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</div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hebrew abbreviations</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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from <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%99_%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%91%D7%95%D7%AA&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="ראשי תיבות">ראשי תיבות</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p> <a href="/wiki/Abbreviation" title="Abbreviation">Abbreviations</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">ראשי תיבות</span>) are a common part of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew language</a>, with many organizations, places, people and concepts known by their abbreviations. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Typography">Typography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_abbreviations&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Typography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Acronym" title="Acronym">Acronyms</a> in Hebrew use a special <a href="/wiki/Punctuation" title="Punctuation">punctuation</a> mark called <a href="/wiki/Gershayim" title="Gershayim">gershayim</a> (<span style="font-size:120%"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%D7%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="״">״</a></span>‎</span>). This mark is placed between the last two letters of the non-inflected form of the acronym (e.g. "report" in singular is <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">דו״ח</span></span>, hence the plural <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">דו״חות</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Acronyms can be formed from strings of single initial letters, e.g. <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%96%D7%A6%D7%98%22%D7%90" class="extiw" title="he:פזצט"א">פזצט״א</a></span></span> <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">pazátsta</i></span> (for <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">פול, זחל, צפה, טווח, אש</span></span>), or multiple initial letters, e.g. <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">ארה״ק</span></span> (for <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">ארץ הקודש</span></span>, the Holy Land) or <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">ראשל״צ</span></span> <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">ráshlats</i></span> (for <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">ראשון לציון</span></span>, <a href="/wiki/Rishon_LeZion" title="Rishon LeZion">Rishon LeZion</a>). </p><p>If the acronym is read as is, then the spelling should be with a <a href="/wiki/Final_form" title="Final form">final form</a> letter. If, on the other hand, the acronym is read as the complete phrase or read as the individual letters, then it should be spelled with a medial form letter.<sup id="cite_ref-hebrewAc_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hebrewAc-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In practice, this rule is often ignored, and the acronyms spelled either way. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Abbreviation" title="Abbreviation">Abbreviations</a> that are truncations of a single word, consisting of the first letter or first several letters of that word (as opposed to acronyms formed from initials or truncations of more than one word) are denoted using the punctuation mark <a href="/wiki/Geresh" title="Geresh">geresh</a> (<span style="font-size:120%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%D7%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="׳">׳</a></span>‎</span>) by placing the sign after the last letter of the abbreviation (e.g. "Ms.": <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">גב׳</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-hebrewAc_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hebrewAc-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in practice, single and double quotes are often used instead of the special punctuation marks (for which most keyboards do not have keys), with the single quote used both in acronyms<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and abbreviations. </p><p>In Modern Hebrew, periods are sometimes used to mark an abbreviation (e.g., <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">ת.ז.</span></span> for <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">תעודת זהות</span></span>, "ID card", or <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">ת.ד.</span></span> for <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">תא דואר</span></span>, "P.O.B.") this notation is mainly used in technical writing and regarded nonstandard by the Hebrew Academy.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (October 2022)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pronunciation">Pronunciation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_abbreviations&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Pronunciation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Often (and especially when they describe a noun), Hebrew acronyms are pronounced by the insertion of a vowel sound (usually <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="he-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hebrew" title="Help:IPA/Hebrew">[a]</a></span>) between the letters. These vowels often appear in transliterations to other scripts. Examples include <a href="/wiki/Shas" title="Shas">Shas</a> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">ש״ס</span></span>), <a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Tanakh</a> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">תנ״ך</span></span>) and <a href="/wiki/Shin_Bet" title="Shin Bet">Shabak</a> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">שב״כ</span></span>). There are exceptions to the use of "a", such as <a href="/wiki/Irgun" title="Irgun">Etzel</a> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">אצ״ל</span></span>). </p><p>When one of the letters is <a href="/wiki/Waw_(letter)" title="Waw (letter)">vav</a> or <a href="/wiki/Yodh" title="Yodh">yud</a>, these may be read as vowels ("u"/"o" and "i") instead: <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">דו״ח</span></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">duakh</i></span>/<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">dokh</i></span> = <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">דין וחשבון</span></span>, judgement and account); <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">אדמו״ר</span></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">admor</i></span> = <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">אדוננו מורנו ורבנו</span></span>, Hasidic rebbe); <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">שו״ת</span></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">shut</i></span> = <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">שאלות ותשובות</span></span>, questions and answers); <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">סכו״ם</span></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">sakum</i></span> = <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">סכין כף ומזלג</span></span>, knife spoon and fork); <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">תפו״ז</span></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">tapuz</i></span> = <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">תפוח זהב</span></span>, orange, lit. golden apple); <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">או״ם</span></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">um</i></span> = <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">האומות המאוחדות</span></span>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>); <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">ביל״ו</span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bilu_(movement)" title="Bilu (movement)">Bilu</a>; <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">לח״י</span></span> <a href="/wiki/Lehi_(group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lehi (group)">Lehi</a>. (An exception is <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">בית״ר</span></span>, <a href="/wiki/Beitar" class="mw-redirect" title="Beitar">Beitar</a>, pronounced <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">beytar</i></span>.) </p><p>Hebrew numbers (e.g. year numbers in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew calendar</a>) are written the same way as acronyms, with gershayim before the last character, but pronounced as separate letter names. For example, <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">ה׳תשע״ה</span></span> (5775 <a href="/wiki/Anno_Mundi" title="Anno Mundi">AM</a>, or 2014–2015 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a>) is pronounced <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">hei-tav-shin-ayin-hei</i></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_abbreviations&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Hebrew_abbreviations" title="List of Hebrew abbreviations">List of Hebrew abbreviations</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="People">People</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_abbreviations&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: People"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Acronyms have been widely used in Hebrew since at least the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. Several important <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbis</a> are referred to with acronyms of their names. For example, <b>R</b>abbi <b>Sh</b>lomo ben <b>Y</b>itzchak is known as <a href="/wiki/Rashi" title="Rashi">Rashi</a> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">רש״י</span></span>), <b>R</b>abbi <b>M</b>oshe <b>b</b>en <b>M</b>aimon (<a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a>) is commonly known as <i>Rambam</i> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">רמב״ם</span></span>), <b>R</b>abbi <b>M</b>oshe <b>b</b>en <b>N</b>ahman (<a href="/wiki/Nahmanides" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahmanides">Nahmanides</a>) is likewise known as the <i>Ramban</i> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">רמב״ן</span></span>), and <a href="/wiki/Baal_Shem_Tov" title="Baal Shem Tov"><b>B</b>aal <b>Sh</b>em <b>T</b>ov</a> is called the <i>Besht</i> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">בעש״ט</span></span>). </p><p>A number of such acronyms differ only in their last letter. They all begin with <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Mahara-</i></span>, as an acronym of the words <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">מורנו הרב רבי ...</span></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Morenu Ha-Rav rabi ...</i></span>, "Our teacher the <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbi</a> ..."). </p> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Maharam_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Maharam (disambiguation)">Maharam</a>", with the final "m" standing for a number of names, such as <b>M</b>oshe and <b>M</b>eïr.</li> <li>"Maharal" for <a href="/wiki/Judah_Loew_ben_Bezalel" title="Judah Loew ben Bezalel">Judah <b>L</b>oew ben Bezalel</a></li> <li>"Maharash" for either <a href="/wiki/Meir_Wahl" title="Meir Wahl">Meir <b>Sh</b>auls</a> or <a href="/wiki/Shmuel_Schneersohn" title="Shmuel Schneersohn">Shmuel Schneersohn</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Text">Text</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_abbreviations&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Text"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The usage of Hebrew acronyms extends to liturgical groupings: the word <i><a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Tanakh</a></i> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">תנ״ך</span></span>) is an acronym for <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah"><b>T</b>orah</a> (Five Books of Moses), <a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im"><b>N</b>evi'im</a> (Book of Prophets), and <a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim"><b>K</b>etuvim</a> (Hagiographa). </p><p>Most often, though, one will find use of acronyms as <a href="/wiki/Acrostic" title="Acrostic">acrostics</a>, in both prayer, poetry (see <a href="/wiki/Piyyut" title="Piyyut">Piyyut</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">kabbalistic</a> works. Because each Hebrew letter also has a numeric value, embedding an acrostic may give an additional layer of meaning to these works. </p><p>One purpose of acrostics was as a <a href="/wiki/Mnemonic" title="Mnemonic">mnemonic</a> or a way for an author to weave his name as a signature, or some other spiritual thought, into his work, at a time when much was memorized. Examples of prayers which contain acrostics include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashrei" title="Ashrei">Ashrei</a> – The first letter of every verse starts with a consecutive letter of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew alphabet</a>, with the omission of <i>nun</i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lekhah_Dodi" class="mw-redirect" title="Lekhah Dodi">Lekhah Dodi</a> – The first letter of each stanza (not including the first and last) spells out "Shlomo Halevi" (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">שלמה הלוי</span></span>) the name of the author <a href="/wiki/Shlomo_Halevi_Alkabetz" class="mw-redirect" title="Shlomo Halevi Alkabetz">Shlomo Halevi Alkabetz</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shokhen_Ad" class="mw-redirect" title="Shokhen Ad">Shokhen Ad</a> – Four lines are written so that letters line up vertically, with the first letter of the second word in each line spelling the name <a href="/wiki/Yitzchak" class="mw-redirect" title="Yitzchak">Yitzchak</a>, which may refer either to the <a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarch</a> Yitzchak or to an unknown <a href="/wiki/Author" title="Author">author</a>, and the first letter of the last word in each line spelling out the name <a href="/wiki/Rivka" class="mw-redirect" title="Rivka">Rivka</a>, one of the Matriarchs.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_abbreviations&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Notarikon" title="Notarikon">Notarikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acronym_and_initialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Acronym and initialism">Acronym and initialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_code" title="Bible code">Bible code</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_abbreviations&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output 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.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110723220132/http://hebrew-academy.huji.ac.il/hahlatot/Punctuation/Pages/P33.aspx"><bdi lang="he">כללי הפיסוק – יא. גרשיים, סעיף 30</bdi></a> [Punctuation — select rules] (in Hebrew). <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_the_Hebrew_Language" title="Academy of the Hebrew Language">Academy of the Hebrew Language</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hebrew-academy.huji.ac.il/hahlatot/Punctuation/Pages/P33.aspx">the original</a> on 2011-07-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hebrew-academy.huji.ac.il/hahlatot/Punctuation/Pages/P32.aspx">the original</a> on 2011-07-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Hebrew_alphabet" title="History of the Hebrew alphabet">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_and_Aramaic_inscriptions" title="Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions">Ancient inscriptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">Transliteration to English</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hebraization_of_English" title="Hebraization of English">from English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gematria" title="Gematria">Gematria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eras</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Israelian_Hebrew" title="Israelian Hebrew">northern dialect</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishnaic_Hebrew" title="Mishnaic Hebrew">Mishnaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Hebrew" title="Medieval Hebrew">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reading traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Hebrew" title="Ashkenazi Hebrew">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Hebrew" title="Sephardi Hebrew">Sephardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romaniote_Jews#Romaniote_Hebrew" title="Romaniote Jews">Romaniote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Hebrew" title="Italian Hebrew">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Hebrew" title="Mizrahi Hebrew">Mizrahi</a> (<span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Jews#Pronunciation_of_Hebrew" title="Syrian Jews">Syrian</a></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Hebrew" title="Yemenite Hebrew">Yemenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Hebrew" title="Samaritan Hebrew">Samaritan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(extinct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_vocalization" title="Palestinian vocalization">Palestinian</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(extinct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_vocalization" title="Babylonian vocalization">Babylonian</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(extinct)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Orthography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eras</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew_orthography" title="Biblical Hebrew orthography">Biblical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashi_script" title="Rashi script">Rashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Braille" title="Hebrew Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ktav_Ashuri" title="Ktav Ashuri">Ashuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursive_Hebrew" title="Cursive Hebrew">Cursive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tag_(Hebrew_writing)" title="Tag (Hebrew writing)">Crowning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew_alphabet" title="Paleo-Hebrew alphabet">Paleo-Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitreo" title="Solitreo">Solitreo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Alphabet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleph" title="Aleph">Alef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bet_(letter)" title="Bet (letter)">Bet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gimel" title="Gimel">Gimel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalet" title="Dalet">Dalet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_(letter)" title="He (letter)">Hei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waw_(letter)" title="Waw (letter)">Vav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayin" title="Zayin">Zayin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heth" title="Heth">Ḥet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teth" title="Teth">Tet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yodh" title="Yodh">Yud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaph" title="Kaph">Kaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamedh" title="Lamedh">Lamed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mem" title="Mem">Mem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nun_(letter)" title="Nun (letter)">Nun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samekh" title="Samekh">Samech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayin" title="Ayin">Ayin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pe_(Semitic_letter)" title="Pe (Semitic letter)">Pei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsade" title="Tsade">Tsadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qoph" title="Qoph">Kuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resh" title="Resh">Resh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)" title="Shin (letter)">Shin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taw" title="Taw">Tav</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Niqqud" title="Niqqud">Niqqud</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_vocalization" title="Tiberian vocalization">Tiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_vocalization" title="Babylonian vocalization">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_vocalization" title="Palestinian vocalization">Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_vocalization" title="Samaritan vocalization">Samaritan</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shva" title="Shva">Shva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiriq" title="Hiriq">Hiriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzere" title="Tzere">Tzere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segol" title="Segol">Segol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patach" title="Patach">Pataḥ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamatz" title="Kamatz">Kamatz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holam" title="Holam">Holam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubutz_and_shuruk" title="Kubutz and shuruk">Kubutz/shuruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagesh" title="Dagesh">Dagesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mappiq" title="Mappiq">Mappiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_punctuation#Hyphen_and_maqaf" title="Hebrew punctuation">Maqaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafe" title="Rafe">Rafe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)#Sin_and_Shin_dot" title="Shin (letter)">Sin/Shin dot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_spelling" title="Hebrew spelling">Spelling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ktiv_menuqad" title="Ktiv menuqad">with Niqqud</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ktiv_hasar_niqqud#Ktiv_haser" title="Ktiv hasar niqqud">missing</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ktiv_hasar_niqqud" title="Ktiv hasar niqqud">full</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mater_lectionis" title="Mater lectionis">Mater lectionis</a></i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Abbreviations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plene_scriptum" title="Plene scriptum">Plene scriptum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_punctuation" title="Hebrew punctuation">Punctuation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_diacritics" title="Hebrew diacritics">Diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteg" title="Meteg">Meteg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_cantillation" title="Hebrew cantillation">Cantillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geresh" title="Geresh">Geresh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gershayim" title="Gershayim">Gershayim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverted_nun" title="Inverted nun">Inverted nun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shekel_sign" title="Shekel sign">Shekel sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_numerals" title="Hebrew numerals">Numerals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">Phonology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew#Phonology" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_phonology" title="Modern Hebrew phonology">Modern Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippi%27s_law" title="Philippi's law">Philippi's law</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begadkefat" title="Begadkefat">Law of attenuation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language#Hebrew_grammar" title="Hebrew language">Grammar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew#Grammar" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_grammar" title="Modern Hebrew grammar">Modern</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_verbs" title="Modern Hebrew verbs">Verbal morphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semitic_root" title="Semitic root">Semitic roots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefixes_in_Hebrew" title="Prefixes in Hebrew">Prefixes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffixes_in_Hebrew" title="Suffixes in Hebrew">Suffixes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segolate" title="Segolate">Segolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vav-consecutive" title="Vav-consecutive">Vav-consecutive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revival_of_the_Hebrew_language" title="Revival of the Hebrew language">Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_the_Hebrew_Language" title="Academy of the Hebrew Language">Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Study_of_the_Hebrew_language" title="Study of the Hebrew language">Study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulpan" title="Ulpan">Ulpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_keyboard" title="Hebrew keyboard">Keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_literature" title="Hebrew literature">Hebrew</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Hebrew_writings" title="Ancient Hebrew writings">ancient</a> / <a href="/wiki/Israeli_literature" title="Israeli literature">modern Israeli</a> literature</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_name" title="Hebrew name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebraization_of_surnames" title="Hebraization of surnames">Surnames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_and_HTML_for_the_Hebrew_alphabet" title="Unicode and HTML for the Hebrew alphabet">Unicode and HTML</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reference works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gesenius-Kautsch-Cowley" class="mw-redirect" title="Gesenius-Kautsch-Cowley">Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Gesenius" title="Wilhelm Gesenius">Gesenius' Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament Scriptures</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brown%E2%80%93Driver%E2%80%93Briggs" title="Brown–Driver–Briggs">Brown–Driver–Briggs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Strong%27s_Concordance" title="Strong's Concordance">Strong's Concordance</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_and_Aramaic_Lexicon_of_the_Old_Testament" title="Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament">Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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