ghanem Alotaibi</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Voravich Ganthavee</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Belal F. Yousif</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/pr12112609</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Processes</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-20</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Processes</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-20</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>12</prism:volume> <prism:number>11</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>2609</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/pr12112609</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2609</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2608"> <title>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2608: Nutritional Composition and Functional Properties of A. platensis-Derived Peptides: A Green and Sustainable Protein-Rich Supplement</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2608</link> <description>Among cyanobacterium, Arthrospira platensis (A. platensis) is a rich source of diverse bioactive compounds due to its high protein, essential amino acid, vitamin, and mineral content. A.&amp;amp;nbsp;platensis is one of the most abundant sources of protein (50&amp;amp;ndash;70%). In the food industry, A. platensis is being used as an ingredient for the development of food flavor, taste, and nutritional composition. Several in vitro and in vivo studies have revealed the potential use of A. platensis in the prevention and treatment of various metabolic diseases. Recently, extensive research has focused on the production and bioactivity of the A. platensis-derived bioactive peptides. A series of steps were used for the production of bioactive peptides including hydrolysis, ultrafiltration, and chromatographic techniques, coupled with an advanced detector. A. platensis peptides showed health benefits such as anti-hypertension, anti-diabetes, anti-microbial, antioxidant, anti-obesity, and anti-cancer activities. This review aims to present the main nutritional composition of A. platensis, the processes of purification, and the identification of bioactive peptides, and the potential health benefits such as antihypertensive, antidiabetic, anti-cancer, anti-obesity, antioxidant, and anti-microbial activities associated with the consumption of A. platensis-derived peptides are discussed. The originality of this review over the old review is that our review comprehensively studies the macro- and micronutrient composition and listed bioactive peptides to date, which can play an important role in the treatment of various diseases. Moreover, this review provides information related the research gaps of the various technologies that should be used for the development of the peptide as a pharmaceutical and functional food.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-20</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2608: Nutritional Composition and Functional Properties of A. platensis-Derived Peptides: A Green and Sustainable Protein-Rich Supplement</b></p> <p>Processes <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2608">doi: 10.3390/pr12112608</a></p> <p>Authors: Nabila Begum Fei Qi Fang Yang Qudrat Ullah Khan Faizan Qiang Fu Jie Li Xiu Wang Xiaoxiao Wang Jun Wang Riwang Li Dahai Liu Wenqing Zhang </p> <p>Among cyanobacterium, Arthrospira platensis (A. platensis) is a rich source of diverse bioactive compounds due to its high protein, essential amino acid, vitamin, and mineral content. A.&amp;amp;nbsp;platensis is one of the most abundant sources of protein (50&amp;amp;ndash;70%). In the food industry, A. platensis is being used as an ingredient for the development of food flavor, taste, and nutritional composition. Several in vitro and in vivo studies have revealed the potential use of A. platensis in the prevention and treatment of various metabolic diseases. Recently, extensive research has focused on the production and bioactivity of the A. platensis-derived bioactive peptides. A series of steps were used for the production of bioactive peptides including hydrolysis, ultrafiltration, and chromatographic techniques, coupled with an advanced detector. A. platensis peptides showed health benefits such as anti-hypertension, anti-diabetes, anti-microbial, antioxidant, anti-obesity, and anti-cancer activities. This review aims to present the main nutritional composition of A. platensis, the processes of purification, and the identification of bioactive peptides, and the potential health benefits such as antihypertensive, antidiabetic, anti-cancer, anti-obesity, antioxidant, and anti-microbial activities associated with the consumption of A. platensis-derived peptides are discussed. The originality of this review over the old review is that our review comprehensively studies the macro- and micronutrient composition and listed bioactive peptides to date, which can play an important role in the treatment of various diseases. Moreover, this review provides information related the research gaps of the various technologies that should be used for the development of the peptide as a pharmaceutical and functional food.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Nutritional Composition and Functional Properties of A. platensis-Derived Peptides: A Green and Sustainable Protein-Rich Supplement</dc:title> <dc:creator>Nabila Begum</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Fei Qi</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Fang Yang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Qudrat Ullah Khan</dc:creator> <dc:creator> Faizan</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Qiang Fu</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Jie Li</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Xiu Wang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Xiaoxiao Wang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Jun Wang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Riwang Li</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Dahai Liu</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Wenqing Zhang</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/pr12112608</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Processes</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-20</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Processes</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-20</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>12</prism:volume> <prism:number>11</prism:number> <prism:section>Review</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>2608</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/pr12112608</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2608</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2607"> <title>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2607: Non-Pillar Coal Mining by Driving Roadway During Mining Period in High-Gas Top-Coal-Caving Working Face</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2607</link> <description>To solve the problem of the inability to achieve Y-shaped ventilation in the boundary coal mining of high-gas mines and the problem of gas accumulation in the upper corner of a fully mechanized mining face, non-pillar coal mining technology is proposed by a driving roadway during the mining period. A high-gas working face requires Y-shaped ventilation to achieve upper corner gas control, but Y-shaped ventilation conditions are not available at the boundary coal body. In order to handle this challenge, studies have suggested non-pillar coal mining technology, which involves excavating roadways while mining in order to achieve non-pillar coal extraction and use recoverable wide coal pillars. During the simultaneous excavation of a working face and roadway, studies analyzed the distribution characteristics of the complicated stress environment. Following an evaluation of the impact of coal pillar width on the quality of an excavation roadway, this study&amp;amp;rsquo;s development is in terms of an effective technique for retaining coal pillars as established. During the mining period of a working face, in the goaf of the working face, the research analyzed the distribution properties of the gas flow field, and findings from the study indicate that the width of the recovered coal pillar influences the distribution of gas. Finally, the width of the coal pillar was comprehensively determined, forming non-pillar coal mining technology by a driving roadway during the mining period. The on-site practice has shown that using a wide coal pillar with a width of 70 m to protect the roadway significantly reduces the deformation of the surrounding rock in the mining roadway, the gas concentration at the return airway is lower than the safety production standard, and by decreasing the mining succession time by 15 months, studies achieved improving the working face&amp;amp;rsquo;s coal extraction rate by 12.6%.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-20</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2607: Non-Pillar Coal Mining by Driving Roadway During Mining Period in High-Gas Top-Coal-Caving Working Face</b></p> <p>Processes <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2607">doi: 10.3390/pr12112607</a></p> <p>Authors: Haisheng Shen Zhongshun Chen Yong Yuan Bo Li Samuel Kofi Anamor </p> <p>To solve the problem of the inability to achieve Y-shaped ventilation in the boundary coal mining of high-gas mines and the problem of gas accumulation in the upper corner of a fully mechanized mining face, non-pillar coal mining technology is proposed by a driving roadway during the mining period. A high-gas working face requires Y-shaped ventilation to achieve upper corner gas control, but Y-shaped ventilation conditions are not available at the boundary coal body. In order to handle this challenge, studies have suggested non-pillar coal mining technology, which involves excavating roadways while mining in order to achieve non-pillar coal extraction and use recoverable wide coal pillars. During the simultaneous excavation of a working face and roadway, studies analyzed the distribution characteristics of the complicated stress environment. Following an evaluation of the impact of coal pillar width on the quality of an excavation roadway, this study&amp;amp;rsquo;s development is in terms of an effective technique for retaining coal pillars as established. During the mining period of a working face, in the goaf of the working face, the research analyzed the distribution properties of the gas flow field, and findings from the study indicate that the width of the recovered coal pillar influences the distribution of gas. Finally, the width of the coal pillar was comprehensively determined, forming non-pillar coal mining technology by a driving roadway during the mining period. The on-site practice has shown that using a wide coal pillar with a width of 70 m to protect the roadway significantly reduces the deformation of the surrounding rock in the mining roadway, the gas concentration at the return airway is lower than the safety production standard, and by decreasing the mining succession time by 15 months, studies achieved improving the working face&amp;amp;rsquo;s coal extraction rate by 12.6%.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Non-Pillar Coal Mining by Driving Roadway During Mining Period in High-Gas Top-Coal-Caving Working Face</dc:title> <dc:creator>Haisheng Shen</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Zhongshun Chen</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Yong Yuan</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Bo Li</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Samuel Kofi Anamor</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/pr12112607</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Processes</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-20</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Processes</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-20</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>12</prism:volume> <prism:number>11</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>2607</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/pr12112607</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2607</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2606"> <title>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2606: Study on the Repair of Irregular and Deep Cracks Induced by Thermal Shock Using Al-Cu-O Reactions in Al2O3 Ceramics</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2606</link> <description>The irregular and deep cracks induced by thermal shock in Al2O3 ceramics were repaired by applying Cu powder layer on their surface and heating at 1200 &amp;amp;deg;C under an atmosphere of air. The Al-Cu-O liquid phase formed at 1200 &amp;amp;deg;C by the reaction of molten Cu, oxygen, and Al2O3 phases penetrate deep into the narrow cracks, and the precipitation phases of Cu2O and CuAlO2 densely fill the crack interior. Our observation and analysis of the filled cracks and the surrounding areas of the repaired cracks, as well as the microstructural analysis results obtained through SEM-EDS and TEM observation, suggested the aforementioned crack repair mechanism. The bending strength of the coated surface after repairing the cracks is 301.8 MPa (&amp;amp;Delta;T = 300 &amp;amp;deg;C), which is twice as strong as the specimen after thermal shock and 10% higher than the original strength of the base material.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-20</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2606: Study on the Repair of Irregular and Deep Cracks Induced by Thermal Shock Using Al-Cu-O Reactions in Al2O3 Ceramics</b></p> <p>Processes <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2606">doi: 10.3390/pr12112606</a></p> <p>Authors: Fuhai Bao Seiji Yamashita Hideki Kita </p> <p>The irregular and deep cracks induced by thermal shock in Al2O3 ceramics were repaired by applying Cu powder layer on their surface and heating at 1200 &amp;amp;deg;C under an atmosphere of air. The Al-Cu-O liquid phase formed at 1200 &amp;amp;deg;C by the reaction of molten Cu, oxygen, and Al2O3 phases penetrate deep into the narrow cracks, and the precipitation phases of Cu2O and CuAlO2 densely fill the crack interior. Our observation and analysis of the filled cracks and the surrounding areas of the repaired cracks, as well as the microstructural analysis results obtained through SEM-EDS and TEM observation, suggested the aforementioned crack repair mechanism. The bending strength of the coated surface after repairing the cracks is 301.8 MPa (&amp;amp;Delta;T = 300 &amp;amp;deg;C), which is twice as strong as the specimen after thermal shock and 10% higher than the original strength of the base material.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Study on the Repair of Irregular and Deep Cracks Induced by Thermal Shock Using Al-Cu-O Reactions in Al2O3 Ceramics</dc:title> <dc:creator>Fuhai Bao</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Seiji Yamashita</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Hideki Kita</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/pr12112606</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Processes</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-20</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Processes</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-20</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>12</prism:volume> <prism:number>11</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>2606</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/pr12112606</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2606</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2605"> <title>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2605: Advances and Challenges in WO3 Nanostructures&amp;rsquo; Synthesis</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2605</link> <description>In recent decades, nanoscience has experienced rapid global advancements due to its focus on materials and compounds at the nanoscale with high efficiency across diverse applications. WO3 nanostructures have proven to be a unique material in the development of new technologies due to their electrical, optical, and catalytic properties. They have been used as raw materials for the fabrication of electrochromic devices, optoelectronic devices, hydrogenation catalysts, gas sensors, adsorbents, lithium-ion batteries, solar driven-catalysts, and phototherapy. One of the most striking characteristics of WO3 is its morphological diversity, spanning from 0D to 2D, encompassing nanoparticles, nanowires, nanofibers, nanorods, nanosheets, and nanoplates. This review discusses common synthesis methods for WO3 nanostructures, including hydrothermal and solvothermal methods, microwave-assisted synthesis, sol-gel, electrospinning, co-precipitation, and solution combustion, with emphasis on the advantages and challenges of each of them. The processes involved, the obtained morphologies, and the resulting applications are also presented. As evidenced here, the fine control of the synthesis parameters allows the production of nanostructures with controlled phase, morphology, and size, essential aspects for the production of high-performance WO3-based devices.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-20</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2605: Advances and Challenges in WO3 Nanostructures&amp;rsquo; Synthesis</b></p> <p>Processes <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2605">doi: 10.3390/pr12112605</a></p> <p>Authors: Odeilson Morais Pinto Rosimara Passos Toledo Herick Ematne da Silva Barros Rosana Alves Gonçalves Ronaldo Spezia Nunes Nirav Joshi Olivia Maria Berengue </p> <p>In recent decades, nanoscience has experienced rapid global advancements due to its focus on materials and compounds at the nanoscale with high efficiency across diverse applications. WO3 nanostructures have proven to be a unique material in the development of new technologies due to their electrical, optical, and catalytic properties. They have been used as raw materials for the fabrication of electrochromic devices, optoelectronic devices, hydrogenation catalysts, gas sensors, adsorbents, lithium-ion batteries, solar driven-catalysts, and phototherapy. One of the most striking characteristics of WO3 is its morphological diversity, spanning from 0D to 2D, encompassing nanoparticles, nanowires, nanofibers, nanorods, nanosheets, and nanoplates. This review discusses common synthesis methods for WO3 nanostructures, including hydrothermal and solvothermal methods, microwave-assisted synthesis, sol-gel, electrospinning, co-precipitation, and solution combustion, with emphasis on the advantages and challenges of each of them. The processes involved, the obtained morphologies, and the resulting applications are also presented. As evidenced here, the fine control of the synthesis parameters allows the production of nanostructures with controlled phase, morphology, and size, essential aspects for the production of high-performance WO3-based devices.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Advances and Challenges in WO3 Nanostructures&amp;amp;rsquo; Synthesis</dc:title> <dc:creator>Odeilson Morais Pinto</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Rosimara Passos Toledo</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Herick Ematne da Silva Barros</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Rosana Alves Gonçalves</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Ronaldo Spezia Nunes</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Nirav Joshi</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Olivia Maria Berengue</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/pr12112605</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Processes</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-20</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Processes</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-20</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>12</prism:volume> <prism:number>11</prism:number> <prism:section>Review</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>2605</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/pr12112605</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2605</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2604"> <title>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2604: Rational Fabrication of Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane-Based Porous Organic Polymers Sustainably Used for Selective CO2 Adsorption</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2604</link> <description>Different types of porous materials have been developed for the efficient separation of CO2 from mixtures of gases. Nevertheless, the most porous materials cannot be used for extensive industrial applications due to their non-negligible disadvantages, such as complex synthesis routes, expensive monomers, and/or costly catalysts. Therefore, a strategy for fabricating a series of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS)-based porous organic polymer materials (PBPOPs) was developed through the simple condensation reaction of octaphenylsilsesquioxane and different bromine-containing monomers. It was found that PBPOP-2 exhibits the best CO2 adsorption amount of 41 cm3&amp;amp;middot;g&amp;amp;minus;1 at 273 K and 760 mmHg based on the accessible specific surface area, large pore volumes, and accessible pore sizes. Furthermore, PBPOP-2 exhibits efficient CO2/N2 selectivity and complete regeneration under mild conditions, which demonstrates the potential for the selective separation of CO2 from gas mixtures. This work provides a new route to developing POSS-based POPs for CO2-capture applications.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-20</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2604: Rational Fabrication of Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane-Based Porous Organic Polymers Sustainably Used for Selective CO2 Adsorption</b></p> <p>Processes <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2604">doi: 10.3390/pr12112604</a></p> <p>Authors: Tiantian Li Guodong Kang Mengqi Liu Congcong Sun Jie Li Yang Meng Dingming Xue </p> <p>Different types of porous materials have been developed for the efficient separation of CO2 from mixtures of gases. Nevertheless, the most porous materials cannot be used for extensive industrial applications due to their non-negligible disadvantages, such as complex synthesis routes, expensive monomers, and/or costly catalysts. Therefore, a strategy for fabricating a series of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS)-based porous organic polymer materials (PBPOPs) was developed through the simple condensation reaction of octaphenylsilsesquioxane and different bromine-containing monomers. It was found that PBPOP-2 exhibits the best CO2 adsorption amount of 41 cm3&amp;amp;middot;g&amp;amp;minus;1 at 273 K and 760 mmHg based on the accessible specific surface area, large pore volumes, and accessible pore sizes. Furthermore, PBPOP-2 exhibits efficient CO2/N2 selectivity and complete regeneration under mild conditions, which demonstrates the potential for the selective separation of CO2 from gas mixtures. This work provides a new route to developing POSS-based POPs for CO2-capture applications.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Rational Fabrication of Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane-Based Porous Organic Polymers Sustainably Used for Selective CO2 Adsorption</dc:title> <dc:creator>Tiantian Li</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Guodong Kang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Mengqi Liu</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Congcong Sun</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Jie Li</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Yang Meng</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Dingming Xue</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/pr12112604</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Processes</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-20</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Processes</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-20</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>12</prism:volume> <prism:number>11</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>2604</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/pr12112604</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2604</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2603"> <title>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2603: Characterization of Fume Suppression Effect and Performance of SBS-Modified Asphalt with Deodorant</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2603</link> <description>SBS-modified asphalt produces a large number of hazardous fumes in the preparation process, which severely endangers health and causes environmental pollution. This paper details the design of a fume generation and collection device for asphalt and proposed a comprehensive method for analyzing fume composition. Two deodorants were incorporated into SBS-modified asphalt to mitigate the hazards of the original hazardous emissions. Then, ultraviolet&amp;amp;ndash;visible spectrophotometry, gas chromatography&amp;amp;ndash;mass spectrometry, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy were combined to analyze the main component differences between asphalt fumes before and after adding deodorant, and to specify the mechanism of action of deodorants on hazardous fumes and SBS-modified asphalt. Finally, the road performance, including the physical and rheological properties of SBS-modified asphalt blended with deodorant, was evaluated. The results indicated that both deodorizers were effective in reducing the emission of hazardous substances in the fumes of SBS-modified asphalt, and no new hazardous substances were generated. Under hot mixing conditions, the addition of 0.3% of deodorant A (high boiling point ester) was effective in reducing the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) by up to 41.7%, while the reduction in benzene congeners reached at least 50%. On the other hand, 1% of deodorant B (silica&amp;amp;ndash;magnesium compounds) reduced the emissions of VOCs and benzene congeners by 36% and 20&amp;amp;ndash;42%, respectively, under the same conditions. Furthermore, the addition of deodorant did not affect the original road performance, and even improved the rheological properties to a certain extent, which was conducive to the application of deodorant in pavement engineering.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-19</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2603: Characterization of Fume Suppression Effect and Performance of SBS-Modified Asphalt with Deodorant</b></p> <p>Processes <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2603">doi: 10.3390/pr12112603</a></p> <p>Authors: Yinan Guo Yu Zhao Lianghao Sun Xiuchen Xu Hongchao Zhang </p> <p>SBS-modified asphalt produces a large number of hazardous fumes in the preparation process, which severely endangers health and causes environmental pollution. This paper details the design of a fume generation and collection device for asphalt and proposed a comprehensive method for analyzing fume composition. Two deodorants were incorporated into SBS-modified asphalt to mitigate the hazards of the original hazardous emissions. Then, ultraviolet&amp;amp;ndash;visible spectrophotometry, gas chromatography&amp;amp;ndash;mass spectrometry, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy were combined to analyze the main component differences between asphalt fumes before and after adding deodorant, and to specify the mechanism of action of deodorants on hazardous fumes and SBS-modified asphalt. Finally, the road performance, including the physical and rheological properties of SBS-modified asphalt blended with deodorant, was evaluated. The results indicated that both deodorizers were effective in reducing the emission of hazardous substances in the fumes of SBS-modified asphalt, and no new hazardous substances were generated. Under hot mixing conditions, the addition of 0.3% of deodorant A (high boiling point ester) was effective in reducing the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) by up to 41.7%, while the reduction in benzene congeners reached at least 50%. On the other hand, 1% of deodorant B (silica&amp;amp;ndash;magnesium compounds) reduced the emissions of VOCs and benzene congeners by 36% and 20&amp;amp;ndash;42%, respectively, under the same conditions. Furthermore, the addition of deodorant did not affect the original road performance, and even improved the rheological properties to a certain extent, which was conducive to the application of deodorant in pavement engineering.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Characterization of Fume Suppression Effect and Performance of SBS-Modified Asphalt with Deodorant</dc:title> <dc:creator>Yinan Guo</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Yu Zhao</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Lianghao Sun</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Xiuchen Xu</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Hongchao Zhang</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/pr12112603</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Processes</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-19</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Processes</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-19</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>12</prism:volume> <prism:number>11</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>2603</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/pr12112603</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2603</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2602"> <title>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2602: Thermo-Mechanically Coupled Settlement and Temperature Response of a Composite Foundation in Complex Geological Conditions for Molten Salt Tank in Tower Solar Plants</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2602</link> <description>The degradation of complex geological structures due to thermo-mechanical cycling results in a reduction in bearing capacity, which can readily induce engineering issues such as uneven settlement, cracking, and even the destabilization of the foundations of molten salt storage tanks. This study establishes a foundational model for a molten salt storage tank through the use of COMSOL Multiphysics and conducts a numerical simulation analysis to evaluate the settlement deformation and temperature distribution of the foundation under the influence of thermo-mechanical coupling. Concurrently, the research proposes two distinct design approaches for the tank&amp;amp;rsquo;s foundational structure. A comparative analysis of the results indicates that the use of a pile raft foundation in conjunction with a traditional foundation mode results in a reduction of settlement at the center of the foundation&amp;amp;rsquo;s top surface by 380.1 mm, while also decreasing the maximum effective stress in the steel ring wall by 240.7 MPa. The thermal effects impact a depth of 10 m in the foundation soil and an influence radius of 20 m. Additionally, the foundation soil exhibits optimal thermal insulation properties, resulting in minimal energy loss. These findings indicate that the pile raft foundation in conjunction with a traditional foundation mode displays remarkable adaptability to complex geological conditions, with both settlement and temperature distribution of the foundation maintained within acceptable limits.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-19</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2602: Thermo-Mechanically Coupled Settlement and Temperature Response of a Composite Foundation in Complex Geological Conditions for Molten Salt Tank in Tower Solar Plants</b></p> <p>Processes <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2602">doi: 10.3390/pr12112602</a></p> <p>Authors: Shezhou Zhu Xu Li Yi Li Hemei Sun Xin Kang </p> <p>The degradation of complex geological structures due to thermo-mechanical cycling results in a reduction in bearing capacity, which can readily induce engineering issues such as uneven settlement, cracking, and even the destabilization of the foundations of molten salt storage tanks. This study establishes a foundational model for a molten salt storage tank through the use of COMSOL Multiphysics and conducts a numerical simulation analysis to evaluate the settlement deformation and temperature distribution of the foundation under the influence of thermo-mechanical coupling. Concurrently, the research proposes two distinct design approaches for the tank&amp;amp;rsquo;s foundational structure. A comparative analysis of the results indicates that the use of a pile raft foundation in conjunction with a traditional foundation mode results in a reduction of settlement at the center of the foundation&amp;amp;rsquo;s top surface by 380.1 mm, while also decreasing the maximum effective stress in the steel ring wall by 240.7 MPa. The thermal effects impact a depth of 10 m in the foundation soil and an influence radius of 20 m. Additionally, the foundation soil exhibits optimal thermal insulation properties, resulting in minimal energy loss. These findings indicate that the pile raft foundation in conjunction with a traditional foundation mode displays remarkable adaptability to complex geological conditions, with both settlement and temperature distribution of the foundation maintained within acceptable limits.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Thermo-Mechanically Coupled Settlement and Temperature Response of a Composite Foundation in Complex Geological Conditions for Molten Salt Tank in Tower Solar Plants</dc:title> <dc:creator>Shezhou Zhu</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Xu Li</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Yi Li</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Hemei Sun</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Xin Kang</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/pr12112602</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Processes</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-19</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Processes</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-19</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>12</prism:volume> <prism:number>11</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>2602</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/pr12112602</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2602</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2601"> <title>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2601: Experimental Study on Preparation of Nano ZnO by Hydrodynamic Cavitation-Enhanced Carbonization Method and Response Surface Optimization</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2601</link> <description>The carbonization method for preparing Nano ZnO is characterized by its simplicity, ease of reaction control, high product purity, environmental friendliness, and potential for CO2 recycling. However, traditional carbonization processes suffer from poor heat and mass transfer, leading to in situ growth and agglomeration, resulting in low carbonization efficiency, small specific surface area, and inferior product performance. To enhance micro-mixing and mass transfer efficiency, ZnO derived from zinc ash calcination was used as the raw material, and hydrodynamic cavitation technology was employed to intensify the carbonization reaction process. The reaction mechanism of hydrodynamic cavitation was analyzed, and a single-factor experimental study investigated the effects of reaction time, reaction temperature, solid&amp;amp;ndash;liquid ratio, calcination temperature, incident angle, cavitation number, and position height on the specific surface area and carbonization rate of Nano ZnO. The response surface method was utilized to explore the significance of the three most influential factors&amp;amp;mdash;solid&amp;amp;ndash;liquid ratio, cavitation number, and position height&amp;amp;mdash;on the carbonization rate and specific surface area. The products were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), laser particle size analysis, and specific surface area analysis. The results showed that the optimal process parameters were a reaction temperature of 80 &amp;amp;deg;C, a reaction time of 120 min, a solid&amp;amp;ndash;liquid ratio of 5.011:100, a calcination temperature of 500 &amp;amp;deg;C for 1 h, an incident angle of 60&amp;amp;deg;, a cavitation number of 0.366, and a position height of 301.128 mm. The interaction between solid&amp;amp;ndash;liquid ratio and position height significantly influenced the process parameter variations. Under these conditions, the specific surface area and carbonization rate were 63.190 m2/g and 94.623%, respectively. The carbonized product was flaky Nano ZnO with good dispersion and small particle size. Compared to traditional mechanical stirring and bubbling methods, the specific surface area increased by 1.5 times, the carbonization rate improved by 10%, and the particle size decreased by half, significantly enhancing the product performance.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-19</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2601: Experimental Study on Preparation of Nano ZnO by Hydrodynamic Cavitation-Enhanced Carbonization Method and Response Surface Optimization</b></p> <p>Processes <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2601">doi: 10.3390/pr12112601</a></p> <p>Authors: Jinyuan Guo Honglei Yu Dexi Wang Gong Chen Lin Fan Hanshuo Yang </p> <p>The carbonization method for preparing Nano ZnO is characterized by its simplicity, ease of reaction control, high product purity, environmental friendliness, and potential for CO2 recycling. However, traditional carbonization processes suffer from poor heat and mass transfer, leading to in situ growth and agglomeration, resulting in low carbonization efficiency, small specific surface area, and inferior product performance. To enhance micro-mixing and mass transfer efficiency, ZnO derived from zinc ash calcination was used as the raw material, and hydrodynamic cavitation technology was employed to intensify the carbonization reaction process. The reaction mechanism of hydrodynamic cavitation was analyzed, and a single-factor experimental study investigated the effects of reaction time, reaction temperature, solid&amp;amp;ndash;liquid ratio, calcination temperature, incident angle, cavitation number, and position height on the specific surface area and carbonization rate of Nano ZnO. The response surface method was utilized to explore the significance of the three most influential factors&amp;amp;mdash;solid&amp;amp;ndash;liquid ratio, cavitation number, and position height&amp;amp;mdash;on the carbonization rate and specific surface area. The products were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), laser particle size analysis, and specific surface area analysis. The results showed that the optimal process parameters were a reaction temperature of 80 &amp;amp;deg;C, a reaction time of 120 min, a solid&amp;amp;ndash;liquid ratio of 5.011:100, a calcination temperature of 500 &amp;amp;deg;C for 1 h, an incident angle of 60&amp;amp;deg;, a cavitation number of 0.366, and a position height of 301.128 mm. The interaction between solid&amp;amp;ndash;liquid ratio and position height significantly influenced the process parameter variations. Under these conditions, the specific surface area and carbonization rate were 63.190 m2/g and 94.623%, respectively. The carbonized product was flaky Nano ZnO with good dispersion and small particle size. Compared to traditional mechanical stirring and bubbling methods, the specific surface area increased by 1.5 times, the carbonization rate improved by 10%, and the particle size decreased by half, significantly enhancing the product performance.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Experimental Study on Preparation of Nano ZnO by Hydrodynamic Cavitation-Enhanced Carbonization Method and Response Surface Optimization</dc:title> <dc:creator>Jinyuan Guo</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Honglei Yu</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Dexi Wang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Gong Chen</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Lin Fan</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Hanshuo Yang</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/pr12112601</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Processes</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-19</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Processes</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-19</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>12</prism:volume> <prism:number>11</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>2601</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/pr12112601</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2601</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2600"> <title>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2600: The Design and Experimental Research on a High-Frequency Rotary Directional Valve</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2600</link> <description>A directional valve is a core component of the electro-hydraulic shakers in fatigue testing machines, controlling the cylinder or motor that drives the piston for reciprocating linear or rotary motion. In this article, a high-speed rotating directional valve with a symmetrical flow channel layout is designed to optimize the force on the valve core of the directional valve. A comparative analysis is conducted on the flow capacity of valve ports with different shapes. A steady-state hydrodynamic mathematical model is established for the valve core, the theoretical analysis results of which are verified through a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation of the fluid domain inside the directional valve. A prototype of the rotatory directional valve is designed and manufactured, and an experimental platform is built to measure the hydraulic force acting on the valve core to verify the performance of the valve. The displacement curves at different commutation frequencies are also obtained. The experimental results show that the symmetrical flow channel layout can significantly optimize the hydraulic force during the movement of the valve core. Under a pressure of 1 MPa, the hydraulic cylinder driven by the prototype can achieve a sinusoidal curve output with a maximum frequency of 60 Hz and an amplitude of 2.5 mm. The innovation of this design lies in the creation of a directional valve with a symmetric flow channel layout. The feasibility of the design is verified through modeling, simulation, and experimentation, and it significantly optimizes the hydraulic forces acting on the spool. It provides us with the possibility to further improve the switching frequency of hydraulic valves and has important value in engineering applications.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-19</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2600: The Design and Experimental Research on a High-Frequency Rotary Directional Valve</b></p> <p>Processes <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2600">doi: 10.3390/pr12112600</a></p> <p>Authors: Shunming Hua Siqiang Liu Zhuo Qiu Xiaojun Wang Xuechang Zhang Huijuan Zhang </p> <p>A directional valve is a core component of the electro-hydraulic shakers in fatigue testing machines, controlling the cylinder or motor that drives the piston for reciprocating linear or rotary motion. In this article, a high-speed rotating directional valve with a symmetrical flow channel layout is designed to optimize the force on the valve core of the directional valve. A comparative analysis is conducted on the flow capacity of valve ports with different shapes. A steady-state hydrodynamic mathematical model is established for the valve core, the theoretical analysis results of which are verified through a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation of the fluid domain inside the directional valve. A prototype of the rotatory directional valve is designed and manufactured, and an experimental platform is built to measure the hydraulic force acting on the valve core to verify the performance of the valve. The displacement curves at different commutation frequencies are also obtained. The experimental results show that the symmetrical flow channel layout can significantly optimize the hydraulic force during the movement of the valve core. Under a pressure of 1 MPa, the hydraulic cylinder driven by the prototype can achieve a sinusoidal curve output with a maximum frequency of 60 Hz and an amplitude of 2.5 mm. The innovation of this design lies in the creation of a directional valve with a symmetric flow channel layout. The feasibility of the design is verified through modeling, simulation, and experimentation, and it significantly optimizes the hydraulic forces acting on the spool. It provides us with the possibility to further improve the switching frequency of hydraulic valves and has important value in engineering applications.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>The Design and Experimental Research on a High-Frequency Rotary Directional Valve</dc:title> <dc:creator>Shunming Hua</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Siqiang Liu</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Zhuo Qiu</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Xiaojun Wang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Xuechang Zhang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Huijuan Zhang</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/pr12112600</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Processes</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-19</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Processes</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-19</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>12</prism:volume> <prism:number>11</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>2600</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/pr12112600</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2600</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2597"> <title>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2597: Modeling of Spiral Wound Membranes for Gas Separations&amp;mdash;Part IV: Real-Time Monitoring Based on Detailed Phenomenological Model</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2597</link> <description>The present study presents, for the first time, the real-time monitoring of an actual spiral-wound membrane unit used for CO2 removal from natural gas in an actual industrial offshore platform, utilizing a detailed phenomenological model. An Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) paradigm was employed to simulate the offshore membrane separation unit, accounting for the diverse levels of the membrane separation setup. A parameter estimation procedure was implemented to fit the phenomenological model to the real industrial data in real-time, for the first time. In addition, estimated permeance parameters and calculated unmeasured variables (soft sensor) were used for monitoring Key Performance Indicators (KPIs), such as membrane selectivity, dew point temperature, and hydrocarbon loss. Finally, a reparametrization of the parameters was implemented to improve the robustness of the optimization procedure. Thus, the model variables presented good adjustments to the data, indicating the satisfactory performance of the estimation. Consequently, the good accuracy of the model provided reliable information to the soft sensors and KPIs.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-19</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2597: Modeling of Spiral Wound Membranes for Gas Separations&amp;mdash;Part IV: Real-Time Monitoring Based on Detailed Phenomenological Model</b></p> <p>Processes <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2597">doi: 10.3390/pr12112597</a></p> <p>Authors: Marília Caroline C. de Sá Diego Q. F. de Menezes Tahyná B. Fontoura Luiz Felipe de O. Campos Thiago K. Anzai Fábio C. Diehl Pedro H. Thompson José Carlos Pinto </p> <p>The present study presents, for the first time, the real-time monitoring of an actual spiral-wound membrane unit used for CO2 removal from natural gas in an actual industrial offshore platform, utilizing a detailed phenomenological model. An Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) paradigm was employed to simulate the offshore membrane separation unit, accounting for the diverse levels of the membrane separation setup. A parameter estimation procedure was implemented to fit the phenomenological model to the real industrial data in real-time, for the first time. In addition, estimated permeance parameters and calculated unmeasured variables (soft sensor) were used for monitoring Key Performance Indicators (KPIs), such as membrane selectivity, dew point temperature, and hydrocarbon loss. Finally, a reparametrization of the parameters was implemented to improve the robustness of the optimization procedure. Thus, the model variables presented good adjustments to the data, indicating the satisfactory performance of the estimation. Consequently, the good accuracy of the model provided reliable information to the soft sensors and KPIs.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Modeling of Spiral Wound Membranes for Gas Separations&amp;amp;mdash;Part IV: Real-Time Monitoring Based on Detailed Phenomenological Model</dc:title> <dc:creator>Marília Caroline C. de Sá</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Diego Q. F. de Menezes</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Tahyná B. Fontoura</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Luiz Felipe de O. Campos</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Thiago K. Anzai</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Fábio C. Diehl</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Pedro H. Thompson</dc:creator> <dc:creator>José Carlos Pinto</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/pr12112597</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Processes</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-19</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Processes</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-19</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>12</prism:volume> <prism:number>11</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>2597</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/pr12112597</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2597</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2599"> <title>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2599: Optimization Research on the Impact of Charging Load and Energy Efficiency of Pure Electric Vehicles</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2599</link> <description>In this paper, the negative impact of the charging load generated by the disorderly charging scheme of large-scale pure electric vehicles on the operation performance of the power grid system and the problem of reducing its charging energy efficiency are studied and analyzed. First, based on Matlab 2022a simulation software and the Monte Carlo random sampling method, the probability density model of the factors affecting the charging load is constructed, and the total charging load of different quantities is simulated. Second, the IEEE33-node distribution network model is introduced to simulate the influence of charging load on the grid under different permeability schemes. Finally, the multi-objective genetic algorithm is used to optimize the charging cost and battery life. Taking the 20% permeability scheme as an example, the research results show that, compared with the disorderly charging scheme, the multi-objective optimization scheme reduces the peaking valley difference rate by 24.34%, the charging load power generation cost by 29.5%, and the charging cost by 23.9%. The power grid profit increased by 45.8%, and the research conclusion has practical significance for the energy efficiency optimization of pure electric vehicles.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-19</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2599: Optimization Research on the Impact of Charging Load and Energy Efficiency of Pure Electric Vehicles</b></p> <p>Processes <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2599">doi: 10.3390/pr12112599</a></p> <p>Authors: Huajian Xin Zhejun Li Feng Jiang Qinglie Mo Jie Hu Junming Zhou </p> <p>In this paper, the negative impact of the charging load generated by the disorderly charging scheme of large-scale pure electric vehicles on the operation performance of the power grid system and the problem of reducing its charging energy efficiency are studied and analyzed. First, based on Matlab 2022a simulation software and the Monte Carlo random sampling method, the probability density model of the factors affecting the charging load is constructed, and the total charging load of different quantities is simulated. Second, the IEEE33-node distribution network model is introduced to simulate the influence of charging load on the grid under different permeability schemes. Finally, the multi-objective genetic algorithm is used to optimize the charging cost and battery life. Taking the 20% permeability scheme as an example, the research results show that, compared with the disorderly charging scheme, the multi-objective optimization scheme reduces the peaking valley difference rate by 24.34%, the charging load power generation cost by 29.5%, and the charging cost by 23.9%. The power grid profit increased by 45.8%, and the research conclusion has practical significance for the energy efficiency optimization of pure electric vehicles.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Optimization Research on the Impact of Charging Load and Energy Efficiency of Pure Electric Vehicles</dc:title> <dc:creator>Huajian Xin</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Zhejun Li</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Feng Jiang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Qinglie Mo</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Jie Hu</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Junming Zhou</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/pr12112599</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Processes</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-19</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Processes</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-19</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>12</prism:volume> <prism:number>11</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>2599</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/pr12112599</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2599</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2598"> <title>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2598: Effects of L-Aspartic Acid on Cr(VI) Adsorption onto the Lepidocrocite with Different Exposed Facets: Batch Experiments and In Situ ATR-FTIR Analysis</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2598</link> <description>The adsorption of toxic metals onto iron oxides is a prevalent geochemical process in natural environments. Organic acids are known to modify the adsorption features of toxic ions through either competitive or cooperative effects. Nowadays, the toxic metal adsorption influenced by organic acids on iron oxides with varying facet exposures is not fully understood. This study explored how L-Aspartic acid (LA) influences Cr(VI) adsorption on two different exposure facets of lepidocrocite through batch adsorption experiments, in situ ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, and 2D-COS analysis. The results reveal that LA competes for available binding sites on lepidocrocite, consequently inhibiting the adsorption of Cr(VI). Rod-shaped lepidocrocite (R-LEP) owns more (001) facets and shows stronger Cr(VI) adsorption and LA competition than plate-like lepidocrocite (P-LEP), which mainly has (010) facets. The data for Cr(VI) uptake on both P-LEP and R-LEP within the effect of LA are well-fitted by the pseudo-second-order kinetics and the Freundlich isotherm model, suggesting chemical interaction as the dominant process for Cr(VI) coordination on lepidocrocite. Cr(VI) ions favor interaction with R-LEP over P-LEP, forming inner-sphere complexes on (001) facets. Concurrently, LA&amp;amp;rsquo;s carboxyl groups can compete for the active sites on the lepidocrocite surfaces, engaging in anion exchange with hydroxyl groups, and forming outer-sphere and inner-sphere structures. This competitive effect is particularly pronounced in the R-LEP system. The current findings are expected to broaden insights into how the exposed facets of lepidocrocite influence the fate of Cr(VI) in the organic acid coexistence environment.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-19</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2598: Effects of L-Aspartic Acid on Cr(VI) Adsorption onto the Lepidocrocite with Different Exposed Facets: Batch Experiments and In Situ ATR-FTIR Analysis</b></p> <p>Processes <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2598">doi: 10.3390/pr12112598</a></p> <p>Authors: Xiaofei Li Tianfu Li Xiaohu Jin Yanfu Wei Yanping Bao Qian Yao Fuhua Li Weicheng Xu Xiaolian Wu </p> <p>The adsorption of toxic metals onto iron oxides is a prevalent geochemical process in natural environments. Organic acids are known to modify the adsorption features of toxic ions through either competitive or cooperative effects. Nowadays, the toxic metal adsorption influenced by organic acids on iron oxides with varying facet exposures is not fully understood. This study explored how L-Aspartic acid (LA) influences Cr(VI) adsorption on two different exposure facets of lepidocrocite through batch adsorption experiments, in situ ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, and 2D-COS analysis. The results reveal that LA competes for available binding sites on lepidocrocite, consequently inhibiting the adsorption of Cr(VI). Rod-shaped lepidocrocite (R-LEP) owns more (001) facets and shows stronger Cr(VI) adsorption and LA competition than plate-like lepidocrocite (P-LEP), which mainly has (010) facets. The data for Cr(VI) uptake on both P-LEP and R-LEP within the effect of LA are well-fitted by the pseudo-second-order kinetics and the Freundlich isotherm model, suggesting chemical interaction as the dominant process for Cr(VI) coordination on lepidocrocite. Cr(VI) ions favor interaction with R-LEP over P-LEP, forming inner-sphere complexes on (001) facets. Concurrently, LA&amp;amp;rsquo;s carboxyl groups can compete for the active sites on the lepidocrocite surfaces, engaging in anion exchange with hydroxyl groups, and forming outer-sphere and inner-sphere structures. This competitive effect is particularly pronounced in the R-LEP system. The current findings are expected to broaden insights into how the exposed facets of lepidocrocite influence the fate of Cr(VI) in the organic acid coexistence environment.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Effects of L-Aspartic Acid on Cr(VI) Adsorption onto the Lepidocrocite with Different Exposed Facets: Batch Experiments and In Situ ATR-FTIR Analysis</dc:title> <dc:creator>Xiaofei Li</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Tianfu Li</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Xiaohu Jin</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Yanfu Wei</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Yanping Bao</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Qian Yao</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Fuhua Li</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Weicheng Xu</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Xiaolian Wu</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/pr12112598</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Processes</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-19</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Processes</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-19</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>12</prism:volume> <prism:number>11</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>2598</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/pr12112598</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2598</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2596"> <title>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2596: A Convolutional Neural Network-Based Method for Distinguishing the Flow Patterns of Gas-Liquid Two-Phase Flow in the Annulus</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2596</link> <description>In order to improve the accuracy and efficiency of flow pattern recognition and to solve the problem of the real-time monitoring of flow patterns, which is difficult to achieve with traditional visual recognition methods, this study introduced a flow pattern recognition method based on a convolutional neural network (CNN), which can recognize the flow pattern under different pressure and flow conditions. Firstly, the complex gas&amp;amp;ndash;liquid distribution and its velocity field in the annulus were investigated using a computational fluid dynamics (CFDs) simulation, and the gas&amp;amp;ndash;liquid distribution and velocity vectors in the annulus were obtained to clarify the complexity of the flow patterns in the annulus. Subsequently, a sequence model containing three convolutional layers and two fully connected layers was developed, which employed a CNN architecture, and the model was compiled using the Adam optimizer and the sparse classification cross entropy as a loss function. A total of 450 images of different flow patterns were utilized for training, and the trained model recognized slug and annular flows with probabilities of 0.93 and 0.99, respectively, confirming the high accuracy of the model in recognizing annulus flow patterns, and providing an effective method for flow pattern recognition.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-19</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2596: A Convolutional Neural Network-Based Method for Distinguishing the Flow Patterns of Gas-Liquid Two-Phase Flow in the Annulus</b></p> <p>Processes <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2596">doi: 10.3390/pr12112596</a></p> <p>Authors: Chen Cheng Weixia Yang Xiaoya Feng Yarui Zhao Yubin Su </p> <p>In order to improve the accuracy and efficiency of flow pattern recognition and to solve the problem of the real-time monitoring of flow patterns, which is difficult to achieve with traditional visual recognition methods, this study introduced a flow pattern recognition method based on a convolutional neural network (CNN), which can recognize the flow pattern under different pressure and flow conditions. Firstly, the complex gas&amp;amp;ndash;liquid distribution and its velocity field in the annulus were investigated using a computational fluid dynamics (CFDs) simulation, and the gas&amp;amp;ndash;liquid distribution and velocity vectors in the annulus were obtained to clarify the complexity of the flow patterns in the annulus. Subsequently, a sequence model containing three convolutional layers and two fully connected layers was developed, which employed a CNN architecture, and the model was compiled using the Adam optimizer and the sparse classification cross entropy as a loss function. A total of 450 images of different flow patterns were utilized for training, and the trained model recognized slug and annular flows with probabilities of 0.93 and 0.99, respectively, confirming the high accuracy of the model in recognizing annulus flow patterns, and providing an effective method for flow pattern recognition.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>A Convolutional Neural Network-Based Method for Distinguishing the Flow Patterns of Gas-Liquid Two-Phase Flow in the Annulus</dc:title> <dc:creator>Chen Cheng</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Weixia Yang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Xiaoya Feng</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Yarui Zhao</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Yubin Su</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/pr12112596</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Processes</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-19</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Processes</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-19</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>12</prism:volume> <prism:number>11</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>2596</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/pr12112596</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2596</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2595"> <title>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2595: Characteristics and Paleoenvironment of the Niutitang Shale Reservoir in the Zhenba Area</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2595</link> <description>The lack of in-depth analysis on the reservoir characteristics and the paleoenvironmental conditions of the Niutitang Formation in the study area has led to an unclear understanding of its geological background. In this study, core samples from well SZY1 were selected, and X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and quantitative elemental analysis were employed to systematically investigate the reservoir properties and paleoenvironment of the shales. The results indicate that the Niutitang Formation shales form a low-porosity, low-permeability reservoir. By utilizing indicators such as the chemical index of alteration (CIA) and elemental ratios, the study delves into the paleoclimate and paleoproductivity of the region. The (La/Yb)n ratio is approximately 1, indicating a rapid deposition rate that is beneficial for the accumulation and preservation of organic matter. The chondrite-normalized and North American Shale Composite (NASC)-normalized rare earth element (REE) distribution patterns of the shales show consistent trends with minimal variation, reflecting the presence of mixed sources for the sediments in the study area. Analysis reveals that the Niutitang Formation shales are enriched in light rare-earth elements (LREEs) with a negative europium anomaly, and the primary source rocks are sedimentary and granitic, located far from areas of seafloor hydrothermal activity. The NiEF and CuEF values suggest high paleoproductivity, and the shales were deposited in an anoxic-reducing environment. The depositional environments of the Marcellus and Utica shales in the United States, the Wufeng-Longmaxi black shales in the Changning area of the Sichuan Basin, and the shales in the study area are similar, characterized by anoxic reducing conditions and well-developed fractures. The thermal evolution degree of the study area is relatively moderate, currently in the peak gas generation stage, with the reservoir quality rated as medium to high, indicating good potential for hydrocarbon accumulation and promising exploration prospects.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-18</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2595: Characteristics and Paleoenvironment of the Niutitang Shale Reservoir in the Zhenba Area</b></p> <p>Processes <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2595">doi: 10.3390/pr12112595</a></p> <p>Authors: Tao Tian Wei Chang Pei Zhang Jiahui Yang Li Zhang Tianzi Wang </p> <p>The lack of in-depth analysis on the reservoir characteristics and the paleoenvironmental conditions of the Niutitang Formation in the study area has led to an unclear understanding of its geological background. In this study, core samples from well SZY1 were selected, and X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and quantitative elemental analysis were employed to systematically investigate the reservoir properties and paleoenvironment of the shales. The results indicate that the Niutitang Formation shales form a low-porosity, low-permeability reservoir. By utilizing indicators such as the chemical index of alteration (CIA) and elemental ratios, the study delves into the paleoclimate and paleoproductivity of the region. The (La/Yb)n ratio is approximately 1, indicating a rapid deposition rate that is beneficial for the accumulation and preservation of organic matter. The chondrite-normalized and North American Shale Composite (NASC)-normalized rare earth element (REE) distribution patterns of the shales show consistent trends with minimal variation, reflecting the presence of mixed sources for the sediments in the study area. Analysis reveals that the Niutitang Formation shales are enriched in light rare-earth elements (LREEs) with a negative europium anomaly, and the primary source rocks are sedimentary and granitic, located far from areas of seafloor hydrothermal activity. The NiEF and CuEF values suggest high paleoproductivity, and the shales were deposited in an anoxic-reducing environment. The depositional environments of the Marcellus and Utica shales in the United States, the Wufeng-Longmaxi black shales in the Changning area of the Sichuan Basin, and the shales in the study area are similar, characterized by anoxic reducing conditions and well-developed fractures. The thermal evolution degree of the study area is relatively moderate, currently in the peak gas generation stage, with the reservoir quality rated as medium to high, indicating good potential for hydrocarbon accumulation and promising exploration prospects.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Characteristics and Paleoenvironment of the Niutitang Shale Reservoir in the Zhenba Area</dc:title> <dc:creator>Tao Tian</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Wei Chang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Pei Zhang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Jiahui Yang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Li Zhang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Tianzi Wang</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/pr12112595</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Processes</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-18</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Processes</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-18</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>12</prism:volume> <prism:number>11</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>2595</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/pr12112595</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2595</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2594"> <title>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2594: Comparative Evaluation of Wound Healing Efficacy of Bombyx mori L. Body Extracts, Gland Extracts, and Cocoon for the Treatment of Second-Degree Burns: A Pilot Study</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2594</link> <description>Background: The silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) and its cocoon are rich in bioactive proteins like sericin and fibroin, as well as enzymes such as serrapeptase, which possess anti-inflammatory and skin-healing properties. This study aimed to evaluate the in vivo effects of various silkworm products, including cocoon patches and extracts from the silkworm body and glands, on the healing of second-degree burns. Methods: Hairless, female SKH-2 mice were used to model second-degree burns. The study tested formulations containing 1%, 10%, or 20% silkworm body or gland extracts, as well as cocoon-derived patches. In addition to histopathological and clinical assessments, the study measured parameters including burn size, hydration, transepidermal water loss and thickness. Results: The results of this study demonstrated that, in terms of primary outcomes (complete healing), both the silkworm cocoon and the 20% body extract significantly promoted wound healing, with similar efficacy. All body extracts showed statistical significance in wound area reduction, while the gland extracts had no significant effect. Histopathological evaluation confirmed the superior healing potential of the body extracts increasing by increased concentration and cocoon. This novel insight into the therapeutic properties of silkworm body extracts opens new opportunities for the development of cost-effective, renewable second-degree burn healing treatments.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-18</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2594: Comparative Evaluation of Wound Healing Efficacy of Bombyx mori L. Body Extracts, Gland Extracts, and Cocoon for the Treatment of Second-Degree Burns: A Pilot Study</b></p> <p>Processes <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2594">doi: 10.3390/pr12112594</a></p> <p>Authors: Alexandra Kyriaki Margarita Vidali Andreas Vitsos Paschalis Harizanis Ioannis Sfiniadakis Christina Barda Eleftheria Simirioti Asimina Terezaki Michail Christou Rallis </p> <p>Background: The silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) and its cocoon are rich in bioactive proteins like sericin and fibroin, as well as enzymes such as serrapeptase, which possess anti-inflammatory and skin-healing properties. This study aimed to evaluate the in vivo effects of various silkworm products, including cocoon patches and extracts from the silkworm body and glands, on the healing of second-degree burns. Methods: Hairless, female SKH-2 mice were used to model second-degree burns. The study tested formulations containing 1%, 10%, or 20% silkworm body or gland extracts, as well as cocoon-derived patches. In addition to histopathological and clinical assessments, the study measured parameters including burn size, hydration, transepidermal water loss and thickness. Results: The results of this study demonstrated that, in terms of primary outcomes (complete healing), both the silkworm cocoon and the 20% body extract significantly promoted wound healing, with similar efficacy. All body extracts showed statistical significance in wound area reduction, while the gland extracts had no significant effect. Histopathological evaluation confirmed the superior healing potential of the body extracts increasing by increased concentration and cocoon. This novel insight into the therapeutic properties of silkworm body extracts opens new opportunities for the development of cost-effective, renewable second-degree burn healing treatments.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Comparative Evaluation of Wound Healing Efficacy of Bombyx mori L. Body Extracts, Gland Extracts, and Cocoon for the Treatment of Second-Degree Burns: A Pilot Study</dc:title> <dc:creator>Alexandra Kyriaki</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Margarita Vidali</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Andreas Vitsos</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Paschalis Harizanis</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Ioannis Sfiniadakis</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Christina Barda</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Eleftheria Simirioti</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Asimina Terezaki</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Michail Christou Rallis</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/pr12112594</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Processes</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-18</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Processes</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-18</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>12</prism:volume> <prism:number>11</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>2594</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/pr12112594</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2594</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2593"> <title>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2593: Growth Optimizer Algorithm for Economic Load Dispatch Problem: Analysis and Evaluation</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2593</link> <description>The Growth Optimizer algorithm (GO) is a novel metaheuristic that draws inspiration from people&amp;amp;rsquo;s learning and introspection processes as they progress through society. Economic Load Dispatch (ELD), one of the primary problems in the power system, is resolved by the GO. To assess GO&amp;amp;rsquo;s dependability, its performance is contrasted with a number of methods. These techniques include the Rime-ice algorithm (RIME), Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO), Elephant Herding Optimization (EHO), and Tunicate Swarm Algorithm (TSA). Also, the GO algorithm has the competition of other literature techniques such as Monarch butterfly optimization (MBO), the Sine Cosine algorithm (SCA), the chimp optimization algorithm (ChOA), the moth search algorithm (MSA), and the snow ablation algorithm (SAO). Six units for the ELD problem at a 1000 MW load, ten units for the ELD problem at a 2000 MW load, and twenty units for the ELD problem at a 3000 MW load are the cases employed in this work. The standard deviation, minimum fitness function, and maximum mean values are measured for 30 different runs in order to evaluate all methods. Using the GO approach, the ideal power mismatch values of 3.82627263206814 &amp;amp;times; 10&amp;amp;minus;12, 0.0000622209480241054, and 5.5893360695336 &amp;amp;times; 10&amp;amp;minus;7 were found for six, ten, and twenty generator units, respectively. The GO&amp;amp;rsquo;s dominance over all other algorithms is demonstrated by the results produced for the ELD scenarios.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-18</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2593: Growth Optimizer Algorithm for Economic Load Dispatch Problem: Analysis and Evaluation</b></p> <p>Processes <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2593">doi: 10.3390/pr12112593</a></p> <p>Authors: Ahmed Ewis Shaban Alaa A. K. Ismaeel Ahmed Farhan Mokhtar Said Ali M. El-Rifaie </p> <p>The Growth Optimizer algorithm (GO) is a novel metaheuristic that draws inspiration from people&amp;amp;rsquo;s learning and introspection processes as they progress through society. Economic Load Dispatch (ELD), one of the primary problems in the power system, is resolved by the GO. To assess GO&amp;amp;rsquo;s dependability, its performance is contrasted with a number of methods. These techniques include the Rime-ice algorithm (RIME), Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO), Elephant Herding Optimization (EHO), and Tunicate Swarm Algorithm (TSA). Also, the GO algorithm has the competition of other literature techniques such as Monarch butterfly optimization (MBO), the Sine Cosine algorithm (SCA), the chimp optimization algorithm (ChOA), the moth search algorithm (MSA), and the snow ablation algorithm (SAO). Six units for the ELD problem at a 1000 MW load, ten units for the ELD problem at a 2000 MW load, and twenty units for the ELD problem at a 3000 MW load are the cases employed in this work. The standard deviation, minimum fitness function, and maximum mean values are measured for 30 different runs in order to evaluate all methods. Using the GO approach, the ideal power mismatch values of 3.82627263206814 &amp;amp;times; 10&amp;amp;minus;12, 0.0000622209480241054, and 5.5893360695336 &amp;amp;times; 10&amp;amp;minus;7 were found for six, ten, and twenty generator units, respectively. The GO&amp;amp;rsquo;s dominance over all other algorithms is demonstrated by the results produced for the ELD scenarios.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Growth Optimizer Algorithm for Economic Load Dispatch Problem: Analysis and Evaluation</dc:title> <dc:creator>Ahmed Ewis Shaban</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Alaa A. K. Ismaeel</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Ahmed Farhan</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Mokhtar Said</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Ali M. El-Rifaie</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/pr12112593</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Processes</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-18</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Processes</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-18</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>12</prism:volume> <prism:number>11</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>2593</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/pr12112593</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2593</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2592"> <title>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2592: The Influence of Mg, Na, and Li Oxides on the CO2 Sorption Properties of Natural Zeolite</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2592</link> <description>This study presents a comparative analysis of the CO2 sorption properties of natural zeolites sourced from the Tayzhuzgen (Tg) and Shankanay (Sh) deposits in Kazakhstan. The Tayzhuzgen zeolite was characterized by a Si/Al ratio of 5.6, suggesting partial dealumination, and demonstrated enhanced specific surface area following mechanical activation. Modification of the Tayzhuzgen zeolite with magnesium oxide significantly improved its CO2 sorption capacity, reaching 8.46 mmol CO2/g, attributed to the formation of the CaMg(Si2O6) phase and the resulting increase in basic active sites. TPD-CO2 analysis confirmed that MgO/Tg exhibited the highest basicity of the modified samples, further validating its potential for CO2 capture applications.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-18</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2592: The Influence of Mg, Na, and Li Oxides on the CO2 Sorption Properties of Natural Zeolite</b></p> <p>Processes <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2592">doi: 10.3390/pr12112592</a></p> <p>Authors: Manshuk Mambetova Kusman Dossumov Gaukhar Yergaziyeva </p> <p>This study presents a comparative analysis of the CO2 sorption properties of natural zeolites sourced from the Tayzhuzgen (Tg) and Shankanay (Sh) deposits in Kazakhstan. The Tayzhuzgen zeolite was characterized by a Si/Al ratio of 5.6, suggesting partial dealumination, and demonstrated enhanced specific surface area following mechanical activation. Modification of the Tayzhuzgen zeolite with magnesium oxide significantly improved its CO2 sorption capacity, reaching 8.46 mmol CO2/g, attributed to the formation of the CaMg(Si2O6) phase and the resulting increase in basic active sites. TPD-CO2 analysis confirmed that MgO/Tg exhibited the highest basicity of the modified samples, further validating its potential for CO2 capture applications.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>The Influence of Mg, Na, and Li Oxides on the CO2 Sorption Properties of Natural Zeolite</dc:title> <dc:creator>Manshuk Mambetova</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Kusman Dossumov</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Gaukhar Yergaziyeva</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/pr12112592</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Processes</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-18</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Processes</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-18</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>12</prism:volume> <prism:number>11</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>2592</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/pr12112592</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2592</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2591"> <title>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2591: The Identification, Separation, and Clamp Function of an Intelligent Flexible Blueberry Picking Robot</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2591</link> <description>Identifying fruit maturity accurately and achieving damage-free harvesting are challenges in designing blueberry-picking robots. This paper presents an intelligent flexible picking system. First, we trained a deep learning-based YOLOv8n network to locate the position of the fruit and determine fruit ripeness. We used a neural network to establish the relationship between fruit hardness and shape parameters, achieving an adaptive gripping force for different fruits. To address the issue of dense clusters in some blueberry varieties, we designed a fruit separation subsystem using a combination of flow field analysis and pressure-sensitive experiments. The results show that the mean average precision can reach 84.62%, the precision is 94.49%, the recall is 83.85%, the F1 score is 88.85%, and the test time is 0.12 s, which can meet the requirements for blueberry fruit recognition accuracy and speed. The spacing between closely packed fruits can increase by 4 mm, and the damage-free picking rate exceeds 92%, achieving stable, damage-free harvesting.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-18</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2591: The Identification, Separation, and Clamp Function of an Intelligent Flexible Blueberry Picking Robot</b></p> <p>Processes <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2591">doi: 10.3390/pr12112591</a></p> <p>Authors: Xiaohong Liu Peifu Li Bo Hu Hao Yin Zexian Wang Wenxin Li Yanxia Xu Baogang Li </p> <p>Identifying fruit maturity accurately and achieving damage-free harvesting are challenges in designing blueberry-picking robots. This paper presents an intelligent flexible picking system. First, we trained a deep learning-based YOLOv8n network to locate the position of the fruit and determine fruit ripeness. We used a neural network to establish the relationship between fruit hardness and shape parameters, achieving an adaptive gripping force for different fruits. To address the issue of dense clusters in some blueberry varieties, we designed a fruit separation subsystem using a combination of flow field analysis and pressure-sensitive experiments. The results show that the mean average precision can reach 84.62%, the precision is 94.49%, the recall is 83.85%, the F1 score is 88.85%, and the test time is 0.12 s, which can meet the requirements for blueberry fruit recognition accuracy and speed. The spacing between closely packed fruits can increase by 4 mm, and the damage-free picking rate exceeds 92%, achieving stable, damage-free harvesting.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>The Identification, Separation, and Clamp Function of an Intelligent Flexible Blueberry Picking Robot</dc:title> <dc:creator>Xiaohong Liu</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Peifu Li</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Bo Hu</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Hao Yin</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Zexian Wang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Wenxin Li</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Yanxia Xu</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Baogang Li</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/pr12112591</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Processes</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-18</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Processes</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-18</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>12</prism:volume> <prism:number>11</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>2591</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/pr12112591</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2591</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2589"> <title>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2589: An Intelligent Kick Detection Model for Large-Hole Ultra-Deep Wells in the Sichuan Basin</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2589</link> <description>The Sichuan Basin has abundant deep and ultra-deep natural gas resources, making it a primary target for exploration and the development of China&amp;amp;rsquo;s oil and gas industry. However, during the drilling of ultra-deep wells in the Sichuan Basin, complex geological conditions frequently lead to gas kicks, posing significant challenges to well control and safety. Compared to traditional kick detection methods, artificial intelligence technology can improve the accuracy and timeliness of kick detection. However, there are limited real-world kick data available from drilling operations, and the datasets are extremely imbalanced, making it difficult to train intelligent models with sufficient accuracy and generalization capabilities. To address this issue, this paper proposes a kick data augmentation method based on a time-series generative adversarial network (TimeGAN). This method generates synthetic kick samples from real datasets and then employs a long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network to extract multivariate time-series features of surface drilling parameters. A multilayer perceptron (MLP) network is used for data classification tasks, constructing an intelligent kick detection model. Using real drilling data from ultra-deep wells in the SY block of the Sichuan Basin, the effects of k-fold cross-validation, data dimensionality, various imbalanced data handling techniques, and the sample imbalance ratio on the model&amp;amp;rsquo;s kick detection performance are analyzed. Ablation experiments are also conducted to assess the contribution of each module in identifying kick. The results show that TimeGAN outperforms other imbalanced data handling techniques. The accuracy, recall, precision, and F1-score of the kick identification model are highest when the sample imbalance ratio is at 1 but decrease as the imbalance ratio increases. This indicates that maintaining a balance between positive and negative samples is essential for training a reliable intelligent kick detection model. The trained model is applied during the drilling of seven ultra-deep wells in Sichuan, demonstrating its effectiveness and accuracy in real-world kick detection.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-18</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2589: An Intelligent Kick Detection Model for Large-Hole Ultra-Deep Wells in the Sichuan Basin</b></p> <p>Processes <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2589">doi: 10.3390/pr12112589</a></p> <p>Authors: Xudong Wang Pengcheng Wu Ye Chen Ergang Zhang Xiaoke Ye Qi Huang Chi Peng Jianhong Fu </p> <p>The Sichuan Basin has abundant deep and ultra-deep natural gas resources, making it a primary target for exploration and the development of China&amp;amp;rsquo;s oil and gas industry. However, during the drilling of ultra-deep wells in the Sichuan Basin, complex geological conditions frequently lead to gas kicks, posing significant challenges to well control and safety. Compared to traditional kick detection methods, artificial intelligence technology can improve the accuracy and timeliness of kick detection. However, there are limited real-world kick data available from drilling operations, and the datasets are extremely imbalanced, making it difficult to train intelligent models with sufficient accuracy and generalization capabilities. To address this issue, this paper proposes a kick data augmentation method based on a time-series generative adversarial network (TimeGAN). This method generates synthetic kick samples from real datasets and then employs a long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network to extract multivariate time-series features of surface drilling parameters. A multilayer perceptron (MLP) network is used for data classification tasks, constructing an intelligent kick detection model. Using real drilling data from ultra-deep wells in the SY block of the Sichuan Basin, the effects of k-fold cross-validation, data dimensionality, various imbalanced data handling techniques, and the sample imbalance ratio on the model&amp;amp;rsquo;s kick detection performance are analyzed. Ablation experiments are also conducted to assess the contribution of each module in identifying kick. The results show that TimeGAN outperforms other imbalanced data handling techniques. The accuracy, recall, precision, and F1-score of the kick identification model are highest when the sample imbalance ratio is at 1 but decrease as the imbalance ratio increases. This indicates that maintaining a balance between positive and negative samples is essential for training a reliable intelligent kick detection model. The trained model is applied during the drilling of seven ultra-deep wells in Sichuan, demonstrating its effectiveness and accuracy in real-world kick detection.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>An Intelligent Kick Detection Model for Large-Hole Ultra-Deep Wells in the Sichuan Basin</dc:title> <dc:creator>Xudong Wang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Pengcheng Wu</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Ye Chen</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Ergang Zhang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Xiaoke Ye</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Qi Huang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Chi Peng</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Jianhong Fu</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/pr12112589</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Processes</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-18</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Processes</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-18</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>12</prism:volume> <prism:number>11</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>2589</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/pr12112589</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2589</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2590"> <title>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2590: Biosynthesis; Characterization; and Antibacterial, Antioxidant, and Docking Potentials of Doped Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized from Pine Needle Leaf Extract</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2590</link> <description>The current study focused on the synthesis of doped silver nanoparticles (doped AgNPs) with yttrium (Y), gadolinium (Gd), and chromium (Cr) from pine needle leaf extract (PNLE). X-ray diffraction (XRD) was performed to assess the phase formation, detecting 61.83% from Ag and 38.17% for secondary phases of AgCl, AgO, Y, Cr-, and Gd phases. The size and shape of the NPs were determined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), showing a spherical shape with an average particle size of 26.43 nm. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) detected the oxidation state of the presented elements. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) and the energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) determined the morphology and elemental composition of the NPs, respectively. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) determined the different functional groups indicating the presence of Ag, Y, Gd, Cr, and other groups. Photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy showed the optical properties of the NPs. A vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) revealed the ferromagnetic behavior of the doped AgNPs. The antibacterial activity of the doped AgNPs was tested against six uro-pathogenic bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) using the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) microdilution assays, agar well diffusion assay, time&amp;amp;ndash;kill test, and antibiofilm screening assays, revealing significant activity, with MICs ranging between 0.0625 and 0.5 mg/mL and antibiofilm activity between 40 and 85%. The antioxidant activity was determined by the 1,1, diphenyl 1-2 picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay with a potential of 61.3%. The docking studies showed that the doped AgNPs had the potential to predict the inhibition of crucial enzymes such as penicillin-binding proteins, LasR-binding proteins, carbapenemase, DNA gyrase, and dihydropteroate synthase. The results suggest that the doped AgNPs can be applied in different medical domains.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-18</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2590: Biosynthesis; Characterization; and Antibacterial, Antioxidant, and Docking Potentials of Doped Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized from Pine Needle Leaf Extract</b></p> <p>Processes <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2590">doi: 10.3390/pr12112590</a></p> <p>Authors: Nourhane A. Darwich Malak Mezher Alaa M. Abdallah Ahmed F. El-Sayed Rana El Hajj Taymour A. Hamdalla Mahmoud I. Khalil </p> <p>The current study focused on the synthesis of doped silver nanoparticles (doped AgNPs) with yttrium (Y), gadolinium (Gd), and chromium (Cr) from pine needle leaf extract (PNLE). X-ray diffraction (XRD) was performed to assess the phase formation, detecting 61.83% from Ag and 38.17% for secondary phases of AgCl, AgO, Y, Cr-, and Gd phases. The size and shape of the NPs were determined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), showing a spherical shape with an average particle size of 26.43 nm. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) detected the oxidation state of the presented elements. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) and the energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) determined the morphology and elemental composition of the NPs, respectively. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) determined the different functional groups indicating the presence of Ag, Y, Gd, Cr, and other groups. Photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy showed the optical properties of the NPs. A vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) revealed the ferromagnetic behavior of the doped AgNPs. The antibacterial activity of the doped AgNPs was tested against six uro-pathogenic bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) using the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) microdilution assays, agar well diffusion assay, time&amp;amp;ndash;kill test, and antibiofilm screening assays, revealing significant activity, with MICs ranging between 0.0625 and 0.5 mg/mL and antibiofilm activity between 40 and 85%. The antioxidant activity was determined by the 1,1, diphenyl 1-2 picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay with a potential of 61.3%. The docking studies showed that the doped AgNPs had the potential to predict the inhibition of crucial enzymes such as penicillin-binding proteins, LasR-binding proteins, carbapenemase, DNA gyrase, and dihydropteroate synthase. The results suggest that the doped AgNPs can be applied in different medical domains.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Biosynthesis; Characterization; and Antibacterial, Antioxidant, and Docking Potentials of Doped Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized from Pine Needle Leaf Extract</dc:title> <dc:creator>Nourhane A. Darwich</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Malak Mezher</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Alaa M. Abdallah</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Ahmed F. El-Sayed</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Rana El Hajj</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Taymour A. Hamdalla</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Mahmoud I. Khalil</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/pr12112590</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Processes</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-18</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Processes</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-18</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>12</prism:volume> <prism:number>11</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>2590</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/pr12112590</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2590</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2588"> <title>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2588: The Ascorbic Acid-Modified Fenton System for the Degradation of Bisphenol A: Kinetics, Parameters, and Mechanism</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2588</link> <description>Bisphenol A (BPA) has been extensively used in the commercial production, especially the production of plastic products. It has endocrine-disrupting effects and poses potential risks to health, which is also related to the development of various diseases. Nevertheless, using conventional biological treatment techniques has proved challenging in fully breaking down this particular hazardous substance. The degradation ability of the target substance was explored by investigating the effect of an ascorbic acid (Vc)-modified Fenton-like system. The results showed that the degradation rate of the modified system reached 74.6% after 20 min, which was much higher than the 9.1% degradation rate without Vc. Under different ratios of Vc and Fe(III), when the ratios were 1:1 and 1/2:1, the reaction efficiency was the best, and the degradation rate exceeded 83%. When pH = 6.5 and the ratio of Vc to Fe(III) was 1:1, the optimal conditions were achieved, and 83.5% of the BPA could be degraded within 60 min. The results of the quenching experiment provided evidence that &amp;amp;bull;OH was the main reactive oxidizing species (ROS). Analysis of the BPA degradation pathway and the product toxicity evaluation revealed a reduction in the acute/chronic toxicity of BPA from toxic/very toxic to non-harmful/harmful levels. The presented evidence demonstrates that Vc significantly enhances the performance of the modified Fenton-like system and has definite potential for application.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-18</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2588: The Ascorbic Acid-Modified Fenton System for the Degradation of Bisphenol A: Kinetics, Parameters, and Mechanism</b></p> <p>Processes <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2588">doi: 10.3390/pr12112588</a></p> <p>Authors: Yanlin Wu Jiawei Gu Zhongyi Fang Yuang Shan Jie Guan </p> <p>Bisphenol A (BPA) has been extensively used in the commercial production, especially the production of plastic products. It has endocrine-disrupting effects and poses potential risks to health, which is also related to the development of various diseases. Nevertheless, using conventional biological treatment techniques has proved challenging in fully breaking down this particular hazardous substance. The degradation ability of the target substance was explored by investigating the effect of an ascorbic acid (Vc)-modified Fenton-like system. The results showed that the degradation rate of the modified system reached 74.6% after 20 min, which was much higher than the 9.1% degradation rate without Vc. Under different ratios of Vc and Fe(III), when the ratios were 1:1 and 1/2:1, the reaction efficiency was the best, and the degradation rate exceeded 83%. When pH = 6.5 and the ratio of Vc to Fe(III) was 1:1, the optimal conditions were achieved, and 83.5% of the BPA could be degraded within 60 min. The results of the quenching experiment provided evidence that &amp;amp;bull;OH was the main reactive oxidizing species (ROS). Analysis of the BPA degradation pathway and the product toxicity evaluation revealed a reduction in the acute/chronic toxicity of BPA from toxic/very toxic to non-harmful/harmful levels. The presented evidence demonstrates that Vc significantly enhances the performance of the modified Fenton-like system and has definite potential for application.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>The Ascorbic Acid-Modified Fenton System for the Degradation of Bisphenol A: Kinetics, Parameters, and Mechanism</dc:title> <dc:creator>Yanlin Wu</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Jiawei Gu</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Zhongyi Fang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Yuang Shan</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Jie Guan</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/pr12112588</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Processes</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-18</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Processes</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-18</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>12</prism:volume> <prism:number>11</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>2588</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/pr12112588</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2588</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2587"> <title>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2587: The Heteropolyacid-Catalyzed Conversion of Biomass Saccharides into High-Added-Value Products and Biofuels</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2587</link> <description>The industrial processes used to produce paper and cellulose generate many lignocellulosic residues. These residues are usually burned to produce heat to supply the energy demands of other processes, increasing greenhouse gas emissions and resulting in a high environmental impact. Instead of burning these lignocellulosic residues, they can be converted into saccharides, which are feedstock for high-value products and biofuels. Keggin heteropolyacids are efficient catalysts for obtaining saccharides from cellulose and hemicellulose and converting them into bioproducts or biofuel. Furfural, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, levulinic acid, and alkyl levulinates are important platform molecules obtained from saccharides and raw materials in the biorefinery processes used to produce fine chemicals and biofuels. This review discusses the significant progress achieved in the development of the processes based on heteropolyacid-catalyzed reactions to convert biomass and their residues into furfural, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, levulinic acid, and alkyl levulinates in homogeneous and heterogeneous reaction conditions. The different modifications that can be performed to a Keggin HPA structure, such as the replacement of the central atom (P or Si) with B or Al, the doping of the heteropolyanion with metal cations, and a proton exchange with metal or organic cations, as well as their impact on the catalytic activity of HPAs, are detailed and discussed herein.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-18</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2587: The Heteropolyacid-Catalyzed Conversion of Biomass Saccharides into High-Added-Value Products and Biofuels</b></p> <p>Processes <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2587">doi: 10.3390/pr12112587</a></p> <p>Authors: Márcio Jose da Silva Pedro Henrique da Silva Andrade </p> <p>The industrial processes used to produce paper and cellulose generate many lignocellulosic residues. These residues are usually burned to produce heat to supply the energy demands of other processes, increasing greenhouse gas emissions and resulting in a high environmental impact. Instead of burning these lignocellulosic residues, they can be converted into saccharides, which are feedstock for high-value products and biofuels. Keggin heteropolyacids are efficient catalysts for obtaining saccharides from cellulose and hemicellulose and converting them into bioproducts or biofuel. Furfural, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, levulinic acid, and alkyl levulinates are important platform molecules obtained from saccharides and raw materials in the biorefinery processes used to produce fine chemicals and biofuels. This review discusses the significant progress achieved in the development of the processes based on heteropolyacid-catalyzed reactions to convert biomass and their residues into furfural, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, levulinic acid, and alkyl levulinates in homogeneous and heterogeneous reaction conditions. The different modifications that can be performed to a Keggin HPA structure, such as the replacement of the central atom (P or Si) with B or Al, the doping of the heteropolyanion with metal cations, and a proton exchange with metal or organic cations, as well as their impact on the catalytic activity of HPAs, are detailed and discussed herein.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>The Heteropolyacid-Catalyzed Conversion of Biomass Saccharides into High-Added-Value Products and Biofuels</dc:title> <dc:creator>Márcio Jose da Silva</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Pedro Henrique da Silva Andrade</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/pr12112587</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Processes</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-18</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Processes</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-18</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>12</prism:volume> <prism:number>11</prism:number> <prism:section>Review</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>2587</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/pr12112587</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2587</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2586"> <title>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2586: A Modified Control Strategy for Three-Phase Four-Switch Active Power Filters Based on Fundamental Positive Sequence Extraction</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2586</link> <description>Three-phase four-switch active power filters (APFs) have attracted attention due to their low amount of semiconductors and low cost. The traditional control strategy of three-phase four-switch APFs usually includes phase-locked loops (PLLs) and rotating coordinate transformation for harmonic detection, resulting in complicated calculations and increased computation. In this paper, a modified control strategy for three-phase four-switch APFs based on fundamental positive sequence extraction is proposed, eliminating PLLs and rotating coordinate transformation with trigonometric calculations. Harmonic extraction is based on the fundamental positive sequence extraction method, while non-locked phase loop coordinate transformation is proposed to eliminate trigonometric calculations. Quasi-PR control is adopted for current tracking, and DC voltage control is designed to suppress voltage imbalance between the two split capacitors on the DC side. The space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) method is modified for a reduced-switch APF topology. The proposed control strategy guarantees excellent harmonic compensation: harmonic currents are significantly suppressed when the APFs are working, the THD of the source current decreases to 3.86%, the bus voltage fluctuation on the DC side is small, the voltage remains stable, and the computational complexity is reduced. Finally, a simulation and an experimental hardware platform are established to validate the feasibility and performance of the proposed control strategy. The experimental results show that it has good performance in suppressing harmonics and improving power quality.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-18</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2586: A Modified Control Strategy for Three-Phase Four-Switch Active Power Filters Based on Fundamental Positive Sequence Extraction</b></p> <p>Processes <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2586">doi: 10.3390/pr12112586</a></p> <p>Authors: Chun Xiao Yulu Ren Qiong Cao Lei Wang Jingyu Yin </p> <p>Three-phase four-switch active power filters (APFs) have attracted attention due to their low amount of semiconductors and low cost. The traditional control strategy of three-phase four-switch APFs usually includes phase-locked loops (PLLs) and rotating coordinate transformation for harmonic detection, resulting in complicated calculations and increased computation. In this paper, a modified control strategy for three-phase four-switch APFs based on fundamental positive sequence extraction is proposed, eliminating PLLs and rotating coordinate transformation with trigonometric calculations. Harmonic extraction is based on the fundamental positive sequence extraction method, while non-locked phase loop coordinate transformation is proposed to eliminate trigonometric calculations. Quasi-PR control is adopted for current tracking, and DC voltage control is designed to suppress voltage imbalance between the two split capacitors on the DC side. The space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) method is modified for a reduced-switch APF topology. The proposed control strategy guarantees excellent harmonic compensation: harmonic currents are significantly suppressed when the APFs are working, the THD of the source current decreases to 3.86%, the bus voltage fluctuation on the DC side is small, the voltage remains stable, and the computational complexity is reduced. Finally, a simulation and an experimental hardware platform are established to validate the feasibility and performance of the proposed control strategy. The experimental results show that it has good performance in suppressing harmonics and improving power quality.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>A Modified Control Strategy for Three-Phase Four-Switch Active Power Filters Based on Fundamental Positive Sequence Extraction</dc:title> <dc:creator>Chun Xiao</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Yulu Ren</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Qiong Cao</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Lei Wang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Jingyu Yin</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/pr12112586</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Processes</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-18</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Processes</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-18</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>12</prism:volume> <prism:number>11</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>2586</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/pr12112586</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2586</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2584"> <title>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2584: Production, Characterization and Application of Biosurfactant for Cleaning Cotton Fabric and Removing Oil from Contaminated Sand</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2584</link> <description>Biosurfactants are a group of environmentally friendly amphiphilic molecules that are applicable in numerous industries as essential biotechnology products, such as food production, cleaning products, pharmacology, cosmetics, pesticides, textiles and oil and gas fields. In this sense, and knowing the potential of these biomolecules, the aim of this work was to produce a biosurfactant, characterize it regarding its chemical and surfactant properties and investigate its potential in the removal of contaminants and in the cleaning of cotton fabrics. The biosurfactant was initially obtained from the cultivation of the microorganism Candida glabrata UCP 1002 in medium containing distilled water with 2.5% residual frying oil, 2.5% molasses and 2.5% corn steep liquor agitated at 200 rpm for 144 h. The biosurfactant reduced the surface tension of water from 72 to 29 mN/m. The toxicity potential of the biosurfactant was evaluated using Tenebrio molitor larvae and demonstrated non-toxicity. The biosurfactant was applied as a degreaser of engine oil on cotton fabric, and showed 83% (2&amp;amp;times; CMC), 74% (1&amp;amp;times; CMC) and 78% (1/2&amp;amp;times; CMC) oil removal. Therefore, the biosurfactant produced in this work has promising surfactant and emulsifying properties with potential for application in various industrial segments.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-18</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2584: Production, Characterization and Application of Biosurfactant for Cleaning Cotton Fabric and Removing Oil from Contaminated Sand</b></p> <p>Processes <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2584">doi: 10.3390/pr12112584</a></p> <p>Authors: Renata R. Silva Maria C. F. Caldas Carlos V. A. Lima Hugo M. Meira Leonie A. Sarubbo Juliana M. Luna </p> <p>Biosurfactants are a group of environmentally friendly amphiphilic molecules that are applicable in numerous industries as essential biotechnology products, such as food production, cleaning products, pharmacology, cosmetics, pesticides, textiles and oil and gas fields. In this sense, and knowing the potential of these biomolecules, the aim of this work was to produce a biosurfactant, characterize it regarding its chemical and surfactant properties and investigate its potential in the removal of contaminants and in the cleaning of cotton fabrics. The biosurfactant was initially obtained from the cultivation of the microorganism Candida glabrata UCP 1002 in medium containing distilled water with 2.5% residual frying oil, 2.5% molasses and 2.5% corn steep liquor agitated at 200 rpm for 144 h. The biosurfactant reduced the surface tension of water from 72 to 29 mN/m. The toxicity potential of the biosurfactant was evaluated using Tenebrio molitor larvae and demonstrated non-toxicity. The biosurfactant was applied as a degreaser of engine oil on cotton fabric, and showed 83% (2&amp;amp;times; CMC), 74% (1&amp;amp;times; CMC) and 78% (1/2&amp;amp;times; CMC) oil removal. Therefore, the biosurfactant produced in this work has promising surfactant and emulsifying properties with potential for application in various industrial segments.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Production, Characterization and Application of Biosurfactant for Cleaning Cotton Fabric and Removing Oil from Contaminated Sand</dc:title> <dc:creator>Renata R. Silva</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Maria C. F. Caldas</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Carlos V. A. Lima</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Hugo M. Meira</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Leonie A. Sarubbo</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Juliana M. Luna</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/pr12112584</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Processes</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-18</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Processes</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-18</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>12</prism:volume> <prism:number>11</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>2584</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/pr12112584</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2584</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2585"> <title>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2585: Ex Ante Construction of Flow Pattern Maps for Pulsating Heat Pipes</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2585</link> <description>A novel methodology is proposed for the development of empirical flow pattern maps for pulsating heat pipes (PHPs), which relies on the concept of virtual superficial velocity of the liquid and vapour phases. The virtual superficial velocity of each phase is defined using solely the design and operational parameters of the pulsating heat pipe, allowing the resulting flow pattern map to serve as a predictive instrument. This contrasts with existing flow pattern maps that necessitate direct measurements of temperatures and/or velocities within one or more channels of the pulsating heat pipe. Specifically, the virtual superficial velocities are derived from the relative significance of the driving forces and the resistances encountered by each phase during flow. The proposed methodology is validated using flow visualisation datasets obtained from two separate experimental campaigns conducted on flat-plate polypropylene pulsating heat pipe prototypes featuring transparent walls and meandering channels with three turns, five turns, seven turns, and eleven turns, respectively. The PHP prototypes were tested for gravity levels ranging between 0 g and 1 g and heat inputs ranging from 5 W to 35 W. The proposed approach enables the identification of empirical boundaries for flow pattern transitions as well as the establishment of an empirical criterion for start-up.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-18</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2585: Ex Ante Construction of Flow Pattern Maps for Pulsating Heat Pipes</b></p> <p>Processes <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2585">doi: 10.3390/pr12112585</a></p> <p>Authors: Ali Ahmed Alqahtani Volfango Bertola </p> <p>A novel methodology is proposed for the development of empirical flow pattern maps for pulsating heat pipes (PHPs), which relies on the concept of virtual superficial velocity of the liquid and vapour phases. The virtual superficial velocity of each phase is defined using solely the design and operational parameters of the pulsating heat pipe, allowing the resulting flow pattern map to serve as a predictive instrument. This contrasts with existing flow pattern maps that necessitate direct measurements of temperatures and/or velocities within one or more channels of the pulsating heat pipe. Specifically, the virtual superficial velocities are derived from the relative significance of the driving forces and the resistances encountered by each phase during flow. The proposed methodology is validated using flow visualisation datasets obtained from two separate experimental campaigns conducted on flat-plate polypropylene pulsating heat pipe prototypes featuring transparent walls and meandering channels with three turns, five turns, seven turns, and eleven turns, respectively. The PHP prototypes were tested for gravity levels ranging between 0 g and 1 g and heat inputs ranging from 5 W to 35 W. The proposed approach enables the identification of empirical boundaries for flow pattern transitions as well as the establishment of an empirical criterion for start-up.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Ex Ante Construction of Flow Pattern Maps for Pulsating Heat Pipes</dc:title> <dc:creator>Ali Ahmed Alqahtani</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Volfango Bertola</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/pr12112585</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Processes</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-18</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Processes</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-18</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>12</prism:volume> <prism:number>11</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>2585</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/pr12112585</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2585</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2583"> <title>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2583: Control the Working Process of the Rotor System with Tilting Pad Bearing</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2583</link> <description>Various processes take place in rotor systems with tilting pad bearings. It is important not only to control but also to manage these processes. Due to the instability of the oil film layer in a bearing with inclined pads, oil whirl/whip can occur. Such whirl/whip destabilize the operation of the rotor system. Additional elastic elements between the tilt pads suppress oil whirl/whip and thus reduce rotor vibration excitation. By identifying the working zones of such bearings where oil whirl and whip occur, the problems of rotor rotation instability can be solved. In order to determine the effectiveness of the elastic elements between the tilting pads, research was conducted. A special stand with diagnostic equipment was used for the tests. The clearance between the rotor and the bearing was 50 &amp;amp;mu;m. During the research, the rotor rotation speed was varied from 0 to 5000 rpm. After conducting the research, stable and unstable rotor working zones were determined (Zone I: 0 to 1938 rpm; Zone II: 1938&amp;amp;ndash;3923 rpm; Zone III: 3923&amp;amp;ndash;5000 rpm). Based on the obtained research results, it is possible to control the working process of the rotor system.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-18</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2583: Control the Working Process of the Rotor System with Tilting Pad Bearing</b></p> <p>Processes <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2583">doi: 10.3390/pr12112583</a></p> <p>Authors: Audrius Čereška </p> <p>Various processes take place in rotor systems with tilting pad bearings. It is important not only to control but also to manage these processes. Due to the instability of the oil film layer in a bearing with inclined pads, oil whirl/whip can occur. Such whirl/whip destabilize the operation of the rotor system. Additional elastic elements between the tilt pads suppress oil whirl/whip and thus reduce rotor vibration excitation. By identifying the working zones of such bearings where oil whirl and whip occur, the problems of rotor rotation instability can be solved. In order to determine the effectiveness of the elastic elements between the tilting pads, research was conducted. A special stand with diagnostic equipment was used for the tests. The clearance between the rotor and the bearing was 50 &amp;amp;mu;m. During the research, the rotor rotation speed was varied from 0 to 5000 rpm. After conducting the research, stable and unstable rotor working zones were determined (Zone I: 0 to 1938 rpm; Zone II: 1938&amp;amp;ndash;3923 rpm; Zone III: 3923&amp;amp;ndash;5000 rpm). Based on the obtained research results, it is possible to control the working process of the rotor system.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Control the Working Process of the Rotor System with Tilting Pad Bearing</dc:title> <dc:creator>Audrius Čereška</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/pr12112583</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Processes</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-18</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Processes</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-18</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>12</prism:volume> <prism:number>11</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>2583</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/pr12112583</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2583</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2582"> <title>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2582: Analysis and Optimization of the Noise Reduction Performance of Sound-Absorbing Materials in Complex Environments</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2582</link> <description>The acoustic performance of sound barrier absorption materials utilized in substations is subject to variations due to factors such as sandstorms, corrosion, and rainfall. In this study, a model of the absorbing material was developed based on the Delany&amp;amp;ndash;Bazley model using COMSOL simulation software, version 5.6. The influence of porosity and material thickness on the absorption coefficient was analyzed, and the patterns of change were summarized. The results indicated that porosity significantly affected the entire analysis frequency range, while material thickness had a more pronounced impact in the low-frequency range. Building upon these findings, a blended fiber absorption material was formulated through research efforts. Experimental results demonstrated that the aluminum fiber diameter measured 30 microns, while the aramid fiber diameter was 12 microns; additionally, their mass ratio was established at 3:1. The material thickness was determined to be 10 cm with a face density of 2500 g/m2, resulting in optimal absorption performance. Durability tests revealed that this material could sustain effective acoustic performance across various complex environments. Finally, simulations and analyses regarding noise reduction effects were conducted within actual application scenarios; it was found that the noise reduction capability of the blended fiber sound barrier absorption material exceeded that of glass wool by 4.78 dB.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-18</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2582: Analysis and Optimization of the Noise Reduction Performance of Sound-Absorbing Materials in Complex Environments</b></p> <p>Processes <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2582">doi: 10.3390/pr12112582</a></p> <p>Authors: Mengting Mao Fayuan Wu Sheng Hu Xiaomin Dai Qiang He Jinhui Tang Xian Hong </p> <p>The acoustic performance of sound barrier absorption materials utilized in substations is subject to variations due to factors such as sandstorms, corrosion, and rainfall. In this study, a model of the absorbing material was developed based on the Delany&amp;amp;ndash;Bazley model using COMSOL simulation software, version 5.6. The influence of porosity and material thickness on the absorption coefficient was analyzed, and the patterns of change were summarized. The results indicated that porosity significantly affected the entire analysis frequency range, while material thickness had a more pronounced impact in the low-frequency range. Building upon these findings, a blended fiber absorption material was formulated through research efforts. Experimental results demonstrated that the aluminum fiber diameter measured 30 microns, while the aramid fiber diameter was 12 microns; additionally, their mass ratio was established at 3:1. The material thickness was determined to be 10 cm with a face density of 2500 g/m2, resulting in optimal absorption performance. Durability tests revealed that this material could sustain effective acoustic performance across various complex environments. Finally, simulations and analyses regarding noise reduction effects were conducted within actual application scenarios; it was found that the noise reduction capability of the blended fiber sound barrier absorption material exceeded that of glass wool by 4.78 dB.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Analysis and Optimization of the Noise Reduction Performance of Sound-Absorbing Materials in Complex Environments</dc:title> <dc:creator>Mengting Mao</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Fayuan Wu</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Sheng Hu</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Xiaomin Dai</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Qiang He</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Jinhui Tang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Xian Hong</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/pr12112582</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Processes</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-18</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Processes</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-18</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>12</prism:volume> <prism:number>11</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>2582</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/pr12112582</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2582</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2581"> <title>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2581: Sensorless Position Control in High-Speed Domain of PMSM Based on Improved Adaptive Sliding Mode Observer</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2581</link> <description>To improve the speed buffering and position tracking accuracy of medium&amp;amp;ndash;high-speed permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM), a sensorless control method based on an improved sliding mode observer is proposed. By the mathematical model of the built-in PMSM, an improved adaptive super-twisting sliding mode observer is constructed. Based on the LSTA-SMO with a linear term of observation error, a sliding mode coefficient can be adjusted in real time according to the change in rotational speed. In view of the high harmonic content of the output back electromotive force, the adaptive adjustment strategy for the back electromotive force is adopted. In addition, in order to improve the estimation accuracy and resistance ability of the observer, the rotor position error was taken as the disturbance term, and the third-order extended state observer (ESO) was constructed to estimate the rotational speed and rotor position through the motor mechanical motion equation. The proposed method is validated in Matlab and compared with the conventional linear super twisted observer. The simulation results show that the proposed method enables the observer to operate stably in a wide velocity domain and reduces the velocity estimation error to 6.7 rpm and the position estimation accuracy error to 0.0005 rad at high speeds, which improves the anti-interference capability.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-18</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2581: Sensorless Position Control in High-Speed Domain of PMSM Based on Improved Adaptive Sliding Mode Observer</b></p> <p>Processes <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2581">doi: 10.3390/pr12112581</a></p> <p>Authors: Liangtong Shi Minghao Lv Pengwei Li </p> <p>To improve the speed buffering and position tracking accuracy of medium&amp;amp;ndash;high-speed permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM), a sensorless control method based on an improved sliding mode observer is proposed. By the mathematical model of the built-in PMSM, an improved adaptive super-twisting sliding mode observer is constructed. Based on the LSTA-SMO with a linear term of observation error, a sliding mode coefficient can be adjusted in real time according to the change in rotational speed. In view of the high harmonic content of the output back electromotive force, the adaptive adjustment strategy for the back electromotive force is adopted. In addition, in order to improve the estimation accuracy and resistance ability of the observer, the rotor position error was taken as the disturbance term, and the third-order extended state observer (ESO) was constructed to estimate the rotational speed and rotor position through the motor mechanical motion equation. The proposed method is validated in Matlab and compared with the conventional linear super twisted observer. The simulation results show that the proposed method enables the observer to operate stably in a wide velocity domain and reduces the velocity estimation error to 6.7 rpm and the position estimation accuracy error to 0.0005 rad at high speeds, which improves the anti-interference capability.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Sensorless Position Control in High-Speed Domain of PMSM Based on Improved Adaptive Sliding Mode Observer</dc:title> <dc:creator>Liangtong Shi</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Minghao Lv</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Pengwei Li</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/pr12112581</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Processes</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-18</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Processes</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-18</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>12</prism:volume> <prism:number>11</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>2581</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/pr12112581</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2581</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2580"> <title>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2580: Correction: Correia et al. Sustainability Assessment of 2G Bioethanol Production from Residual Lignocellulosic Biomass. Processes 2024, 12, 987</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2580</link> <description>In the original publication [...]</description> <pubDate>2024-11-18</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2580: Correction: Correia et al. Sustainability Assessment of 2G Bioethanol Production from Residual Lignocellulosic Biomass. Processes 2024, 12, 987</b></p> <p>Processes <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2580">doi: 10.3390/pr12112580</a></p> <p>Authors: Bárbara Correia Henrique A. Matos Tiago F. Lopes Susana Marques Francisco Gírio </p> <p>In the original publication [...]</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Correction: Correia et al. Sustainability Assessment of 2G Bioethanol Production from Residual Lignocellulosic Biomass. Processes 2024, 12, 987</dc:title> <dc:creator>Bárbara Correia</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Henrique A. Matos</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Tiago F. Lopes</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Susana Marques</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Francisco Gírio</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/pr12112580</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Processes</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-18</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Processes</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-18</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>12</prism:volume> <prism:number>11</prism:number> <prism:section>Correction</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>2580</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/pr12112580</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2580</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2579"> <title>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2579: Visualization and Simulation of Foam-Assisted Gas Drive Mechanism in Surface Karst Slit-Hole Type Reservoirs</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2579</link> <description>Nitrogen injection technology has become an important production technology after water injection development in the karst fracture-vuggy reservoir in Tahe Oilfield. However, due to the influence of reservoir heterogeneity and the high mobility of gas fluid, nitrogen easily forms a dominant channel and gas channeling occurs, and the recovery effect time is short. Based on this, a visual surface karst model is designed and created to study nitrogen foam-assisted gas drive. The results show that after gas channeling occurs in the dominant channel of nitrogen flooding, foam injection-assisted gas flooding can improve oil recovery. In the longitudinal direction, foam-assisted gas drive mainly displaces the remaining oil because of gravity differentiation and the reduction of oil&amp;amp;ndash;water interfacial tension. In the horizontal direction, foam-assisted gas drive is mainly used to block the large pore cracks and dominant channels, promote the gas to turn into large tortuous and small cracks, and expand the swept efficiency of the gas. After forming the dominant channel, injecting 0.3 pv salt-sensitive foam with a gas&amp;amp;ndash;liquid ratio of 2:1 in the middle of the gas channel can improve the recovery rate of the model from 4% to about 25%, and the recovery rate can be increased by about 20%, which improves the effect of gas flushing and improves the development efficiency of the oil field at the same time.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-17</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2579: Visualization and Simulation of Foam-Assisted Gas Drive Mechanism in Surface Karst Slit-Hole Type Reservoirs</b></p> <p>Processes <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2579">doi: 10.3390/pr12112579</a></p> <p>Authors: Zhengbang Chen Lei Wang Juan Luo Jianpeng Zhang </p> <p>Nitrogen injection technology has become an important production technology after water injection development in the karst fracture-vuggy reservoir in Tahe Oilfield. However, due to the influence of reservoir heterogeneity and the high mobility of gas fluid, nitrogen easily forms a dominant channel and gas channeling occurs, and the recovery effect time is short. Based on this, a visual surface karst model is designed and created to study nitrogen foam-assisted gas drive. The results show that after gas channeling occurs in the dominant channel of nitrogen flooding, foam injection-assisted gas flooding can improve oil recovery. In the longitudinal direction, foam-assisted gas drive mainly displaces the remaining oil because of gravity differentiation and the reduction of oil&amp;amp;ndash;water interfacial tension. In the horizontal direction, foam-assisted gas drive is mainly used to block the large pore cracks and dominant channels, promote the gas to turn into large tortuous and small cracks, and expand the swept efficiency of the gas. After forming the dominant channel, injecting 0.3 pv salt-sensitive foam with a gas&amp;amp;ndash;liquid ratio of 2:1 in the middle of the gas channel can improve the recovery rate of the model from 4% to about 25%, and the recovery rate can be increased by about 20%, which improves the effect of gas flushing and improves the development efficiency of the oil field at the same time.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Visualization and Simulation of Foam-Assisted Gas Drive Mechanism in Surface Karst Slit-Hole Type Reservoirs</dc:title> <dc:creator>Zhengbang Chen</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Lei Wang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Juan Luo</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Jianpeng Zhang</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/pr12112579</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Processes</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-17</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Processes</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-17</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>12</prism:volume> <prism:number>11</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>2579</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/pr12112579</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2579</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2578"> <title>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2578: How to Effectively Cool Blade Batteries in Extreme High-Temperature Environments?</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2578</link> <description>The market share of blade batteries is rising rapidly due to their high energy density, efficient space utilization, and low cost. Nevertheless, effective cooling solutions for blade batteries are crucial to ensure the safe operation of electric vehicles, especially in extreme high-temperature environments. This paper numerically investigates the effects of a cooling plate and the blade battery parameters on maximum battery temperature, maximum temperature difference, and cooling water pressure drop. Additionally, the energy efficiency of these solutions under various cooling demands is analyzed. The numerical results show that increasing the channel number and changing the flow direction does not significantly improve the cooling performance of the cooling plate. Moreover, the effect of cooling water temperature on the maximum temperature difference in blade batteries is negligible. Furthermore, increasing the cooling water mass flow rate and the rotational speed of the cooling fan is preferred when Tmax &amp;amp;minus; Ta &amp;amp;gt; 6 K, while reducing the cooling water temperature is more energy-efficient when Tmax &amp;amp;minus; Ta &amp;amp;lt; 6 K. These results are expected to offer theoretical guidance and data support for designing cooling systems for blade batteries in extreme high-temperature environments.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-17</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2578: How to Effectively Cool Blade Batteries in Extreme High-Temperature Environments?</b></p> <p>Processes <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2578">doi: 10.3390/pr12112578</a></p> <p>Authors: Li Wang Wenhao Xia Bin Ding </p> <p>The market share of blade batteries is rising rapidly due to their high energy density, efficient space utilization, and low cost. Nevertheless, effective cooling solutions for blade batteries are crucial to ensure the safe operation of electric vehicles, especially in extreme high-temperature environments. This paper numerically investigates the effects of a cooling plate and the blade battery parameters on maximum battery temperature, maximum temperature difference, and cooling water pressure drop. Additionally, the energy efficiency of these solutions under various cooling demands is analyzed. The numerical results show that increasing the channel number and changing the flow direction does not significantly improve the cooling performance of the cooling plate. Moreover, the effect of cooling water temperature on the maximum temperature difference in blade batteries is negligible. Furthermore, increasing the cooling water mass flow rate and the rotational speed of the cooling fan is preferred when Tmax &amp;amp;minus; Ta &amp;amp;gt; 6 K, while reducing the cooling water temperature is more energy-efficient when Tmax &amp;amp;minus; Ta &amp;amp;lt; 6 K. These results are expected to offer theoretical guidance and data support for designing cooling systems for blade batteries in extreme high-temperature environments.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>How to Effectively Cool Blade Batteries in Extreme High-Temperature Environments?</dc:title> <dc:creator>Li Wang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Wenhao Xia</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Bin Ding</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/pr12112578</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Processes</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-17</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Processes</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-17</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>12</prism:volume> <prism:number>11</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>2578</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/pr12112578</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2578</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2577"> <title>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2577: Pulsed Electric Field for Quick-Cooking Rice: Impacts on Cooking Quality, Physicochemical Properties, and In Vitro Digestion Kinetics</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2577</link> <description>Pulsed electric field (PEF) is one of the emerging technologies that has been applied in many aspects of the food industry. This study examined the impacts of a PEF on the cooking quality, physicochemical properties, nutritional factors, and in vitro protein and starch digestion of two varieties of rice, including Jasmine 105 (white non-glutinous rice) and San Pa Tong 1 (white glutinous rice). Response surface methodology (RSM) and a three-level, three-factor Box&amp;amp;ndash;Behnken design were employed to assess the effects of the pulse number, electric field strength, and frequency on cooking time. The findings demonstrated that the number of pulses was a crucial factor influencing cooking time. Under optimal conditions (3347&amp;amp;ndash;4345 pulses, electric field strengths of 6&amp;amp;ndash;8 kV/cm, and frequencies ranging from 6 to 15 Hz), the rice cooking time was significantly reduced by 40&amp;amp;ndash;50% (p &amp;amp;lt; 0.05) when compared to a conventional method. Moreover, PEF-treated rice showed a significant enhancement in in vitro protein and starch digestibility (p &amp;amp;lt; 0.05), as well as retained a higher content of rapidly digestible starch. These results suggested that PEF treatment is a promising green technology for producing a novel quick-cooking rice with an improved eating quality.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-17</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2577: Pulsed Electric Field for Quick-Cooking Rice: Impacts on Cooking Quality, Physicochemical Properties, and In Vitro Digestion Kinetics</b></p> <p>Processes <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2577">doi: 10.3390/pr12112577</a></p> <p>Authors: Saban Thongkong Supaluck Kraithong Jaspreet Singh Pipat Tangjaidee Artit Yawootti Wannaporn Klangpetch Pornchai Rachtanapun Saroat Rawdkuen Suphat Phongthai </p> <p>Pulsed electric field (PEF) is one of the emerging technologies that has been applied in many aspects of the food industry. This study examined the impacts of a PEF on the cooking quality, physicochemical properties, nutritional factors, and in vitro protein and starch digestion of two varieties of rice, including Jasmine 105 (white non-glutinous rice) and San Pa Tong 1 (white glutinous rice). Response surface methodology (RSM) and a three-level, three-factor Box&amp;amp;ndash;Behnken design were employed to assess the effects of the pulse number, electric field strength, and frequency on cooking time. The findings demonstrated that the number of pulses was a crucial factor influencing cooking time. Under optimal conditions (3347&amp;amp;ndash;4345 pulses, electric field strengths of 6&amp;amp;ndash;8 kV/cm, and frequencies ranging from 6 to 15 Hz), the rice cooking time was significantly reduced by 40&amp;amp;ndash;50% (p &amp;amp;lt; 0.05) when compared to a conventional method. Moreover, PEF-treated rice showed a significant enhancement in in vitro protein and starch digestibility (p &amp;amp;lt; 0.05), as well as retained a higher content of rapidly digestible starch. These results suggested that PEF treatment is a promising green technology for producing a novel quick-cooking rice with an improved eating quality.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Pulsed Electric Field for Quick-Cooking Rice: Impacts on Cooking Quality, Physicochemical Properties, and In Vitro Digestion Kinetics</dc:title> <dc:creator>Saban Thongkong</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Supaluck Kraithong</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Jaspreet Singh</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Pipat Tangjaidee</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Artit Yawootti</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Wannaporn Klangpetch</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Pornchai Rachtanapun</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Saroat Rawdkuen</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Suphat Phongthai</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/pr12112577</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Processes</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-17</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Processes</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-17</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>12</prism:volume> <prism:number>11</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>2577</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/pr12112577</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2577</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2576"> <title>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2576: Achieving High Performance with Less Energy Consumption: Intermittent Ultrasonic-Mediated Operation Mode for Fe/V Non-Aqueous Redox Flow Battery</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2576</link> <description>Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have attracted much attention as sustainable electrolytes for redox flow batteries. Despite the tremendous advantages of DES-based electrolytes, their high viscosity property has a negative effect on their mass transfer, limiting current density and power density. The ultrasonic effect has been demonstrated as an efficient strategy to improve mass transfer characteristics. Incorporating ultrasonic waves into a deep eutectic solvent (DES) electrolyte enhances the mobility of redox-active ions, thereby accelerating the reaction dynamics of the Fe(III)/Fe(II) redox pair. This enhancement makes it suitable for use in non-aqueous electrolyte-based redox flow batteries. However, it is necessary to consider the loss of ultrasonic on the internal structure of the battery, as well as the loss of battery component materials and ultrasonic energy consumption in practical applications. Moreover, the continuous extension of the duration of ultrasonic action not only hardly leads to a more significant improvement of the battery performance, but is also detrimental to the energy and economic savings. Herein, intermittent ultrasound is used to overcome the quality transfer problem and reduce the operating cost. Good electrochemical performance enhancement is maintained with a roughly 50% reduction in energy consumption values. The mechanism as well as the visualization of the pulsed ultrasonic field on each half cell has been envisaged through fundamental characterization. Finally, the feasibility of interrupted ultrasonic activation applied to Fe/V RFB using DES electrolytes has been demonstrated, demonstrating similar behavior with continuous ultrasonic operation. Therefore, the interrupted ultrasonic field has been found to be a more effective operation mode in terms of energy cost, avoiding alternative undesirable effects like overheating or corrosion of materials.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-17</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2576: Achieving High Performance with Less Energy Consumption: Intermittent Ultrasonic-Mediated Operation Mode for Fe/V Non-Aqueous Redox Flow Battery</b></p> <p>Processes <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2576">doi: 10.3390/pr12112576</a></p> <p>Authors: Hui Long Peizhuo Sun Haochen Zhu Qiang Ma Xiaozhong Shen Huaneng Su Cristina Flox Qian Xu </p> <p>Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have attracted much attention as sustainable electrolytes for redox flow batteries. Despite the tremendous advantages of DES-based electrolytes, their high viscosity property has a negative effect on their mass transfer, limiting current density and power density. The ultrasonic effect has been demonstrated as an efficient strategy to improve mass transfer characteristics. Incorporating ultrasonic waves into a deep eutectic solvent (DES) electrolyte enhances the mobility of redox-active ions, thereby accelerating the reaction dynamics of the Fe(III)/Fe(II) redox pair. This enhancement makes it suitable for use in non-aqueous electrolyte-based redox flow batteries. However, it is necessary to consider the loss of ultrasonic on the internal structure of the battery, as well as the loss of battery component materials and ultrasonic energy consumption in practical applications. Moreover, the continuous extension of the duration of ultrasonic action not only hardly leads to a more significant improvement of the battery performance, but is also detrimental to the energy and economic savings. Herein, intermittent ultrasound is used to overcome the quality transfer problem and reduce the operating cost. Good electrochemical performance enhancement is maintained with a roughly 50% reduction in energy consumption values. The mechanism as well as the visualization of the pulsed ultrasonic field on each half cell has been envisaged through fundamental characterization. Finally, the feasibility of interrupted ultrasonic activation applied to Fe/V RFB using DES electrolytes has been demonstrated, demonstrating similar behavior with continuous ultrasonic operation. Therefore, the interrupted ultrasonic field has been found to be a more effective operation mode in terms of energy cost, avoiding alternative undesirable effects like overheating or corrosion of materials.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Achieving High Performance with Less Energy Consumption: Intermittent Ultrasonic-Mediated Operation Mode for Fe/V Non-Aqueous Redox Flow Battery</dc:title> <dc:creator>Hui Long</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Peizhuo Sun</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Haochen Zhu</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Qiang Ma</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Xiaozhong Shen</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Huaneng Su</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Cristina Flox</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Qian Xu</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/pr12112576</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Processes</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-17</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Processes</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-17</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>12</prism:volume> <prism:number>11</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>2576</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/pr12112576</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2576</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2572"> <title>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2572: Fault Diagnosis of Aircraft Hydraulic Pipeline Clamps Based on Improved KPCA and WOA&amp;ndash;KELM</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2572</link> <description>Due to the complexity and diversity of aviation hydraulic pipeline systems, there has been a lack of qualitative formulas or characteristic indicators to describe clamp failures within these systems. In this paper, based on the data-driven idea, an improved KPCA-based feature extraction method is proposed and combined with the optimized KELM for fault diagnosis and condition monitoring of aviation hydraulic line clamps. Firstly, the kernel parameters of KPCA are combined using polynomial and Gaussian kernels based on their proportional weights. Secondly, a GA&amp;amp;ndash;PSO (Genetic Algorithm&amp;amp;ndash;Particle Swarm Optimization) hybrid algorithm is employed to optimize the kernel parameters, selecting 13 time-domain and 4 frequency-domain feature indicators to form the initial feature dataset, which is then subjected to dimensionality reduction using the improved KPCA. Finally, diagnosis is conducted using a KELM optimized by the whale optimization algorithm. The results indicate that, across multiple diagnostic trials, the average diagnostic accuracy can reach 99.99%, providing a feasible approach for the precise diagnosis of clamp faults in aviation hydraulic pipeline systems.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-17</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2572: Fault Diagnosis of Aircraft Hydraulic Pipeline Clamps Based on Improved KPCA and WOA&amp;ndash;KELM</b></p> <p>Processes <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2572">doi: 10.3390/pr12112572</a></p> <p>Authors: Chunli Liu Xiaolong Zhang Jiarui Bai </p> <p>Due to the complexity and diversity of aviation hydraulic pipeline systems, there has been a lack of qualitative formulas or characteristic indicators to describe clamp failures within these systems. In this paper, based on the data-driven idea, an improved KPCA-based feature extraction method is proposed and combined with the optimized KELM for fault diagnosis and condition monitoring of aviation hydraulic line clamps. Firstly, the kernel parameters of KPCA are combined using polynomial and Gaussian kernels based on their proportional weights. Secondly, a GA&amp;amp;ndash;PSO (Genetic Algorithm&amp;amp;ndash;Particle Swarm Optimization) hybrid algorithm is employed to optimize the kernel parameters, selecting 13 time-domain and 4 frequency-domain feature indicators to form the initial feature dataset, which is then subjected to dimensionality reduction using the improved KPCA. Finally, diagnosis is conducted using a KELM optimized by the whale optimization algorithm. The results indicate that, across multiple diagnostic trials, the average diagnostic accuracy can reach 99.99%, providing a feasible approach for the precise diagnosis of clamp faults in aviation hydraulic pipeline systems.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Fault Diagnosis of Aircraft Hydraulic Pipeline Clamps Based on Improved KPCA and WOA&amp;amp;ndash;KELM</dc:title> <dc:creator>Chunli Liu</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Xiaolong Zhang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Jiarui Bai</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/pr12112572</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Processes</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-17</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Processes</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-17</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>12</prism:volume> <prism:number>11</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>2572</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/pr12112572</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2572</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2575"> <title>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2575: Isolation and Characterization of Biosurfactant-Producing Bacteria for Enhancing Oil Recovery</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2575</link> <description>Biosurfactants produced by bacteria possess remarkable emulsification properties for crude oil, significantly enhancing oil mobility and recovery rates. This study aimed to isolate and screen biosurfactant-producing bacteria for oil enhancing recovery. A total of 93 bacterial strains were isolated from marine sediments, with three high-yield biosurfactant-producing strains identified: Pseudomonas aeruginosa N33, Bacillus paralicheniformis Nian2, and Stenotrophomonas nematodicola T10. The fermentation conditions, such as pH, carbon source, nitrogen source, and C/N ratio, were optimized to maximize the yield and activity of biosurfactants. Further evaluations were performed to assess the stability of the bio-surfactant activity and its emulsification properties. The results indicated that all three strains produced biosurfactants that retained their oil displacement activity in the presence of Na+ and Mg2+, but showed a significant reduction in their activities in the presence of Ca2+. The biosurfactants maintained their original activity after treatment at 120 &amp;amp;deg;C for 3 h. Additionally, the biosurfactants produced by all three strains demonstrated excellent oil emulsification capabilities. Static oil-washing and dynamic displacement experiments revealed static oil recovery rates of 28.1%, 23.4%, and 7.1%, respectively, for N33, Nian2, and T10, and dynamic oil displacement recovery rates of 95.0%, 74.1%, and 69.0%, respectively. This research provides valuable microbial resources for enhancing oil recovery via microorganisms and lays a foundation for practical application.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-17</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2575: Isolation and Characterization of Biosurfactant-Producing Bacteria for Enhancing Oil Recovery</b></p> <p>Processes <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2575">doi: 10.3390/pr12112575</a></p> <p>Authors: Meiyu Jiang Hongyi Wang Jiahui Liu Xuan Hou Yuanyuan Zhang Xiaolin Liu Shiping Wei Qingfeng Cui </p> <p>Biosurfactants produced by bacteria possess remarkable emulsification properties for crude oil, significantly enhancing oil mobility and recovery rates. This study aimed to isolate and screen biosurfactant-producing bacteria for oil enhancing recovery. A total of 93 bacterial strains were isolated from marine sediments, with three high-yield biosurfactant-producing strains identified: Pseudomonas aeruginosa N33, Bacillus paralicheniformis Nian2, and Stenotrophomonas nematodicola T10. The fermentation conditions, such as pH, carbon source, nitrogen source, and C/N ratio, were optimized to maximize the yield and activity of biosurfactants. Further evaluations were performed to assess the stability of the bio-surfactant activity and its emulsification properties. The results indicated that all three strains produced biosurfactants that retained their oil displacement activity in the presence of Na+ and Mg2+, but showed a significant reduction in their activities in the presence of Ca2+. The biosurfactants maintained their original activity after treatment at 120 &amp;amp;deg;C for 3 h. Additionally, the biosurfactants produced by all three strains demonstrated excellent oil emulsification capabilities. Static oil-washing and dynamic displacement experiments revealed static oil recovery rates of 28.1%, 23.4%, and 7.1%, respectively, for N33, Nian2, and T10, and dynamic oil displacement recovery rates of 95.0%, 74.1%, and 69.0%, respectively. This research provides valuable microbial resources for enhancing oil recovery via microorganisms and lays a foundation for practical application.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Isolation and Characterization of Biosurfactant-Producing Bacteria for Enhancing Oil Recovery</dc:title> <dc:creator>Meiyu Jiang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Hongyi Wang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Jiahui Liu</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Xuan Hou</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Yuanyuan Zhang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Xiaolin Liu</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Shiping Wei</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Qingfeng Cui</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/pr12112575</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Processes</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-17</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Processes</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-17</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>12</prism:volume> <prism:number>11</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>2575</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/pr12112575</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2575</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2574"> <title>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2574: Metal-Exchanged Phosphomolybdic Acid Salts-Catalyzed Esterification of Levulinic Acid</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2574</link> <description>We examined the effectiveness of metal-exchanged phosphomolybdic acid salts in converting levulinic acid, derived from biomass, into valuable products (alkyl levulinate). We prepared salts of phosphomolybdic acid using different metals (Fe3+, Al3+, Zn2+, Cu2+, Mn2+, Ni2+, and Co2+). The influence of metal cations on the conversion and selectivity of the reactions was assessed. We found that the salts prepared with iron and aluminum phosphomolybdate were the most effective catalysts for the esterification of levulinic acid with methanol, with the conversion and selectivity tending towards 100% after 6 h of reaction at a temperature of 323 K. The effect of catalyst loading and its recovery and reuse was evaluated; the results from the reaction using aluminum phosphomolybdate remained similar for four cycles of use. The influence of temperature on conversion and selectivity was investigated between 298 and 353 K. The reactivity of different alcohols with a carbon chain size of C1-C4 was assessed and conversions above 65% were obtained for all alcohols tested under the conditions evaluated, except for tert-butyl alcohol. These catalysts are a promising alternative to the traditional soluble and corrosive Br&amp;amp;oslash;nsted acid catalysts. The superior performance of these catalysts was ascribed to the higher pH decline triggered by the hydrolysis of these metal cations.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-17</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2574: Metal-Exchanged Phosphomolybdic Acid Salts-Catalyzed Esterification of Levulinic Acid</b></p> <p>Processes <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2574">doi: 10.3390/pr12112574</a></p> <p>Authors: Márcio José da Silva Alana Alves Rodrigues Wilton Keisuke Taba </p> <p>We examined the effectiveness of metal-exchanged phosphomolybdic acid salts in converting levulinic acid, derived from biomass, into valuable products (alkyl levulinate). We prepared salts of phosphomolybdic acid using different metals (Fe3+, Al3+, Zn2+, Cu2+, Mn2+, Ni2+, and Co2+). The influence of metal cations on the conversion and selectivity of the reactions was assessed. We found that the salts prepared with iron and aluminum phosphomolybdate were the most effective catalysts for the esterification of levulinic acid with methanol, with the conversion and selectivity tending towards 100% after 6 h of reaction at a temperature of 323 K. The effect of catalyst loading and its recovery and reuse was evaluated; the results from the reaction using aluminum phosphomolybdate remained similar for four cycles of use. The influence of temperature on conversion and selectivity was investigated between 298 and 353 K. The reactivity of different alcohols with a carbon chain size of C1-C4 was assessed and conversions above 65% were obtained for all alcohols tested under the conditions evaluated, except for tert-butyl alcohol. These catalysts are a promising alternative to the traditional soluble and corrosive Br&amp;amp;oslash;nsted acid catalysts. The superior performance of these catalysts was ascribed to the higher pH decline triggered by the hydrolysis of these metal cations.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Metal-Exchanged Phosphomolybdic Acid Salts-Catalyzed Esterification of Levulinic Acid</dc:title> <dc:creator>Márcio José da Silva</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Alana Alves Rodrigues</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Wilton Keisuke Taba</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/pr12112574</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Processes</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-17</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Processes</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-17</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>12</prism:volume> <prism:number>11</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>2574</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/pr12112574</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2574</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2573"> <title>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2573: Numerical Simulation Study on the Stable Combustion of a 660 MW Supercritical Unit Boiler at Ultra-Low Load</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2573</link> <description>To investigate the safe, stable, and economically viable operation of a boiler under ultra-low-load conditions during the deep peaking process of coal-fired units, a numerical simulation study was conducted on a 660 MW front- and rear-wall hedge cyclone burner boiler. The current research on low load conditions is limited to achieving stable combustion by adjusting the operating parameters, and few effective boiler operating parameter predictions are given for very low-load conditions, i.e., below 20%. Various burner operation modes under ultra-low load conditions were analyzed using computational fluid dynamics (CFDs) methods; this operation was successfully tested with six types of pulverized coal combustion in this paper, and fitting models for outlet flue gas temperature and NOx emissions were derived based on the combustion characteristics of different types of pulverized coal. The results indicate that under 20% ultra-low-load conditions, the use of lower burners leads to a uniform temperature distribution within the furnace, achieving a minimum NOx emission of 112 ppm and a flue gas temperature of 743 K. Coal type 3, with the highest carbon content and a calorific value of 22,440 kJ/kg, has the highest average section temperature of 1435.76 K. In contrast, coal type 1 has a higher nitrogen content, with a maximum cross-sectional average NOx concentration of 865.90 ppm and an exit NOx emission concentration of 800 ppm. The overall lower NOx emissions of coal type 3 are primarily attributed to its reduced nitrogen content and increased oxygen content, which enhance pulverized coal combustion and suppress NOx formation. The fitting models accurately capture the influence of pulverized coal composition on outlet flue gas temperature and NOx emissions. This control strategy can be extended to the stable combustion of many kinds of coal. For validation, the fitting error bar for the predicted outlet flue gas temperature based on the elemental composition of coal type 6 was 8.09%, whereas the fitting error bar for the outlet NOx emissions was only 1.45%.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-17</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2573: Numerical Simulation Study on the Stable Combustion of a 660 MW Supercritical Unit Boiler at Ultra-Low Load</b></p> <p>Processes <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2573">doi: 10.3390/pr12112573</a></p> <p>Authors: Kaiyu Yang Zhengxin Li Xinsheng Cao Tielin Du Lang Liu </p> <p>To investigate the safe, stable, and economically viable operation of a boiler under ultra-low-load conditions during the deep peaking process of coal-fired units, a numerical simulation study was conducted on a 660 MW front- and rear-wall hedge cyclone burner boiler. The current research on low load conditions is limited to achieving stable combustion by adjusting the operating parameters, and few effective boiler operating parameter predictions are given for very low-load conditions, i.e., below 20%. Various burner operation modes under ultra-low load conditions were analyzed using computational fluid dynamics (CFDs) methods; this operation was successfully tested with six types of pulverized coal combustion in this paper, and fitting models for outlet flue gas temperature and NOx emissions were derived based on the combustion characteristics of different types of pulverized coal. The results indicate that under 20% ultra-low-load conditions, the use of lower burners leads to a uniform temperature distribution within the furnace, achieving a minimum NOx emission of 112 ppm and a flue gas temperature of 743 K. Coal type 3, with the highest carbon content and a calorific value of 22,440 kJ/kg, has the highest average section temperature of 1435.76 K. In contrast, coal type 1 has a higher nitrogen content, with a maximum cross-sectional average NOx concentration of 865.90 ppm and an exit NOx emission concentration of 800 ppm. The overall lower NOx emissions of coal type 3 are primarily attributed to its reduced nitrogen content and increased oxygen content, which enhance pulverized coal combustion and suppress NOx formation. The fitting models accurately capture the influence of pulverized coal composition on outlet flue gas temperature and NOx emissions. This control strategy can be extended to the stable combustion of many kinds of coal. For validation, the fitting error bar for the predicted outlet flue gas temperature based on the elemental composition of coal type 6 was 8.09%, whereas the fitting error bar for the outlet NOx emissions was only 1.45%.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Numerical Simulation Study on the Stable Combustion of a 660 MW Supercritical Unit Boiler at Ultra-Low Load</dc:title> <dc:creator>Kaiyu Yang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Zhengxin Li</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Xinsheng Cao</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Tielin Du</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Lang Liu</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/pr12112573</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Processes</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-17</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Processes</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-17</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>12</prism:volume> <prism:number>11</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>2573</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/pr12112573</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2573</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2571"> <title>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2571: A Model-Driven Approach to Extract Multi-Source Fault Features of a Screw Pump</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2571</link> <description>Screw pumps&amp;amp;rsquo; faulty working conditions affect the stability of oil production. At project sites, different sensors are used simultaneously to collect multi-dimensional signals; the data fault labels and location are not clear, and how to comprehensively use multi-source information in effective fault feature extraction has become an urgent issue. Existing diagnostic methods use a single signal or part of a signal and do not fully utilize the acquired signal, which makes it difficult to achieve the required accuracy of diagnostic results. This paper focuses on the model-driven approach to extract multi-source fault features of screw pumps. Firstly, it constructs a fault data model (FDM) by analyzing the fault mechanism of the screw pump. Secondly, it uses the FDM to select an effective data set. Thirdly, it constructs a multi-dimensional fault feature extraction model (MDFEM) to extract featured signal features and data features, for which we also comprehensively used multi-source signals in effective fault feature extraction, while other traditional methods only use one or two signals. Finally, after feature selection, unsupervised fault diagnosis was achieved by using the k-means method. After experimental verification, the method can comprehensively use multi-source information to construct an effective data set and extract multi-dimensional, effective fault features for screw pump fault diagnosis.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-17</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Processes, Vol. 12, Pages 2571: A Model-Driven Approach to Extract Multi-Source Fault Features of a Screw Pump</b></p> <p>Processes <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2571">doi: 10.3390/pr12112571</a></p> <p>Authors: Weigang Wen Jingqi Qin Xiangru Xu Kaifu Mi Meng Zhou </p> <p>Screw pumps&amp;amp;rsquo; faulty working conditions affect the stability of oil production. At project sites, different sensors are used simultaneously to collect multi-dimensional signals; the data fault labels and location are not clear, and how to comprehensively use multi-source information in effective fault feature extraction has become an urgent issue. Existing diagnostic methods use a single signal or part of a signal and do not fully utilize the acquired signal, which makes it difficult to achieve the required accuracy of diagnostic results. This paper focuses on the model-driven approach to extract multi-source fault features of screw pumps. Firstly, it constructs a fault data model (FDM) by analyzing the fault mechanism of the screw pump. Secondly, it uses the FDM to select an effective data set. Thirdly, it constructs a multi-dimensional fault feature extraction model (MDFEM) to extract featured signal features and data features, for which we also comprehensively used multi-source signals in effective fault feature extraction, while other traditional methods only use one or two signals. Finally, after feature selection, unsupervised fault diagnosis was achieved by using the k-means method. After experimental verification, the method can comprehensively use multi-source information to construct an effective data set and extract multi-dimensional, effective fault features for screw pump fault diagnosis.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>A Model-Driven Approach to Extract Multi-Source Fault Features of a Screw Pump</dc:title> <dc:creator>Weigang Wen</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Jingqi Qin</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Xiangru Xu</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Kaifu Mi</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Meng Zhou</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/pr12112571</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Processes</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-17</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Processes</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-17</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>12</prism:volume> <prism:number>11</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>2571</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/pr12112571</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/11/2571</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <cc:License rdf:about="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"> <cc:permits rdf:resource="https://creativecommons.org/ns#Reproduction" /> <cc:permits rdf:resource="https://creativecommons.org/ns#Distribution" /> <cc:permits rdf:resource="https://creativecommons.org/ns#DerivativeWorks" /> </cc:License> </rdf:RDF>