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aria-controls="toc-Politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Foreign relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Russia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_Union_Accession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Union_Accession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.2 European Union Accession </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Union_Accession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Security </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Human rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Administrative divisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law_enforcement_and_emergency_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law_enforcement_and_emergency_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Law enforcement and emergency services </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law_enforcement_and_emergency_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biodiversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biodiversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Biodiversity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biodiversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Overview </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Energy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wine_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wine_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Wine industry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wine_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Agriculture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport_infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport_infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Transport infrastructure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport_infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Telecommunications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Telecommunications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 Telecommunications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Telecommunications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Banking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Banking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.8 Banking </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Banking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Overview_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Overview </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diaspora_and_emigration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diaspora_and_emigration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Diaspora and emigration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diaspora_and_emigration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_and_fertility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_and_fertility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Health and fertility </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_and_fertility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional_differences_and_tensions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_differences_and_tensions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7 Regional differences and tensions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regional_differences_and_tensions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Holidays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holidays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Holidays </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Holidays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Moldova</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 266 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-266" aria-hidden="true" > 266 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Moldova" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8D" title="Молдавиэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Молдавиэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Молдавие – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Молдавие" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldowa" title="Moldowa – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Moldowa" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldawien" title="Moldawien – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Moldawien" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%9E%E1%88%8D%E1%8B%B6%E1%89%AB" title="ሞልዶቫ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሞልዶቫ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Moldova" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE" title="मॉल्दोवा – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="मॉल्दोवा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldofa" title="Moldofa – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Moldofa" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B0" title="Молдавиа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Молдавиа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7" title="مولدوفا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مولدوفا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republica_de_Moldavia" title="Republica de Moldavia – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Republica de Moldavia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A1%DC%98%DC%A0%DC%95%DC%98%DC%92%DC%90" title="ܡܘܠܕܘܒܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܡܘܠܕܘܒܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%A1" title="Մոլտովա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Մոլտովա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republica_Moldova" title="Republica Moldova – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Republica Moldova" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mordavia" title="Mordavia – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Mordavia" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Moldavia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE" title="मोल्डोवा – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="मोल्डोवा" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moynd%C3%A1via" title="Moyndávia – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Moyndávia" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Молдов – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Молдов" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Moldova" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C" title="مولداوی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مولداوی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Moldova" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE" title="মলদোভা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মলদোভা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Moldova" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Moldova" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Молдова – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Молдова" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Малдова – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Малдова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Малдова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Малдова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE" title="मोल्डोवा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="मोल्डोवा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldoba" title="Moldoba – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Moldoba" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Moldova" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Молдова – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Молдова" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moidowien" title="Moidowien – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Moidowien" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%9D%E0%BC%8D" title="མོལ་དོ་ཝ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="མོལ་དོ་ཝ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldavija" title="Moldavija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Moldavija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Moldova" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Молдави – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Молдави" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_de_Mold%C3%A0via" title="República de Moldàvia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="República de Moldàvia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Молдова – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Молдова" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldabya" title="Moldabya – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Moldabya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldavsko" title="Moldavsko – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Moldavsko" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Moldavia" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morudhovha" title="Morudhovha – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Morudhovha" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Moldova" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Moldavia" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldofa" title="Moldofa – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Moldofa" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Moldova" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%DA%A4%D8%A7" title="مولدوڤا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="مولدوڤا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Moldova" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Moldau" title="Republik Moldau – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Republik Moldau" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%89%DE%AE%DE%8D%DE%B0%DE%91%DE%AF%DE%88%DE%A7" title="މޮލްޑޯވާ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="މޮލްޑޯވާ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%CA%BC%C3%B3toohnii_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Chʼótoohnii Bikéyah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Chʼótoohnii Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldawska" title="Moldawska – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Moldawska" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE" title="मोल्दोभा – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="मोल्दोभा" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Moldova" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B4%CE%B1%CE%B2%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Μολδαβία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μολδαβία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Молдавия Мастор – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Молдавия Мастор" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Moldavia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldavio" title="Moldavio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Moldavio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Moldavia" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Moldavia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Moldova" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C" title="مولداوی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مولداوی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Moldova" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Moldova" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldavie" title="Moldavie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Moldavie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldaavje" title="Moldaavje – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Moldaavje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldowa" title="Moldowa – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Moldowa" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldavie" title="Moldavie – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Moldavie" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Mhold%C3%B3iv" title="An Mholdóiv – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Mholdóiv" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Moldova" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Moldova" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mold%C3%A0ibhia" title="Moldàibhia – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Moldàibhia" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Moldova" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BE" title="મોલ્દોવા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="મોલ્દોવા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%BC%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%BE%F0%90%8C%B0" title="𐌼𐌿𐌻𐌳𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌰 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌼𐌿𐌻𐌳𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌰" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE" title="मोल्दोव्हा – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="मोल्दोव्हा" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Moldova" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AA%B0%EB%8F%84%EB%B0%94" title="몰도바 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="몰도바" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldufiniya" title="Moldufiniya – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Moldufiniya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molodowa" title="Molodowa – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Molodowa" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%A4%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%A1" title="Մոլդովա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մոլդովա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE" title="मॉल्डोवा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मॉल्डोवा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldawska" title="Moldawska – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Moldawska" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldavija" title="Moldavija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Moldavija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Moldova" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Moldova" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Moldova" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE" title="মোলদোভা – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="মোলদোভা" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Moldova" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Moldavia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Moldavia" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%C3%A6" title="Молдовæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Молдовæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMoldova" title="IMoldova – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IMoldova" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mold%C3%B3va" title="Moldóva – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Moldóva" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Moldavia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%93%D7%95%D7%91%D7%94" title="מולדובה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מולדובה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Moldavia" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C9%94l%C9%A9daavii" title="Mɔlɩdaavii – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Mɔlɩdaavii" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B5" title="ಮಾಲ್ಡೋವ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮಾಲ್ಡೋವ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldabya" title="Moldabya – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Moldabya" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Молдавия – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Молдавия" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%90" title="მოლდოვა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მოლდოვა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B2%C5%82dawi%C3%B4" title="Mòłdawiô – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Mòłdawiô" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Молдова – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Молдова" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Moldova" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molidova" title="Molidova – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Molidova" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Moldova" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Молдова – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Молдова" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Moldova" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Moldova" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldavi" title="Moldavi – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Moldavi" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldavi" title="Moldavi – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Moldavi" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Moldova" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Молдова – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Молдова" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Молдави – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Молдави" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Moldova" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Moldova" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%A5%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B2" title="ປະເທດມອລໂດວາ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດມອລໂດວາ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldaveja" title="Moldaveja – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Moldaveja" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Moldavia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Moldova" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldawien" title="Moldawien – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Moldawien" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Молдова – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Молдова" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldavija" title="Moldavija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Moldavija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Moldavia" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldavi%C3%AB" title="Moldavië – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Moldavië" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Moldova" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Moldova" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molduavii" title="Molduavii – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Molduavii" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/moldovas" title="moldovas – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="moldovas" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muldavia" title="Muldavia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Muldavia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Moldova" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Moldavia" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE" title="मोल्डोवा – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="मोल्डोवा" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Молдавија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Молдавија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B4ldavia" title="Môldavia – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Môldavia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8A%E0%B5%BE%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B5" title="മൊൾഡോവ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മൊൾഡോവ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Moldova" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morotawa" title="Morotawa – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Morotawa" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE" title="मोल्दोव्हा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मोल्दोव्हा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%90" title="მოლდოვა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მოლდოვა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%DA%A4%D8%A7" title="مولدوڤا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مولدوڤا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C" title="مولداوی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="مولداوی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Moldova" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9C%EA%AF%97%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9A%EA%AF%A5" title="ꯃꯣꯜꯗꯣꯚꯥ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯃꯣꯜꯗꯣꯚꯥ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Moldova" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Moldova" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mold%C3%A1bia" title="Moldábia – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Moldábia" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Молдова – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Молдова" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2" title="Молдав – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Молдав" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BA%E1%80%92%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%97%E1%80%AC%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="မော်လ်ဒိုဗာနိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မော်လ်ဒိုဗာနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldavi%C3%AB_(land)" title="Moldavië (land) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Moldavië (land)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldavi%C3%AB_(laand)" title="Moldavië (laand) – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Moldavië (laand)" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE" title="मोल्दोभा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मोल्दोभा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE" title="मोल्दोवा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="मोल्दोवा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%89%E3%83%90" title="モルドバ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="モルドバ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Молдави – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Молдави" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldaawien" title="Moldaawien – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Moldaawien" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldoewa" title="Moldoewa – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Moldoewa" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Moldova" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Moldova" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Moldova" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Moldova" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mold%C3%A0via_(estat)" title="Moldàvia (estat) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Moldàvia (estat)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Молдова – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Молдова" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldoovaa" title="Moldoovaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Moldoovaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Moldova" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE" title="ਮੋਲਦੋਵਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮੋਲਦੋਵਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE" title="मोल्दोवा – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="मोल्दोवा" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Moldavia" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangasinan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Moldova" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%88%D8%A7" title="مالدووا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مالدووا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%92%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%97%E1%80%AC%E1%80%81%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%AE" title="မော်ဒိုဗာခမ်းထီ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="မော်ဒိုဗာခမ်းထီ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Moldavia" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%88%D8%A7" title="مولدووا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مولدووا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molduova" title="Molduova – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Molduova" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Молдова – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Молдова" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldavie" title="Moldavie – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Moldavie" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Moldavia" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldawien" title="Moldawien – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Moldawien" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%C5%82dawia" title="Mołdawia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mołdawia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B4%CE%B1%CE%B2%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Μολδαβία – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Μολδαβία" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ποντιακά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mold%C3%A1via" title="Moldávia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Moldávia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldaviya" title="Moldaviya – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Moldaviya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova_Cumhuriyeti" title="Moldova Cumhuriyeti – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Moldova Cumhuriyeti" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republica_Moldova" title="Republica Moldova – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Republica Moldova" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Moldova" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Moldavia" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multhawya" title="Multhawya – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Multhawya" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Молдавия – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Молдавия" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Молдавия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Молдавия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Молдова – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Молдова" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Moldova" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molotova" title="Molotova – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Molotova" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE" title="मोल्दोवा – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="मोल्दोवा" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱢᱳᱞᱫᱳᱵᱷᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱢᱳᱞᱫᱳᱵᱷᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mold%C3%A0via" title="Moldàvia – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Moldàvia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldovae" title="Moldovae – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Moldovae" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Moldova" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldawien" title="Moldawien – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Moldawien" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Moldova" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Moldavia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Moldavia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%9D%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F" title="මෝල්ඩෝවා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මෝල්ඩෝවා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Moldova" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%88%D8%A7" title="مالدووا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="مالدووا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMolidiva" title="IMolidiva – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IMolidiva" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldavsko" title="Moldavsko – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Moldavsko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldavija" title="Moldavija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Moldavija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Молдова – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Молдова" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%C5%82dawijo" title="Mołdawijo – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Mołdawijo" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldofa" title="Moldofa – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Moldofa" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%86%D9%84%D8%AF%DB%86%DA%A4%D8%A7" title="مۆلدۆڤا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مۆلدۆڤا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldavikondre" title="Moldavikondre – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Moldavikondre" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Молдавија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Молдавија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldavija" title="Moldavija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Moldavija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Moldova" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Moldova" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldavien" title="Moldavien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Moldavien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldabya" title="Moldabya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Moldabya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE" title="மல்தோவா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மல்தோவா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulduva" title="Mulduva – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Mulduva" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muldavya" title="Muldavya – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Muldavya" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldavie" title="Moldavie – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Moldavie" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Молдова – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Молдова" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%B1%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%80%90%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9D%E1%82%83%E1%80%B8" title="မိူင်းမေႃႇတူဝ်းဝႃး – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းမေႃႇတူဝ်းဝႃး" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Moldova" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE" title="మోల్డోవా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మోల్డోవా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mold%C3%A1via" title="Moldávia – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Moldávia" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2" title="ประเทศมอลโดวา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศมอลโดวา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%9E%E1%88%8D%E1%8B%B6%E1%89%AB" title="ሞልዶቫ – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ሞልዶቫ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target">ትግርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Молдова – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Молдова" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molotova" title="Molotova – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Molotova" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%B9%E1%8E%B5%E1%8F%99%E1%8F%AB%E1%8E%A0" title="ᎹᎵᏙᏫᎠ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎹᎵᏙᏫᎠ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Moldova" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldowa" title="Moldowa – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Moldowa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%CC%B1li%CC%B1dova" title="Ma̱li̱dova – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Ma̱li̱dova" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Молдавия – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Молдавия" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Молдова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Молдова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%88%D8%A7" title="مالدووا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مالدووا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%DB%8B%D8%A7" title="مولدوۋا – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="مولدوۋا" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Moldova" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mold%C3%A0via" title="Moldàvia – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Moldàvia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldov" title="Moldov – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Moldov" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Moldova" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldav%C3%A4n" title="Moldavän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Moldavän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Moldova" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldaveye" title="Moldaveye – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Moldaveye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E7%88%BE%E5%A4%9A%E7%93%A6" title="摩爾多瓦 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="摩爾多瓦" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldoavi%C3%AB" title="Moldoavië – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Moldoavië" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Moldavia" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldaawi" title="Moldaawi – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Moldaawi" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E5%B0%94%E5%A4%9A%E7%93%A6" title="摩尔多瓦 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="摩尔多瓦" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Moldova" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%93%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A2" title="מאלדאווע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מאלדאווע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B3ld%C3%B3f%C3%A0" title="Móldófà – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Móldófà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E7%88%BE%E5%A4%9A%E7%93%A6" title="摩爾多瓦 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="摩爾多瓦" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Moldova" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mold%C3%A2vi%C3%AB" title="Moldâvië – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Moldâvië" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldav%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Moldavėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Moldavėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E5%B0%94%E5%A4%9A%E7%93%A6" title="摩尔多瓦 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="摩尔多瓦" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%E1%BB%8Dlidova" title="Mọlidova – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Mọlidova" data-language-autonym="Obolo" 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.latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Moldova&params=47_N_29_E_type:country">47°N 29°E / 47°N 29°E / 47; 29</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#extended" title="This article is extended-protected"><img alt="Extended-protected article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Country in Eastern Europe</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the modern state. For the historical principality, see <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Moldova_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Moldova (disambiguation)">Moldova (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Republic of Moldova</div><div class="ib-country-names">Republica Moldova (<a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Moldova.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Moldova"><img alt="Flag of Moldova" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/125px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/188px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/250px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="900" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Moldova" title="Flag of Moldova">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Moldova.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Moldova"><img alt="Coat of arms of Moldova" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Coat_of_arms_of_Moldova.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_Moldova.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Coat_of_arms_of_Moldova.svg/128px-Coat_of_arms_of_Moldova.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Coat_of_arms_of_Moldova.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_Moldova.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="477" data-file-height="601" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Moldova" title="Coat of arms of Moldova"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem: <a href="/wiki/Limba_noastr%C4%83" title="Limba noastră">Limba noastră</a> "Our language"<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="71" data-mwtitle="Imnul_Republicii_Moldova_US_NAVY.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ad/Imnul_Republicii_Moldova_US_NAVY.ogg/Imnul_Republicii_Moldova_US_NAVY.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/Imnul_Republicii_Moldova_US_NAVY.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AImnul_Republicii_Moldova_US_NAVY.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AImnul_Republicii_Moldova_US_NAVY.ogg&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AImnul_Republicii_Moldova_US_NAVY.ogg&lang=ja&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ja" label="日本語 ‪(ja)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AImnul_Republicii_Moldova_US_NAVY.ogg&lang=mo&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ro-Cyrl-MD" label="молдовеняскэ ‪(mo)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AImnul_Republicii_Moldova_US_NAVY.ogg&lang=pt&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt" label="português ‪(pt)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AImnul_Republicii_Moldova_US_NAVY.ogg&lang=ro&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ro" label="română ‪(ro)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AImnul_Republicii_Moldova_US_NAVY.ogg&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AImnul_Republicii_Moldova_US_NAVY.ogg&lang=zh-cn&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hans-CN" label="中文（中国大陆） ‪(zh-cn)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AImnul_Republicii_Moldova_US_NAVY.ogg&lang=zh-hk&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant-HK" label="中文（香港） ‪(zh-hk)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Location_Moldova_Europe.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Moldova in Europe (green) and its uncontrolled territory of Transnistria (light green)"><img alt="Location of Moldova in Europe (green) and its uncontrolled territory of Transnistria (light green)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Location_Moldova_Europe.png/250px-Location_Moldova_Europe.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Location_Moldova_Europe.png/375px-Location_Moldova_Europe.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Location_Moldova_Europe.png/500px-Location_Moldova_Europe.png 2x" data-file-width="2056" data-file-height="1800" /></a><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Location of Moldova in Europe (green) and its uncontrolled territory of <a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a> (light green)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u" title="Chișinău">Chișinău</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Moldova&params=47_0_N_28_55_E_type:city">47°0′N 28°55′E / 47.000°N 28.917°E / 47.000; 28.917</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official language <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>and national language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Recognised minority languages<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;"><div>See here</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Gagauz_language" title="Gagauz language">Gagauz</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">German </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Hebrew</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Russian </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"> (2014; excl. <a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Recensamant2014-6">[6]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">75% <a href="/wiki/Moldovans" title="Moldovans">Moldovans</a> 7% <a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanians</a><a href="#cite_note-coeli-7">[a]</a> 6.57% <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a> 4.57% <a href="/wiki/Gagauz_people" title="Gagauz people">Gagauzes</a> 4.06% <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a> 1.88% <a href="/wiki/Bulgarians" title="Bulgarians">Bulgarians</a> 0.85% other</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2014; excl. Transnistria)<a href="#cite_note-Recensamant2014-6">[6]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="white-space;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>91.8% Christianity <ul><li>90.1% <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Moldova" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in Moldova">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li>1.7% other <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></li><li style="white-space;">0.3% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Moldova" title="Religion in Moldova">other religions</a></li><li style="white-space;">5.5% <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">no religion</a></li><li style="white-space;">2.4% unspecified</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Moldovan people">Moldovan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Moldova" title="Politics of Moldova">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Unitary_parliamentary_republic" title="Unitary parliamentary republic">Unitary parliamentary republic</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_Moldova" title="President of Moldova">President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Maia_Sandu" title="Maia Sandu">Maia Sandu</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Moldova" title="Prime Minister of Moldova">Prime Minister</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dorin_Recean" title="Dorin Recean">Dorin Recean</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Moldovan_Parliament" title="President of the Moldovan Parliament">President of the Parliament</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Igor_Grosu" title="Igor Grosu">Igor Grosu</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Moldova" title="Parliament of Moldova">Parliament</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Moldova" title="History of Moldova">Formation</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Principality of Moldavia</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1346</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Bessarabia_Governorate" title="Bessarabia Governorate">Bessarabia Governorate</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1812</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Moldavian_Democratic_Republic" title="Moldavian Democratic Republic">Moldavian Democratic Republic</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">15 December 1917</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Bessarabia_with_Romania" title="Union of Bessarabia with Romania">Union with</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">9 April 1918</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Moldavian_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Moldavian ASSR</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">12 October 1924</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic">Moldavian SSR</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">2 August 1940</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Transnistria_War" title="Transnistria War">Transnistria War</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">2 November 1990</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Moldovan_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Moldovan Declaration of Independence">Independence from the Soviet Union</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">27 August 1991a</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Moldova" title="Constitution of Moldova">Constitution</a> adopted </div></th><td class="infobox-data">29 July 1994</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Moldova" title="Geography of Moldova">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Incl. Transnistria</div></th><td class="infobox-data">33,843<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> km2 (13,067 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">135th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1.4 (incl. Transnistria)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Excl. Transnistria</div></th><td class="infobox-data">30,334 km2 (11,712 sq mi)<a href="#cite_note-10">[b]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Moldova" title="Demographics of Moldova">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• January 2024 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,423,300<a href="#cite_note-11">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-data1-12">[c]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">140th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2014 census</div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,804,801<a href="#cite_note-Recensamant2014-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-data1-12">[c]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">82.8/km2 (214.5/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $45.407 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.MD-13">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-data1-12">[c]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">136th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $18,524<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.MD-13">[10]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">91st</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $18.062 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.MD-13">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-data1-12">[c]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">130th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $7,368<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.MD-13">[10]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">92nd</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2021)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/11px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/17px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/22px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 25.7<a href="#cite_note-14">[11]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>low inequality</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.763<a href="#cite_note-HDI-15">[12]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">high (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">86th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_leu" title="Moldovan leu">Moldovan leu</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">MDL</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+2 (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_Time" title="Eastern European Time">EET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+3 (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_Summer_Time" title="Eastern European Summer Time">EEST</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Drives on</a></th><td class="infobox-data">right</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Moldova" title="Telephone numbers in Moldova">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Moldova" title="Telephone numbers in Moldova">+373</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:MD" title="ISO 3166-2:MD">MD</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.md" title=".md">.md</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-website">Website <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moldova.md/">www.moldova.md</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q217#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-fn"><ol class="ib-country-fn-alpha"> <li value="1">Date of proclamation. Independence subsequently finalized with the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the USSR</a> in December 1991.</li> </ol></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Moldova,<a href="#cite_note-19">[d]</a> officially the Republic of Moldova,<a href="#cite_note-20">[e]</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Landlocked_country" title="Landlocked country">landlocked</a> country in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>, on the northeastern corner of the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[16]</a> The country spans a total of 33,483 km2 (12,928 sq mi) and has a population of approximately 2.42 million as of January 2024.<a href="#cite_note-22">[17]</a> Moldova is bordered by <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> to the west and <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> to the north, east, and south.<a href="#cite_note-CIA_World_Factbook_Moldova-23">[18]</a> The <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">unrecognised breakaway state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a> lies across the <a href="/wiki/Dniester" title="Dniester">Dniester</a> river on the country's eastern border with Ukraine. Moldova is a <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary</a> <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary</a> <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative</a> democratic republic with its capital in <a href="/wiki/Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u" title="Chișinău">Chișinău</a>, the country's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre. Most of Moldovan territory was a part of the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Moldavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Moldavia">Principality of Moldavia</a> from the 14th century until 1812, when it was <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1812)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1812)">ceded</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> (to which Moldavia was a <a href="/wiki/Vassal_and_tributary_states_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Vassal and tributary states of the Ottoman Empire">vassal state</a>) and became known as <a href="/wiki/Bessarabia" title="Bessarabia">Bessarabia</a>. In 1856, southern Bessarabia was returned to Moldavia, which three years later united with <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a> to form <a href="/wiki/United_Principalities_of_Moldavia_and_Wallachia" title="United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia">Romania</a>, but Russian rule was restored over the whole of the region in 1878. During the 1917 <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a>, Bessarabia briefly became an <a href="/wiki/Moldavian_Democratic_Republic" title="Moldavian Democratic Republic">autonomous state</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Republic" title="Russian Republic">Russian Republic</a>. In February 1918, it declared independence and then integrated into Romania later that year following a vote of its assembly. The decision was disputed by <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Soviet Russia</a>, which in 1924 established, within the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukrainian SSR</a>, a so-called <a href="/wiki/Moldavian_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Moldavian autonomous republic</a> on partially Moldovan-inhabited territories to the east of Bessarabia. In 1940, as a consequence of the <a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a>, Romania was <a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">compelled to cede Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, leading to the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic">Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic</a> (Moldavian SSR). On 27 August 1991, as the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> was underway, the Moldavian SSR <a href="/wiki/Moldovan_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Moldovan Declaration of Independence">declared independence</a> and took the name Moldova.<a href="#cite_note-natura2000-24">[19]</a> However, the strip of Moldovan territory on the east bank of the Dniester has been under the de facto control of the breakaway government of Transnistria since 1990. The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Moldova" title="Constitution of Moldova">constitution of Moldova</a> was adopted in 1994, and the country became a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">parliamentary republic</a> with a <a href="/wiki/President_of_Moldova" title="President of Moldova">president</a> as <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Moldova" title="Prime Minister of Moldova">prime minister</a> as <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a>. Under the presidency of <a href="/wiki/Maia_Sandu" title="Maia Sandu">Maia Sandu</a>, <a href="/wiki/2020_Moldovan_presidential_election" title="2020 Moldovan presidential election">elected in 2020</a> on a pro-Western and anti-corruption ticket, Moldova has pursued membership of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, and was granted candidate status in June 2022.<a href="#cite_note-25">[20]</a> Accession talks to the EU began on 13 December 2023.<a href="#cite_note-26">[21]</a> Sandu has also suggested an end to <a href="/wiki/Moldovan_neutrality" title="Moldovan neutrality">Moldova's constitutional commitment to military neutrality</a> in favour of a closer alliance with <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> and strongly condemned <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russia's invasion</a> of neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[22]</a> Moldova is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (PPP) per capita">second poorest country in Europe by GDP per official capita</a> after Ukraine and much of its GDP is dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Service_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Service sector">service sector</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[23]</a> It has one of the lowest <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Indexes</a> in Europe, ranking 76th in the world (2022).<a href="#cite_note-HDI-15">[12]</a> Moldova ranks 68th in the world on the <a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a> as of 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moldova&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[24]</a> Moldova is a member state of the United Nations, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a>, the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Cooperation_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe">Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe</a>, the <a href="/wiki/GUAM_Organization_for_Democracy_and_Economic_Development" title="GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development">GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Black_Sea_Economic_Cooperation" title="Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation">Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Association_Trio" title="Association Trio">Association Trio</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Names_of_Moldavia_and_Moldova" title="Names of Moldavia and Moldova">Names of Moldavia and Moldova</a></div> The name Moldova is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Moldova_(river)" title="Moldova (river)">Moldova River</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: Moldau); the valley of this river served as a political centre at the time of the <a href="/wiki/Founding_of_Moldavia" title="Founding of Moldavia">foundation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Principality of Moldavia</a> in 1359.<a href="#cite_note-30">[25]</a> The origin of the name of the river remains unclear. According to a legend recounted by Moldavian chroniclers <a href="/wiki/Dimitrie_Cantemir" title="Dimitrie Cantemir">Dimitrie Cantemir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grigore_Ureche" title="Grigore Ureche">Grigore Ureche</a>, Prince <a href="/wiki/Drago%C8%99,_Voivode_of_Moldavia" title="Dragoș, Voivode of Moldavia">Dragoș</a> named the river after hunting <a href="/wiki/Aurochs" title="Aurochs">aurochs</a>: following the chase, the prince's exhausted hound Molda (Seva) drowned in the river. The dog's name, given to the river, extended to the principality.<a href="#cite_note-31">[26]</a> For a short time in the 1990s, at the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a>, the name of the current Republic of Moldova was also spelled Moldavia.<a href="#cite_note-32">[27]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a>, the country began to use the Romanian name, Moldova. Officially, the name Republic of Moldova is designated by the United Nations. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Moldova" title="History of Moldova">History of Moldova</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Transnistria" title="History of Transnistria">History of Transnistria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Founding_of_Moldavia" title="Founding of Moldavia">Founding of Moldavia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DragosIofMoldavia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/DragosIofMoldavia.jpg/150px-DragosIofMoldavia.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/DragosIofMoldavia.jpg/225px-DragosIofMoldavia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/DragosIofMoldavia.jpg/300px-DragosIofMoldavia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="730" data-file-height="1084" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Drago%C8%99" class="mw-redirect" title="Dragoș">Dragoș</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Vlach" class="mw-redirect" title="Vlach">Vlach</a> <a href="/wiki/Voivode" title="Voivode">voivode</a> and founder of the <a href="/wiki/Founding_of_Moldavia" title="Founding of Moldavia">Principality of Moldavia</a>, 19th-century depiction</figcaption></figure> The history of Moldova spans <a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">prehistoric cultures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">ancient</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medieval_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval history">medieval</a> empires, and periods of foreign rule and modern <a href="/wiki/Independence" title="Independence">independence</a>. Evidence of human habitation dates back 800,000–1.2 million years, with significant developments in <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">pottery</a>, and settlement during the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Ages</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">antiquity</a>, Moldova's location made it a crossroads for invasions by the <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a>, and other tribes, followed by periods of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> control. The medieval <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Moldavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Moldavia">Principality of Moldavia</a> <a href="/wiki/Founding_of_Moldavia" title="Founding of Moldavia">emerged in the 1350s</a>, and was the medieval precursor of modern Moldova and <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>. It reached prominence under rulers like <a href="/wiki/Stephen_the_Great" title="Stephen the Great">Stephen the Great</a> before becoming a <a href="/wiki/Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">vassal state</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> from 1538, until the 19th century. In 1812, following <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1806%E2%80%931812)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)">one of several Russian–Turkish wars</a>, the eastern half of the principality, <a href="/wiki/Bessarabia" title="Bessarabia">Bessarabia</a>, was annexed by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, marking the beginning of Russian influence in the region. In 1918, Bessarabia briefly became independent as the <a href="/wiki/Moldavian_Democratic_Republic" title="Moldavian Democratic Republic">Moldavian Democratic Republic</a> and, following the decision of the Parliament (Sfatul Țării), united with <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a>. During the Second World War it was occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> which reclaimed it from Romania. It joined the Union in 1940 as the <a href="/wiki/Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic">Moldavian SSR</a>. During this period, policies of <a href="/wiki/Russification" title="Russification">Russification</a> and economic transformation deeply influenced the region. The <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolution of the USSR">dissolution of the USSR</a> in 1991 led to <a href="/wiki/Moldovan_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Moldovan Declaration of Independence">declared independence</a>, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Transnistria_War" title="Transnistria War">Transnistria War</a> in 1992, a conflict that left the <a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistrian</a> region as a de facto independent state. Moldova continues to navigate a complex relationship between pro-Western and pro-Russian factions. In recent years, it has pursued closer ties with the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, submitting a formal membership application in 2022. In the <a href="/wiki/2020_Moldovan_presidential_election" title="2020 Moldovan presidential election">November 2020 presidential election</a>, the pro-European opposition candidate <a href="/wiki/Maia_Sandu" title="Maia Sandu">Maia Sandu</a> was elected as the new president of the republic, becoming the first female elected president of Moldova.<a href="#cite_note-33">[28]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/2024_Moldovan_presidential_election" title="2024 Moldovan presidential election">November 2024 presidential election</a>, President Maia Sandu was re-elected with 55% of the vote in the run-off.<a href="#cite_note-34">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Moldova" title="Government of Moldova">Government of Moldova</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parliament_Building_in_Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Parliament_Building_in_Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u.jpg/220px-Parliament_Building_in_Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Parliament_Building_in_Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u.jpg/330px-Parliament_Building_in_Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Parliament_Building_in_Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u.jpg/440px-Parliament_Building_in_Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2775" data-file-height="1975" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Moldovan_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Moldovan Parliament">Moldovan Parliament</a></figcaption></figure> The Republic of Moldova is a <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">constitutional republic</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Unicameralism" title="Unicameralism">unicameral</a> <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary system</a> of government and competitive, <a href="/wiki/Multi-party_system" title="Multi-party system">multi-party elections</a>. The constitution provides for executive and <a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">legislative</a> branches as well as an independent <a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">judiciary</a> and a clear <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">separation of powers</a>. The <a href="/wiki/President_of_Moldova" title="President of Moldova">president</a> serves as the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a>, is elected every four years, and can be re-elected once. The <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Moldova" title="Prime Minister of Moldova">prime minister</a> serves as the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a>, appointed by the president with <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Moldova" title="Parliament of Moldova">parliament</a>'s support. The head of government in turn assembles a <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Moldova" title="Cabinet of Moldova">cabinet</a>, subject to parliamentary approval. Legislative authority is vested in the unicameral <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Moldova" title="Parliament of Moldova">Parliament of Moldova</a> which has 101 seats and whose members are elected by popular vote on <a href="/wiki/Party_lists" class="mw-redirect" title="Party lists">party lists</a> every four years. The president's official residence is the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Palace,_Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u" title="Presidential Palace, Chișinău">Presidential Palace, Chișinău</a>. After the prime minister and government resigned in 2020 and the president and parliament failed to form a new government, early parliamentary elections were held in July 2021. According to <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe</a> observers, the <a href="/wiki/2021_Moldovan_parliamentary_election" title="2021 Moldovan parliamentary election">2021 parliamentary elections</a> were well-administered and competitive, and <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_rights" title="Fundamental rights">fundamental freedoms</a> were largely respected.<a href="#cite_note-35">[30]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Party_of_Action_and_Solidarity" title="Party of Action and Solidarity">Party of Action and Solidarity</a> won 63 seats in the 101-seat parliament, enough to form a single-party majority.<a href="#cite_note-36">[31]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:142px;max-width:142px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:140px;max-width:140px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:208px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Maia_Sandu_at_Batumi_International_Conference,_on_19_July_2021_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Maia_Sandu_at_Batumi_International_Conference%2C_on_19_July_2021_%28cropped%29.jpg/138px-Maia_Sandu_at_Batumi_International_Conference%2C_on_19_July_2021_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Maia_Sandu_at_Batumi_International_Conference%2C_on_19_July_2021_%28cropped%29.jpg/207px-Maia_Sandu_at_Batumi_International_Conference%2C_on_19_July_2021_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Maia_Sandu_at_Batumi_International_Conference%2C_on_19_July_2021_%28cropped%29.jpg/276px-Maia_Sandu_at_Batumi_International_Conference%2C_on_19_July_2021_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="688" data-file-height="1039" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Maia_Sandu" title="Maia Sandu">Maia Sandu</a>, Moldova's <a href="/wiki/President_of_Moldova" title="President of Moldova">President</a> since December 2020.</div></div></div></div></div> The 1994 <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Moldova_(1994)" title="Constitution of Moldova (1994)">Constitution of Moldova</a> sets the framework for the government of the country. A parliamentary majority of at least two-thirds is required to amend the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Moldova" title="Constitution of Moldova">Constitution of Moldova</a>, which cannot be revised in times of war or national emergency. Amendments to the Constitution affecting the state's sovereignty, independence, or unity can only be made after a majority of voters support the proposal in a referendum. Furthermore, no revision can be made to limit the fundamental rights of people enumerated in the Constitution.<a href="#cite_note-const2-37">[32]</a> The 1994 constitution also establishes an <a href="/wiki/Judicial_independence" title="Judicial independence">independent</a> <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Moldova" title="Constitutional Court of Moldova">Constitutional Court</a>, composed of six judges (two appointed by the President, two by Parliament, and two by the Supreme Council of <a href="/wiki/Magistrate" title="Magistrate">Magistrature</a>), serving six-year terms, during which they are irremovable and not subordinate to any power. The court is invested with the power of <a href="/wiki/Judicial_review" title="Judicial review">judicial review</a> over all <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Parliament">acts of parliament</a>, over <a href="/wiki/Presidential_decree" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidential decree">presidential decrees</a>, and over <a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">international treaties</a> signed by the country.<a href="#cite_note-const2-37">[32]</a> The head of state is the President of Moldova, who between 2001 and 2015 was elected by the Moldovan Parliament, requiring the support of three-fifths of the deputies (at least 61 votes). This system was designed to decrease executive authority in favour of the legislature. Nevertheless, the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Moldova" title="Constitutional Court of Moldova">Constitutional Court</a> ruled on 4 March 2016 that this constitutional change adopted in 2000 regarding the presidential election was unconstitutional, thus reverting the election method of the president to a <a href="/wiki/Two-round_system" title="Two-round system">two-round system</a> <a href="/wiki/Direct_election" title="Direct election">direct election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Moldova" title="Foreign relations of Moldova">Foreign relations of Moldova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moldovan_neutrality" title="Moldovan neutrality">Moldovan neutrality</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Moldova%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Moldova–European Union relations">Moldova–European Union relations</a></div> After achieving independence from the Soviet Union, Moldova's foreign policy was designed with a view to establishing relations with other European countries, neutrality, and European Union integration. In May 1995 the country signed the <a href="/wiki/CIS_Interparliamentary_Assembly" title="CIS Interparliamentary Assembly">CIS Interparliamentary Assembly</a> Convention to become a member and was also admitted in July 1995 to the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a>. Moldova became a member state of the United Nations the <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe</a> (OSCE), the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Cooperation_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="North Atlantic Cooperation Council">North Atlantic Cooperation Council</a>, the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>, the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_Bank_for_Reconstruction_and_Development" title="European Bank for Reconstruction and Development">European Bank for Reconstruction and Development</a> in 1992. 1994 saw Moldova became a participant in <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Partnership_for_Peace" title="Partnership for Peace">Partnership for Peace</a> programme. The <a href="/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Francophonie</a> was joined in 1996 with the country joining the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a> in 2001 and the <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court</a> in 2002. In 2005, Moldova and the European Union established an action plan that sought to improve cooperation between Moldova and the union. At the end of 2005, the <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Border_Assistance_Mission_to_Moldova_and_Ukraine" title="European Union Border Assistance Mission to Moldova and Ukraine">European Union Border Assistance Mission to Moldova and Ukraine</a> (EUBAM) was established at the joint request of the presidents of Moldova and Ukraine. EUBAM assists the Moldovan and Ukrainian governments in approximating their border and customs procedures to EU standards and offers support in both countries' fight against cross-border crime. After the 1990–1992 <a href="/wiki/War_of_Transnistria" class="mw-redirect" title="War of Transnistria">War of Transnistria</a>, Moldova sought a peaceful resolution to the conflict in the Transnistria region by working with Romania, Ukraine, and Russia, calling for international mediation, and co-operating with the OSCE and UN fact-finding and observer missions. The <a href="/wiki/Foreign_minister_of_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign minister of Moldova">foreign minister of Moldova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Stratan" title="Andrei Stratan">Andrei Stratan</a>, repeatedly stated that the Russian troops stationed in the breakaway region were there against the will of the Moldovan government and called on them to leave "completely and unconditionally".<a href="#cite_note-39">[34]</a> In 2012, a <a href="/wiki/2012_Moldova_security_zone_incident" title="2012 Moldova security zone incident">security zone incident</a> resulted in the death of a civilian, raising tensions with Russia.<a href="#cite_note-40">[35]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Batumi_International_Conference,_on_19_July_2021_05_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Batumi_International_Conference%2C_on_19_July_2021_05_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Batumi_International_Conference%2C_on_19_July_2021_05_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Batumi_International_Conference%2C_on_19_July_2021_05_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Batumi_International_Conference%2C_on_19_July_2021_05_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Batumi_International_Conference%2C_on_19_July_2021_05_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Batumi_International_Conference%2C_on_19_July_2021_05_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2548" data-file-height="1699" /></a><figcaption>President of Georgia <a href="/wiki/Salome_Zourabichvili" title="Salome Zourabichvili">Salome Zourabichvili</a>, President of Moldova <a href="/wiki/Maia_Sandu" title="Maia Sandu">Maia Sandu</a>, President of Ukraine <a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Zelenskyy" title="Volodymyr Zelenskyy">Volodymyr Zelenskyy</a> and <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Council" title="President of the European Council">President of the European Council</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Michel" title="Charles Michel">Charles Michel</a> during the 2021 <a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Batumi</a> International Conference. In 2014, the EU signed <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Association_Agreement" title="European Union Association Agreement">Association Agreements</a> with the three states.</figcaption></figure> In September 2010, the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> approved a grant of €90 million to Moldova.<a href="#cite_note-41">[36]</a> The money was to supplement US$570 million in International Monetary Fund loans,<a href="#cite_note-42">[37]</a> World Bank and other bilateral support already granted to Moldova. In April 2010, Romania offered Moldova development aid worth of €100 million while the number of scholarships for Moldovan students doubled to 5,000.<a href="#cite_note-43">[38]</a> According to a lending agreement signed in February 2010, Poland provided US$15 million as a component of its support for Moldova in its European integration efforts.<a href="#cite_note-44">[39]</a> The first joint meeting of the Governments of Romania and Moldova, held in March 2012, concluded with several bilateral agreements in various fields.<a href="#cite_note-45">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[41]</a> The European orientation "has been the policy of Moldova in recent years and this is the policy that must continue," <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Timofti" title="Nicolae Timofti">Nicolae Timofti</a> told lawmakers before <a href="/wiki/Moldovan_presidential_election,_2011%E2%80%932012" class="mw-redirect" title="Moldovan presidential election, 2011–2012">his election in 2012</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[42]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] On 29 November 2013, at a summit in <a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a>, Moldova signed an <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Association_Agreement" title="European Union Association Agreement">association agreement</a> with the European Union dedicated to the European Union's '<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Partnership" title="Eastern Partnership">Eastern Partnership</a>' with ex-Soviet countries.<a href="#cite_note-48">[43]</a> The ex-Romanian President <a href="/wiki/Traian_B%C4%83sescu" title="Traian Băsescu">Traian Băsescu</a> stated that Romania will make all efforts for Moldova to join the EU as soon as possible. Likewise, Traian Băsescu declared that the <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Moldova_and_Romania" title="Unification of Moldova and Romania">unification of Moldova and Romania</a> is the next national project for Romania, as more than 75% of the population speaks Romanian.<a href="#cite_note-49">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Russia">Russia</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Moldova%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Moldova–Russia relations">Moldova–Russia relations</a></div> A document written in 2021 by the Russia's FSB's Directorate for Cross-Border Cooperation, titled "Strategic objectives of the Russian Federation in the Republic of Moldova" sets out a 10-year plan to destabilise Moldova. Using energy blackmail, political and elite sources in Moldova that are favourable to Russia and the Orthodox Church. Russia denies any such plan.<a href="#cite_note-cnn163-50">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[46]</a> Religious leaders play a role in shaping foreign policy. Since the fall of the Soviet Union, the Russian Government has frequently used its connections with the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a> to block and stymie the integration of former Soviet states like Moldova into the West.<a href="#cite_note-52">[47]</a> In February 2023 Russia cancelled a 2012 decree underpinning Moldova's sovereignty.<a href="#cite_note-cnn163-50">[45]</a> In May 2023 the government announced its intentions to withdraw from the Commonwealth of Independent States and the immediate suspension of its participation.<a href="#cite_note-53">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[50]</a> In July 2023 Moldova passed a law on denunciation of the agreement on Moldova's membership in the <a href="/wiki/CIS_Interparliamentary_Assembly" title="CIS Interparliamentary Assembly">CIS Interparliamentary Assembly</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[51]</a> On 25 July 2023, the Moldovan government summoned the Russian ambassador to Moldova, Oleg Vasnetsov, after media reports of alleged spying devices on the rooftop of their embassy in Chişinău.<a href="#cite_note-57">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[53]</a> On 26 July 2023, the Moldovan government expelled 45 Russian diplomats and embassy staff due to "hostile actions" intended to destabilise the Republic of Moldova, according to Foreign Minister Nicu Popescu.<a href="#cite_note-59">[54]</a> On 30 July, the Russian embassy announced that it would suspend consular appointments "for technical reasons".<a href="#cite_note-60">[55]</a> The Moldovan <a href="/wiki/Security_and_Intelligence_Service_of_Moldova" title="Security and Intelligence Service of Moldova">Security and Intelligence Service</a> (SIS) also ended all partnership agreements with Russia's <a href="/wiki/Federal_Security_Service" title="Federal Security Service">FSB</a> after sending official notifications to the authorities in Moscow.<a href="#cite_note-61">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="European_Union_Accession">European Union Accession</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Moldova_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Moldova to the European Union">Accession of Moldova to the European Union</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:European_Union_Moldova_Locator.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/European_Union_Moldova_Locator.svg/220px-European_Union_Moldova_Locator.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/European_Union_Moldova_Locator.svg/330px-European_Union_Moldova_Locator.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/European_Union_Moldova_Locator.svg/440px-European_Union_Moldova_Locator.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="593" data-file-height="606" /></a><figcaption>In June 2022, Moldova became a recognised candidate for membership of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>.</figcaption></figure> Moldova has set 2030 as the target date for EU Accession.<a href="#cite_note-62">[57]</a> Moldova signed the Association Agreement with the European Union in <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a> on 27 June 2014. The signing came after the accord was drafted in Vilnius in November 2013.<a href="#cite_note-63">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[59]</a> Moldova signed the membership application to join the EU on 3 March 2022.<a href="#cite_note-65">[60]</a> On 23 June 2022, Moldova was officially granted <a href="/wiki/Potential_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Potential enlargement of the European Union">candidate status</a> by EU leaders.<a href="#cite_note-66">[61]</a> The United Nations Development Programme is also providing assistance to Moldova in implementing the necessary reforms for full accession by 2030.<a href="#cite_note-67">[62]</a> The European Union's <a href="/wiki/High_Representative_of_the_Union_for_Foreign_Affairs_and_Security_Policy" title="High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy">High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy</a> <a href="/wiki/Josep_Borrell" title="Josep Borrell">Josep Borrell</a> has confirmed that the pathway to accession does not depend upon a resolution of the <a href="/wiki/Transnistria_conflict" title="Transnistria conflict">Transnistria conflict</a>.<a href="#cite_note-RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty-68">[63]</a> On 27 June, Moldova signed a comprehensive free trade agreement with the <a href="/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Association" title="European Free Trade Association">European Free Trade Association</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[64]</a> On 28 June 2023, the European Union announced a €1.6 billion support and investment programme for Moldova, as well as confirming reductions in the price of mobile data and voice roaming charges in Moldova by European and Moldovan telecoms operators, as well as Moldova joining the EU's joint gas purchase platform.<a href="#cite_note-70">[65]</a> Formal accession talks began on 13 December 2023.<a href="#cite_note-71">[66]</a> A referendum on joining the EU is planned for autumn 2024, there will be no voting stations in Transnistria, however residents there will be free to travel into other areas of Moldova to vote, should they wish to.<a href="#cite_note-72">[67]</a> In Moldova's referendum on joining the EU, a narrow 50.17% voted "yes," with Maia Sandu alleging "unprecedented" outside interference. Sandu received 42% in the simultaneous presidential election, while her rival, Alexandr Stoianoglo, garnered 26%, leading to a run-off on 3 November 2024. The referendum was seen as a test of Moldova's commitment to EU integration, amid claims of vote manipulation by criminal groups.<a href="#cite_note-73">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Security">Security</h3></div> The European Union created a <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Partnership_Mission_in_Moldova" title="European Union Partnership Mission in Moldova">Partnership Mission in Moldova</a> through its <a href="/wiki/Common_Security_and_Defence_Policy" title="Common Security and Defence Policy">Common Security and Defence Policy</a> on 24 April 2023. The mission seeks to support the government of Moldova in countering hybrid threats the country faces as a result of the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[69]</a> A memorandum dated 29 March 2023 stated that the mission aims at "enhancing the resilience of Moldova's security sector in the area of crisis management as well as enhancing resilience to hybrid threats, including cybersecurity, and countering foreign information manipulation and interference".<a href="#cite_note-75">[70]</a> The initial mandate of the mission is expected to be for two years and it will be made up of up to 40 police and customs officers and judicial officials.<a href="#cite_note-76">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-thebriefing.eu-77">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[73]</a> <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, Germany, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, Sweden, the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> have all voiced support for the mission.<a href="#cite_note-thebriefing.eu-77">[72]</a> On 2 February 2023 Moldova passed a law introducing criminal penalties for <a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">separatism</a>, including prison terms. The law continues with penalties for financing and inciting separatism, plotting against Moldova, and collecting and stealing information that could harm the country's sovereignty, independence and integrity.<a href="#cite_note-79">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Moldova">Military of Moldova</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moldovan_army_Capt._Deli_Ianec,_left,_role-playing_as_an_Afghan_National_Army_officer,_and_U.S._Army_Capt._Trey_Marsh,_with_Iron_Troop,_3rd_Squadron,_2nd_Cavalry_Regiment,_review_pictures_taken_after_a_search_130311-A-PU716-004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Moldovan_army_Capt._Deli_Ianec%2C_left%2C_role-playing_as_an_Afghan_National_Army_officer%2C_and_U.S._Army_Capt._Trey_Marsh%2C_with_Iron_Troop%2C_3rd_Squadron%2C_2nd_Cavalry_Regiment%2C_review_pictures_taken_after_a_search_130311-A-PU716-004.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Moldovan_army_Capt._Deli_Ianec%2C_left%2C_role-playing_as_an_Afghan_National_Army_officer%2C_and_U.S._Army_Capt._Trey_Marsh%2C_with_Iron_Troop%2C_3rd_Squadron%2C_2nd_Cavalry_Regiment%2C_review_pictures_taken_after_a_search_130311-A-PU716-004.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Moldovan_army_Capt._Deli_Ianec%2C_left%2C_role-playing_as_an_Afghan_National_Army_officer%2C_and_U.S._Army_Capt._Trey_Marsh%2C_with_Iron_Troop%2C_3rd_Squadron%2C_2nd_Cavalry_Regiment%2C_review_pictures_taken_after_a_search_130311-A-PU716-004.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption>A soldier of the <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Moldova">Moldovan Army</a> at the Joint Multinational Readiness Centre in <a href="/wiki/Hohenfels,_Bavaria" title="Hohenfels, Bavaria">Hohenfels</a>, Germany</figcaption></figure> The Moldovan armed forces consists of the <a href="/wiki/Moldovan_Ground_Forces" title="Moldovan Ground Forces">Ground Forces</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moldovan_Air_Force" title="Moldovan Air Force">Air Force</a>. Moldova maintains a standing army of just 6,500 soldiers, and spends just 0.4 percent of its GDP on defence, far behind its regional neighbours.<a href="#cite_note-Necșuțu-2022-80">[75]</a> Moldova accepted all relevant arms control obligations of the former Soviet Union. On 30 October 1992, Moldova ratified the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_Conventional_Armed_Forces_in_Europe" title="Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe">Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe</a>, which establishes comprehensive limits on key categories of conventional military equipment and provides for the destruction of weapons in excess of those limits. The country acceded to the provisions of the nuclear <a href="/wiki/Non-Proliferation_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Proliferation Treaty">Non-Proliferation Treaty</a> in October 1994 in Washington, D.C. It does not have nuclear, biological, chemical or radiological weapons. Moldova joined the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="North Atlantic Treaty Organization">North Atlantic Treaty Organization</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Partnership_for_Peace" title="Partnership for Peace">Partnership for Peace</a> on 16 March 1994. Moldova is committed to a number of international and regional control of arms regulations such as the <a href="/wiki/Protocol_Against_the_Illicit_Manufacturing_of_and_Trafficking_in_Firearms" title="Protocol Against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms">UN Firearms Protocol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stability_Pact_for_Southeastern_Europe" title="Stability Pact for Southeastern Europe">Stability Pact Regional Implementation Plan</a>, the UN Programme of Action (PoA), and the <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">OSCE</a> Documents on Stockpiles of Conventional Ammunition.<a href="#cite_note-81">[76]</a> Since declaring independence in 1991, Moldova has participated in UN peacekeeping missions in <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Côte d'Ivoire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[78]</a> On 12 November 2014, the US donated to Moldovan Armed Forces 39 <a href="/wiki/Humvees" class="mw-redirect" title="Humvees">Humvees</a> and 10 trailers, with a value of US$700,000, to the 22nd Peacekeeping Battalion of the Moldovan National Army to "increase the capability of Moldovan peacekeeping contingents."<a href="#cite_note-84">[79]</a> Moldova signed a military agreement with Romania to strengthen regional security in 2015. The agreement is part of Moldova's strategy to reform its military and cooperate with its neighbours.<a href="#cite_note-85">[80]</a> Since 2022, the army has begun a process of modernization, and has been provided with more than €87 million in support for the modernization of the defence sector and the strengthening of security through the <a href="/wiki/European_Peace_Facility" title="European Peace Facility">European Peace Facility</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Necșuțu-2022-80">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[81]</a> In October 2022, Defense Minister Anatolie Nosatii claimed that 90 percent of the country's military equipment is outdated and of Soviet origin, dating back to the 1960s and 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-87">[82]</a> In April 2023, Valeriu Mija, Secretary of State for Defence Policy and National Army Reform in the Defence Ministry, claimed that Moldova needed $275 million to modernize its armed forces, especially in light of <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russia's invasion of Ukraine</a> and the presence of <a href="/wiki/Russian_military_presence_in_Transnistria" title="Russian military presence in Transnistria">1,500 Russian soldiers in Transnistria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-88">[83]</a> In June 2023, Poland also sent a transport of military equipment worth €8 million (including <a href="/wiki/Unmanned_combat_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned combat aerial vehicle">drones</a>, laptops, <a href="/wiki/Explosive_ordnance_disposal" class="mw-redirect" title="Explosive ordnance disposal">explosive ordnance disposal equipment</a>, and ultrasound equipment) to the <a href="/wiki/Moldovan_Police" title="Moldovan Police">Moldovan police</a> to increase the country's internal security.<a href="#cite_note-89">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[85]</a> Analysts at the Centre for European Policy Analysis have called for further western weapon donations.<a href="#cite_note-91">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_rights">Human rights</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Moldova" title="Human rights in Moldova">Human rights in Moldova</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a> ranked Moldova as a "partly free" country with a score of 62/100 in 2023. They summarized their finds as follows: "Moldova has a competitive electoral environment, and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly" title="Freedom of assembly">freedoms of assembly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">speech</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">religion</a> are mostly protected. Nonetheless, <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Moldova" title="Corruption in Moldova">pervasive corruption</a>, links between major political figures and powerful economic interests, and critical deficiencies in the justice sector and the rule of law all continue to hamper democratic governance."<a href="#cite_note-92">[87]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Transparency_International" title="Transparency International">Transparency International</a>, Moldova's <a href="/wiki/Corruption_Perceptions_Index" title="Corruption Perceptions Index">Corruption Perceptions Index</a> improved to 39 points in 2022 from 34 in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-93">[88]</a> <a href="/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders" title="Reporters Without Borders">Reporters Without Borders</a> improved Moldova's <a href="/wiki/World_Press_Freedom_Index" title="World Press Freedom Index">Press Freedom Index</a> ranking from 89th in 2020 to 40th in 2022, while cautioning that "Moldova's media are diverse but extremely polarised, like the country itself, which is marked by political instability and excessive influence by oligarchs."<a href="#cite_note-94">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[90]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>'s 2022/23 report, "No visible progress was made in reducing instances of torture and other ill-treatment in detention. Impunity continued for past human rights violations by law enforcement agencies. New "temporary" restrictions on public assemblies were introduced. The rights of <a href="/wiki/Intersex_and_LGBT" title="Intersex and LGBT">LGBTI</a> people were not fully realized, leading to cases of harassment, discrimination and violence. Some refugee reception centres turned away religious and ethnic minority refugees. In the breakaway Transdniestria region, prosecution and imprisonment for peaceful dissent continued."<a href="#cite_note-96">[91]</a> On 18 June 2023, some 500 LGBT activists and supporters held a <a href="/wiki/Pride_parade" title="Pride parade">Pride parade</a> in the capital city of Chișinău which for the first time needed no heavy police cordons to protect them from protesters largely linked to the Orthodox church.<a href="#cite_note-97">[92]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/United_States%27_Country_Reports_on_Human_Rights_Practices" class="mw-redirect" title="United States' Country Reports on Human Rights Practices">Human Rights Report</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a>, released in 2022, "While authorities investigated reports of human rights abuses and corruption committed by officials, the process was slow and burdensome. During the year, authorities indicted and detained several former high-level officials including former President Igor Dodon, former member of parliament Vladimir Andronachi, Shor Party member of parliament Marina Tauber and former director of Moldovan Railways Anatolie Topala. None of these cases resulted in conviction by a court at year's end. Authorities took some steps to identify, investigate, and prosecute officials for human rights abuses, but progress was slow."<a href="#cite_note-United_States_Department_of_State-98">[93]</a> In a meeting with the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> in October 2022, EU representatives "welcomed positive developments in Moldova such as the ratification of the <a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Convention" title="Istanbul Convention">Istanbul Convention</a> on preventing and combating violence against women, the adoption of legislation on <a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">hate crime</a>, and the ongoing work to reform the Electoral Code. It encouraged Moldovan authorities to address shortcomings identified by OSCE/ODIHR and the <a href="/wiki/Venice_Commission" title="Venice Commission">Venice Commission</a> across all areas and ensure effective and continuous implementation of human rights legislation."<a href="#cite_note-99">[94]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Office_for_Democratic_Institutions_and_Human_Rights" title="Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights">Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights</a>' 2016 recommendations on hate crimes were "largely reflected in amendments to the Criminal Code adopted by the Moldovan Parliament and published on 3 June 2022", but the report notes that Moldovan law enforcement officers often fail to record the bias motivations behind hate crimes, and additionally recommended "developing its victim support system to ensure effective access to justice, assistance, and protection services for hate crime victims".<a href="#cite_note-100">[95]</a> In 2021, 8 hate crimes were recorded, 7 of which reached a successful conviction, with one going to prosecution but without a conviction. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Moldova" title="Administrative divisions of Moldova">Administrative divisions of Moldova</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Moldova">List of cities in Moldova</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_localities_in_Moldova" title="List of localities in Moldova">List of localities in Moldova</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Communes_of_Moldova" title="Communes of Moldova">Communes of Moldova</a></div> <div role="img" class="floatleft noresize" style="width: 350px; line-height: 1; text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff; position: relative;"><a href="/wiki/File:Moldova_administrative_map_for_template_trans.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Moldova_administrative_map_for_template_trans.svg/350px-Moldova_administrative_map_for_template_trans.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="434" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Moldova_administrative_map_for_template_trans.svg/525px-Moldova_administrative_map_for_template_trans.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Moldova_administrative_map_for_template_trans.svg/700px-Moldova_administrative_map_for_template_trans.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1402" data-file-height="1737" /></a> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:235.5px; top:219.5px"><a href="/wiki/Anenii_Noi_District" title="Anenii Noi District">Anenii Noi</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:197px; top:293px"><a href="/wiki/Basarabeasca_District" title="Basarabeasca District">Basarabeasca</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:24.1px; top:27px"><a href="/wiki/Briceni_District" title="Briceni District">Briceni</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:151.5px; top:314px"><a href="/wiki/Cantemir_District" title="Cantemir District">Cantemir</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:146.6px; top:167px"><a href="/wiki/C%C4%83l%C4%83ra%C8%99i_District" title="Călărași District">Călărași</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:239px; top:254.5px"><a href="/wiki/C%C4%83u%C8%99eni_District" title="Căușeni District">Căușeni</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:197px; top:265px"><a href="/wiki/Cimi%C8%99lia_District" title="Cimișlia District">Cimișlia</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:81.5px; top:34px"><a href="/wiki/Dondu%C8%99eni_District" title="Dondușeni District">Dondușeni</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:102.5px; top:69px"><a href="/wiki/Drochia_District" title="Drochia District">Drochia</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:225px; top:160px"><a href="/wiki/Dub%C4%83sari_District" title="Dubăsari District">Dubăsari</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:53.5px; top:51.5px"><a href="/wiki/Edine%C8%9B_District" title="Edineț District">Edineț</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:92px; top:132px"><a href="/wiki/F%C4%83le%C8%99ti_District" title="Fălești District">Fălești</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:148px; top:83px"><a href="/wiki/Flore%C8%99ti_District" title="Florești District">Florești</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:71px; top:104px"><a href="/wiki/Glodeni_District" title="Glodeni District">Glodeni</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:158.5px; top:230px"><a href="/wiki/H%C3%AEnce%C8%99ti_District" title="Hîncești District">Hîncești</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:207.5px; top:233.5px"><a href="/wiki/Ialoveni_District" title="Ialoveni District">Ialoveni</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:162px; top:272px"><a href="/wiki/Leova_District" title="Leova District">Leova</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:130.5px; top:195px"><a href="/wiki/Nisporeni_District" title="Nisporeni District">Nisporeni</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:78px; top:14.4px"><a href="/wiki/Ocni%C8%9Ba" title="Ocnița">Ocnița</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:197px; top:149.5px"><a href="/wiki/Orhei_District" title="Orhei District">Orhei</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:200.5px; top:112.4px"><a href="/wiki/Rezina_District" title="Rezina District">Rezina</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:67.5px; top:79.5px"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%AE%C8%99cani_District" title="Rîșcani District">Rîșcani</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:134px; top:114.5px"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%AEngerei_District" title="Sîngerei District">Sîngerei</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:143.1px; top:55px"><a href="/wiki/Soroca_District" title="Soroca District">Soroca</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:177.4px; top:90px"><a href="/wiki/%C8%98old%C4%83ne%C8%99ti_District" title="Șoldănești District">Șoldănești</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:279.6px; top:266.4px"><a href="/wiki/%C8%98tefan_Vod%C4%83_District" title="Ștefan Vodă District">Ștefan Vodă</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:181.6px; top:358.1px"><a href="/wiki/Taraclia_District" title="Taraclia District">Taraclia</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:151.5px; top:137.6px"><a href="/wiki/Telene%C8%99ti_District" title="Telenești District">Telenești</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:108.8px; top:163.5px"><a href="/wiki/Ungheni_District" title="Ungheni District">Ungheni</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:176px; top:182.4px"><a href="/wiki/Str%C4%83%C8%99eni_District" title="Strășeni District">Strășeni</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:151.5px; top:359.5px"><a href="/wiki/Cahul_District" title="Cahul District">Cahul</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:191.4px; top:195.7px"><a href="/wiki/Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u" title="Chișinău">CHIȘINĂU</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:201.2px; top:311.9px"><a href="/wiki/Comrat" title="Comrat">Comrat</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:130.5px; top:100.5px"><a href="/wiki/B%C4%83l%C8%9Bi" title="Bălți">Bălți</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:295px; top:223px"><a href="/wiki/Tiraspol" title="Tiraspol">Tiraspol</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:57px; top:216px"><a href="/wiki/Rom%C3%A2nia" class="mw-redirect" title="România">Romania</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:274px; top:132px"><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></div> </div> Moldova is divided into 32 districts (raioane, singular <a href="/wiki/Raion" title="Raion">raion</a>), three municipalities and two <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_territorial_unit" title="Autonomous territorial unit">autonomous regions</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gagauzia" title="Gagauzia">Gagauzia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Administrative-Territorial_Units_of_the_Left_Bank_of_the_Dniester" title="Administrative-Territorial Units of the Left Bank of the Dniester">Left Bank of the Dniester</a>).<a href="#cite_note-101">[96]</a> The final status of Transnistria is <a href="/wiki/Disputed_status_of_Transnistria" class="mw-redirect" title="Disputed status of Transnistria">disputed</a>, as the central government does not control that territory. 10 other cities, including <a href="/wiki/Comrat" title="Comrat">Comrat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tiraspol" title="Tiraspol">Tiraspol</a>, the administrative seats of the two autonomous territories, also have <a href="/wiki/Municipiu" title="Municipiu">municipality status</a>. Moldova has 66 cities (towns), including 13 with municipality status, and 916 communes. Another 700 villages are too small to have a separate administration and are administratively part of either cities (41 of them) or communes (659). This makes for a total of 1,682 localities in Moldova, two of which are uninhabited.<a href="#cite_note-102">[97]</a> The largest city in Moldova is Chișinău with a population of approx. 695,400 people. The second largest city is Tiraspol at 129,500, part of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">unrecognised breakaway region</a> of <a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a>, followed by Bălți (146,900) and Bender (91,000). <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float: left;height:2.6em;"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Largest_cities_of_Moldova" title="Template:Largest cities of Moldova"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Largest_cities_of_Moldova" title="Template talk:Largest cities of Moldova"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Largest_cities_of_Moldova" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Largest cities of Moldova"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;">Largest cities in <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Moldova</a> <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;">Source: <a href="/wiki/Moldovan_Census_(2004)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moldovan Census (2004)">Moldovan Census (2004)</a>; Note: 1. World Gazetteer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&des=gamelan&dat=200&srt=pnan&col=aohdqcfbeimg&geo=-136">Moldova: largest cities</a> 2004. 2. Pridnestrovie.net <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pridnestrovie.net/2004census.html">2004 Census</a> 2004. 3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statistica.md/public/files/Recensamint/Recensamintul_populatiei/vol_1/2_Populatia_pe_sexe_localit_ro.xls">National Bureau of Statistics of Moldova</a></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Moldova">Rank</a> </th> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Moldova"> Pop.</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Moldova">Rank</a> </th> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Moldova"> Pop.</a></th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Riscani_panorama_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chișinău"><img alt="Chișinău" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Riscani_panorama_02.jpg/120px-Riscani_panorama_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Riscani_panorama_02.jpg/180px-Riscani_panorama_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Riscani_panorama_02.jpg/240px-Riscani_panorama_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1130" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u" title="Chișinău">Chișinău</a> <a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C,%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D1%81_16_%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B0.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tiraspol"><img alt="Tiraspol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%2C%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D1%81_16_%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B0.jpg/120px-%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%2C%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D1%81_16_%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B0.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%2C%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D1%81_16_%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B0.jpg/180px-%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%2C%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D1%81_16_%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%2C%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D1%81_16_%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B0.jpg/240px-%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%2C%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D1%81_16_%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2391" data-file-height="1346" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Tiraspol" title="Tiraspol">Tiraspol</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u" title="Chișinău">Chișinău</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">644,204</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">11</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Comrat" title="Comrat">Comrat</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">20,113 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:B%C4%83l%C8%9Bi-vedere_dinspre_sud-vest.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bălți"><img alt="Bălți" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/B%C4%83l%C8%9Bi-vedere_dinspre_sud-vest.jpg/120px-B%C4%83l%C8%9Bi-vedere_dinspre_sud-vest.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/B%C4%83l%C8%9Bi-vedere_dinspre_sud-vest.jpg/180px-B%C4%83l%C8%9Bi-vedere_dinspre_sud-vest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/B%C4%83l%C8%9Bi-vedere_dinspre_sud-vest.jpg/240px-B%C4%83l%C8%9Bi-vedere_dinspre_sud-vest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a> <a href="/wiki/B%C4%83l%C8%9Bi" title="Bălți">Bălți</a> <a href="/wiki/File:%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bender"><img alt="Bender" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0_-_panoramio.jpg/120px-%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0_-_panoramio.jpg/180px-%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0_-_panoramio.jpg/240px-%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Bender,_Moldova" title="Bender, Moldova"> Bender</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tiraspol" title="Tiraspol">Tiraspol</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">129,500</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">12</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Str%C4%83%C8%99eni" title="Strășeni">Strășeni</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">18,376 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/B%C4%83l%C8%9Bi" title="Bălți">Bălți</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">102,457</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">13</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Durle%C8%99ti" title="Durlești">Durlești</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">17,210 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bender,_Moldova" title="Bender, Moldova"> Bender</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">91,000</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">14</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Cead%C3%AEr-Lunga" title="Ceadîr-Lunga">Ceadîr-Lunga</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">16,605 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%AEbni%C8%9Ba" title="Rîbnița">Rîbnița</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">46,000</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">15</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/C%C4%83u%C8%99eni" title="Căușeni">Căușeni</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">15,939 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ungheni" title="Ungheni">Ungheni</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">30,804</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">16</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Codru,_Moldova" title="Codru, Moldova"> Codru</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">15,934 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Cahul" title="Cahul">Cahul</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">30,018</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">17</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Edine%C8%9B" title="Edineț">Edineț</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">15,520 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Soroca" title="Soroca">Soroca</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">22,196</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">18</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Drochia" title="Drochia">Drochia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">13,150 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Orhei" title="Orhei">Orhei</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">21,065</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">19</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ialoveni" title="Ialoveni">Ialoveni</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">12,515 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dub%C4%83sari" title="Dubăsari">Dubăsari</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">25,700</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">20</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/H%C3%AEnce%C8%99ti" title="Hîncești">Hîncești</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">12,491 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law_enforcement_and_emergency_services">Law enforcement and emergency services</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Moldova" title="Crime in Moldova">Crime in Moldova</a> and <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Moldova" title="Healthcare in Moldova">Healthcare in Moldova</a></div>The Moldovan police force (<a href="/wiki/Moldovan_Police" title="Moldovan Police">General Police Inspectorate</a>) reports to the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Moldova)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Moldova)">Ministry of Internal Affairs</a> (MAI) and is the primary law enforcement body, responsible for internal security, public order, traffic, and criminal investigations. Several agencies responsible for border management, emergency situations, migration and asylum also report to the ministry. Civilian authorities maintained effective control over the security forces.<a href="#cite_note-United_States_Department_of_State-98">[93]</a> The Moldovan Police are divided into state and municipal organisations. State police provide law enforcement throughout Moldova while municipal police operate at the local <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Moldova" title="Administrative divisions of Moldova">administrative</a> level. National and municipal police forces often collaborate closely for law enforcement purposes. The <a href="/wiki/Special_Forces_Brigade_%22Fulger%22" title="Special Forces Brigade "Fulger"">Special Forces Brigade "Fulger"</a> is a specialized combat-ready police force primarily responsible for tackling organized crime, serious violent crime, and hostage situations. They are subordinate to the General Police Inspectorate and therefore under strict civilian control.<a href="#cite_note-United_States_Department_of_State-98">[93]</a> There are also a number of more specialised police institutions including the Police Department of Chisinau Municipality and the General Directorate of Criminal Investigation. The <a href="/wiki/Moldovan_Border_Police" title="Moldovan Border Police">Moldovan Border Police</a> are responsible for border security. It was a military branch until 2012 when it was put under the control of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. According to The Law on Police Use of Force Worldwide, "Moldova does not regulate and restrict the use of firearms by law enforcement officials as international law requires. Police use of a firearm can only be lawful where necessary to confront an imminent threat of death or serious injury or a grave and proximate threat to life."<a href="#cite_note-103">[98]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Security_and_Intelligence_Service_of_Moldova" title="Security and Intelligence Service of Moldova">Security and Intelligence Service</a> (SIS) is a Moldovan state body specialized in ensuring <a href="/wiki/National_security" title="National security">national security</a> by exercising all appropriate <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_analysis" title="Intelligence analysis">intelligence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Counterintelligence" title="Counterintelligence">counter-intelligence</a> measures, such as: collecting, processing, checking and capitalizing the information needed to identify, prevent and counteract any actions that according to law represent an internal or external threat to independence, sovereignty, unity, territorial integrity, constitutional order, democratic development, internal security of the state, society and citizens, the statehood of the Republic of Moldova, the stable functioning of vitally important branches of the national economy, both on the territory of the Republic of Moldova and abroad. Emergency services in Moldova consist of <a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_services" title="Emergency medical services">emergency medical services</a>, <a href="/wiki/Search_and_rescue" title="Search and rescue">search and rescue</a> units, and a state <a href="/wiki/Firefighting" title="Firefighting">firefighting service</a>. There are two hospitals in the capital city Chișinău, the primary being Medpark International Hospital, and general hospitals in <a href="/wiki/B%C4%83l%C8%9Bi" title="Bălți">Bălți</a>, <a href="/wiki/Briceni" title="Briceni">Briceni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cahul" title="Cahul">Cahul</a>, and <a href="/wiki/C%C4%83l%C4%83ra%C8%99i,_Moldova" title="Călărași, Moldova">Călărași</a>.<a href="#cite_note-104">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[100]</a> Moldova has a universal healthcare system through a <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_health_insurance" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandatory health insurance">mandatory health insurance</a> scheme. Casa Mariorei, founded in 2002, is a <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_shelter" title="Women's shelter">domestic violence shelter</a> in Chișinău which provides shelter, healthcare, legal advice, and psychosocial support for native Moldovan, immigrant, and refugee women.<a href="#cite_note-106">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Moldova" title="Geography of Moldova">Geography of Moldova</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malul_abrupt_al_Nistrului_Naslavcea-Verejeni_Ocnita_(11).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Malul_abrupt_al_Nistrului_Naslavcea-Verejeni_Ocnita_%2811%29.jpg/220px-Malul_abrupt_al_Nistrului_Naslavcea-Verejeni_Ocnita_%2811%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Malul_abrupt_al_Nistrului_Naslavcea-Verejeni_Ocnita_%2811%29.jpg/330px-Malul_abrupt_al_Nistrului_Naslavcea-Verejeni_Ocnita_%2811%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Malul_abrupt_al_Nistrului_Naslavcea-Verejeni_Ocnita_%2811%29.jpg/440px-Malul_abrupt_al_Nistrului_Naslavcea-Verejeni_Ocnita_%2811%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="965" /></a><figcaption>Scenery in Moldova, with <a href="/wiki/Nistru_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Nistru River">Nistru River</a> (Dniester)</figcaption></figure> Moldova is a landlocked country situated in Eastern Europe, on the northeastern corner of the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Sea Basin">Black Sea Basin</a>, between latitudes <a href="/wiki/45th_parallel_north" title="45th parallel north">45°</a> and <a href="/wiki/49th_parallel_north" title="49th parallel north">49° N</a>, and mostly between meridians <a href="/wiki/26th_meridian_east" title="26th meridian east">26°</a> and <a href="/wiki/30th_meridian_east" title="30th meridian east">30° E</a> (a small area lies east of 30°). The country lies to the east of the <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains" title="Carpathian Mountains">Carpathian Mountains</a> and is bordered by <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> to its west and by <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> to its north, east, and south. The total length of the national boundaries is 1,389 km, including 939 km with Ukraine and 450 km with Romania. The country is separated from Romania on the west by the <a href="/wiki/Prut" title="Prut">Prut</a> river and on the east from Ukraine by the <a href="/wiki/Dniester" title="Dniester">Dniester</a> river. The total land area is 33,843.5 km2 (13,067.0 sq mi), of which 960 km2 (370 sq mi) is water. The largest part of the country (around 88% of the area) lies in the <a href="/wiki/Bessarabia" title="Bessarabia">Bessarabia</a> region, while a narrow strip in the east is located in the <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">unrecognised breakaway state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a> on the eastern bank of the Dniester. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peisaj_din_raionul_Ungheni-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Peisaj_din_raionul_Ungheni-2.jpg/220px-Peisaj_din_raionul_Ungheni-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Peisaj_din_raionul_Ungheni-2.jpg/330px-Peisaj_din_raionul_Ungheni-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Peisaj_din_raionul_Ungheni-2.jpg/440px-Peisaj_din_raionul_Ungheni-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Moldovan landscape in the <a href="/wiki/Ungheni_District" title="Ungheni District">Ungheni District</a>.</figcaption></figure> Although the country is technically landlocked, in 1999 Moldova acquired from Ukraine (in exchange for ceding a stretch of contested road in the east of the country) a 0.45 kilometer river frontage to the Danube, on the confluence of the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> and Prut rivers. This has transformed the old village of <a href="/wiki/Giurgiule%C8%99ti" title="Giurgiulești">Giurgiulești</a> (in the extreme south-west of the country) into a <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Giurgiule%C8%99ti" title="Port of Giurgiulești">river port</a>, providing Moldova access to <a href="/wiki/International_waters" title="International waters">international waters</a> via the Danube and the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-107">[102]</a> The Dniester river, which rises in Ukraine near the city of <a href="/wiki/Drohobych" title="Drohobych">Drohobych</a>, passes through Moldova, separating the main territory from its unrecognised breakaway region Transnistria, and empties into the Black Sea in Ukraine. At its closest point, Moldova is separated from the <a href="/wiki/Dniester_Liman" class="mw-redirect" title="Dniester Liman">Dniester Liman</a>, an estuary of the Black Sea, by only 3 km of Ukrainian territory. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rezervatia_%E2%80%9ELaCastel_Gordinesti%E2%80%9D_Edinet_(10).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Rezervatia_%E2%80%9ELaCastel_Gordinesti%E2%80%9D_Edinet_%2810%29.jpg/220px-Rezervatia_%E2%80%9ELaCastel_Gordinesti%E2%80%9D_Edinet_%2810%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Rezervatia_%E2%80%9ELaCastel_Gordinesti%E2%80%9D_Edinet_%2810%29.jpg/330px-Rezervatia_%E2%80%9ELaCastel_Gordinesti%E2%80%9D_Edinet_%2810%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Rezervatia_%E2%80%9ELaCastel_Gordinesti%E2%80%9D_Edinet_%2810%29.jpg/440px-Rezervatia_%E2%80%9ELaCastel_Gordinesti%E2%80%9D_Edinet_%2810%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>La Castel landscape reserve near <a href="/wiki/Gordine%C8%99ti,_Edine%C8%9B" title="Gordinești, Edineț">Gordinești</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edine%C8%9B_District" title="Edineț District">Edineț District</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moldova_Competitiveness_Project,_USAID_Moldova_(48121769796).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Moldova_Competitiveness_Project%2C_USAID_Moldova_%2848121769796%29.jpg/220px-Moldova_Competitiveness_Project%2C_USAID_Moldova_%2848121769796%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Moldova_Competitiveness_Project%2C_USAID_Moldova_%2848121769796%29.jpg/330px-Moldova_Competitiveness_Project%2C_USAID_Moldova_%2848121769796%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Moldova_Competitiveness_Project%2C_USAID_Moldova_%2848121769796%29.jpg/440px-Moldova_Competitiveness_Project%2C_USAID_Moldova_%2848121769796%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5464" data-file-height="3070" /></a><figcaption>Nistru (Dniester) River in south of Moldova.</figcaption></figure> While most of the country is hilly, elevations never exceed 430 m (1,410 ft), the highest point being the <a href="/wiki/Dealul_B%C4%83l%C4%83ne%C8%99ti" class="mw-redirect" title="Dealul Bălănești">Bălănești Hill</a>. Moldova's hills are part of the <a href="/wiki/Moldavian_Plateau" title="Moldavian Plateau">Moldavian Plateau</a>, which geologically originate from the Carpathian Mountains. Its subdivisions in Moldova include the Dniester Hills (Northern Moldavian Hills and Dniester Ridge), the Moldavian Plain (Middle Prut Valley and <a href="/wiki/B%C4%83l%C8%9Bi_Steppe" title="Bălți Steppe">Bălți Steppe</a>), and the Central Moldavian Plateau (Ciuluc-Soloneț Hills, Cornești Hills—<a href="/wiki/Codri" class="mw-redirect" title="Codri">Codri</a> Massive, "Codri" meaning "forests"—Lower Dniester Hills, Lower Prut Valley, and Tigheci Hills). In the south, the country has a small flatland, the <a href="/wiki/Bugeac_Plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Bugeac Plain">Bugeac Plain</a>. The territory of Moldova east of the river Dniester is split between parts of the <a href="/wiki/Podolian_Plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Podolian Plateau">Podolian Plateau</a>, and parts of the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Steppe" title="Eurasian Steppe">Eurasian Steppe</a>. Moldova's exceptionally rich <a href="/wiki/Chernozem" title="Chernozem">Chernozem</a> soil covers around three-quarters of the country's land area.<a href="#cite_note-108">[103]</a> Moldova's capital and largest city is <a href="/wiki/Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u" title="Chișinău">Chișinău</a>, with approximately a third of the country's population residing in its metro area. Chișinău is Moldova's main industrial and commercial centre, and is located in the middle of the country, on the river <a href="/wiki/B%C3%AEc" title="Bîc">Bîc</a>, a tributary of the <a href="/wiki/Dniester" title="Dniester">Dniester</a>. Moldova's second-largest city is <a href="/wiki/Tiraspol" title="Tiraspol">Tiraspol</a>, which lies on the eastern bank of the Dniester and is the capital of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">unrecognised breakaway region</a> of <a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a>. The country's third-largest city is <a href="/wiki/B%C4%83l%C8%9Bi" title="Bălți">Bălți</a>, often referred to as the 'northern capital'. It is situated 127 kilometres (79 miles) north of the capital Chișinău, and is located on the river <a href="/wiki/R%C4%83ut_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Răut River">Răut</a>, a tributary of the Dniester, on a hilly landscape in the Bălți steppe. <a href="/wiki/Comrat" title="Comrat">Comrat</a> is the administrative centre of the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous region">autonomous region</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gagauzia" title="Gagauzia">Gagauzia</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orhei_Vechi,_Moldova_-_Flickr_-_Dave_Proffer_(13).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Orhei_Vechi%2C_Moldova_-_Flickr_-_Dave_Proffer_%2813%29.jpg/220px-Orhei_Vechi%2C_Moldova_-_Flickr_-_Dave_Proffer_%2813%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Orhei_Vechi%2C_Moldova_-_Flickr_-_Dave_Proffer_%2813%29.jpg/330px-Orhei_Vechi%2C_Moldova_-_Flickr_-_Dave_Proffer_%2813%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Orhei_Vechi%2C_Moldova_-_Flickr_-_Dave_Proffer_%2813%29.jpg/440px-Orhei_Vechi%2C_Moldova_-_Flickr_-_Dave_Proffer_%2813%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Cave churches at <a href="/wiki/Old_Orhei" title="Old Orhei">Old Orhei</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Moldova" title="Protected areas of Moldova">only national park</a> in the country</figcaption></figure> Moldova has a climate which is moderately continental; its proximity to the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> leads to the climate being mildly cold in the autumn and winter and relatively cool in the spring and summer.<a href="#cite_note-109">[104]</a> The summers are warm and long, with temperatures averaging about 20 °C (68 °F) and the winters are relatively mild and dry, with January temperatures averaging −4 °C (25 °F). Annual rainfall, which ranges from around 600 mm (24 in) in the north to 400 mm (16 in) in the south, can vary greatly; long dry spells are not unusual. The heaviest rainfall occurs in early summer and again in October; heavy showers and thunderstorms are common. Because of the irregular terrain, heavy summer rains often cause erosion and river silting. The highest temperature ever recorded in Moldova was 41.5 °C (106.7 °F) on 21 July 2007 in <a href="/wiki/Camenca" title="Camenca">Camenca</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[105]</a> The lowest temperature ever recorded was −35.5 °C (−31.9 °F) on 20 January 1963 in Brătușeni, Edineț county.<a href="#cite_note-111">[106]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto;"> <caption>Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for the three largest cities in Moldova<a href="#cite_note-112">[107]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Location </th> <th>July (°C) </th> <th>July (°F) </th> <th>January (°C) </th> <th>January (°F) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u" title="Chișinău">Chișinău</a></td> <td>27/17</td> <td>81/63</td> <td>1/−4</td> <td>33/24 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tiraspol" title="Tiraspol">Tiraspol</a></td> <td>27/15</td> <td>81/60</td> <td>1/−6</td> <td>33/21 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/B%C4%83l%C8%9Bi" title="Bălți">Bălți</a></td> <td>26/14</td> <td>79/58</td> <td>−0/−7</td> <td>31/18 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_in_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="Protected areas in Moldova">Protected areas in Moldova</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Phytogeography" title="Phytogeography">Phytogeographically</a>, Moldova is split between the <a href="/wiki/East_European_Plain" title="East European Plain">East European Plain</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pontic%E2%80%93Caspian_steppe" title="Pontic–Caspian steppe">Pontic–Caspian steppe</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Circumboreal_Region" title="Circumboreal Region">Circumboreal Region</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Boreal_Kingdom" title="Boreal Kingdom">Boreal Kingdom</a>. It is home to three terrestrial ecoregions: <a href="/wiki/Central_European_mixed_forests" title="Central European mixed forests">Central European mixed forests</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_European_forest_steppe" title="East European forest steppe">East European forest steppe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pontic_steppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontic steppe">Pontic steppe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DinersteinOlson2017-113">[108]</a> Forests currently cover only 11% of Moldova, though the state is making efforts to increase their range. It had a 2019 <a href="/wiki/Forest_Landscape_Integrity_Index" title="Forest Landscape Integrity Index">Forest Landscape Integrity Index</a> mean score of 2.2/10, ranking it 158th globally out of 172 countries.<a href="#cite_note-FLII-Supplementary-114">[109]</a> Game animals, such as <a href="/wiki/Red_deer" title="Red deer">red deer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roe_deer" title="Roe deer">roe deer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wild_boar" title="Wild boar">wild boar</a> can be found in these wooded areas.<a href="#cite_note-Environmental_issues_in_Moldova-115">[110]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saiga_antelope_at_the_Stepnoi_Sanctuary.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Saiga_antelope_at_the_Stepnoi_Sanctuary.jpg/220px-Saiga_antelope_at_the_Stepnoi_Sanctuary.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Saiga_antelope_at_the_Stepnoi_Sanctuary.jpg/330px-Saiga_antelope_at_the_Stepnoi_Sanctuary.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Saiga_antelope_at_the_Stepnoi_Sanctuary.jpg/440px-Saiga_antelope_at_the_Stepnoi_Sanctuary.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2449" data-file-height="2076" /></a><figcaption>Noted for its vivid portrayal of the lower <a href="/wiki/Nistru_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Nistru river">Nistru river</a> (Dniester), <a href="/wiki/Henryk_Sienkiewicz" title="Henryk Sienkiewicz">Henryk Sienkiewicz</a>'s novel <a href="/wiki/With_Fire_and_Sword" title="With Fire and Sword">With Fire and Sword</a> opens with a description of <a href="/wiki/Saiga_antelope" title="Saiga antelope">saigas</a> as a way to highlight the story's exotic setting.<a href="#cite_note-116">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[112]</a> Saigas are a <a href="/wiki/Critically_endangered" class="mw-redirect" title="Critically endangered">critically endangered</a> <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> that is now extinct in Moldova.</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Moldova#Scientific_nature_reserves" title="Protected areas of Moldova">Scientific reserves in Moldova</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Location </th> <th>Established </th> <th>Area </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Codru_Reserve" title="Codru Reserve">Codru Reserve</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Str%C4%83%C8%99eni_District" title="Strășeni District">Strășeni</a> </td> <td>1971 </td> <td>5,177 hectares (52 km2) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Iagorlîc </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dub%C4%83sari_District" title="Dubăsari District">Dubăsari</a> </td> <td>1988 </td> <td>836 hectares (8 km2) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lower_Prut" title="Lower Prut">Lower Prut</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cahul_District" title="Cahul District">Cahul</a> </td> <td>1991 </td> <td>1,691 hectares (17 km2) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Plaiul Fagului </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ungheni_District" title="Ungheni District">Ungheni</a> </td> <td>1992 </td> <td>5,642 hectares (56 km2) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/P%C4%83durea_Domneasc%C4%83" title="Pădurea Domnească">Pădurea Domnească</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Glodeni_District" title="Glodeni District">Glodeni</a> </td> <td>1993 </td> <td>6,032 hectares (60 km2) </td></tr></tbody></table> The environment of Moldova suffered extreme degradation during the Soviet period, when industrial and agricultural development proceeded without regard for environmental protection.<a href="#cite_note-Environmental_issues_in_Moldova-115">[110]</a> Excessive use of pesticides resulted in heavily polluted topsoil, and industries lacked emission controls.<a href="#cite_note-Environmental_issues_in_Moldova-115">[110]</a> Founded in 1990, the <a href="/wiki/Ecological_Movement_of_Moldova" title="Ecological Movement of Moldova">Ecological Movement of Moldova</a>, a national, non-governmental, nonprofit organization which is a member of the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature" title="International Union for Conservation of Nature">International Union for Conservation of Nature</a> has been working to restore Moldova's damaged natural environment.<a href="#cite_note-Environmental_issues_in_Moldova-115">[110]</a> The movement is national representative of the Centre "Naturopa" of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Environment_Programme" title="United Nations Environment Programme">United Nations Environment Programme</a> of the United Nations.<a href="#cite_note-118">[113]</a> Once possessing a range from the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a> through Central Asia over the <a href="/wiki/Bering_Strait" title="Bering Strait">Bering Strait</a> into <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> and Canada's <a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saiga_antelope" title="Saiga antelope">saigas</a> survived in Moldova and Romania into the late 18th century. Deforestation, demographic pressure, as well as excessive hunting eradicated the native saiga herds which is <a href="/wiki/Critically_endangered" class="mw-redirect" title="Critically endangered">currently threatened with extinction</a>. They were considered a characteristic animal of <a href="/wiki/Scythia" title="Scythia">Scythia</a> in antiquity. Historian <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> referred to the saigas as the kolos, describing it as "between the deer and ram in size" which (understandably but wrongly) was believed to drink through its nose.<a href="#cite_note-119">[114]</a> Another animal which was extinct in Moldova since the 18th century until recently was the European Wood Bison or <a href="/wiki/Wisent" class="mw-redirect" title="Wisent">wisent</a>. The species was reintroduced with the arrival of three European bison from <a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82owie%C5%BCa_Forest" title="Białowieża Forest">Białowieża Forest</a> in Poland several days before <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_of_the_Republic_of_Moldova" title="Independence Day of the Republic of Moldova">Moldova's Independence Day</a> on 27 August 2005.<a href="#cite_note-120">[115]</a> Moldova is currently interested in expanding their wisent population, and began talks with Belarus in 2019 regarding a bison exchange program between the two countries.<a href="#cite_note-121">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Moldova" title="Economy of Moldova">Economy of Moldova</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overview">Overview</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Annual_growth_of_GDP_for_Moldova,_Romania,_and_Ukraine,_1980_to_2028.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Annual_growth_of_GDP_for_Moldova%2C_Romania%2C_and_Ukraine%2C_1980_to_2028.svg/220px-Annual_growth_of_GDP_for_Moldova%2C_Romania%2C_and_Ukraine%2C_1980_to_2028.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Annual_growth_of_GDP_for_Moldova%2C_Romania%2C_and_Ukraine%2C_1980_to_2028.svg/330px-Annual_growth_of_GDP_for_Moldova%2C_Romania%2C_and_Ukraine%2C_1980_to_2028.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Annual_growth_of_GDP_for_Moldova%2C_Romania%2C_and_Ukraine%2C_1980_to_2028.svg/440px-Annual_growth_of_GDP_for_Moldova%2C_Romania%2C_and_Ukraine%2C_1980_to_2028.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Annual growth of GDP for Moldova, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, 1980 to 2028</figcaption></figure> The economy of Moldova is an <a href="/wiki/Emerging_market" title="Emerging market">emerging</a> upper-middle income economy, with a high <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a>. Since the country gained <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_of_the_Republic_of_Moldova" title="Independence Day of the Republic of Moldova">independence</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> in 1992, it has steadily transitioned to a <a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">market economy</a>. According to the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>, despite a strong economic performance over the past two decades, Moldova remains among the poorest nations in Europe. Growth has remained relatively high since the 1990s, with low levels of unemployment and falling levels of poverty, but a combination of demographic factors, especially an <a href="/wiki/Population_ageing" title="Population ageing">ageing population</a> and significant levels of emigration, and recent regional events, especially <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russia's invasion of Ukraine</a>, have posed serious economic challenges to the Moldovan economy, particularly due to inflation and rising energy prices. Productivity growth has remained poor, and a significant proportion of the population are reliant on government pensions and social assistance.<a href="#cite_note-122">[117]</a> Due to Moldova's historic reliance upon Russian oil and natural gas, the energy sector has posed a particular challenge to the country's economy. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GDP_Per_Capita_North_Balkan_Region.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/GDP_Per_Capita_North_Balkan_Region.svg/220px-GDP_Per_Capita_North_Balkan_Region.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/GDP_Per_Capita_North_Balkan_Region.svg/330px-GDP_Per_Capita_North_Balkan_Region.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/GDP_Per_Capita_North_Balkan_Region.svg/440px-GDP_Per_Capita_North_Balkan_Region.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Real GDP per capita development of Moldova, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Measures_of_national_income_and_output" title="Measures of national income and output">GDP per capita</a> has almost doubled from $2,749 (USD) in 2015 to $5,562 in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-123">[118]</a> Following the COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent lockdowns, annual GDP growth rebounded to 13.9% in 2021, before Russia's invasion of Ukraine, energy and refugee crises caused growth to collapse to −5.9%. As of 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moldova&action=edit">[update]</a>, unemployment remains low at 2.3%, but inflation had dramatically increased to 28.7% due to the energy crisis caused by the invasion.<a href="#cite_note-124">[119]</a> In recent years the country has received significant economic assistance from the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, IMF, and World Bank, particularly after Russia's invasion of Ukraine. The <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">IMF</a> predicts that in 2023 the economy will improve from a 1.5% contraction to a growth of 1.5%.<a href="#cite_note-125">[120]</a> Moldova remains highly vulnerable to fluctuations in <a href="/wiki/Remittance" title="Remittance">remittances</a> from workers abroad (which constitute 25 percent of GDP), exports to the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a> (CIS) and <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (EU) (88 per cent of total exports), and donor support (about 10 per cent of government spending).<a href="#cite_note-Walker-2015-126">[121]</a> The main transmission channels through which adverse exogenous shocks could impact the Moldovan economy are remittances (also due to potentially returning migrants), external trade, and capital flows.<a href="#cite_note-Walker-2015-126">[121]</a> The economy's primary exports are agriculture, apparel, and sports equipments.<a href="#cite_note-127">[122]</a> In 2021, Moldova exported $140 million in wine and is the 21st largest exporter of wine in the world, with wine exports being the country's fifth largest export.<a href="#cite_note-128">[123]</a> With its 300 days of sunshine per year, the climate in Moldova is ideal for agriculture and particularly <a href="/wiki/Vineyard" title="Vineyard">vineyards</a>. The wine industry is a major economic sector, representing three percent of Moldova's GDP and eight percent of the country's total exports, according to government data.<a href="#cite_note-Five_Things_To_Know_About_Moldova-129">[124]</a> In 2021, the EU became the main purchaser of Moldovan wines. <a href="/wiki/Information_and_communications_technology" title="Information and communications technology">Information and Communication Technology</a> (ICT) is one of the most promising economic sectors in Moldova, accounting for more than 10 percent of GDP. More than 2,000 students graduate with a degree in computing or a related field per year.<a href="#cite_note-130">[125]</a> IT companies export about 80 percent of their total production to the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>GDP per year (Source: World Bank)<a href="#cite_note-131">[126]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>GDP (Billions in US dollars) </th></tr> <tr> <td>2017 </td> <td>9.52 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2018 </td> <td>11.25 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2019 </td> <td>11.74 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2020 </td> <td>11.53 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2021 </td> <td>13.69 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2022 </td> <td>14.51 </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Imports per year (Source: World Bank) <a href="#cite_note-worl923-132">[127]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Imports (Billions in US dollars) </th></tr> <tr> <td>2017</td> <td>5.37 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2018</td> <td>6.39 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2019</td> <td>6.61 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2020</td> <td>5.92 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2021</td> <td>7.91 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2022</td> <td>10.91 </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Exports per year (Source: World Bank) <a href="#cite_note-worl923-132">[127]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Exports (Billions in US dollars) </th></tr> <tr> <td>2017</td> <td>3.12 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2018</td> <td>3.45 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2019</td> <td>3.66 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2020</td> <td>3.22 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2021</td> <td>4.20 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2022</td> <td>5.98 </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy">Energy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Moldova" title="Energy in Moldova">Energy in Moldova</a></div> With few natural energy resources, Moldova imports almost all of its energy supplies. 50% of the country's national energy company, Moldovagaz, is owned by Russian oil and natural gas supplier <a href="/wiki/Gazprom" title="Gazprom">Gazprom</a>, the remaining 36% split between the Moldovan government (36.6%) and the unrecognised government of Transnistria (13.4%).<a href="#cite_note-133">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[129]</a> Moldova's historic dependence on Russian energy is underscored by a debt of more than US$709 million to Gazprom as well as a further US$7 billion by Transnistria. Russia supplies the breakaway pro-Russian region with oil and natural gas without requiring them to pay, with the cost levied as debt against the Moldovan state as a form of economic warfare.<a href="#cite_note-135">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[131]</a> The Moldovan government disputes the figures, and has identified more than US$100 million in fraudulent claims by Gazprom.<a href="#cite_note-137">[132]</a> In August 2013, work began on a new pipeline between Moldova and Romania that has now been completed and has broken Russia's monopoly on Moldova's gas supplies.<a href="#cite_note-indexmundi.com-138">[133]</a> Importing electricity from Romania began in 2022, breaking the need to buy electricity produced from Russian gas in Transnistria. Improved connectivity will be completed by 2025.<a href="#cite_note-139">[134]</a> As of June 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moldova&action=edit">[update]</a>, Moldova no longer imports oil or natural gas from Russia and has been granted access to the European Union's joint gas purchasing platform.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters-140">[135]</a> Financial assistance was provided by the European Union, World Bank, and IMF in order to speed up this transition.<a href="#cite_note-141">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Moldova" title="Tourism in Moldova">Tourism in Moldova</a></div> Moldova is the among least visited countries in Europe, and tourism consequently plays a relatively minor role in the country's overall economy.<a href="#cite_note-143">[138]</a> Despite the impact of <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russia's invasion of neighbouring Ukraine</a>, Moldova saw more foreign visitors in the first quarter of 2022 than pre-<a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">pandemic</a>, going from 31,000 non-resident tourists in 2019 to 36,100 in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-144">[139]</a> This still makes it one of the least-visited countries in Europe, however in recent years a number of Western media outlets have begun to highlight Moldova and its capital city <a href="/wiki/Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u" title="Chișinău">Chișinău</a> as an attractive tourism destination due to its picturesque natural landscapes, 300 days of sunshine per year, low prices, ancient wine culture, and mix of regional cultural influences.<a href="#cite_note-145">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[145]</a> Tourism in Moldova has focused on the country's natural landscapes, historical sites, and historic wine tradition. The government promotes international tourism within the country through its Moldova Travel brand.<a href="#cite_note-151">[146]</a> Moldova is internationally connected by plane via <a href="/wiki/Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u_International_Airport" title="Chișinău International Airport">Chișinău International Airport</a>, with direct flights to and from many European destinations, including <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Airport_Schiphol" title="Amsterdam Airport Schiphol">Amsterdam Schiphol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Brandenburg_Airport" title="Berlin Brandenburg Airport">Berlin Brandenburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/London_Stansted_Airport" title="London Stansted Airport">London Stansted</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle_Airport" title="Charles de Gaulle Airport">Paris–Charles de Gaulle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ben_Gurion_Airport" title="Ben Gurion Airport">Ben Gurion Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci%E2%80%93Fiumicino_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonardo da Vinci–Fiumicino Airport">Rome–Fiumicino Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Airport" title="Istanbul Airport">Istanbul Airport</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dubai_International_Airport" title="Dubai International Airport">Dubai International Airport</a>. Rail links connect it via direct overnight trains to neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa">Odesa</a>, and formerly Moscow.<a href="#cite_note-www.seat61.com-152">[147]</a> Moldovan citizens also enjoy visa-free travel across the <a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen Area</a>.<a href="#cite_note-153">[148]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orhei_Moldova.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Orhei_Moldova.jpg/220px-Orhei_Moldova.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Orhei_Moldova.jpg/330px-Orhei_Moldova.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Orhei_Moldova.jpg/440px-Orhei_Moldova.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Orhei_National_Park" title="Orhei National Park">Orhei National Park</a></figcaption></figure> As a major exporter of wine with more than 142 wineries and the largest wine cellar in the world, vineyard tours are offered to tourists across the country. Major sites include the <a href="/wiki/Cricova_(winery)" title="Cricova (winery)">Cricova</a> winery, whose wine cellar stretches more than 120 kilometres (75 miles); <a href="/wiki/Mimi_Castle" title="Mimi Castle">Castel Mimi</a>, a 19th-century chateau with vineyards, a museum, art gallery, spa, hotel, and restaurant; and <a href="/wiki/Mile%C8%99tii_Mici_(winery)" title="Mileștii Mici (winery)">Mileștii Mici</a>, which boasts the world's largest collection of wine.<a href="#cite_note-Guinness_World_Records-154">[149]</a> As a country with a deep history of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox Christianity">Eastern Orthodox Christianity</a>, the country also has more than 50 monasteries and 700 churches.<a href="#cite_note-155">[150]</a> Among the most famous and well-visited are the <a href="/wiki/Old_Orhei" title="Old Orhei">Old Orhei</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_cave_monasteries" title="List of cave monasteries">Cave Monastery</a>, carved into a cliff face in the 13th century and still in use today, and the 19th century <a href="/wiki/Nativity_Cathedral,_Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u" title="Nativity Cathedral, Chișinău">Nativity Cathedral</a> in the centre of Chișinău. <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> includes both the Old Orhei Archaeological Landscape, which features evidence of settlements dating back to at least the 12th century, and the typical <a href="/wiki/Chernozem" title="Chernozem">Chernozem</a> soil on the <a href="/wiki/B%C4%83l%C8%9Bi_Steppe" title="Bălți Steppe">Bălți Steppe</a> of Moldova (the most arable soil on the planet) on its Tentative List of <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Sites</a>.<a href="#cite_note-156">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[152]</a> The capital city of <a href="/wiki/Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u" title="Chișinău">Chișinău</a> hosts most of the country's national museums, including the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Fine_Arts,_Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u" title="National Museum of Fine Arts, Chișinău">National Museum of Fine Arts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moldova_State_University" title="Moldova State University">Moldova State University</a>, Brancusi Gallery, the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_History_of_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum of History of Moldova">National Museum of History of Moldova</a> with over 236,000 exhibits, as well as bustling markets in the north of the city, including the house where <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pushkin" title="Alexander Pushkin">Alexander Pushkin</a> once resided while in exile from the <a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">Russian Tsar</a>, and which has since been turned into a museum. Every year on 3–4 October, the country celebrates National Wine Day, where wine producers open up their wineries to the general public and provide shuttle buses between locations.<a href="#cite_note-158">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wine_industry">Wine industry</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Moldovan_wine" title="Moldovan wine">Moldovan wine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mile%C5%9Ftii_Mici_(3944427747).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Mile%C5%9Ftii_Mici_%283944427747%29.jpg/220px-Mile%C5%9Ftii_Mici_%283944427747%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Mile%C5%9Ftii_Mici_%283944427747%29.jpg/330px-Mile%C5%9Ftii_Mici_%283944427747%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Mile%C5%9Ftii_Mici_%283944427747%29.jpg/440px-Mile%C5%9Ftii_Mici_%283944427747%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mile%C8%99tii_Mici" title="Mileștii Mici">Mileștii Mici</a> is home to the world's biggest <a href="/wiki/Wine_cellar" title="Wine cellar">wine cellar</a>.</figcaption></figure> With its 300 days of sunshine per year, the climate in Moldova is ideal for agriculture and particularly <a href="/wiki/Vineyard" title="Vineyard">vineyards</a>. The wine industry is a major economic sector, representing three percent of Moldova's GDP and eight percent of the country's total exports, according to government data. Moldovan wine is being exported into over 70 states worldwide. Although Moldova is barely larger than <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, the country has 122,000 hectares of vineyards and is among the 20 largest producers in the world, according to a report by the <a href="/wiki/International_Organisation_of_Vine_and_Wine" title="International Organisation of Vine and Wine">International Organisation of Vine and Wine</a> (OIV).<a href="#cite_note-Five_Things_To_Know_About_Moldova-129">[124]</a> Before <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russia's invasion of Ukraine</a> and Moldova's pivot towards Europe, a majority of its wine exports went to Russia, but this has now changed: "Russia accounted for only 10 percent of Moldovan wine exports in 2021, down from 80 percent in the early 2000s, according to figures from the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture_and_Food_Industry_(Moldova)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Agriculture and Food Industry (Moldova)">Moldovan Ministry of Agriculture</a>."<a href="#cite_note-France_24-2022-159">[154]</a> The EU liberalized its market for Moldovan wines and has signed a bilateral free trade deal with Moldova, with the result that in 2021 the country exported more than 120 million litres of wine to European countries, compared to 8.6 million litres to Russia.<a href="#cite_note-France_24-2022-159">[154]</a> Many families have their own recipes and <a href="/wiki/Grape_varieties" class="mw-redirect" title="Grape varieties">grape varieties</a> that have been passed down through the generations. There are 3 historical wine regions: Valul lui Traian (south west), Stefan Voda (south east) and <a href="/wiki/Codru_(wine)" title="Codru (wine)">Codru</a> (centre), destined for the production of wines with protected geographic indication.<a href="#cite_note-natura2000-24">[19]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mile%C8%99tii_Mici_(winery)" title="Mileștii Mici (winery)">Mileștii Mici</a> is the home of the largest wine cellar in the world. It stretches for 200 km (120 mi) (though only 55 km (34 mi) is in use) and holds some two million or more bottles of wine.<a href="#cite_note-160">[155]</a> It has retained the <a href="/wiki/Guinness_World_Records" title="Guinness World Records">Guinness World Record</a> for largest wine cellar by number of bottles since 2005.<a href="#cite_note-Guinness_World_Records-154">[149]</a> The earliest wines in its collection date to 1969. <a href="/wiki/Mimi_Castle" title="Mimi Castle">Mimi Castle</a> in the south east is a winery and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_property" title="Cultural property">architectural monument</a>, which was built at the end of the 19th century in the village of <a href="/wiki/Bulboaca,_Anenii_Noi" title="Bulboaca, Anenii Noi">Bulboaca</a> in the district <a href="/wiki/Anenii_Noi_District" title="Anenii Noi District">Anenii Noi</a>, and is thought to be the first winery in Bessarabia. It has since also become a tourist complex with a museum, art gallery, hotel, spa, and wine tasting rooms. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Moldova" title="Agriculture in Moldova">Agriculture in Moldova</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dniester_in_Moldova,_2004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Dniester_in_Moldova%2C_2004.jpg/220px-Dniester_in_Moldova%2C_2004.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Dniester_in_Moldova%2C_2004.jpg/330px-Dniester_in_Moldova%2C_2004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Dniester_in_Moldova%2C_2004.jpg/440px-Dniester_in_Moldova%2C_2004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="728" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption>Agricultural land in Dniester, 2004</figcaption></figure> Moldova is an agrarian-industrial state, with agricultural land occupying 2,499,000 hectares in a total area of 3,384,600 hectares.<a href="#cite_note-Gerciu-2017-161">[156]</a> It is estimated that 1,810,500 of these hectares are <a href="/wiki/Arable_land" title="Arable land">arable</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gerciu-2017-161">[156]</a> It is among the most arable countries in Europe, with the Chernozem soil across the <a href="/wiki/B%C4%83l%C8%9Bi_Steppe" title="Bălți Steppe">Bălți Steppe</a> being among the most fertile soils anywhere in the world.<a href="#cite_note-162">[157]</a> With more than 300 days of sunshine per year supporting the cultivation of vineyards, Moldova is also one of the largest wine producers in the world. Moldova's agricultural sector benefits from a geographical proximity to large markets, especially the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gerciu-2017-161">[156]</a> As of 2021<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moldova&action=edit">[update]</a>, agriculture made up 12% of Moldova's overall exports and 21% of overall employment.<a href="#cite_note-163">[158]</a> Its most exported foods are maize, wheat, sunflower seeds, grapes, apples, sugar beets, milk, potatoes, barley, plums/sloes, while relevant and important domestic industries include sugar processing, vegetable oil, food processing, and agricultural machinery.<a href="#cite_note-164">[159]</a> Between 2015 and 2022, agricultural production has almost doubled, particularly in vegetable and fruit production.<a href="#cite_note-165">[160]</a> In July 2023, a network of 20 <a href="/wiki/Seed_library" title="Seed library">seed libraries</a> comprising over 1,000 seeds were created across Moldova with the assistance of <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Czech_Republic)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Czech Republic)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">NGOs</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a>, with the aim is to improve local <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_biodiversity" title="Agricultural biodiversity">agricultural biodiversity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Climate_resilience" title="Climate resilience">climate resilience</a>, and the capacity of local government and farmers to respond effectively to changing environmental conditions.<a href="#cite_note-166">[161]</a> Nevertheless, the country's agricultural sector faces serious long-term challenges. Despite having relatively modest per capita <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a>, and lower than the world average, Moldova is highly vulnerable to <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> and related environmental disasters which already cost the country 2.13% of annual GDP.<a href="#cite_note-167">[162]</a> According to Climate-KIC, run by the <a href="/wiki/European_Institute_of_Innovation_and_Technology" title="European Institute of Innovation and Technology">European Institute of Innovation and Technology</a>, "The same region in Moldova can experience intense droughts and devastating floods in the course of a few months, which is the primary concern of local people when they talk about climate. But the irregular nature of these events made it difficult to sustain long term interest from Moldovan people or to channel money from donors."<a href="#cite_note-168">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport_infrastructure">Transport infrastructure</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Moldova" title="Transport in Moldova">Transport in Moldova</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail transport in Moldova">Rail transport in Moldova</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chisinau_Airport_KIV.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Chisinau_Airport_KIV.jpg/220px-Chisinau_Airport_KIV.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Chisinau_Airport_KIV.jpg/330px-Chisinau_Airport_KIV.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Chisinau_Airport_KIV.jpg/440px-Chisinau_Airport_KIV.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="1932" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u_International_Airport" title="Chișinău International Airport">Chișinău International Airport</a>.</figcaption></figure> The main means of transportation in Moldova are railways 1,138 km (707 mi) and a highway system (12,730 km or 7,910 mi overall, including 10,937 km or 6,796 mi of paved surfaces). Rail links connect it via direct overnight trains to neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa">Odesa</a>, and also Moscow.<a href="#cite_note-www.seat61.com-152">[147]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Giurgiule%C8%99ti" title="Giurgiulești">Giurgiulești</a> terminal on the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> is compatible with small seagoing vessels. Shipping on the lower <a href="/wiki/Prut" title="Prut">Prut</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nistru" class="mw-redirect" title="Nistru">Nistru</a> rivers plays only a modest role in the country's transportation system. The sole international air gateway of Moldova is the <a href="/wiki/Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u_International_Airport" title="Chișinău International Airport">Chișinău International Airport</a>. with direct flights to and from many European destinations. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Moldova" title="Telecommunications in Moldova">Telecommunications in Moldova</a></div> Internet in Moldova is among the fastest and least expensive in the world as of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moldova&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-169">[164]</a> The country ranks 3rd in the world by gigabit coverage with around 90% of the population having the option to subscribe to a <a href="/wiki/Gigabit_Ethernet" title="Gigabit Ethernet">gigabit-speed</a> <a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">fibre-optic</a> broadband plan.<a href="#cite_note-International_Trade_Administration-2022-170">[165]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a> has judged it to have a highly developed digital infrastructure, with 98% 4G coverage of its territory.<a href="#cite_note-171">[166]</a> By July 2022, there were more than 3 million internet users in Moldova, constituting some 76% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-172">[167]</a> Moldova is considering a bid to begin rolling out 5G in 2024, with testing beginning in 2019. <a href="/wiki/Starlink" title="Starlink">Starlink</a> launched in Moldova in August 2022.<a href="#cite_note-173">[168]</a> <a href="/wiki/Information_and_communications_technology" title="Information and communications technology">Information and Communication Technology</a> (ICT) is one of the most promising economic sectors in Moldova, accounting for more than 10 percent of GDP. More than 2,000 Moldovan students per year graduate with a degree in <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Computing" title="Bachelor of Computing">computing</a> or a related field.<a href="#cite_note-International_Trade_Administration-2022-170">[165]</a> The <a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">ITU</a>'s Global Cybersecurity Index ranks Moldova on the 33rd place in Europe and the 63rd place in the world. The country's joining in 2009 of the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Cybercrime" title="Convention on Cybercrime">Convention on Cybercrime</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a> and adoption of the National Cyber Security Program for 2016–2020 have established the legislative parameters for a safer digital environment. Since Russia's invasion of neighbouring Ukraine and their campaign of <a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare_by_Russia" title="Cyberwarfare by Russia">cyberwarfare</a> against Moldova, the Moldovan government has invested significant money and resources in developing stronger <a href="/wiki/Cybersecurity" class="mw-redirect" title="Cybersecurity">cybersecurity</a> practices and regulations with assistance from the European Union and United States.<a href="#cite_note-174">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[170]</a> The European Union has also set up and funded the Moldova Cybersecurity Rapid Assistance Unit to improve the cyber resilience of Moldova's public sector organisations and key critical infrastructure sectors. Moldova has adopted new legislation partially drafted by the unit which will go into effect on 1 January 2025.<a href="#cite_note-176">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[172]</a> The country has also passed legislation in order to more closely align with the EU's <a href="/wiki/General_Data_Protection_Regulation" title="General Data Protection Regulation">GDPR</a> regulations, and is currently mostly compliant.<a href="#cite_note-178">[173]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Banking">Banking</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Moldova" title="List of banks in Moldova">List of banks in Moldova</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Moldova" title="National Bank of Moldova">National Bank of Moldova</a> is responsible for the financial system and has a responsibility to the management and control of all banks in Moldova. It is accountable to the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Moldova" title="Parliament of Moldova">Parliament of Moldova</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Moldova" title="Demographics of Moldova">Demographics of Moldova</a></div> The most up-to-date and reliable information is available from the <a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Statistics_of_the_Republic_of_Moldova" title="National Bureau of Statistics of the Republic of Moldova">National Bureau of Statistics of the Republic of Moldova</a>'s website which is continuously updated on a monthly and yearly basis. The most recent <a href="/wiki/National_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="National Census">national census</a> of Moldova was carried out in <a href="/wiki/2014_Moldovan_census" title="2014 Moldovan census">2014</a> (not including <a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a>). The next national census is due to be carried out in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-179">[174]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overview_2">Overview</h3></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 19894.200334598px; border-left-color:#FFFF99"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#FFFF99"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#FFFF99"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 4680.315621996px; border-left-color:#CAB2D6"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#CAB2D6"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#CAB2D6"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 4300.7099943192px; border-left-color:#FDBF6F"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#FDBF6F"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#FDBF6F"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 3788.5237201652px; border-left-color:#FB9A99"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#FB9A99"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#FB9A99"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 3314.7226104659px; border-left-color:#B2DF8A"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#B2DF8A"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#B2DF8A"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 2742.8358862406px; border-left-color:#A6CEE3"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#A6CEE3"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#A6CEE3"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 1728.0177607462px; border-left-color:#B15928"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#B15928"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#B15928"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 562.53406853567px; border-left-color:#6A3D9A"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#6A3D9A"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#6A3D9A"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 217.45558100724px; border-left-color:#FF7F00"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#FF7F00"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#FF7F00"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 114.43847649848px; border-left-color:#E31A1C"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#E31A1C"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#E31A1C"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 47.056428121225px; border-left-color:#33A02C"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#33A02C"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#33A02C"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 3.2162452993533E-14px; border-left-color:#1F78B4"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#1F78B4"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#1F78B4"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Population of Moldova according to ethnic group <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Moldovans" title="Moldovans">Moldovans</a> (75%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanians</a> (7%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a> (6.57%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Gagauzians" class="mw-redirect" title="Gagauzians">Gagauzians</a> (4.57%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a> (4.06%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Bulgarians" title="Bulgarians">Bulgarians</a> (1.88%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani</a> (0.34%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Belarusians" title="Belarusians">Belarusians</a> (0.10%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Jews (0.06%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Poles_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Poles (people)">Poles</a> (0.05%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a> (0.03%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Others (0.26%)</div> Source: <a href="/wiki/2014_Moldovan_census" title="2014 Moldovan census">2014 Moldovan census</a>. </div> </div></div>Moldova has an estimated population of approx. 2,423,300 as of 1 January 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moldova&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-180">[175]</a> Moldova is relatively urbanised, with 43.4% of Moldovans living in urban areas as of 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moldova&action=edit">[update]</a> and an urbanisation rate of 0.09%.<a href="#cite_note-181">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[177]</a> About one-third of the Moldovan population live in the capital city <a href="/wiki/Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u" title="Chișinău">Chișinău</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Metropolis_of_Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u_and_All_Moldova" title="Metropolis of Chișinău and All Moldova">metropolitan area</a>. As of 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moldova&action=edit">[update]</a>, the country's population density is 82.8 inhabitants per 1 km2, and average life expectancy was 71.5 years (67.2 for males, and 75.7 for females).<a href="#cite_note-National_Bureau_of_Statistics_of_the_Republic_of_Moldova-183">[178]</a> There are 100 women per 90 men in Moldova, and employed women have significantly higher levels of education, though women continued to earn 13.6% less than men on average.<a href="#cite_note-National_Bureau_of_Statistics_of_the_Republic_of_Moldova-183">[178]</a> The number of elderly people (60 years and over) per 100 inhabitants in Moldova has increased year-on-year.<a href="#cite_note-National_Bureau_of_Statistics_of_the_Republic_of_Moldova-183">[178]</a> The national language is <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance language</a>, though approximately 15% of the Moldovan population also speak Russian as of 2014<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moldova&action=edit">[update]</a>. The country has been suffering from long-term population decline due to high levels of <a href="/wiki/Emigration_from_Moldova" title="Emigration from Moldova">emigration</a> (in 2022, 43,000 more people left the country than came) as well as low fertility rates. According to <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Insight" title="Balkan Insight">Balkan Insight</a>, the population has fallen by almost 33% since 1990, and by 2035 the total population may be half what it was in 1990.<a href="#cite_note-184">[179]</a> Since 2018, the number of deaths has exceeded the levels of live-births, though the gap has been reduced since 2021. As of 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moldova&action=edit">[update]</a>, the average number of children per women of childbearing age was 1.69, well below the <a href="/wiki/Replacement_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Replacement rate">replacement rate</a> of 2.1, as compared to 1.78 in 2019. The total number of deaths fell by 20.5% in 2022 compared to 2019. Unemployment has remained low at about 3% in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-National_Bureau_of_Statistics_of_the_Republic_of_Moldova-183">[178]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/2014_Moldovan_census" title="2014 Moldovan census">2014 national census</a>, ethnic <a href="/wiki/Moldovans" title="Moldovans">Moldovans</a> made up approx. 75% of the country's population, while <a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanians</a> (7%), <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a> (6.57%), <a href="/wiki/Gagauz_people" title="Gagauz people">Gagauzians</a> (4.57%), and <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a> (4.06%) made up the most substantial ethnic minorities. Smaller populations include <a href="/wiki/Bulgarians" title="Bulgarians">Bulgarians</a> (1.88%), <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romani</a> (0.34%), <a href="/wiki/Belarusians" title="Belarusians">Belarusians</a> (0.10%), Jews (0.06%), and <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a> (0.05%). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Moldova" title="Languages of Moldova">Languages of Moldova</a></div> As of March 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moldova&action=edit">[update]</a>, the only <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a> of Moldova is Romanian, and all references to the Moldovan language in the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Moldova" title="Constitution of Moldova">constitution</a> and legal bills have been amended to refer to Romanian.<a href="#cite_note-185">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[181]</a> The 2014 Moldovan census for the first time collected information about the languages spoken by residents in Moldova. There is a <a href="/wiki/Controversy_over_ethnic_and_linguistic_identity_in_Moldova" title="Controversy over ethnic and linguistic identity in Moldova">controversy</a> about whether or not <a href="/wiki/Moldovan_language" title="Moldovan language">Moldovan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a> should be considered distinct languages, and the Moldovan government rejects any distinction, however the census allowed for respondents to respond with their preferred label. The results were <a href="/wiki/Moldovan_language" title="Moldovan language">Moldovan</a> (54.6%), <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a> (24.0%), Russian (14.5%), <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a> (2.7%), <a href="/wiki/Gagauz_language" title="Gagauz language">Gagauz</a> (2.7%), <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a> (1.7%), and Other (0.5%). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diaspora_and_emigration">Diaspora and emigration</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Moldovan_diaspora" title="Moldovan diaspora">Moldovan diaspora</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Emigration_from_Moldova" title="Emigration from Moldova">Emigration from Moldova</a></div> Emigration is a mass phenomenon in Moldova and has a major impact on the country's <a href="/wiki/Demographics" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics">demographics</a> and economy. It is estimated that more than between 1.2 and 2 million Moldovan citizens (over 25% of the population) are living and working abroad.<a href="#cite_note-187">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[183]</a> The Moldovan economy is still heavily reliant on their remittance payments. Moldovans are found across the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkan</a> region, Western Europe, and North America. Among the most notable Moldovan <a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">diaspora</a> populations are: 285,000 in <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> (2020), 258,600 in <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> (2002) 156,400 in Russia (2010), 188,923 in Italy (2019), 122,000 in Germany (2022), 26,300 in France (2019), and 20,470 in Canada (2021). Current trends indicate that the population of Moldova will continue to fall with emigration remaining both chronic and higher than immigration or natural birth rates. In 2020, net emigration fell to a low of 7,000, but by 2022, 43,000 more people left the country than came, though this is slightly down from net emigration of 45,000 in 2021. <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russia's invasion</a> of neighbouring Ukraine and the economic impact on Moldova may have been a key contributing factor in the rise from 2020 to 2022. However, there are indications that the invasion of Ukraine and the country's moves towards <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Moldova_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Moldova to the European Union">accession to the European Union</a> may have led to a rise in the number of Moldovan emigrants returning to their country of birth, seeking to help the country join the EU.<a href="#cite_note-189">[184]</a> The Moldovan diaspora has also had a signifiant influent in recent Moldovan elections, voting overwhelmingly for <a href="/wiki/Maia_Sandu" title="Maia Sandu">Maia Sandu</a> as president in <a href="/wiki/2020_Moldovan_presidential_election" title="2020 Moldovan presidential election">2020</a> and for her <a href="/wiki/Party_of_Action_and_Solidarity" title="Party of Action and Solidarity">Party of Action and Solidarity</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2021_Moldovan_parliamentary_election" title="2021 Moldovan parliamentary election">2021 parliamentary election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-190">[185]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Moldova" title="Religion in Moldova">Religion in Moldova</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nativity_Cathedral_-_Moldova_(by_David_Stanley).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Nativity_Cathedral_-_Moldova_%28by_David_Stanley%29.jpg/220px-Nativity_Cathedral_-_Moldova_%28by_David_Stanley%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Nativity_Cathedral_-_Moldova_%28by_David_Stanley%29.jpg/330px-Nativity_Cathedral_-_Moldova_%28by_David_Stanley%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Nativity_Cathedral_-_Moldova_%28by_David_Stanley%29.jpg/440px-Nativity_Cathedral_-_Moldova_%28by_David_Stanley%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nativity_Cathedral,_Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u" title="Nativity Cathedral, Chișinău">Nativity Cathedral, Chişinău</a>. <a href="/wiki/Metropolis_of_Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u_and_All_Moldova" title="Metropolis of Chișinău and All Moldova">Moldovan Orthodox Church</a>.</figcaption></figure> Moldova's constitution provides for freedom of religion and complete separation of church and state, though the constitution cites the "exceptional importance" of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox Christianity">Eastern Orthodox Christianity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-United_States_Department_of_State-2-191">[186]</a> <a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">Discrimination</a> on the basis of religious affiliation is illegal, and <a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">incitement to religious and ethnic hatred</a> was made illegal in May 2022.<a href="#cite_note-United_States_Department_of_State-2-191">[186]</a> Religion in Moldova is dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> branch of Christianity. According to the 2014 Moldovan census, 90% of the country reported to be of the Eastern Orthodox Christian faith.<a href="#cite_note-192">[187]</a> Of this number, approx. 80–90% of Orthodox Moldovans belong to the Moldovan Orthodox Church (formally known as <a href="/wiki/Metropolis_of_Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u_and_All_Moldova" title="Metropolis of Chișinău and All Moldova">Metropolis of Chișinău and All Moldova</a>) which is subordinate to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a>, and has played a powerful role in deepening Russia's influence in Moldova.<a href="#cite_note-United_States_Department_of_State-2-191">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[188]</a> The remaining 10–20% of Orthodox Moldovans belong to the <a href="/wiki/Metropolis_of_Bessarabia" title="Metropolis of Bessarabia">Metropolis of Bessarabia</a>, which is subordinate to the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Orthodox_Church" title="Romanian Orthodox Church">Romanian Orthodox Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-United_States_Department_of_State-2-191">[186]</a> Of the non-Orthodox population of Moldova, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a> estimates that as of 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moldova&action=edit">[update]</a>, approx. 7% identify with no religion; <a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostals</a> number between 15,000 and 30,000 each; the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Community_of_the_Republic_of_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Community of the Republic of Moldova">Jewish Community of the Republic of Moldova</a> organisation estimates the Jewish population to be approx. 20,000; and the Islamic League of Moldova (an NGO recognised by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(Moldova)" title="Ministry of Justice (Moldova)">Moldovan Ministry of Justice</a> in 2011 as representing <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Moldova" title="Islam in Moldova">Moldovan Muslims</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[189]</a>) estimates the number of Muslims to be approx. 15,000–17,000.<a href="#cite_note-United_States_Department_of_State-2-191">[186]</a> There are six <a href="/wiki/List_of_synagogues_in_Moldova" title="List of synagogues in Moldova">synagogues</a> in <a href="/wiki/Metropolis_of_Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u_and_All_Moldova" title="Metropolis of Chișinău and All Moldova">Chișinău</a>, one in <a href="/wiki/Orhei" title="Orhei">Orhei</a>, one in <a href="/wiki/Soroca" title="Soroca">Soroca</a>, and one in <a href="/wiki/Tiraspol" title="Tiraspol">Tiraspol</a>, and one mosque in <a href="/wiki/Metropolis_of_Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u_and_All_Moldova" title="Metropolis of Chișinău and All Moldova">Chișinău</a>. The remaining less than 5% of the Moldovan population are <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical Christians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutherans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-United_States_Department_of_State-2-191">[186]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Transnistria" title="Government of Transnistria">Transnistrian authorities</a> estimate that 80% of the population belong to the Moldovan Orthodox Church.<a href="#cite_note-United_States_Department_of_State-2-191">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health_and_fertility">Health and fertility</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Health_in_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="Health in Moldova">Health in Moldova</a> and <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Moldova" title="Healthcare in Moldova">Healthcare in Moldova</a></div><div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:#6A3D9A; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 321.4582078634px; border-left-color:#FF7F00"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#FF7F00"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#FF7F00"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 102.54539447886px; border-left-color:#E31A1C"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#E31A1C"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#E31A1C"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:99.715890026061px 7.5326805527933px 0 0; border-top-color:#33A02C"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#33A02C"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:48.175367410172px 87.630668004386px 0 0; border-top-color:#1F78B4"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#1F78B4"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Structure of deaths by major classes of causes of death in 2022 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">Diseases of the circulatory system</a> (58%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">Cancerous tumours</a> (15.8%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Other causes (13.9%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_disease" title="Gastrointestinal disease">Diseases of the digestive tract</a> (7.5%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  External causes (4.8%)</div> </div> </div></div>Moldova provides <a href="/wiki/Universal_health_care" title="Universal health care">universal healthcare</a> through a <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_health_insurance" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandatory health insurance">mandatory health insurance</a> scheme. According to the most recent 2022 official data, per 10,000 inhabitants there are 48.4 doctors and 91 units of average medical staff.<a href="#cite_note-National_Bureau_of_Statistics_of_the_Republic_of_Moldova-183">[178]</a> Approx. 53% of those aged 16 and over in urban areas described their own health as 'good' or 'very good', compared to approx. 33% of people of the same age in rural areas.<a href="#cite_note-National_Bureau_of_Statistics_of_the_Republic_of_Moldova-183">[178]</a> The country has 86 hospitals, 1,524 <a href="/wiki/Pharmacy_(shop)" title="Pharmacy (shop)">pharmacies</a> and branches, 12,600 physicians, 23,687 <a href="/wiki/Paramedic" title="Paramedic">paramedical</a> personnel, and 17,293 <a href="/wiki/Hospital_bed" title="Hospital bed">hospital beds</a>. Moldova spends 6% of its annual GDP on health care, up from 4.9% in 2019. As of 2022 the average life expectancy was 71.5 years (67.2 for males, and 75.7 for females), slightly lower than comparable countries such as <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>, and Ukraine. The number of elderly people (aged 60 years and over) per 100 inhabitants in Moldova has increased year-on-year. The <a href="/wiki/Total_fertility_rate" title="Total fertility rate">total fertility rate</a> per woman in 2022 was 1.69, a fall from 1.78 in 2019, and below the replacement rate of 2.1. There were 10.6 <a href="/wiki/Live_birth_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Live birth rate">live births</a> per 1,000 inhabitants in 2022, a drop from 12.2 in 2019, and 14.2 deaths per 1,000 inhabitants, an increase from 13.7 in 2019 but a significant fall from 17.5 in 2019. <a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality" title="Infant mortality">Infant mortality</a> per 1,000 live-births was 9.0, a slight increase on 8.7 in 2020. The overall number of deaths fell by 20.5% compared to 2021.<a href="#cite_note-National_Bureau_of_Statistics_of_the_Republic_of_Moldova-183">[178]</a> According to the National Agency for Public Health, the major causes of death in 2022 were <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">diseases of the circulatory system</a> (58%), <a href="/wiki/Cancerous_tumour" class="mw-redirect" title="Cancerous tumour">cancerous tumours</a> (15.8%), <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_disease" title="Gastrointestinal disease">diseases of the digestive tract</a> (7.5%), external causes (4.8%), and other causes (13.9%).<a href="#cite_note-National_Bureau_of_Statistics_of_the_Republic_of_Moldova-183">[178]</a> More specifically, the leading causes of death in 2019 were <a href="/wiki/Coronary_artery_disease" title="Coronary artery disease">Ischaemic heart disease</a>, strokes, <a href="/wiki/Hypertensive_heart_disease" title="Hypertensive heart disease">hypertensive heart disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cirrhosis" title="Cirrhosis">cirrhosis</a> of the liver, and trachea, bronchus, and lung cancers.<a href="#cite_note-195">[190]</a> On 19 December 2016, the Moldovan parliament approved raising the retirement age to 63 years<a href="#cite_note-196">[191]</a> from the current level of 57 for women and 62 for men, a reform that is part of a 3-year-old assistance program agreed with the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>. The retirement age will be lifted gradually by a few months every year until it is fully in effect in 2028.<a href="#cite_note-197">[192]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div> As of the academic year 2022/23, Moldova had 1,218 primary and secondary schools, 90 vocational schools, and 21 higher education institutions, as well as 12 <a href="/wiki/Private_university" title="Private university">private</a> higher education institutions.<a href="#cite_note-National_Bureau_of_Statistics_of_the_Republic_of_Moldova-183">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[193]</a> There were a total of 437,000 pupils and students. As of 2015<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moldova&action=edit">[update]</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> allocates 5,000 scholarships in high schools and universities for Moldovan students.<a href="#cite_note-199">[194]</a> Likewise, more than half of preschool children in Moldova benefit from Romania funded program to renovate and equip <a href="/wiki/Kindergarten" title="Kindergarten">kindergartens</a>.<a href="#cite_note-200">[195]</a> Almost all the population is literate: the <a href="/wiki/Literacy_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Literacy rate">literacy rate</a> of the population aged 15 and over is estimated at 99.6%.<a href="#cite_note-201">[196]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:State_University_of_Moldova_main_building_entrance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/State_University_of_Moldova_main_building_entrance.jpg/220px-State_University_of_Moldova_main_building_entrance.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/State_University_of_Moldova_main_building_entrance.jpg/330px-State_University_of_Moldova_main_building_entrance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/State_University_of_Moldova_main_building_entrance.jpg/440px-State_University_of_Moldova_main_building_entrance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4128" data-file-height="3096" /></a><figcaption>Main building entrance of the <a href="/wiki/Moldova_State_University" title="Moldova State University">Moldova State University</a>.</figcaption></figure> The main higher education institutions in Moldova are the <a href="/wiki/Moldova_State_University" title="Moldova State University">Moldova State University</a> (est. 1946) and the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Sciences_of_Moldova" title="Academy of Sciences of Moldova">Academy of Sciences of Moldova</a> (est. 1961), both of which are located in <a href="/wiki/Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u" title="Chișinău">Chișinău</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Economic_Studies_of_Moldova" title="Academy of Economic Studies of Moldova">Academy of Economic Studies of Moldova</a> (est. 1991) has featured on the <a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education_World_University_Rankings" title="Times Higher Education World University Rankings">Times Higher Education World University Rankings</a> and has educated a number of national leaders including current <a href="/wiki/President_of_Moldova" title="President of Moldova">President of Moldova</a> <a href="/wiki/Maia_Sandu" title="Maia Sandu">Maia Sandu</a> and leader of the opposition <a href="/wiki/Igor_Dodon" title="Igor Dodon">Igor Dodon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-202">[197]</a> Other important universities include the <a href="/wiki/Ion_Creang%C4%83_State_Pedagogical_University_of_Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u" title="Ion Creangă State Pedagogical University of Chișinău">Ion Creangă State Pedagogical University of Chișinău</a> (est. 1940), <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Testemi%C8%9Banu_State_University_of_Medicine_and_Pharmacy" title="Nicolae Testemițanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy">Nicolae Testemițanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy</a> (est. 1945), and the <a href="/wiki/Technical_University_of_Moldova" title="Technical University of Moldova">Technical University of Moldova</a> (est. 1964). Women account for 59.1% of students in higher education, and 70.1% of all foreign students in <a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_education" title="Postgraduate education">doctoral programmes</a> in Moldova. 32.3% of employed women in Moldova have received higher education, compared to 24.5% of men, and 16.9% specialised secondary education compared to 11.3% of men.<a href="#cite_note-National_Bureau_of_Statistics_of_the_Republic_of_Moldova-183">[178]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regional_differences_and_tensions">Regional differences and tensions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Transnistria_conflict" title="Transnistria conflict">Transnistria conflict</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gagauzia" title="Gagauzia">Gagauzia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Moldova_and_Romania" title="Unification of Moldova and Romania">Unification of Moldova and Romania</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Transnistria_Tank_Bender.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Transnistria_Tank_Bender.JPG/220px-Transnistria_Tank_Bender.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Transnistria_Tank_Bender.JPG/330px-Transnistria_Tank_Bender.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Transnistria_Tank_Bender.JPG/440px-Transnistria_Tank_Bender.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>Tank in <a href="/wiki/Bender,_Moldova" title="Bender, Moldova">Bender, Moldova</a></figcaption></figure> Since independence, Moldova characterised by a substantial range of profound regional differences across its internationally recognised territory. Since <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_of_the_Republic_of_Moldova" title="Independence Day of the Republic of Moldova">independence</a>, the country has struggled with issues of national identity, geopolitical strategy, and alliances, often torn between <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> to the west and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federation">Russian Federation</a> to the east. Most notably, in eastern Moldova is the unrecognised breakaway state of <a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a>, which lies on the eastern bank of the <a href="/wiki/Dniester" title="Dniester">Dniester</a> river and borders <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, which has pursued close diplomatic, military, and economic ties with Russia <a href="/wiki/Transnistria_War" title="Transnistria War">since 1992</a>, with more than a thousand Russian soldiers stationed in the region. This has proved particularly difficult following <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russia's invasion of Ukraine</a> in 2022, as Transnistria's position on Ukraine's south-western flank and its hosting of more than a thousand Russian soldiers poses a potential threat to Ukraine's war efforts. The European Union's <a href="/wiki/High_Representative_of_the_Union_for_Foreign_Affairs_and_Security_Policy" title="High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy">High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy</a> <a href="/wiki/Josep_Borrell" title="Josep Borrell">Josep Borrell</a> has confirmed that the pathway to accession does not depend upon a resolution of the <a href="/wiki/Transnistria_conflict" title="Transnistria conflict">Transnistria conflict</a>.<a href="#cite_note-RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty-68">[63]</a> There is further the issue of the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_territorial_unit" title="Autonomous territorial unit">autonomous territorial unit</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gagauzia" title="Gagauzia">Gagauzia</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Gagauz_people" title="Gagauz people">Gagauz people</a> are a <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic-speaking</a> people spread between southern Moldova and the south-west of Ukraine. While their exact origin is considered obscure, they have a strong sense of ethnic identity distinct from that of Moldova, Romania, and Ukraine, with a <a href="/wiki/Gagauz_language" title="Gagauz language">distinctive language</a> and cultural traditions. They are nevertheless a heavily <a href="/wiki/Russification" title="Russification">Russified</a> group.<a href="#cite_note-Harrington-2023-203">[198]</a> Support for integration with Romania and the European Union is substantially lower among Gagauzians than among the broader Moldovan population. In 2014, shortly before the Republic of Moldova signed its EU Association Agreement, nearly 99 per cent of Gagauzians voted in a referendum "to reject closer links with Europe in favour of joining the Russian-led Eurasian Economic Union."<a href="#cite_note-Harrington-2022-204">[199]</a> In 2015, "just over half of Gagauzians voted for the Russian-backed socialist candidate <a href="/wiki/Irina_Vlah" title="Irina Vlah">Irina Vlakh</a> as governor."<a href="#cite_note-Harrington-2022-204">[199]</a> Gagauzia continues to represent a serious challenge both to Moldova's territorial sovereignty and political stability due to Russia's systemic involvement in the region, especially by backing pro-Russian local parties and leadership candidates.<a href="#cite_note-Harrington-2023-203">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[200]</a> The <a href="/wiki/European_Centre_for_Minority_Issues" title="European Centre for Minority Issues">European Centre for Minority Issues</a> has also highlighted the role of supposedly-neutral NGO groups in Gagauzia as a new front in Russia's <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_warfare" title="Hybrid warfare">hybrid-war</a> against both Moldova and Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-Harrington-2023-203">[198]</a> The region's current local leader, <a href="/wiki/Evghenia_Gu%C8%9Bul" title="Evghenia Guțul">Evghenia Guțul</a>, in July 2023 thanked the fugitive Moldovan <a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">oligarch</a> <a href="/wiki/Ilan_Shor" title="Ilan Shor">Ilan Shor</a>, leader of the outlawed Moldovan pro-Russian opposition <a href="/wiki/%C8%98or_Party" title="Șor Party">Șor Party</a>, for his personal and financial support and his "willingness to do what it takes so that we may fulfil our election promises", and expressed a desire for deeper diplomatic ties with Russia.<a href="#cite_note-206">[201]</a> There is also <a href="/wiki/Controversy_over_ethnic_and_linguistic_identity_in_Moldova" title="Controversy over ethnic and linguistic identity in Moldova">substantial controversy</a> over ethnic and linguistic identity in Moldova concerning whether the <a href="/wiki/Moldovan_language" title="Moldovan language">Moldovan language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moldovans" title="Moldovans">Moldovan people</a> constitute separate linguistic and ethnic groups to the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian language</a> and Romanian people. The possibility of the <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Moldova_and_Romania" title="Unification of Moldova and Romania">unification of Moldova and Romania</a> has remained a popular topic in both countries since Moldova's independence in 1991. Romania and Moldova enjoy exceptionally strong <a href="/wiki/Moldova%E2%80%93Romania_relations" title="Moldova–Romania relations">diplomatic relations</a>. Romania supports Moldova's rapid accession to the European Union, provides vast economic assistance to Moldova's struggling economy, and provided up to 90% of Moldova's energy needs via discounted capped prices as Moldova sought to reduce its reliance on Russian oil and natural gas.<a href="#cite_note-207">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[203]</a> Relations have strengthened further since Russia's invasion of Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-209">[204]</a> Up to 74% of the Romanian public and more than 40% of the Moldovan public would support Moldova being integrated into Romania in one form or another, though most in either country believe that 'now is not the right time'.<a href="#cite_note-210">[205]</a> A 2022 survey during the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> indicated that only 11% of Romania's population supports an immediate union, while over 42% think it is not the moment.<a href="#cite_note-211">[206]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Moldova" title="Culture of Moldova">Culture of Moldova</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:145px;max-width:145px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:201px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Eminescu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Eminescu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Eminescu.jpg/143px-Eminescu.jpg" decoding="async" width="143" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Eminescu.jpg/215px-Eminescu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Eminescu.jpg/286px-Eminescu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1126" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Mihai_Eminescu" title="Mihai Eminescu">Mihai Eminescu</a>, the national poet of Moldova and Romania</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:143px;max-width:143px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:201px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Dimitrie_Cantemir_-_portrait_from_Descriptio_Moldaviae,_1716.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Cantemir" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Dimitrie_Cantemir_-_portrait_from_Descriptio_Moldaviae%2C_1716.jpg/141px-Dimitrie_Cantemir_-_portrait_from_Descriptio_Moldaviae%2C_1716.jpg" decoding="async" width="141" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Dimitrie_Cantemir_-_portrait_from_Descriptio_Moldaviae%2C_1716.jpg/212px-Dimitrie_Cantemir_-_portrait_from_Descriptio_Moldaviae%2C_1716.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Dimitrie_Cantemir_-_portrait_from_Descriptio_Moldaviae%2C_1716.jpg/282px-Dimitrie_Cantemir_-_portrait_from_Descriptio_Moldaviae%2C_1716.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3099" data-file-height="4448" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Dimitrie_Cantemir" title="Dimitrie Cantemir">Dimitrie Cantemir</a>, Moldavian scholar of the early Enlightenment</div></div></div></div></div> Moldova's cultural tradition has been influenced primarily by the <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Romanians" title="Origin of the Romanians">Romanian origins</a> of its majority population, the roots of which go back to the second century AD, the period of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> colonization in <a href="/wiki/Dacia" title="Dacia">Dacia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-culture-212">[207]</a> Located geographically at the crossroads of <a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Latin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic people">Slavic</a> and other cultures, Moldova has enriched its own culture adopting and maintaining traditions of neighbouring regions and of other influential sources.<a href="#cite_note-213">[208]</a> The largest ethnic group, which had come to identify itself widely as "Moldovan" by the 14th century, played a significant role in the shaping of <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Romania#Classical_age" title="Culture of Romania">classical Romanian culture</a>. The culture has been also influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> culture, the neighbouring Magyar and Slavic populations, and later by the Ottoman Turks. A strong Western European influence in Moldovan literature and arts was prevalent in the 19th century. During the periods 1812–1917 and 1944–89, Moldovans were influenced by Russian and Soviet administrative control as well and by ethnic Russian immigration.<a href="#cite_note-culture-212">[207]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:International_Children%27s_Day_Celebrations_in_Chisinau,_Moldova_(7688594362_cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/International_Children%27s_Day_Celebrations_in_Chisinau%2C_Moldova_%287688594362_cropped%29.jpg/220px-International_Children%27s_Day_Celebrations_in_Chisinau%2C_Moldova_%287688594362_cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/International_Children%27s_Day_Celebrations_in_Chisinau%2C_Moldova_%287688594362_cropped%29.jpg/330px-International_Children%27s_Day_Celebrations_in_Chisinau%2C_Moldova_%287688594362_cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/International_Children%27s_Day_Celebrations_in_Chisinau%2C_Moldova_%287688594362_cropped%29.jpg/440px-International_Children%27s_Day_Celebrations_in_Chisinau%2C_Moldova_%287688594362_cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1313" data-file-height="877" /></a><figcaption>Moldovans wearing <a href="/wiki/Romanian_dress" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian dress">national costumes</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u" title="Chișinău">Chișinău</a></figcaption></figure> The country's cultural heritage was marked by numerous churches and monasteries built by the Moldavian ruler <a href="/wiki/Stephen_the_Great" title="Stephen the Great">Stephen the Great</a> in the 15th century, by the works of the later renaissance Metropolitans <a href="/wiki/Varlaam,_Metropolitan_of_Moscow" title="Varlaam, Metropolitan of Moscow">Varlaam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dosoftei" title="Dosoftei">Dosoftei</a>, and those of scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Grigore_Ureche" title="Grigore Ureche">Grigore Ureche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miron_Costin" title="Miron Costin">Miron Costin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Milescu" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicolae Milescu">Nicolae Milescu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dimitrie_Cantemir" title="Dimitrie Cantemir">Dimitrie Cantemir</a><a href="#cite_note-fn6-214">[f]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ion_Neculce" title="Ion Neculce">Ion Neculce</a>. In the 19th century, Moldavians from the territories of the medieval Principality of <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a>, divided into <a href="/wiki/Bessarabia" title="Bessarabia">Bessarabia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bukovina" title="Bukovina">Bukovina</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Western_Moldavia" title="Western Moldavia">Western Moldavia</a> (after 1859, Romania), made a significant contribution to the formation of the modern Romanian culture. Among these were many Bessarabians, such as <a href="/wiki/Alecu_Donici" title="Alecu Donici">Alexandru Donici</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexandru_H%C3%A2jdeu" title="Alexandru Hâjdeu">Alexandru Hâjdeu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bogdan_Petriceicu_Hasdeu" title="Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu">Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constantin_Stamati" title="Constantin Stamati">Constantin Stamati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constantin_Stamati-Ciurea" title="Constantin Stamati-Ciurea">Constantin Stamati-Ciurea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Costache_Negruzzi" class="mw-redirect" title="Costache Negruzzi">Costache Negruzzi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alecu_Russo" title="Alecu Russo">Alecu Russo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constantin_Stere" title="Constantin Stere">Constantin Stere</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mihai_Eminescu" title="Mihai Eminescu">Mihai Eminescu</a>, a late <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romantic</a> poet, and <a href="/wiki/Ion_Creang%C4%83_(writer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ion Creangă (writer)">Ion Creangă</a>, a writer, are the most influential <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian language</a> artists, considered national writers both in Romania and Moldova.<a href="#cite_note-215">[209]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Moldovan_cuisine" title="Moldovan cuisine">Moldovan cuisine</a></div> Moldova's fertile soil (<a href="/wiki/Chernozem" title="Chernozem">chernozem</a>) produces plentiful <a href="/wiki/Grapes" class="mw-redirect" title="Grapes">grapes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fruits" class="mw-redirect" title="Fruits">fruits</a>, vegetables, <a href="/wiki/Food_grain" class="mw-redirect" title="Food grain">grains</a>, meat, and milk products, all of which have found their uses in the national cuisine. The fertile black soil combined with the use of traditional agricultural methods permits the growth of a wide range of foods in Moldova. Moldovan cuisine is similar to neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Romanian_cuisine" title="Romanian cuisine">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, and the regions share many traditional dishes in common, often with regional variations. Moldovan cuisine has historically been particularly influenced by elements of <a href="/wiki/Russian_cuisine" title="Russian cuisine">Russian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_cuisine" title="Turkish cuisine">Turkish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_cuisine" title="Ukrainian cuisine">Ukrainian cuisine</a>. Main dishes often include beef, pork, <a href="/wiki/Potatoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Potatoes">potatoes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cabbage" title="Cabbage">cabbage</a>, and a variety of <a href="/wiki/Cereals" class="mw-redirect" title="Cereals">cereals</a>. Popular alcoholic beverages are <a href="/wiki/Moldovan_wine#Divin" title="Moldovan wine">divin</a> (Moldovan <a href="/wiki/Brandy" title="Brandy">brandy</a>), beer, and <a href="/wiki/Moldovan_wine" title="Moldovan wine">wine</a>—of which the country is known for making high-quality offerings.<a href="#cite_note-216">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[211]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M%C4%83m%C4%83lig%C4%832020-02-12.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Mămăligă" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/M%C4%83m%C4%83lig%C4%832020-02-12.jpg/300px-M%C4%83m%C4%83lig%C4%832020-02-12.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/M%C4%83m%C4%83lig%C4%832020-02-12.jpg/450px-M%C4%83m%C4%83lig%C4%832020-02-12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/M%C4%83m%C4%83lig%C4%832020-02-12.jpg/600px-M%C4%83m%C4%83lig%C4%832020-02-12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1079" data-file-height="701" /></a><figcaption>Mămăligă</figcaption></figure> There are several traditional Moldovan dishes. <a href="/wiki/Pl%C4%83cint%C4%83" title="Plăcintă">Plăcinte</a> are stuffed and deep-fried pastries with fillings such as soft cheese (often <a href="/wiki/Urd%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdă">Urdă</a>), cabbage, potatoes, apples, sour cherries and others, either sweet or savoury.<a href="#cite_note-218">[212]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sarma_(food)" title="Sarma (food)">Sarmale</a> is a typical Moldovan dish usually consisting of cabbage leaves stuffed with rice, peppers, carrots, meat, and baked in oil. Regional variations can also be found in other former parts of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. <a href="/wiki/M%C4%83m%C4%83lig%C4%83" title="Mămăligă">Mămăligă</a> is another staple, a kind of <a href="/wiki/Porridge" title="Porridge">porridge</a> made from yellow maize flour, and is popular in other countries but often named <a href="/wiki/Polenta" title="Polenta">polenta</a>, often served with <a href="/wiki/Sheep_milk_cheese" title="Sheep milk cheese">sheep's cheese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sour_cream" title="Sour cream">sour cream</a>. Plachyndy is a kind of flatbread often made with <a href="/wiki/Kefir" title="Kefir">kefir</a> or <a href="/wiki/Buttermilk" title="Buttermilk">buttermilk</a>, wrapped around herbs and pan-fried in oil.<a href="#cite_note-219">[213]</a> Zeamă is a thin chicken soup, typically consists of homemade chicken broth that is prepared with a smaller whole chicken, water, thin homemade egg noodles (tăiței de casă), and a variety of finely chopped vegetables and herbs.<a href="#cite_note-220">[214]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bryndza" title="Bryndza">Brynza</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Soft_cheese" class="mw-redirect" title="Soft cheese">soft</a> <a href="/wiki/Sheep_milk_cheese" title="Sheep milk cheese">sheep</a>/<a href="/wiki/Goat_cheese" title="Goat cheese">goat cheese</a> with a crumbly texture and tangy taste, mostly produced and popular in <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>, Romania, and Moldova, and often used in salads, pies, and dumplings.<a href="#cite_note-221">[215]</a> <a href="/wiki/Borscht" title="Borscht">Borscht</a>, a sour Eastern European soup made from beetroots, meat stock and vegetables, is also popular and commonly served in Moldova. As with other parts of the region, <a href="/wiki/Pierogi" title="Pierogi">pierogi</a> (known as chiroște in Moldova) are another traditional staple and are often stuffed with a soft cheese in Moldova. The dough is made with <a href="/wiki/Wheat_flour" title="Wheat flour">wheat flour</a> and is boiled in salted water, pan-fried in oil or baked in the oven.<a href="#cite_note-222">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-223">[217]</a> <a href="/wiki/Medovik" title="Medovik">Medovik</a>, a cake of Russian origin (and called Tort Smetanik in Moldova) is a popular layered cake with <a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">honey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Smetana_(dairy_product)" title="Smetana (dairy product)">smetana</a> (sour cream) or <a href="/wiki/Condensed_milk" title="Condensed milk">condensed milk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-224">[218]</a> Total recorded adult alcohol consumption is approximately evenly split between spirits, beer and wine. Notably, Moldova has among the highest alcohol consumption per capita in world, at 15.2 litres (4.0 US gal) of pure alcohol imbibed in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-225">[219]</a> This has fallen somewhat in recent years, but it remains a serious ongoing health concern.<a href="#cite_note-226">[220]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Holidays">Holidays</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Moldova" title="Public holidays in Moldova">Public holidays in Moldova</a></div> Most retail businesses close on New Year's Day and <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_of_the_Republic_of_Moldova" title="Independence Day of the Republic of Moldova">Independence Day</a>, but remain open on all other holidays. Christmas is celebrated either on 7 January, the traditional date in <a href="/wiki/Old_Calendarists" title="Old Calendarists">Old Calendarists</a> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Churches</a>, or on 25 December, with both dates being recognized as public holidays.<a href="#cite_note-227">[221]</a> On 1 March features <a href="/wiki/M%C4%83r%C8%9Bi%C8%99or" title="Mărțișor">mărțișor</a> gifting, which is a tradition that females are gifted with a type of talisman that is given for good luck.<a href="#cite_note-228">[222]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Moldova" title="Music of Moldova">Music of Moldova</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moldova_at_ESC_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Moldova_at_ESC_2011.jpg/220px-Moldova_at_ESC_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Moldova_at_ESC_2011.jpg/330px-Moldova_at_ESC_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Moldova_at_ESC_2011.jpg/440px-Moldova_at_ESC_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1065" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Zdob_%C8%99i_Zdub" title="Zdob și Zdub">Zdob și Zdub</a> performing at the <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2011" title="Eurovision Song Contest 2011">2011 Eurovision Song Contest</a>.</figcaption></figure> Among Moldova's most prominent composers are <a href="/wiki/Gavriil_Musicescu" title="Gavriil Musicescu">Gavriil Musicescu</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C8%98tefan_Neaga" title="Ștefan Neaga">Ștefan Neaga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eugen_Doga" title="Eugen Doga">Eugen Doga</a>. In the field of pop music, Moldova has produced the band <a href="/wiki/O-Zone" title="O-Zone">O-Zone</a>, who came to prominence in 2003, with their hit song "<a href="/wiki/Dragostea_Din_Tei" class="mw-redirect" title="Dragostea Din Tei">Dragostea Din Tei</a>", which topped multiple notable single charts. Moldova has been participating in the <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="Eurovision Song Contest">Eurovision Song Contest</a> since 2005. Another popular band from Moldova is <a href="/wiki/Zdob_%C8%99i_Zdub" title="Zdob și Zdub">Zdob și Zdub</a> that represented the country in the <a href="/wiki/2005_Eurovision_Song_Contest" class="mw-redirect" title="2005 Eurovision Song Contest">2005 Eurovision Song Contest</a>, finishing sixth, also in 2021, with a similar result. In May 2007, <a href="/wiki/Natalia_Barbu" title="Natalia Barbu">Natalia Barbu</a> represented Moldova in Helsinki at the <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2007" title="Eurovision Song Contest 2007">Eurovision Song Contest 2007</a> with her entry "<a href="/wiki/Fight_(Natalia_Barbu_song)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fight (Natalia Barbu song)">Fight</a>". Natalia squeezed into the final by a very small margin. She took tenth place with 109 points. Then <a href="/wiki/Zdob_%C8%99i_Zdub" title="Zdob și Zdub">Zdob și Zdub</a> again represented Moldova in the <a href="/wiki/2011_Eurovision_Song_Contest" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Eurovision Song Contest">2011 Eurovision Song Contest</a> finishing 12th. The band <a href="/wiki/SunStroke_Project" title="SunStroke Project">SunStroke Project</a> with <a href="/wiki/Olia_Tira" title="Olia Tira">Olia Tira</a> represented the country in the <a href="/wiki/2010_Eurovision_Song_Contest" class="mw-redirect" title="2010 Eurovision Song Contest">2010 Eurovision Song Contest</a> with their hit song "<a href="/wiki/Run_Away_(SunStroke_Project_and_Olia_Tira_song)" title="Run Away (SunStroke Project and Olia Tira song)">Run Away</a>". Their performance gained international notoriety as an <a href="/wiki/Internet_meme" title="Internet meme">internet meme</a> due to the pelvic thrusting and dancing of Sergey Stepanov, the band saxophonist. He has been dubbed "<a href="/wiki/Epic_Sax_Guy" class="mw-redirect" title="Epic Sax Guy">Epic Sax Guy</a>". SunStroke Project featured again in the 2017 Eurovision entry "Hey Mama" which got third place.<a href="#cite_note-229">[223]</a> In 2015 a new musical project by the name of <a href="/wiki/Carla%27s_Dreams" title="Carla's Dreams">Carla's Dreams</a> has risen in popularity around Moldova. <a href="/wiki/Carla%27s_Dreams" title="Carla's Dreams">Carla's Dreams</a> reached the top charts in multiple countries in Europe with the release of their song "Sub Pielea Mea" in 2016. The song received a lot of airplay and reached number one place on the charts in Moldova as well as Russia. The group is still active and released their latest album in 2017. The theme of the musical group is "Anonymous" as they perform with painted faces, hoodies and sunglasses. The identity of the group members is still unknown. Among most prominent classical musicians in Moldova are <a href="/wiki/Maria_Bie%C8%99u" title="Maria Bieșu">Maria Bieșu</a>, one of the leading world's sopranos and the winner of the Japan International Competition; pianist <a href="/wiki/Mark_Zeltser" title="Mark Zeltser">Mark Zeltser</a>, winner of the USSR National Competition, <a href="/wiki/Long-Thibaud-Crespin_Competition" title="Long-Thibaud-Crespin Competition">Long-Thibaud-Crespin Competition</a> in Paris and Busoni Competition in Bolzano, Italy. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Media_of_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Moldova">Media of Moldova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Television_in_Moldova" title="Television in Moldova">Television in Moldova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Moldova" title="Cinema of Moldova">Cinema of Moldova</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Moldova" title="List of newspapers in Moldova">List of newspapers in Moldova</a></div> The right to <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a> and <a href="/wiki/Right_to_information" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to information">right to information</a> are guaranteed by the <a href="/wiki/Moldovan_constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Moldovan constitution">Moldovan constitution</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders" title="Reporters Without Borders">Reporters Without Borders</a> improved Moldova's <a href="/wiki/World_Press_Freedom_Index" title="World Press Freedom Index">Press Freedom Index</a> ranking to 28th in 2023 from 89th in 2020, partly due to government legal reforms which made it easier for journalists to access official information.<a href="#cite_note-230">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[225]</a> However, they cautioned that "Moldova's media are diverse but extremely polarised, like the country itself, which is marked by political instability and excessive influence by oligarchs." Moldova's media are divided into pro-Russian and pro-Western camps and on party political lines.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News-2022-232">[226]</a> Oligarchs and political leaders strongly influence their editorial stances. Television remains the most popular and trusted medium, while online social media is exerting increasing influence. Most private <a href="/wiki/FM_broadcasting" title="FM broadcasting">FM radio networks</a> rebroadcast output from Russian and Romanian stations.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News-2022-232">[226]</a> The first <a href="/wiki/Public_broadcasting" title="Public broadcasting">publicly funded national radio broadcaster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radio_Moldova" title="Radio Moldova">Radio Moldova</a>, has been broadcasting since 1939 from the capital city, Chişinău. <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a> is also widely available. Moldova's state-owned national radio-TV broadcaster is <a href="/wiki/Teleradio-Moldova" title="Teleradio-Moldova">Teleradio-Moldova</a> (TRM), which broadcasts the TV channel <a href="/wiki/Moldova_1" title="Moldova 1">Moldova 1</a>. There were 3 million internet users by July 2022, approximately 76% of the population, and digital infrastructure is well-developed, with 98% <a href="/wiki/4G" title="4G">4G</a> coverage of territory. There are a number of daily and weekly newspapers published in Moldova, among the most popular being <a href="/wiki/Timpul_de_diminea%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Timpul de dimineață">Timpul de dimineață</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moldova_Suveran%C4%83" title="Moldova Suverană">Moldova Suverană</a>, but print media has an overall small audience in Moldova. <a href="/wiki/Independent_media" title="Independent media">Independent media</a> are struggling to ensure financial sustainability in the face of diminishing advertisement revenues due to inflation, economic stagnation and uncertainty caused by Russia's invasion of Ukraine. In 2022, the government removed the broadcasting licenses from six television stations for broadcasting <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Propaganda in Russia">pro-Russian propaganda</a> and disinformation about <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russia's invasion of Ukraine</a> in violation of the country's Audiovisual Services Code.<a href="#cite_note-233">[227]</a> The government stated that this was done in order to "prevent the risk of disinformation or attempts to manipulate public opinion".<a href="#cite_note-234">[228]</a> All six were either owned or affiliated with <a href="/wiki/Ilan_Shor" title="Ilan Shor">Ilan Șhor</a>, a fugitive pro-Russian politician and businessman who fled to Israel in 2019 after being convicted of fraud and money-laundering and sentenced to 15 years in prison in absentia.<a href="#cite_note-235">[229]</a> In October 2023 Orizont TV, ITV, Prime, Publika TV, Canal 2 and Canal 3 were also banned for undermining the local elections as well as blocking a number of Russian media outlets which includes the news agencies TASS and Interfax.<a href="#cite_note-236">[230]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Moldova" title="Cinema of Moldova">cinema of Moldova</a> developed in the 1960s during the Soviet period, nurturing a small but lively film industry.<a href="#cite_note-Johnson-2018-237">[231]</a> Following the collapse of the Soviet Union and Moldova's independence, the country's economic stagnation and poverty has hampered the Moldovan film industry.<a href="#cite_note-Johnson-2018-237">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-238">[232]</a> Nevertheless, some films have seen some international success. Perhaps best-known are <a href="/wiki/L%C4%83utarii" title="Lăutarii">Lăutarii</a> (1972), written and directed by Moldovan film-maker <a href="/wiki/Emil_Loteanu" title="Emil Loteanu">Emil Loteanu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wedding_in_Bessarabia" title="Wedding in Bessarabia">Wedding in Bessarabia</a> (2009), which was co-produced by Romania, Moldova, and Luxembourg. In recent years Moldovan cinema has gained greater international attention. Carbon (2022), directed by Ion Borş, received positive acclaim by magazines such as Variety.<a href="#cite_note-239">[233]</a> It was the winner of the <a href="/wiki/Transilvania_International_Film_Festival" title="Transilvania International Film Festival">Transilvania International Film Festival</a>'s Audience Award.<a href="#cite_note-240">[234]</a> For the 37th edition of the <a href="/wiki/Fribourg_International_Film_Festival" title="Fribourg International Film Festival">Fribourg International Film Festival</a>, Moldova was featured in its 'New Territory' section, which celebrates little-known film-making cultures.<a href="#cite_note-241">[235]</a> In July 2022, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a> announced that it would be using state-of-the-art equipment to transfer more than 1,600 films from the <a href="/wiki/Moldova-Film" title="Moldova-Film">Moldova-Film</a> archive for posterity and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_preservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural preservation">cultural preservation</a>. The United States assisted by equipping in 2021 a <a href="/wiki/Digitization" title="Digitization">digitization</a> laboratory to restore and preserve its archive feature and documentary films, representing an important part of Moldova's historical, cultural, and artistic heritage, and many of the films were broadcast on national TV with Romanian subtitles.<a href="#cite_note-242">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-243">[237]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Moldova" title="Sport in Moldova">Sport in Moldova</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AUT_vs._MDA_2015-09-05_(006).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/AUT_vs._MDA_2015-09-05_%28006%29.jpg/220px-AUT_vs._MDA_2015-09-05_%28006%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/AUT_vs._MDA_2015-09-05_%28006%29.jpg/330px-AUT_vs._MDA_2015-09-05_%28006%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/AUT_vs._MDA_2015-09-05_%28006%29.jpg/440px-AUT_vs._MDA_2015-09-05_%28006%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Moldova_national_football_team" title="Moldova national football team">Moldova national football team</a> in 2015</figcaption></figure> Association football is the most popular team sport in Moldova. The governing body is the <a href="/wiki/Moldovan_Football_Federation" title="Moldovan Football Federation">Moldovan Football Federation</a>, which belongs to <a href="/wiki/UEFA" title="UEFA">UEFA</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Moldova_national_football_team" title="Moldova national football team">Moldova national football team</a> played its first match in 1994, but never qualified to the <a href="/wiki/UEFA_European_Championship" title="UEFA European Championship">UEFA European Championship</a>. The most successful football club is <a href="/wiki/FC_Sheriff_Tiraspol" title="FC Sheriff Tiraspol">Sheriff Tiraspol</a>, the first and only Moldovan club to qualify for the group stage of the <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League" title="UEFA Champions League">Champions League</a> and the <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Europa_League" title="UEFA Europa League">Europa League</a>. Other winners of the <a href="/wiki/Moldovan_National_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Moldovan National Division">Moldovan National Division</a> include <a href="/wiki/FC_Zimbru_Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u" title="FC Zimbru Chișinău">Zimbru Chișinău</a>, <a href="/wiki/FC_Dacia_Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u" title="FC Dacia Chișinău">Dacia Chișinău</a>, <a href="/wiki/FC_Tiraspol" title="FC Tiraspol">FC Tiraspol</a> and <a href="/wiki/FC_Milsami_Orhei" title="FC Milsami Orhei">Milsami Orhei</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%AEnt%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Trîntă">Trîntă</a> (a form of <a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">wrestling</a>) is the national sport in Moldova. <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">Rugby union</a> is popular as well. More than 10,000 supporters turn out for home internationals. Since 2004, playing numbers at all levels have more than doubled to 3,200. Despite the hardships and deprivations the national team are ranked 34th in the world.<a href="#cite_note-244">[238]</a> The most prestigious <a href="/wiki/Cycling_race" class="mw-redirect" title="Cycling race">cycling race</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Moldova_President%27s_Cup" title="Moldova President's Cup">Moldova President's Cup</a>, which was first run in 2004. In chess, the Republic of Moldova has several international masters, among which can be mentioned <a href="/wiki/Viorel_Iord%C4%83chescu" class="mw-redirect" title="Viorel Iordăchescu">Viorel Iordăchescu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Svetushkin" title="Dmitry Svetushkin">Dmitry Svetushkin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Victor_Bologan" title="Victor Bologan">Viorel Bologan</a>. <a href="/wiki/Radu_Albot" title="Radu Albot">Radu Albot</a> is one of the most successful Moldovan tennis players, with <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Tennis_Professionals" title="Association of Tennis Professionals">ATP</a> singles (<a href="/wiki/2019_Delray_Beach_Open_%E2%80%93_Singles" title="2019 Delray Beach Open – Singles">2019 Delray Beach Open</a>) and doubles (<a href="/wiki/2015_Istanbul_Open_%E2%80%93_Doubles" title="2015 Istanbul Open – Doubles">2015 Istanbul Open</a>) titles. Athletes from Moldova have won European medals in <a href="/wiki/Track_and_field" title="Track and field">athletics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biathlon" title="Biathlon">biathlon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a>, and gymnastics; world medals in <a href="/wiki/Archery" title="Archery">archery</a>, judo, swimming, and <a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">taekwondo</a>; as well as Olympic medals in <a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">boxing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canoeing" title="Canoeing">canoeing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shooting_sports" title="Shooting sports">shooting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olympic_weightlifting" title="Olympic weightlifting">weightlifting</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Amateur_wrestling" title="Amateur wrestling">wrestling</a>. Moldova made its Olympic debut at the <a href="/wiki/1994_Winter_Olympics" title="1994 Winter Olympics">1994 Winter Olympics</a> in Lillehammer. Olympic medalists include <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Mureiko" title="Sergei Mureiko">Sergei Mureiko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oleg_Moldovan" title="Oleg Moldovan">Oleg Moldovan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitalie_Gru%C8%99ac" title="Vitalie Grușac">Vitalie Grușac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veaceslav_Gojan" title="Veaceslav Gojan">Veaceslav Gojan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Serghei_Tarnovschi" title="Serghei Tarnovschi">Serghei Tarnovschi</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Juravschi" title="Nicolae Juravschi">Nicolae Juravschi</a> represented the Soviet Union at the <a href="/wiki/1988_Summer_Olympics" title="1988 Summer Olympics">1988 Seoul Games</a>, winning two medals. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/32px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/48px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/64px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="900" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Moldova" title="Portal:Moldova">Moldova portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Europe" title="Portal:Europe">Europe portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:P_countries-vector.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/P_countries-vector.svg/31px-P_countries-vector.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/P_countries-vector.svg/47px-P_countries-vector.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/P_countries-vector.svg/62px-P_countries-vector.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Countries" title="Portal:Countries">Countries portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Moldova" title="Outline of Moldova">Outline of Moldova</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-coeli-7"><a href="#cite_ref-coeli_7-0">^</a> There is <a href="/wiki/Controversy_over_ethnic_and_linguistic_identity_in_Moldova" title="Controversy over ethnic and linguistic identity in Moldova">a controversy</a> over the self-identification of Moldovans, with some authors considering them ethnic Romanians. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a> area, accepted by the Moldovan government and the <a href="/wiki/Tiraspol" title="Tiraspol">Tiraspol</a> authorities for <a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a>, is 3,509.6 square kilometers.<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> The de facto area administered by Transnistria is 3,653 square kilometers, while the area claimed by Transnistria is 4,163 square kilometers. </li> <li id="cite_note-data1-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-data1_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-data1_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-data1_12-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-data1_12-3">d</a> Excludes data for <a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/mɒlˈdoʊvə/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/df\/En-us-Moldova.ogg\/En-us-Moldova.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Moldova.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/df/En-us-Moldova.ogg/En-us-Moldova.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Moldova.ogg" title="File:En-us-Moldova.ogg">ⓘ</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">mol-DOH-və</a>, sometimes <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈmɒldəvə/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">MOL-də-və</a>;<a href="#cite_note-16">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[15]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">Romanian pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Romanian" title="Help:IPA/Romanian">[molˈdova]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>: Republica Moldova </li> <li id="cite_note-fn6-214"><a href="#cite_ref-fn6_214-0">^</a> Prince <a href="/wiki/Dimitrie_Cantemir" title="Dimitrie Cantemir">Dimitrie Cantemir</a> was one of the most important figures of the Moldavian culture of the 18th century. He wrote the first geographical, ethnographic, and economic description of the country. (in Latin) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Descriptio_Moldaviae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Descriptio Moldaviae (page does not exist)">Descriptio Moldaviae</a>, (Berlin, 1714), <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/la:Descriptio_Moldaviae" class="extiw" title="s:la:Descriptio Moldaviae">at Latin Wikisource</a>. </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parlament.md/CadrulLegal/Constitution/tabid/151/language/ro-RO/Default.aspx">"Constituția Republicii Moldova, articolul 13: (1) Limba de stat a Republicii Moldova este limba română, funcționând pe baza grafiei latine. (pag.25)"</a> (in Romanian). Parlamentul Republicii Moldova. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405142436/https://www.parlament.md/CadrulLegal/Constitution/tabid/151/language/ro-RO/Default.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 5 April 2023. Retrieved 5 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constitu%C8%9Bia+Republicii+Moldova%2C+articolul+13%3A+%281%29+Limba+de+stat+a+Republicii+Moldova+este+limba+rom%C3%A2n%C4%83%2C+func%C8%9Bion%C3%A2nd+pe+baza+grafiei+latine.+%28pag.25%29&rft.pub=Parlamentul+Republicii+Moldova&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.parlament.md%2FCadrulLegal%2FConstitution%2Ftabid%2F151%2Flanguage%2Fro-RO%2FDefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoldova" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.presedinte.md/app/webroot/Constitutia_RM/Constitutia_RM_RO.pdf">"Constituția Republicii Moldova, articolul 13 (1), pag.25"</a> (PDF) (in Romanian). Preşedinţia Republicii Moldova. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230507121126/https://presedinte.md/app/webroot/Constitutia_RM/Constitutia_RM_RO.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 7 May 2023. Retrieved 11 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constitu%C8%9Bia+Republicii+Moldova%2C+articolul+13+%281%29%2C+pag.25&rft.pub=Pre%C5%9Fedin%C5%A3ia+Republicii+Moldova&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.presedinte.md%2Fapp%2Fwebroot%2FConstitutia_RM%2FConstitutia_RM_RO.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoldova" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deschide.md/ro/stiri/politic/78929/Pre%C8%99edintele-CCM-Constitu%C8%9Bia-nu-confer%C4%83-limbii-ruse-un-statut-deosebit-de-cel-al-altor-limbi-minoritare.htm">"Președintele CCM: Constituția conferă limbii ruse un statut deosebit de cel al altor limbi minoritare"</a>. Deschide.md. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210129050215/https://deschide.md/ro/stiri/politic/78929/Pre%C8%99edintele-CCM-Constitu%C8%9Bia-nu-confer%C4%83-limbii-ruse-un-statut-deosebit-de-cel-al-altor-limbi-minoritare.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pre%C8%99edintele+CCM%3A+Constitu%C8%9Bia+confer%C4%83+limbii+ruse+un+statut+deosebit+de+cel+al+altor+limbi+minoritare&rft.pub=Deschide.md&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdeschide.md%2Fro%2Fstiri%2Fpolitic%2F78929%2FPre%25C8%2599edintele-CCM-Constitu%25C8%259Bia-nu-confer%25C4%2583-limbii-ruse-un-statut-deosebit-de-cel-al-altor-limbi-minoritare.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoldova" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moldpres.md/news/2021/01/21/21000400">"Chişinău, (21.01.2021) Judecătorii constituționali au decis că limba rusă nu va avea statutul de limbă de comunicare interetnică pe teritoriul Republicii Moldova"</a>. 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ProTv.md. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210129092300/https://protv.md/politic/presedintele-cc-domnica-manole-explica-de-ce-a-fost-anulata-legea-cu-privire-la-statutul-special-pentru-limba-rusa-limba-de-stat-a-rm-este-limba-romana-video---2554643.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2021. 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Biroul Național de Statistică al Republicii Moldova (BNS). 8 June 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230609093011/https://statistica.gov.md/index.php/ro/numarul-populatiei-cu-resedinta-obisnuita-pe-sexe-si-grupe-9578_60448.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 June 2023. 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Retrieved 30 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Moldova&rft.btitle=Dictionary.com+Unabridged&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2FMoldova&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoldova" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> The Free Dictionary: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Moldova">Moldova</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/moldova/">"The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency"</a>. 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Retrieved 6 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Moldova+country+profile&rft.date=2012-04-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-17601580&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoldova" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIA_World_Factbook_Moldova-23"><a href="#cite_ref-CIA_World_Factbook_Moldova_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/moldova/">"Moldova"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CIA_World_Factbook" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA World Factbook">CIA World Factbook</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210105015457/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/moldova/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 January 2021. Retrieved 2 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CIA+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Moldova&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fmoldova%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoldova" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-natura2000-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-natura2000_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-natura2000_24-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.natura2000oltenita-chiciu.ro/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Moldova-Pitoreasca-Picturesque-Moldavia-pdf-Vladimir-Toncea.pdf">""Wine Road" in Republic of Moldova"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190518103311/http://www.natura2000oltenita-chiciu.ro/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Moldova-Pitoreasca-Picturesque-Moldavia-pdf-Vladimir-Toncea.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 18 May 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Wine+Road%22+in+Republic+of+Moldova&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.natura2000oltenita-chiciu.ro%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F05%2FMoldova-Pitoreasca-Picturesque-Moldavia-pdf-Vladimir-Toncea.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoldova" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61891467">"EU awards Ukraine and Moldova candidate status"</a>. BBC News. 23 June 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220623000924/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61891467">Archived</a> from the original on 23 June 2022. Retrieved 16 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=EU+awards+Ukraine+and+Moldova+candidate+status&rft.date=2022-06-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-61891467&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoldova" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2023/12/14/eu-greenlights-accession-talks-with-ukraine-and-moldova">"EU greenlights accession talks with Ukraine and Moldova"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Euronews" title="Euronews">Euronews</a>. 14 December 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231214175059/https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2023/12/14/eu-greenlights-accession-talks-with-ukraine-and-moldova">Archived</a> from the original on 14 December 2023. Retrieved 14 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Euronews&rft.atitle=EU+greenlights+accession+talks+with+Ukraine+and+Moldova&rft.date=2023-12-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.euronews.com%2Fmy-europe%2F2023%2F12%2F14%2Feu-greenlights-accession-talks-with-ukraine-and-moldova&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoldova" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynch2023" class="citation web cs1">Lynch, Suzanne (20 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.eu/article/maia-sandu-moldova-nato-alliance-joining-ukraine-war-russia-invasion/">"Time to join NATO? Moldova eyes joining 'a larger alliance'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230121000423/https://www.politico.eu/article/maia-sandu-moldova-nato-alliance-joining-ukraine-war-russia-invasion/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2023. Retrieved 2 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=Time+to+join+NATO%3F+Moldova+eyes+joining+%27a+larger+alliance%27&rft.date=2023-01-20&rft.aulast=Lynch&rft.aufirst=Suzanne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.eu%2Farticle%2Fmaia-sandu-moldova-nato-alliance-joining-ukraine-war-russia-invasion%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoldova" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/April/weo-report?c=967,921,926,&s=PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2022&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1">"GDP per capita, PPP (current international $)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220727115351/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/April/weo-report?c=967,921,926,&s=PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2022&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2022. Retrieved 27 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GDP+per+capita%2C+PPP+%28current+international+%24%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FPublications%2FWEO%2Fweo-database%2F2022%2FApril%2Fweo-report%3Fc%3D967%2C921%2C926%2C%26s%3DPPPPC%2C%26sy%3D2020%26ey%3D2022%26ssm%3D0%26scsm%3D1%26scc%3D0%26ssd%3D1%26ssc%3D0%26sic%3D0%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoldova" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Intellectual_Property_Organization2024" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization" title="World Intellectual Property Organization">World Intellectual Property Organization</a> (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2024/en/">Global Innovation Index 2024. Unlocking the Promise of Social Entrepreneurship</a>. Geneva. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.34667%2Ftind.50062">10.34667/tind.50062</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-805-3681-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-805-3681-2"><bdi>978-92-805-3681-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 22 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Innovation+Index+2024.+Unlocking+the+Promise+of+Social+Entrepreneurship&rft.place=Geneva&rft.pages=18&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.34667%2Ftind.50062&rft.isbn=978-92-805-3681-2&rft.au=World+Intellectual+Property+Organization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wipo.int%2Fweb-publications%2Fglobal-innovation-index-2024%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoldova" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131222142800/http://www.moldova.md/en/istorie/">"History"</a>. Republic of Moldova. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moldova.md/en/istorie/">the original</a> on 22 December 2013. 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Hoover Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/moldovansromania00king_0/page/13">13</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8179-9792-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8179-9792-X"><bdi>0-8179-9792-X</bdi></a>. 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Retrieved 17 February 2017. <q>...Republic of Kazakhstan, the Republic of Kirghizia, the Republic of Moldavia, the Russian Federation...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+End+of+the+Soviet+Union%3B+Text+of+Accords+by+Former+Soviet+Republics+Setting+Up+a+Commonwealth&rft.date=1991-12-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1991%2F12%2F23%2Fworld%2Fend-soviet-union-text-accords-former-soviet-republics-setting-up-commonwealth.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoldova" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-54942847">"Moldova election: Pro-EU candidate Maia Sandu wins presidency"</a>. 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Retrieved 2 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Shooting+at+Checkpoint+Raises+Tensions+in+a+Disputed+Region+Claimed+by+Moldova&rft.date=2012-01-03&rft.aulast=Barry&rft.aufirst=Ellen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F01%2F04%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fshooting-raises-tensions-between-moldova-and-russia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoldova" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?language=en&type=IM-PRESS&reference=20100907IPR81460">"EU to grant €90 million to crisis-hit Moldova"</a>. 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Retrieved 9 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Poland+will+support+Moldova+in+its+European+integration+efforts&rft.pub=Moldova+Azi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.azi.md%2Fen%2Fstory%2F9504&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoldova" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140407072652/http://www.agerpres.ro/news-of-the-day/2012/03/04/first-meeting-of-romania-and-rep-of-moldova-governments-concluded-with-initialling-of-several-bilateral-agreements-13-27-18">"First meeting of Romania and Rep. of Moldova Governments, concluded with initialling of several bilateral agreements"</a>. agerpres.ro. 4 March 2012. 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Retrieved 9 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Joint+meeting+of+the+Government+of+Romania+and+Government+of+the+Republic+of+Moldova&rft.pub=Guvernul+Romaniei&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.ro%2Fjoint-meeting-of-the-government-of-romania-and-government-of-the-republic-of-moldova__l2a116286.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoldova" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thevotingnews.com/moldova-elects-pro-european-judge-timofti-as-president-ending-3-years-of-political-deadlock-the-washington-post/">Moldova elected pro-European judge Timofti as president, ending 3 years of political deadlock</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150904002008/http://thevotingnews.com/moldova-elects-pro-european-judge-timofti-as-president-ending-3-years-of-political-deadlock-the-washington-post/">Archived</a> 4 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131207232619/http://www.eeas.europa.eu/moldova/assoagreement/assoagreement-2013_en.htm">"EU-Moldova Association Agreement"</a>. European Union External Action. 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UNDP. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230802164623/https://www.undp.org/moldova/press-releases/undp-support-republic-moldova-implement-key-reforms-its-eu-accession-path">Archived</a> from the original on 2 August 2023. Retrieved 2 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNDP&rft.atitle=UNDP+to+support+the+Republic+of+Moldova+to+implement+key+reforms+on+its+EU+accession+path+%7C+United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.undp.org%2Fmoldova%2Fpress-releases%2Fundp-support-republic-moldova-implement-key-reforms-its-eu-accession-path&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoldova" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty_68-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/moldova-eu-path-transdniester-borrell/32438431.html">"Moldova's EU Path Independent Of Transdniester Developments, Says Borrell"</a>. <a href="/wiki/RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty" class="mw-redirect" title="RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty">RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty</a>. 1 June 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230802165031/https://www.rferl.org/a/moldova-eu-path-transdniester-borrell/32438431.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 August 2023. Retrieved 2 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RadioFreeEurope%2FRadioLiberty&rft.atitle=Moldova%27s+EU+Path+Independent+Of+Transdniester+Developments%2C+Says+Borrell&rft.date=2023-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2Fmoldova-eu-path-transdniester-borrell%2F32438431.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoldova" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.efta.int/Free-Trade/news/EFTA-and-Moldova-sign-Free-Trade-Agreement-536291#:~:text=At%20the%20meeting,%20the%20EFTA,investment%20between%20the%20two%20sides.">"EFTA and Moldova sign a Free Trade Agreement | European Free Trade Association"</a>. <a href="/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Association" title="European Free Trade Association">European Free Trade Association</a>. 27 June 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230705130004/https://www.efta.int/Free-Trade/news/EFTA-and-Moldova-sign-Free-Trade-Agreement-536291#:~:text=At%20the%20meeting,%20the%20EFTA,investment%20between%20the%20two%20sides.">Archived</a> from the original on 5 July 2023. Retrieved 5 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Free+Trade+Association&rft.atitle=EFTA+and+Moldova+sign+a+Free+Trade+Agreement+%7C+European+Free+Trade+Association&rft.date=2023-06-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.efta.int%2FFree-Trade%2Fnews%2FEFTA-and-Moldova-sign-Free-Trade-Agreement-536291%23%3A~%3Atext%3DAt%2520the%2520meeting%2C%2520the%2520EFTA%2Cinvestment%2520between%2520the%2520two%2520sides.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoldova" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/home/en">"The EU presents a Support Package for the Republic of Moldova"</a>. <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a>. 28 June 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190621200951/https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/home/en">Archived</a> from the original on 21 June 2019. 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Retrieved 14 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Euronews&rft.atitle=EU+greenlights+accession+talks+with+Ukraine+but+Orb%C3%A1n+vetoes+%E2%82%AC50-billion+aid+package&rft.date=2023-12-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.euronews.com%2Fmy-europe%2F2023%2F12%2F14%2Feu-greenlights-accession-talks-with-ukraine-and-moldova&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoldova" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.1lurer.am/en/2023/12/29/Moldova-will-hold-referendum-on-EU-membership-without-Transnistria-Sandhu/1054506">"Moldova will hold referendum on EU membership without Transnistria: Sandu"</a>. 29 December 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240104013438/https://www.1lurer.am/en/2023/12/29/Moldova-will-hold-referendum-on-EU-membership-without-Transnistria-Sandhu/1054506">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2024. Retrieved 8 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Moldova+will+hold+referendum+on+EU+membership+without+Transnistria%3A+Sandu&rft.date=2023-12-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.1lurer.am%2Fen%2F2023%2F12%2F29%2FMoldova-will-hold-referendum-on-EU-membership-without-Transnistria-Sandhu%2F1054506&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoldova" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalmforthTanas2024" class="citation news cs1">Balmforth, Tom; Tanas, Alexander (21 October 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/moldovas-eu-referendum-goes-wire-after-sandu-decries-vote-meddling-2024-10-21/">"Moldova's EU referendum in tight finish; Sandu decries vote meddling"</a>. Reuters. 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Retrieved 8 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EU+is+preparing+mission+to+Moldova+to+make+it+more+resistant+to+hybrid+threats%2C+%E2%80%93+Borrell&rft.date=2023-03-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcensor.net%2Fen%2Fnews%2F3407322%2Feu_is_preparing_mission_to_moldova_to_make_it_more_resistant_to_hybrid_threats_borrell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoldova" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwaton2023" class="citation web cs1">Swaton, Chiara (8 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.euractiv.com/section/politics/news/austria-sends-police-officers-soldiers-to-eu-moldova-mission/">"Austria sends police officers, soldiers to EU Moldova mission"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Euractiv" title="Euractiv">Euractiv</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230615060906/https://www.euractiv.com/section/politics/news/austria-sends-police-officers-soldiers-to-eu-moldova-mission/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2023. Retrieved 1 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Euractiv&rft.atitle=Austria+sends+police+officers%2C+soldiers+to+EU+Moldova+mission&rft.date=2023-06-08&rft.aulast=Swaton&rft.aufirst=Chiara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.euractiv.com%2Fsection%2Fpolitics%2Fnews%2Faustria-sends-police-officers-soldiers-to-eu-moldova-mission%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoldova" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRettman2023" class="citation web cs1">Rettman, Andrew (31 March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://euobserver.com/world/156884">"EU sending anti-coup mission to Moldova in May"</a>. <a href="/wiki/EUobserver" title="EUobserver">EUobserver</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230604204657/https://euobserver.com/world/156884">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2023. Retrieved 1 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EUobserver&rft.atitle=EU+sending+anti-coup+mission+to+Moldova+in+May&rft.date=2023-03-31&rft.aulast=Rettman&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feuobserver.com%2Fworld%2F156884&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoldova" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-thebriefing.eu-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thebriefing.eu_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-thebriefing.eu_77-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405061021/https://www.thebriefing.eu/welt-eu-to-send-mission-to-moldova-to-consult-on-countrys-security/">"Welt: EU to Send Mission to Moldova to Consult on Country's Security – the Briefing"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thebriefing.eu/welt-eu-to-send-mission-to-moldova-to-consult-on-countrys-security/">the original</a> on 5 April 2023. 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Retrieved 2 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Trade+Administration&rft.atitle=Moldova+%E2%80%93+Information+and+Communication+Technology&rft.date=2022-09-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.trade.gov%2Fcountry-commercial-guides%2Fmoldova-information-and-communication-technology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoldova" class="Z3988"> <img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/">"World Bank Open Data"</a>. 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Retrieved 7 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Tiny+Moldova+was+once+a+movie-making+capital.+A+few+diehards+are+trying+to+keep+the+tradition+alive&rft.date=2018-08-05&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Glen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fla-fg-moldova-film-20180805-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoldova" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2012" class="citation web cs1">Clark, Marcus (8 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theculturetrip.com/europe/moldova/articles/beyond-the-eastern-bloc-the-best-of-moldovan-film/">"Learn About Moldova's Brave Little Film Industry"</a>. Culture Trip. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230707163833/https://theculturetrip.com/europe/moldova/articles/beyond-the-eastern-bloc-the-best-of-moldovan-film/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2023. Retrieved 7 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Culture+Trip&rft.atitle=Learn+About+Moldova%27s+Brave+Little+Film+Industry&rft.date=2012-11-08&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Marcus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheculturetrip.com%2Feurope%2Fmoldova%2Farticles%2Fbeyond-the-eastern-bloc-the-best-of-moldovan-film%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoldova" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVourlias2023" class="citation web cs1">Vourlias, Christopher (15 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://variety.com/2023/film/global/urkaine-war-moldova-carbon-1235645182/">"Echoes of the Ukraine War Haunt the Moldovan Tragicomedy 'Carbon,' About a Post-Soviet Conflict Lost to History"</a>. Variety. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230707162900/https://variety.com/2023/film/global/urkaine-war-moldova-carbon-1235645182/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2023. Retrieved 7 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft.atitle=Echoes+of+the+Ukraine+War+Haunt+the+Moldovan+Tragicomedy+%27Carbon%2C%27+About+a+Post-Soviet+Conflict+Lost+to+History&rft.date=2023-06-15&rft.aulast=Vourlias&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvariety.com%2F2023%2Ffilm%2Fglobal%2Furkaine-war-moldova-carbon-1235645182%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoldova" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mubi.com/films/carbon-2022">Carbon</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230707163008/https://mubi.com/films/carbon-2022">archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2023, retrieved 7 July 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carbon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmubi.com%2Ffilms%2Fcarbon-2022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoldova" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fiff.ch/en/between-irony-and-poetry-republic-moldova-fiff">"Between irony and poetry: the Republic of Moldova at FIFF | Festival International de Films de Fribourg"</a>. www.fiff.ch. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230707162742/https://www.fiff.ch/en/between-irony-and-poetry-republic-moldova-fiff">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2023. Retrieved 7 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.fiff.ch&rft.atitle=Between+irony+and+poetry%3A+the+Republic+of+Moldova+at+FIFF+%7C+Festival+International+de+Films+de+Fribourg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fiff.ch%2Fen%2Fbetween-irony-and-poetry-republic-moldova-fiff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoldova" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.undp.org/moldova/press-releases/more-1600-films-moldova-film-archive-will-be-digitized-support-european-union-and-us-government">"More than 1,600 films from Moldova Film archive will be digitized, with the support of the European Union and the U.S. Government | United Nations Development Programme"</a>. UNDP. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230707180256/https://www.undp.org/moldova/press-releases/more-1600-films-moldova-film-archive-will-be-digitized-support-european-union-and-us-government">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2023. Retrieved 7 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNDP&rft.atitle=More+than+1%2C600+films+from+Moldova+Film+archive+will+be+digitized%2C+with+the+support+of+the+European+Union+and+the+U.S.+Government+%7C+United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.undp.org%2Fmoldova%2Fpress-releases%2Fmore-1600-films-moldova-film-archive-will-be-digitized-support-european-union-and-us-government&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoldova" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://md.usembassy.gov/rediscovering-moldovas-cinema-heritage/">"Technical Difficulties"</a>. md.usembassy.gov. 25 February 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230707162946/https://md.usembassy.gov/rediscovering-moldovas-cinema-heritage/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2023. Retrieved 7 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=md.usembassy.gov&rft.atitle=Technical+Difficulties&rft.date=2021-02-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmd.usembassy.gov%2Frediscovering-moldovas-cinema-heritage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoldova" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSouster2012" class="citation news cs1">Souster, Mark (27 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/">"Europe's poor relations show richness of spirit; Mark Souster visits Moldova and discovers a wealth of ambition at all levels in one of the game's new frontiers"</a>. The Times (London, England). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190330201402/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 13 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+%28London%2C+England%29&rft.atitle=Europe%27s+poor+relations+show+richness+of+spirit%3B+Mark+Souster+visits+Moldova+and+discovers+a+wealth+of+ambition+at+all+levels+in+one+of+the+game%27s+new+frontiers&rft.date=2012-10-27&rft.aulast=Souster&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoldova" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 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plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Moldova" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Moldova">Moldova</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box 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metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Moldova at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Moldova" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Moldova">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Moldova" class="extiw" title="c:Moldova">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Moldova" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Moldova">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Moldova" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Moldova">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Moldova" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Moldova">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Moldova" class="extiw" title="voy:Moldova">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/102nd-congress/senate-resolution/148/text?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B%22PL111-148%22%5D%7D&resultIndex=5">S.Res.148 – A resolution to express the sense of the Senate that the United States should support the right to self-determination of the people of the Republic of Moldavia and northern Bucovina</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161018213138/https://www.congress.gov/bill/102nd-congress/senate-resolution/148/text?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B%22PL111-148%22%5D%7D&resultIndex=5">Archived</a> 18 October 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moldova.md/en">Official website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/moldova/">Moldova</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210105015457/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/moldova/">Archived</a> 5 January 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121002063813/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/moldova.htm">Moldova, Republic of</a> from UCB Libraries GovPubs.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-17601580">Moldova profile</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180721064530/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-17601580">Archived</a> 21 July 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> from the <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>.</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Moldova" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Moldova">Wikimedia Atlas of Moldova</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/58974">Moldova</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=MD">Key Development Forecasts for Moldova</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120426045144/http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=MD">Archived</a> 26 April 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> from <a href="/wiki/International_Futures" title="International Futures">International Futures</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Moldova_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Moldova_topics" title="Template:Moldova topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Moldova_topics" title="Template talk:Moldova topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Moldova_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Moldova topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Moldova_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Moldova</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Moldova" title="Outline of Moldova">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Moldova" title="History of Moldova">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Balkans" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistory of the Balkans">Prehistoric Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacia" title="Dacia">Dacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Moldavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Moldavia">Principality of Moldavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessarabia" title="Bessarabia">Bessarabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavian_Democratic_Republic" title="Moldavian Democratic Republic">Moldavian Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Bessarabia_with_Romania" title="Union of Bessarabia with Romania">Union with Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Romania" title="Greater Romania">Greater Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic">Moldavian SSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagauzia_conflict" title="Gagauzia conflict">Gagauzia conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gagauz_Republic" title="Gagauz Republic">Gagauz Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_conflict" title="Transnistria conflict">Transnistria conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_War" title="Transnistria War">Transnistria War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Moldovan Declaration of Independence">Declaration of independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_independent_Moldova" title="History of independent Moldova">Post-independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%932016_protests_in_Moldova" title="2015–2016 protests in Moldova">2015–2016 protests</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova"><img alt="Moldova" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Arms_of_Moldova.svg/80px-Arms_of_Moldova.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Arms_of_Moldova.svg/120px-Arms_of_Moldova.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Arms_of_Moldova.svg/160px-Arms_of_Moldova.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="306" data-file-height="338" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Moldova" title="Geography of Moldova">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Moldova#Climate" title="Geography of Moldova">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Moldova" title="List of earthquakes in Moldova">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Moldova" title="List of mammals of Moldova">Fauna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Moldova" title="List of birds of Moldova">Birds</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Moldova" title="Protected areas of Moldova">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Moldova" title="List of rivers of Moldova">Rivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dniester" title="Dniester">Dniester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prut" title="Prut">Prut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudi_Geodetic_Point" title="Rudi Geodetic Point">Rudi Geodetic Point</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Moldova" title="Administrative divisions of Moldova">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Moldova" title="List of cities and towns in Moldova">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communes_of_Moldova" title="Communes of Moldova">Communes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_localities_in_Moldova" title="List of localities in Moldova">Localities</a></li> <li>Autonomous territories <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gagauzia" title="Gagauzia">Gagauzia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative-Territorial_Units_of_the_Left_Bank_of_the_Dniester" title="Administrative-Territorial Units of the Left Bank of the Dniester">Left Bank of the Dniester</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Moldova" title="Politics of Moldova">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Moldova" title="Cabinet of Moldova">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Moldova" title="Constitution of Moldova">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Moldova" title="Corruption in Moldova">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Moldova" title="Elections in Moldova">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Moldova" title="Foreign relations of Moldova">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Moldova" title="Government of Moldova">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Moldova" title="Human rights in Moldova">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Moldova">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Moldova">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Moldova">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Republic_of_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of the Republic of Moldova">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Moldova" title="List of political parties in Moldova">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Moldova" title="President of Moldova">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Moldova" title="Prime Minister of Moldova">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Moldova_and_Romania" title="Unification of Moldova and Romania">Unification with Romania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Moldova" title="Economy of Moldova">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Moldova" title="Agriculture in Moldova">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Moldova" title="National Bank of Moldova">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_leu" title="Moldovan leu">Leu (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Moldova" title="Telecommunications in Moldova">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Moldova" title="Energy in Moldova">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Moldova" title="Poverty in Moldova">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Moldova" title="Tourism in Moldova">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Moldova" title="Transport in Moldova">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Moldova" title="Category:Society of Moldova">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Moldova" title="Crime in Moldova">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Moldova" title="Demographics of Moldova">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Moldova" title="Education in Moldova">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Moldova" title="Healthcare in Moldova">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovans" title="Moldovans">Moldovans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Moldova" title="Languages of Moldova">Languages of Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Moldova" title="Religion in Moldova">Religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Moldova" title="Culture of Moldova">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Moldova" title="Cinema of Moldova">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_costume_of_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="National costume of Moldova">Costume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_cuisine" title="Moldovan cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_wine" title="Moldovan wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Moldova" title="Public holidays in Moldova">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Moldova" title="Literature of Moldova">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Moldova" title="Music of Moldova">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controversy_over_ethnic_and_linguistic_identity_in_Moldova" title="Controversy over ethnic and linguistic identity in Moldova">Controversy over identity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_language" title="Moldovan language">Moldovan language</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Moldova" title="National symbols of Moldova">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Moldova" title="Sport in Moldova">Sport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Moldova" title="Outline of Moldova">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Moldova" title="Outline of Moldova">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Moldova" title="Category:Moldova">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Moldova" title="Portal:Moldova">Portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Template:Transnistria_topics" title="Template:Transnistria topics">Transnistria topics</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sovereign_states_of_Europe" title="Template:Sovereign states of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sovereign_states_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Sovereign states of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sovereign_states_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sovereign states of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Europe" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe">Countries and dependencies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>3</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>4</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding:0 0.5em;"><div><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg/100px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg/150px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg/200px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="536" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Denmark</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a>3 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Realm" title="Danish Realm">autonomous country of the Kingdom of Denmark</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a>2 (Sovereign Base Areas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territory</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alderney" title="Alderney">Alderney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sark" title="Sark">Sark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Bailiwick of Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Special areas of internal sovereignty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Finland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_division" title="Autonomous administrative division">autonomous region</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/%C3%85land_convention" title="Åland convention">Åland convention</a> of 1921)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Norway</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a> (<a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_area" title="Unincorporated area">unincorporated area</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/Svalbard_Treaty" title="Svalbard Treaty">Svalbard Treaty</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">country of the United Kingdom</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">British-Irish Agreement</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>1 Spans the conventional boundary between Europe and another continent.</li> <li>2 Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in Western Asia.</li> <li>3 <a href="/wiki/Island#Oceanic_islands" title="Island">Oceanic islands</a> within the vicinity of Europe are usually grouped with the continent even though they are not situated on its continental shelf.</li> <li>4 Governed by the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> which has sovereignty over Vatican City.</li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Europe" title="Category:Europe">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Europe" title="Portal:Europe">Europe portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Eastern_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eastern_Europe" title="Template:Eastern Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eastern_Europe" title="Template talk:Eastern Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Eastern_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> (only <a href="/wiki/East_Thrace" title="East Thrace">East Thrace</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Abkhazia" title="History of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Armenia" title="History of Armenia">Armenia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Armenia" title="Prehistoric Armenia">Prehistoric Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orontid_dynasty#History" title="Orontid dynasty">Orontid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artaxiad_dynasty#History" title="Artaxiad dynasty">Artaxiad dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Armenia#History" title="Roman Armenia">Roman Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsacid_dynasty_of_Armenia#History" title="Arsacid dynasty of Armenia"> Arsacid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Armenia#History" title="Sasanian Armenia">Sasanian Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Armenia" title="Medieval Armenia">Medieval Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Georgia" title="Mongol invasions of Georgia">Mongol invasions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia#History" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_the_Ottoman_Empire#Ottoman_Armenia:_1453–1829" title="Armenians in the Ottoman Empire">1453-1829</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Armenia_(1502%E2%80%931828)#History" title="Iranian Armenia (1502–1828)">1502-1828</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_the_Ottoman_Empire#Ottoman_Armenia:_1829–1878" title="Armenians in the Ottoman Empire">1829-1878</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_the_Ottoman_Empire#National_awakening:_1880s" title="Armenians in the Ottoman Empire">1880-1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Armenia" title="Russian Armenia">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_campaign" title="Caucasus campaign">Caucasus campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Armenia#History" title="First Republic of Armenia">First Republic of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armeno-Georgian_War" title="Armeno-Georgian War">Armeno-Georgian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_war_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)">Armenian–Azerbaijani war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish%E2%80%93Armenian_War" title="Turkish–Armenian War">Turkish–Armenian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic#History" title="Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic">Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Azerbaijan" title="History of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Stone_Age_in_Azerbaijan" title="Stone Age in Azerbaijan">Stone Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_and_Iron_Age_in_Azerbaijan" title="Bronze and Iron Age in Azerbaijan">Bronze and Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages_in_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Middle Ages in Azerbaijan">Early Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinist_repressions_in_Azerbaijan" title="Stalinist repressions in Azerbaijan">Stalinist repressions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_in_World_War_II" title="Azerbaijan in World War II">World War II</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Balkans" title="History of the Balkans">Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belarus" title="History of Belarus">Belarus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Russification_of_Belarus" title="Russification of Belarus">Russification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_history_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Belarusian history in the Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_repressions_in_Belarus" title="Soviet repressions in Belarus">Soviet repressions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Byelorussia_during_World_War_II" title="German occupation of Byelorussia during World War II">German occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Belarus" title="The Holocaust in Belarus">Holocaust</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bulgaria" title="History of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Odrysian_kingdom#History" title="Odrysian kingdom">Odrysian kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Great_Bulgaria#History" title="Old Great Bulgaria">Old Great Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire#History" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bulgaria" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">Christianization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Bulgaria" title="Golden Age of Bulgaria">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire#History" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second Bulgarian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Bulgaria" title="Ottoman Bulgaria">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bulgaria_(1878%E2%80%931946)" title="History of Bulgaria (1878–1946)">1878-1946</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_in_World_War_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgaria in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgaria in World War II">World War II</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">People's Republic of Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bulgaria_since_1989" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Bulgaria since 1989">1989-present</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Caucasus" title="History of the Caucasus">Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Czech_lands" title="History of the Czech lands">Czech Republic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Great_Moravia#History" title="Great Moravia">Great Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bohemia#History" title="Duchy of Bohemia">Duchy of Bohemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_lands_in_the_High_Middle_Ages" title="Czech lands in the High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia#History" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">Kingdom of Bohemia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown_(1526%E2%80%931648)#History" title="Lands of the Bohemian Crown (1526–1648)">1526-1648</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown_(1648%E2%80%931867)#History" title="Lands of the Bohemian Crown (1648–1867)">1648-1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown_(1867%E2%80%931918)#History" title="Lands of the Bohemian Crown (1867–1918)">1867-1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Czechoslovakia" title="History of Czechoslovakia">History of Czechoslovakia</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_Czechoslovakia_(1918%E2%80%931938)" title="History of Czechoslovakia (1918–1938)">1918-1938</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">German occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia#History" title="Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_the_Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Resistance in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Czech resistance against German occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Czechoslovak_Republic#History" title="Third Czechoslovak Republic">1945-1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Czechoslovakia_(1989%E2%80%931992)" title="History of Czechoslovakia (1989–1992)">1989-1992</a>))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Estonia" title="History of Estonia">Estonia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Estonia" title="Ancient Estonia">Ancient Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_Crusade" title="Livonian Crusade">Livonian Crusade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Estonia_(1219%E2%80%931346)#Danish_conquest" title="Duchy of Estonia (1219–1346)">Danish conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Mariana#History" title="Terra Mariana">Terra Mariana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia_under_Swedish_rule" title="Estonia under Swedish rule">Swedish rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estophilia#Estophile_Enlightenment_Period_(1750–1840)" title="Estophilia">Estophile Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_national_awakening" title="Estonian national awakening">National awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Estonia_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of Estonia during World War I">German occupation in World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_War_of_Independence" title="Estonian War of Independence">Estonian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Estonia_(1920%E2%80%931939)" title="History of Estonia (1920–1939)">1920-1939</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_(1940)" title="Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)">Soviet invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_deportations_from_Estonia" title="Soviet deportations from Estonia">Soviet deportations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_states_under_Soviet_rule_(1944%E2%80%931991)" title="Baltic states under Soviet rule (1944–1991)">Soviet rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia_in_World_War_II" title="Estonia in World War II">Estonia in World War II</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Estonia_during_World_War_II" title="German occupation of Estonia during World War II">German occupation of Estonia during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Estonia" title="The Holocaust in Estonia">Holocaust</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic#History" title="Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic">Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(country)" title="History of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hungary" title="History of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Latvia" title="History of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuania" title="History of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Moldova" title="History of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Romania" title="History of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Slovakia" title="History of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Transnistria" title="History of Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Turkey" title="History of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ukraine" title="History of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="International_organizations" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="International_organizations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">International organizations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Council_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Council_of_Europe" title="Template:Council of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Council_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Council of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Council_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Council of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Council_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Secretary General of the Council of Europe">Secretary General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Ministers_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe">Committee of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Assembly_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe">Parliamentary Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Council_of_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress of the Council of Europe">Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">Court of Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" title="Commissioner for Human Rights">Commissioner for Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Commission_for_the_Efficiency_of_Justice" title="European Commission for the Efficiency of Justice">Commission for the Efficiency of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Commission_against_Racism_and_Intolerance" title="European Commission against Racism and Intolerance">Commission against Racism and Intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venice_Commission" title="Venice Commission">Venice Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompidou_Group" title="Pompidou Group">Pompidou Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Member states of the Council of Europe">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia_in_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Armenia in the Council of Europe">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_in_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Azerbaijan in the Council of Europe">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_in_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Greece in the Council of Europe">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Council of Europe–European Union relations">EU relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia (1991–1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia_in_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Russia in the Council of Europe">Russia (1996–2022)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saar_Protectorate" title="Saar Protectorate">Saar (assoc. 1950–1956)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Serbia and Montenegro">Serbia and Montenegro (2003–2006)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:La_Francophonie" title="Template:La Francophonie"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:La_Francophonie" title="Template talk:La Francophonie"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:La_Francophonie" title="Special:EditPage/Template:La Francophonie"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Organisation internationale de la Francophonie</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">National/regional members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Community_of_Belgium" title="French Community of Belgium">French Community of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Associate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Suspended members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assembl%C3%A9e_parlementaire_de_la_Francophonie" title="Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie">Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agence_de_Coop%C3%A9ration_Culturelle_et_Technique" title="Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique">Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agence_universitaire_de_la_Francophonie" title="Agence universitaire de la Francophonie">Agence universitaire de la Francophonie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_French_Language_Day" title="UN French Language Day">UN French Language Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Francophonie_Day" title="International Francophonie Day">International Francophonie Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeux_de_la_Francophonie" title="Jeux de la Francophonie">Jeux de la Francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prix_des_cinq_continents_de_la_francophonie" title="Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie">Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembl%C3%A9e_des_francophones_fonctionnaires_des_organisations_internationales" title="Assemblée des francophones fonctionnaires des organisations internationales">AFFOI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV5Monde" title="TV5Monde">TV5Monde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_La_Francophonie" title="LGBT rights in La Francophonie">LGBT rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francophone_economy" title="Francophone economy">Francophone economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senghor_University" title="Senghor University">Senghor University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Category:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="GUAM_Organization_for_Democracy_and_Economic_Development" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:GUAM_Organization_for_Democracy_and_Economic_Development" title="Template:GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:GUAM_Organization_for_Democracy_and_Economic_Development" title="Template talk:GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:GUAM_Organization_for_Democracy_and_Economic_Development" title="Special:EditPage/Template:GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="GUAM_Organization_for_Democracy_and_Economic_Development" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/GUAM_Organization_for_Democracy_and_Economic_Development" title="GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development">GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/23px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/35px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/46px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="900" /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Moldova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organization_of_the_Black_Sea_Economic_Cooperation_(BSEC)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Organization_of_the_Black_Sea_Economic_Cooperation" title="Template:Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Organization_of_the_Black_Sea_Economic_Cooperation" title="Template talk:Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Organization_of_the_Black_Sea_Economic_Cooperation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organization_of_the_Black_Sea_Economic_Cooperation_(BSEC)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Black_Sea_Economic_Cooperation" title="Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation">Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:6.5em;">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:12.75em;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/42px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia"><img alt="Armenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Mission_of_Armenia_to_BSEC" title="Permanent Mission of Armenia to BSEC">Armenia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:12.75em;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/23px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/35px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/46px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="900" /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Moldova</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:12.75em;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:12.75em;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /> <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_(CIS)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Template:Commonwealth of Independent States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Template talk:Commonwealth of Independent States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Commonwealth of Independent States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_(CIS)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belovezha_Accords" title="Belovezha Accords">Belovezh Agreement establishing the CIS</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alma-Ata_Protocol" title="Alma-Ata Protocol">Alma-Ata Protocol establishing the CIS</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIS_Charter" title="CIS Charter">CIS Charter</a> (1993)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"<a href="/wiki/Belovezha_Accords" title="Belovezha Accords">Participants</a>" (11)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Belovezha_Accords" title="Belovezha Accords">1991 agreements parties and "participants"</a> (11)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine%E2%80%93Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_relations" title="Ukraine–Commonwealth of Independent States relations">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Additionally the 1993 <a href="/wiki/CIS_Charter" title="CIS Charter">CIS Charter</a> parties and "members" (9)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Self-proclaimed "associate member" as defined in the <a href="/wiki/CIS_Charter" title="CIS Charter">CIS Charter</a> (1)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1991 agreements parties that do not participate in the summits (2)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former "participant" that renounced 1991 agreements and 1993 Charter (1)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> (1993–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Team_at_the_Olympics" title="Unified Team at the Olympics">Unified Team at the Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Team_at_the_Paralympics" title="Unified Team at the Paralympics">Unified Team at the Paralympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_national_bandy_team" title="Commonwealth of Independent States national bandy team">CIS national bandy team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIS_national_football_team" title="CIS national football team">CIS national football team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIS_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team" class="mw-redirect" title="CIS men's national ice hockey team">CIS national ice hockey team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIS_(rugby)" class="mw-redirect" title="CIS (rugby)">CIS national rugby union team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_Cup" title="Commonwealth of Independent States Cup">CIS Cup (football)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization" title="Collective Security Treaty Organization">Collective Security Treaty (1992-1999/2002)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Armed_Forces_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="United Armed Forces of the Commonwealth of Independent States">United Armed Forces (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_CIS_Air_Defense_System" title="Joint CIS Air Defense System">Joint CIS Air Defense System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_Defense_of_the_CIS" title="Council of Ministers of Defense of the CIS">Council of Ministers of Defense of the CIS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Economic_Space_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Common Economic Space of the Commonwealth of Independent States">Common Economic Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Court_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Economic Court of the Commonwealth of Independent States">Economic Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_Agreement_on_the_Establishment_of_a_Free_Trade_Area" title="Commonwealth of Independent States Agreement on the Establishment of a Free Trade Area">1994 FTA Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_Treaty_on_Free_Trade_Area" title="Commonwealth of Independent States Treaty on Free Trade Area">2011 FTA Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_Agreement_on_Free_Trade_in_Services,_Establishment,_Operations_and_Investment" title="Commonwealth of Independent States Agreement on Free Trade in Services, Establishment, Operations and Investment">2023 Free Trade in Services</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interstate_Aviation_Committee" title="Interstate Aviation Committee">Interstate Aviation Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOST" title="GOST">GOST (Euro-Asian Council for Standardization, Metrology and Certification)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Outside the CIS framework</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Georgia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Community" title="Eurasian Economic Community">Eurasian Economic Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Patent_Convention" title="Eurasian Patent Convention">Eurasian Patent Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Patent_Organization" title="Eurasian Patent Organization">Eurasian Patent Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_Assistance_to_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Technical Assistance to the Commonwealth of Independent States">EU Technical Aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customs_Union_of_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Customs Union of the Eurasian Economic Union">Customs Union of the Eurasian Economic Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Eurasian Economic Union">Eurasian Economic Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_State" title="Union State">Union State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Union_Treaty" title="New Union Treaty">New Union Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization" title="Collective Security Treaty Organization">Collective Security Treaty Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_Rapid_Reaction_Force" title="Collective Rapid Reaction Force">Collective Rapid Reaction Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Category:Commonwealth of Independent States">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q217#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q217#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q217#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/152364951">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1256791/">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4039967-9">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n90720192">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119395392">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119395392">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00577536">Japan</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00567856">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge130063&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90885010">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA12486340?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/45e9a323-ad7d-4b29-ace9-63b42282995c">KulturNav</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/78cGL872">UK Parliament</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027329690">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/044993">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10045270">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=69610">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Moldova&params=47_N_29_E_type:country">47°N 29°E / 47°N 29°E / 47; 29</a>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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