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<span>Music and dance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_and_dance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language_and_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_and_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Language and literature</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Language_and_literature-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Language and literature subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Language_and_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Poetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Poetry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proverbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proverbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Proverbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proverbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Naming_customs_and_honorifics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naming_customs_and_honorifics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Naming customs and honorifics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naming_customs_and_honorifics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pet_keeping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pet_keeping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Pet keeping</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pet_keeping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Architecture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Housing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Housing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Housing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Housing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art,_weaving,_ceramics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art,_weaving,_ceramics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Art, weaving, ceramics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art,_weaving,_ceramics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dress_and_attire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dress_and_attire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Dress and attire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dress_and_attire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Games</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Holidays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holidays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Holidays</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Holidays-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Holidays subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Holidays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religious" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Religious</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Traditional</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.3</span> <span>National</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.4</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Culture of Afghanistan</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9_%D8%A3%D9%81%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ثقافة أفغانستان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ثقافة أفغانستان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="আফগানিস্তানের সংস্কৃতি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আফগানিস্তানের সংস্কৃতি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_de_l%27Afganistan" title="Cultura de l'Afganistan – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cultura de l'Afganistan" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_de_Afganist%C3%A1n" title="Cultura de Afganistán – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cultura de Afganistán" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulturo_de_Afganio" title="Kulturo de Afganio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kulturo de Afganio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%87%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="فرهنگ در افغانستان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرهنگ در افغانستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_de_l%27Afghanistan" title="Culture de l'Afghanistan – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Culture de l'Afghanistan" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="अफगानिस्तान की संस्कृति – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अफगानिस्तान की संस्कृति" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A6%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="ავღანეთის კულტურა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ავღანეთის კულტურა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1" title="د افغانستان کلتور – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د افغانستان کلتور" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_do_Afeganist%C3%A3o" title="Cultura do Afeganistão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cultura do Afeganistão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%84%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Культура Афганистана – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Культура Афганистана" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="ஆப்கானிஸ்தானின் கலாசாரம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆப்கானிஸ்தானின் கலாசாரம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afganistan_k%C3%BClt%C3%BCr%C3%BC" title="Afganistan kültürü – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Afganistan kültürü" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA" title="افغانستان کی ثقافت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="افغانستان کی ثقافت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%83n_h%C3%B3a_Afghanistan" title="Văn hóa Afghanistan – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Văn hóa Afghanistan" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2748844#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Afghanistan" title="Category:Afghanistan">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa">Culture of Afghanistan</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Abdul_Rahman_Mosque_in_March_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Abdul_Rahman_Mosque_in_March_2010.jpg/220px-Abdul_Rahman_Mosque_in_March_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Abdul_Rahman_Mosque_in_March_2010.jpg/330px-Abdul_Rahman_Mosque_in_March_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Abdul_Rahman_Mosque_in_March_2010.jpg/440px-Abdul_Rahman_Mosque_in_March_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Afghanistan" title="History of Afghanistan">History</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Afghanistan" title="Ethnic groups in Afghanistan">People</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Afghanistan" title="Languages of Afghanistan">Languages</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Traditions</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buzkashi" title="Buzkashi">Buzkashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_clothing" title="Afghan clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loya_jirga" class="mw-redirect" title="Loya jirga">Loya jirga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtunwali" title="Pashtunwali">Pashtunwali</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afghan_wedding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Afghan wedding (page does not exist)">Wedding</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Afghan_mythology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Afghan mythology (page does not exist)">Mythology</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Afghan_cuisine" title="Afghan cuisine">Cuisine</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Afghanistan" title="Public holidays in Afghanistan">Festivals</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Afghanistan" title="Religion in Afghanistan">Religion</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Afghan_art" title="Afghan art">Art</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Afghanistan" title="Architecture of Afghanistan">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afghan_painting&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Afghan painting (page does not exist)">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sculpture_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sculpture in Afghanistan (page does not exist)">Sculpture</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Afghan_literature" title="Afghan literature">Literature</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghan poetry">Afghan poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_proverbs" title="Afghan proverbs">Afghan proverbs</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Afghanistan" title="Music of Afghanistan">Music</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dance_of_Afghanistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dance of Afghanistan (page does not exist)">performing arts</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theatre_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theatre in Afghanistan (page does not exist)">Theater</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Media in Afghanistan">Media</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio in Afghanistan">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Afghanistan" title="Television in Afghanistan">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Afghanistan" title="Cinema of Afghanistan">Cinema</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Afghanistan" title="Sport in Afghanistan">Sport</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lists_of_monuments_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lists of monuments in Afghanistan (page does not exist)">Monuments</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Afghanistan" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Afghanistan">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Symbols</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Afghanistan" title="Flag of Afghanistan">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of Afghanistan">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="National anthem of Afghanistan">National anthem</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Afghanistan" title="Portal:Afghanistan">Afghanistan portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culture_of_Afghanistan" title="Template:Culture of Afghanistan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culture_of_Afghanistan" title="Template talk:Culture of Afghanistan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture_of_Afghanistan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture of Afghanistan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Afghanistan" title="Category:History of Afghanistan">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Afghanistan" title="History of Afghanistan">History of <span class="fn org label">Afghanistan</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shuja_Shah_Durrani_of_Afghanistan_in_1839.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Shuja_Shah_Durrani_of_Afghanistan_in_1839.jpg/200px-Shuja_Shah_Durrani_of_Afghanistan_in_1839.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Shuja_Shah_Durrani_of_Afghanistan_in_1839.jpg/300px-Shuja_Shah_Durrani_of_Afghanistan_in_1839.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Shuja_Shah_Durrani_of_Afghanistan_in_1839.jpg/400px-Shuja_Shah_Durrani_of_Afghanistan_in_1839.jpg 2x" data-file-width="968" data-file-height="712" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Afghan_history" title="Timeline of Afghan history">Timeline</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history_of_Afghanistan" title="Ancient history of Afghanistan">Ancient</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilisation">Indus Valley civilisation</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2200–1800 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">Oxus civilization</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2100–1800 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Gandhara_kingdom" title="Gandhara kingdom">Gandhara kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1500–535 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Median Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 728–550 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 550–330 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonian Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 330–312 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 312–150 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 305–180 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Bactrian kingdom">Greco-Bactrian kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 256–125 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 247 BC–224 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Greek kingdom">Indo-Greek kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 180–90 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Scythians" title="Indo-Scythians">Indo-Scythian kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 155–80? BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 135 BC – 248 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Parthian_kingdom" title="Indo-Parthian kingdom">Indo-Parthian kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 20 BC – 50? AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 230–651</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kidarites" title="Kidarites">Kidarite kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 320–465</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rob" title="Kingdom of Rob">Rob</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Alchon_Huns" title="Alchon Huns">Alchon Huns</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 380–560</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Hephthalite_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hephthalite Empire">Hephthalite Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 410–557</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Nezak_Huns" title="Nezak Huns">Nezak Huns</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 484–711</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Medieval</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahis" title="Turk Shahis">Kabul Shahi</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 565–879</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Chaghaniyan" title="Principality of Chaghaniyan">Principality of Chaghaniyan</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 7th–8th centuries</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 652–661</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang China</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 660–669</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 660–842</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyads</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 661–750</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Zunbils" title="Zunbils">Zunbils</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 680–870</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Lawik_dynasty" title="Lawik dynasty">Lawik</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">750-977</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasids</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 750–821</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirids</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 821–873</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarids</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 863–900</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanids</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 875–999</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavids</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 963–1187</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ghurid_dynasty" title="Ghurid dynasty">Ghurids</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> before 879–1215</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuks</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1037–1194</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarezmids</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1215–1231</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_the_Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire">Mongol Invasion</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1219–1226</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1226–1245</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Qarlughids" title="Qarlughids">Qarlughids</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1224–1266</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1256–1335</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kart_dynasty" title="Kart dynasty">Kartids</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1245–1381</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurids</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1370–1507</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Arghun_dynasty" title="Arghun dynasty">Arghuns</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1520–1591</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Modern</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughals</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1501–1738</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavids</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1510–1709</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kunduz_Khanate" title="Kunduz Khanate">Kunduz Khanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> ?–1859</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Hotak_dynasty" title="Hotak dynasty">Hotak dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1709–1738</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sadozai_Sultanate_of_Herat" title="Sadozai Sultanate of Herat">Sadozai Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1716–1732</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Afsharid_Iran" title="Afsharid Iran">Afsharid Iran</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1738–1747</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1747–1823</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Maimana_Khanate" title="Maimana Khanate">Maimana Khanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1747–1892</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Herat_(1793%E2%80%931863)" title="Herat (1793–1863)">Herat</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1793–1863</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Qandahar" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Qandahar">Principality of Qandahar</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1818–1855</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan" title="Emirate of Afghanistan">Emirate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1823–1926</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan_(1929)" title="Emirate of Afghanistan (1929)">Saqqawist Emirate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1929</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1926–1973</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1973_Afghan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Afghan coup d'état">Daoud coup</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1973</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Afghanistan_(1973%E2%80%931978)" title="Republic of Afghanistan (1973–1978)">Republic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1973–1978</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Saur_Revolution" title="Saur Revolution">Saur Revolution</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1978</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Democratic Republic of Afghanistan">Democratic Republic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1978–1992</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1990_Afghan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1990 Afghan coup d'état attempt">Tanai coup attempt</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1990</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Afghanistan" title="Islamic State of Afghanistan">Islamic State</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1992–1996</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan_(1996%E2%80%932001)" title="Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)">Islamic Emirate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1996–2001</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Afghanistan" title="United States invasion of Afghanistan">US invasion</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2001</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Afghanistan" title="Islamic State of Afghanistan">Islamic State</a> (reinstated)</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2001</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Interim_Administration" title="Afghan Interim Administration">Interim</a>/<a href="/wiki/Transitional_Islamic_State_of_Afghanistan" title="Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan">Transitional Administration</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2001–2004</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Islamic Republic of Afghanistan">Islamic Republic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Politics of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan">politics</a>)</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2004–2021</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Islamic Emirate</a> (reinstated)</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <span style="font-size:85%;">since</span> 2021</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related historical regions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arachosia" title="Arachosia">Arachosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aria_(region)" title="Aria (region)">Aria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariana" title="Ariana">Ariana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabulistan" title="Kabulistan">Kabulistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafiristan" title="Kafiristan">Kafiristan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushanshahr" title="Kushanshahr">Kushanshahr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paropamisadae" title="Paropamisadae">Paropamisadae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistan" title="Sistan">Sistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zabulistan" title="Zabulistan">Zabulistan</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Political history of Afghanistan">Political history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_violence_in_Afghanistan" title="Political violence in Afghanistan">Political violence</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Afghanistan">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Afghanistan" title="Name of Afghanistan">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_(ethnonym)" title="Afghan (ethnonym)">Afghan (ethnonym)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Afghanistan" title="List of years in Afghanistan">List of years</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Afghanistan" title="List of heads of state of Afghanistan">List of heads of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Wars in Afghanistan">Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Afghanistan" title="List of wars involving Afghanistan">List of wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Hinduism in Afghanistan">Hinduism history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_and_Buddhist_heritage_of_Afghanistan" title="Hindu and Buddhist heritage of Afghanistan">Hindu and Buddhist heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Afghanistan" title="History of the Jews in Afghanistan">Jewish history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquests_of_Afghanistan" title="Muslim conquests of Afghanistan">Muslim conquests</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="font-weight:bold;"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Afghanistan" title="Category:History of Afghanistan">Category</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Afghanistan" title="Portal:Afghanistan">Afghanistan portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Afghanistan" title="Template:History of Afghanistan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Afghanistan" title="Template talk:History of Afghanistan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Afghanistan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Afghanistan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>culture of <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></b><sup id="cite_ref-Banting_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Banting-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AO_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AO-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has persisted for centuries<sup id="cite_ref-LoC_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LoC-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and encompasses the cultural diversity of the nation. Afghanistan's culture is historically strongly connected to nearby <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a>, including the same religion, as the people of both countries have lived together for thousands of years. Its location at the crossroads of <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Asia">Western</a> Asia historically made it a hub of diversity, dubbed by one historian as the "roundabout of the ancient world".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Afghanistan is a mostly tribal society with different regions of the country having their own <a href="/wiki/Subculture" title="Subculture">subculture</a>. Despite this, nearly all <a href="/wiki/Afghans" title="Afghans">Afghans</a> follow <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Afghanistan" title="Islam in Afghanistan">Islamic traditions</a>, celebrate the same holidays, <a href="/wiki/Afghan_dress" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghan dress">dress the same</a>, consume the same <a href="/wiki/Afghan_cuisine" title="Afghan cuisine">food</a>, listen to the same <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Afghanistan" title="Music of Afghanistan">music</a> and use <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> as the inter-ethnic <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> to a certain extent. Its culture is strongly tied with elements of <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which can be seen in the likes of language, cuisine and classical music. </p><p>Afghan culture is increasingly becoming a dynamic realm of academic study in scholarly terms.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In more recent history, Afghan culture has been threatened and fragmented due to the <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan_conflict_(1978-present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghanistan conflict (1978-present)">prolonged conflict</a> in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Afghanistan" title="History of Afghanistan">History of Afghanistan</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Music_and_dance">Music and dance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Music and dance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Afghanistan" title="Music of Afghanistan">Music of Afghanistan</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bacha_Bazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacha Bazi">Bacha Bazi</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Afghan_musicians_in_Farah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Afghan_musicians_in_Farah.jpg/220px-Afghan_musicians_in_Farah.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Afghan_musicians_in_Farah.jpg/330px-Afghan_musicians_in_Farah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Afghan_musicians_in_Farah.jpg/440px-Afghan_musicians_in_Farah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="899" /></a><figcaption>Afghan musicians in <a href="/wiki/Farah,_Afghanistan" title="Farah, Afghanistan">Farah, Afghanistan</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Traditionally, only men have been involved in theater acting. Recently, in theater arts, women have begun to take center stage.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the 1980s, the nation has witnessed several wars so music has been suppressed and recording for outsiders minimal. During the 1990s, the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan_(1996%E2%80%932001)" title="Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)">Taliban government</a> banned instrumental music and much public music-making. Many musicians and singers continued to play their trade in the cities of other countries. Pakistani cities such as <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a> are important centers for the distribution of Afghan music. Kabul has long been the regional cultural capital, but outsiders have tended to focus on the cities of <a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mazar-e-Sharif" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazar-e-Sharif">Mazar-e-Sharif</a> with its <i><a href="/wiki/Qataghan_Province" title="Qataghan Province">Qataghani</a></i> style. <a href="/wiki/Lyrics" title="Lyrics">Lyrics</a> across the country are typically in both <a href="/wiki/Dari-Persian" class="mw-redirect" title="Dari-Persian">Dari-Persian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbeki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hazaragi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazaragi">Hazaragi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>, and western style songs and music are also very popular in Afghanistan.<sup id="cite_ref-Hindi_Songs_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hindi_Songs-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Afghanese_women_traditional_dress_and_dance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Afghanese_women_traditional_dress_and_dance.jpg/220px-Afghanese_women_traditional_dress_and_dance.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Afghanese_women_traditional_dress_and_dance.jpg/330px-Afghanese_women_traditional_dress_and_dance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Afghanese_women_traditional_dress_and_dance.jpg/440px-Afghanese_women_traditional_dress_and_dance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="939" data-file-height="911" /></a><figcaption>Women dancing in traditional dress in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Afghans enjoy music by playing many types of instruments. They also enjoy performing the <a href="/wiki/Attan" title="Attan">Attan</a>, which is considered the national dance of Afghanistan. What is typically heard in the country are folk songs or <a href="/wiki/Ballads" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballads">ballads</a>. Many of the songs are known by almost everyone and have been around for many years. The main traditional Afghan music instruments include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pump_organ" title="Pump organ">Harmonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santur" title="Santur">Santur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang_(instrument)" title="Chang (instrument)">Chang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubab_(instrument)" title="Rubab (instrument)">Rubab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabla" title="Tabla">Tabla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitar" title="Sitar">Sitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurna" title="Zurna">Zurna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flute" title="Flute">Flute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayereh" class="mw-redirect" title="Dayereh">Dayereh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanbur" title="Tanbur">Tanbur</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dambura" class="mw-redirect" title="Dambura">Dambura</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language_and_literature">Language and literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Language and literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Afghan_literature" title="Afghan literature">Afghan literature</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Dari_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dari language">Dari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pashto_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashto language">Pashto</a> are both the official <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Afghanistan" title="Languages of Afghanistan">languages of Afghanistan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-AO_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AO-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although Dari (Afghan Persian) serves as the <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> for the majority. People in the northern and central areas of the country usually speak Persian/Dari, while those living in the south and east speak Pashto. Afghans living in the western regions of Afghanistan speak both Dari and Pashto. Most citizens are fluent in both languages, especially those living in major cities where the population is multi-ethnic. Several other languages are spoken in their own regions, which includes <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Balochi_language" title="Balochi language">Balochi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AO_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AO-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> is gradually becoming popular among the young generation. There are smaller number of Afghans who can understand Russian, mainly among the northern Tajik, Uzbek and Turkmen groups. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poetry">Poetry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Poetry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Poetry_of_Afghanistan" title="Poetry of Afghanistan">Poetry of Afghanistan</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Poetry_of_Afghanistan" title="Poetry of Afghanistan">Poetry in Afghanistan</a> has long been a cultural tradition and passion. It is mainly in Persian/Dari and Pashto languages, although in modern times it is also becoming more recognized in Afghanistan's other languages. Classic <a href="/wiki/Persian_literature" title="Persian literature">Persian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pashto_literature_and_poetry" title="Pashto literature and poetry">Pashto poetry</a> plays an important role in the Afghan culture. Poetry has always been one of the major educational pillars in the region, to the level that it has integrated itself into culture. Some notable poets include <a href="/wiki/Khushal_Khan_Khattak" class="mw-redirect" title="Khushal Khan Khattak">Khushal Khan Khattak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rahman_Baba" title="Rahman Baba">Rahman Baba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massoud_Nawabi" title="Massoud Nawabi">Massoud Nawabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nazo_Tokhi" title="Nazo Tokhi">Nazo Tokhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Durrani" title="Ahmad Shah Durrani">Ahmad Shah Durrani</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Muhammad_Tarzi" title="Ghulam Muhammad Tarzi">Ghulam Muhammad Tarzi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the famous <a href="/wiki/List_of_Persian-language_poets_and_authors" title="List of Persian-language poets and authors">Persian-language poets and authors</a> from the 10th to 15th centuries are <a href="/wiki/Rumi" title="Rumi">Rumi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rabi%27a_Balkhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabi'a Balkhi">Rabi'a Balkhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khwaja_Abdullah_Ansari" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwaja Abdullah Ansari">Khwaja Abdullah Ansari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jami" title="Jami">Jami</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alisher_Navoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Alisher Navoi">Alisher Navoi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanai" title="Sanai">Sanai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Mansur_Daqiqi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Mansur Daqiqi">Abu Mansur Daqiqi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Farrukhi_Sistani" title="Farrukhi Sistani">Farrukhi Sistani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unsuri" title="Unsuri">Unsuri</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anvari" title="Anvari">Anvari</a>. Contemporary Persian language poets and writers include <a href="/wiki/Khalilullah_Khalili" title="Khalilullah Khalili">Khalilullah Khalili</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Sufi Ashqari.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proverbs">Proverbs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Proverbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Afghan_proverbs" title="Afghan proverbs">Afghan proverbs</a></div> <p>Afghans prize wit and cleverness in speech. "Zarbul Masalha" (pronounced zar-bull mah-sal-HAA) means "proverbs" in <a href="/wiki/Dari_(Persian_dialect)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dari (Persian dialect)">Dari</a>, and these <i>zarbul masalha</i> deeply reflect Afghan culture. U.S. Navy Captain <a href="/wiki/Edward_Zellem" title="Edward Zellem">Edward Zellem</a> pioneered the use of Afghan proverbs as a positive relationship-building tool during the war in Afghanistan, and in 2012 he published two bilingual collections of Afghan proverbs in Dari and English.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Naming_customs_and_honorifics">Naming customs and honorifics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Naming customs and honorifics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Afghan_name" title="Afghan name">Afghan name</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pet_keeping">Pet keeping</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Pet keeping"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Song_Birds_(5397909903).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Song_Birds_%285397909903%29.jpg/220px-Song_Birds_%285397909903%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Song_Birds_%285397909903%29.jpg/330px-Song_Birds_%285397909903%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Song_Birds_%285397909903%29.jpg/440px-Song_Birds_%285397909903%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1434" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Songbird" title="Songbird">Songbirds</a> in cages at a farm in <a href="/wiki/Nangarhar_Province" title="Nangarhar Province">Nangarhar Province</a>, used for the pleasure of the site's farmers</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">Birds</a> are the most popular animals that are kept as <a href="/wiki/Pet" title="Pet">pets</a> in Afghanistan. In Kabul there is a dedicated daily market selling a wide variety of birds from around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Afghanistan" title="Architecture of Afghanistan">Architecture of Afghanistan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_Herat_Citadel_from_atop_the_premises.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/View_of_Herat_Citadel_from_atop_the_premises.jpg/220px-View_of_Herat_Citadel_from_atop_the_premises.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/View_of_Herat_Citadel_from_atop_the_premises.jpg/330px-View_of_Herat_Citadel_from_atop_the_premises.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/View_of_Herat_Citadel_from_atop_the_premises.jpg/440px-View_of_Herat_Citadel_from_atop_the_premises.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Herat_Citadel" title="Herat Citadel">Herat Citadel</a> in the western Afghan city of <a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The important architectural sites are found in <a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mazar-I-Sharif" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazar-I-Sharif">Mazar-I-Sharif</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghazni" title="Ghazni">Ghazni</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kandahar" title="Kandahar">Qandahar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chaghcharan" title="Chaghcharan">Firuzkoh</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ghor_Province" title="Ghor Province">Ghor Province</a>. The region has made major contributions to the world's <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">architecture</a>. <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> has acknowledged Afghanistan's role by declaring the <a href="/wiki/Minaret_of_Jam" title="Minaret of Jam">Minaret of Jam</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Buddhas_of_Bamiyan" title="Buddhas of Bamiyan">Buddhas of Bamiyan</a> destroyed in 2001, <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_List" class="mw-redirect" title="World Heritage List">World Heritage Sites</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Housing">Housing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Housing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Houses" class="mw-redirect" title="Houses">Houses</a> in rural Afghanistan historically have been made of <a href="/wiki/Mudbrick" title="Mudbrick">mudbricks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mud" title="Mud">mud</a>, and have a series of rooms located around a private rectangular courtyard where women and children can move around without being seen by the public. In recent years, however, Afghans living in rural areas began building their homes using cement and <a href="/wiki/Brick" title="Brick">bricks</a>, similar as those built in the big cities.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the north and west they are typically in fortified villages called <i>qalahs</i> ("fortresses"), whereas in the mountainous northern and eastern regions they differ, for example <a href="/wiki/Wooden" class="mw-redirect" title="Wooden">wooden</a> multistoried dwellings in Nuristan.<sup id="cite_ref-Afghanistan_-_Political_process_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Afghanistan_-_Political_process-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Married sons often share houses with their parents, but with separate quarters. Afghan houses contain a special room where men socialize with each other known as a <i>hujra</i>. In the major cities, many Afghans live in modern houses or <a href="/wiki/Apartments" class="mw-redirect" title="Apartments">apartments</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">nomadic</a> <a href="/wiki/Kuchi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuchi people">kuchi people</a> live in large tents because they are constantly on the move from one part of the country to another.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nomads of Turkic or Mongol origin in the north tend to live in <a href="/wiki/Yurt" title="Yurt">yurts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Afghanistan_-_Political_process_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Afghanistan_-_Political_process-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Afghanistan_hill_houses.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A mud brick house on a mountainside - a common sight in the hilly areas of the Afghan countryside"><img alt="A mud brick house on a mountainside - a common sight in the hilly areas of the Afghan countryside" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Afghanistan_hill_houses.jpg/120px-Afghanistan_hill_houses.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Afghanistan_hill_houses.jpg/180px-Afghanistan_hill_houses.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Afghanistan_hill_houses.jpg/240px-Afghanistan_hill_houses.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1793" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A mud brick house on a mountainside - a common sight in the hilly areas of the Afghan countryside</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Traditional_houses_outside_Herat,_Afghanistan_-_4111438627.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Traditional brick homes common in the lower elevated regions in the north and west"><img alt="Traditional brick homes common in the lower elevated regions in the north and west" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Traditional_houses_outside_Herat%2C_Afghanistan_-_4111438627.jpg/120px-Traditional_houses_outside_Herat%2C_Afghanistan_-_4111438627.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Traditional_houses_outside_Herat%2C_Afghanistan_-_4111438627.jpg/180px-Traditional_houses_outside_Herat%2C_Afghanistan_-_4111438627.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Traditional_houses_outside_Herat%2C_Afghanistan_-_4111438627.jpg/240px-Traditional_houses_outside_Herat%2C_Afghanistan_-_4111438627.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="772" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Traditional brick homes common in the lower elevated regions in the north and west</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Moutain_Villa_-_Flickr_-_philmofresh.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nested homes in the forest region"><img alt="Nested homes in the forest region" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Moutain_Villa_-_Flickr_-_philmofresh.jpg/120px-Moutain_Villa_-_Flickr_-_philmofresh.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Moutain_Villa_-_Flickr_-_philmofresh.jpg/180px-Moutain_Villa_-_Flickr_-_philmofresh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Moutain_Villa_-_Flickr_-_philmofresh.jpg/240px-Moutain_Villa_-_Flickr_-_philmofresh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4934" data-file-height="3289" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Nested homes in the <a href="/wiki/East_Afghan_montane_conifer_forests" title="East Afghan montane conifer forests">forest region</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Afghan_Nomads_from_the_early_20th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A yurt, most likely in north-eastern Afghanistan"><img alt="A yurt, most likely in north-eastern Afghanistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Afghan_Nomads_from_the_early_20th_century.jpg/120px-Afghan_Nomads_from_the_early_20th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Afghan_Nomads_from_the_early_20th_century.jpg/180px-Afghan_Nomads_from_the_early_20th_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Afghan_Nomads_from_the_early_20th_century.jpg/240px-Afghan_Nomads_from_the_early_20th_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4589" data-file-height="3732" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Yurt" title="Yurt">yurt</a>, most likely in north-eastern Afghanistan</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Art,_weaving,_ceramics"><span id="Art.2C_weaving.2C_ceramics"></span>Art, weaving, ceramics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Art, weaving, ceramics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Afghan_art" title="Afghan art">Afghan art</a> and <a href="/wiki/Truck_art_in_South_Asia" title="Truck art in South Asia">Truck art in South Asia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Center_for_Contemporary_Arts_Afghanistan_in_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Center_for_Contemporary_Arts_Afghanistan_in_2010.jpg/220px-Center_for_Contemporary_Arts_Afghanistan_in_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Center_for_Contemporary_Arts_Afghanistan_in_2010.jpg/330px-Center_for_Contemporary_Arts_Afghanistan_in_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Center_for_Contemporary_Arts_Afghanistan_in_2010.jpg/440px-Center_for_Contemporary_Arts_Afghanistan_in_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a><figcaption>Women painting at the Center for Contemporary Arts Afghanistan (CCAA) in <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The lands of Afghanistan have a long history of <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">art</a>, with the world's earliest known usage of <a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">Buddha</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Oil_painting" title="Oil painting">oil painting</a> found in cave murals in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buddha is from Bihar, Indian. this is drying oil technique used by Indians.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Afghan art includes <a href="/wiki/Persian_miniature" title="Persian miniature">Persian miniature</a> style, with <a href="/wiki/Kam%C4%81l_ud-D%C4%ABn_Behz%C4%81d" title="Kamāl ud-Dīn Behzād">Kamaleddin Behzad</a> of <a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a> being one of the most notable miniature artists of the <a href="/wiki/Timurid_dynasty" title="Timurid dynasty">Timurid</a> and early <a href="/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" title="Safavid dynasty">Safavid</a> periods. Since the 1900s, the nation began to use Western techniques in art. <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ghafoor_Breshna" title="Abdul Ghafoor Breshna">Abdul Ghafoor Breshna</a> was a prominent Afghan painter and sketch artist from Kabul during the 20th century. </p><p>Afghanistan's art was originally almost entirely done by men, but recently women are entering the arts programs at <a href="/wiki/Kabul_University" title="Kabul University">Kabul University</a>. Art is largely centered at the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Afghanistan" title="National Museum of Afghanistan">National Museum of Afghanistan</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Gallery_of_Afghanistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Gallery of Afghanistan (page does not exist)">National Gallery of Afghanistan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Archives_of_Afghanistan" title="National Archives of Afghanistan">National Archives of Afghanistan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a>. There are a number of art schools in the country. The Center for Contemporary Arts Afghanistan (CCAA) in Kabul provides young people to learn contemporary paintings. </p><p>Ceramics and pottery, of which many tend to be <a href="/wiki/Turquoise" title="Turquoise">turquoise</a>-colored, are produced in Afghanistan, most famously in the village of <a href="/wiki/Istalif" title="Istalif">Istalif</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The art of making <a href="/wiki/Carpets" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpets">carpets</a> has been prominent for centuries. Afghanistan is known for making beautiful oriental rugs. The <a href="/wiki/Afghan_carpet" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghan carpet">Afghan carpet</a> has certain prints that make them unique to Afghanistan. </p><p>Afghanistan is known for its production of <a href="/wiki/Afghan_rug" title="Afghan rug">Afghan rugs</a>, traditionally handwoven using a number of well-known and highly-prized patterns. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pottery_made_in_Afghanistan.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Afghan items of pottery"><img alt="Afghan items of pottery" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Pottery_made_in_Afghanistan.jpg/120px-Pottery_made_in_Afghanistan.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Pottery_made_in_Afghanistan.jpg/180px-Pottery_made_in_Afghanistan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Pottery_made_in_Afghanistan.jpg/240px-Pottery_made_in_Afghanistan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="642" data-file-height="431" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Afghan items of pottery</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fran%C3%A7oise_Foliot_-_Afghanistan_034.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Items of pottery at a shop"><img alt="Items of pottery at a shop" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Fran%C3%A7oise_Foliot_-_Afghanistan_034.jpg/120px-Fran%C3%A7oise_Foliot_-_Afghanistan_034.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Fran%C3%A7oise_Foliot_-_Afghanistan_034.jpg/180px-Fran%C3%A7oise_Foliot_-_Afghanistan_034.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Fran%C3%A7oise_Foliot_-_Afghanistan_034.jpg/240px-Fran%C3%A7oise_Foliot_-_Afghanistan_034.jpg 2x" data-file-width="12521" data-file-height="8301" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Items of pottery at a shop</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blue_glass_Kabul.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Blue glass"><img alt="Blue glass" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Blue_glass_Kabul.jpg/120px-Blue_glass_Kabul.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Blue_glass_Kabul.jpg/180px-Blue_glass_Kabul.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Blue_glass_Kabul.jpg/240px-Blue_glass_Kabul.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="871" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Blue glass</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Afghan_Kilim_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Afghan kilim"><img alt="Afghan kilim" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Afghan_Kilim_detail.jpg/120px-Afghan_Kilim_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Afghan_Kilim_detail.jpg/180px-Afghan_Kilim_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Afghan_Kilim_detail.jpg/240px-Afghan_Kilim_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="321" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Afghan kilim</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Traditional_Afghan_Embroidery_Style.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Afghan embroidery pattern"><img alt="Afghan embroidery pattern" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Traditional_Afghan_Embroidery_Style.jpg/120px-Traditional_Afghan_Embroidery_Style.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Traditional_Afghan_Embroidery_Style.jpg/180px-Traditional_Afghan_Embroidery_Style.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Traditional_Afghan_Embroidery_Style.jpg/240px-Traditional_Afghan_Embroidery_Style.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1071" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Afghan embroidery pattern</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Afghan_jewelry_and_rugs.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Afghan rugs and jewelry on sale, in the United States"><img alt="Afghan rugs and jewelry on sale, in the United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Afghan_jewelry_and_rugs.jpg/120px-Afghan_jewelry_and_rugs.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Afghan_jewelry_and_rugs.jpg/180px-Afghan_jewelry_and_rugs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Afghan_jewelry_and_rugs.jpg/240px-Afghan_jewelry_and_rugs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Afghan rugs and jewelry on sale, in the United States</div> </li> </ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Afghan_cuisine" title="Afghan cuisine">Afghan cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Army_(USA)_Colonel_(COL)_Kevin_McDonnell_(background_center),_Commander,_1ST_Battalion,_3rd_Special_Forces_Group_(SFG)_and_Afghanistan_National_Army_(ANA)_COL_Nahji_Bulla_(to_COL_McDonnells_right)_were_special_guest_at_a_lunch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/US_Army_%28USA%29_Colonel_%28COL%29_Kevin_McDonnell_%28background_center%29%2C_Commander%2C_1ST_Battalion%2C_3rd_Special_Forces_Group_%28SFG%29_and_Afghanistan_National_Army_%28ANA%29_COL_Nahji_Bulla_%28to_COL_McDonnells_right%29_were_special_guest_at_a_lunch.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/US_Army_%28USA%29_Colonel_%28COL%29_Kevin_McDonnell_%28background_center%29%2C_Commander%2C_1ST_Battalion%2C_3rd_Special_Forces_Group_%28SFG%29_and_Afghanistan_National_Army_%28ANA%29_COL_Nahji_Bulla_%28to_COL_McDonnells_right%29_were_special_guest_at_a_lunch.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/US_Army_%28USA%29_Colonel_%28COL%29_Kevin_McDonnell_%28background_center%29%2C_Commander%2C_1ST_Battalion%2C_3rd_Special_Forces_Group_%28SFG%29_and_Afghanistan_National_Army_%28ANA%29_COL_Nahji_Bulla_%28to_COL_McDonnells_right%29_were_special_guest_at_a_lunch.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1008" /></a><figcaption>Typical Afghan food table</figcaption></figure> <p>Afghanistan has a wide varying landscape allowing for many different crops. Afghan cuisine is based on cereals like <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a>, which are the nation's chief crops. Afghans do not eat <a href="/wiki/Pungency" title="Pungency">spicy food</a> like the neighboring <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_cuisine" title="Pakistani cuisine">Pakistanis</a>. Fresh and dried fruits is the most important part of Afghan diet. Afghanistan is well known for its fine fruits, especially <a href="/wiki/Pomegranate_production_in_Afghanistan" title="Pomegranate production in Afghanistan">pomegranates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grapes" class="mw-redirect" title="Grapes">grapes</a>, and its extra-sweet jumbo-size <a href="/wiki/Melon" title="Melon">melons</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Afghan_cuisine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Afghan_cuisine.jpg/220px-Afghan_cuisine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Afghan_cuisine.jpg/330px-Afghan_cuisine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Afghan_cuisine.jpg/440px-Afghan_cuisine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="920" /></a><figcaption>Some of the popular Afghan dishes, from left to right: 1. Lamb grilled kebab (<a href="/wiki/List_of_kebabs" title="List of kebabs">seekh kabab</a>); 2. <a href="/wiki/Kabuli_pulao" title="Kabuli pulao">Palao</a> and salad; 3. <a href="/wiki/Tandoori_chicken" title="Tandoori chicken">Tandoori chicken</a>; and 4. <a href="/wiki/Manti_(dumpling)" class="mw-redirect" title="Manti (dumpling)">Mantu</a> (dumplings). The Afghan cuisine includes a blend of Central Asian, Eastern Asian, South Asian and the Middle Eastern cuisines. Nearly all Afghan dishes are non-spicy.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Popular Afghan dishes: <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qabuli_palao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qabuli palao (page does not exist)">Qabuli palao</a> (traditional <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a> dish)</li> <li>Mosh Palao</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorba" title="Chorba">Shorba</a> (Afghan <a href="/wiki/Soup" title="Soup">soup</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Do_Pyaza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Do Pyaza (page does not exist)">Do Pyaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manti_(dumpling)" class="mw-redirect" title="Manti (dumpling)">Mantu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Meat" title="Meat">meat</a> dumplings)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kofta" title="Kofta">Kofta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Meatball" title="Meatball">meatballs</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kichiri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kichiri (page does not exist)">Kichiri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rosh_(food)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rosh (food) (page does not exist)">Rosh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chopan_Kabab&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chopan Kabab (page does not exist)">Chopan Kabab</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afghani_Kabab&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Afghani Kabab (page does not exist)">Afghani Kabab</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mash_Palao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mash Palao (page does not exist)">Mash Palao</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qabuli_Polao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qabuli Polao (page does not exist)">Qabuli Polao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qorma_Sabzi" class="mw-redirect" title="Qorma Sabzi">Qorma Sabzi</a></li> <li>Shola (sticky rice dish)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qoruti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qoruti (page does not exist)">Qoruti</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eshkana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eshkana (page does not exist)">Eshkana</a></li> <li>Baunjan (cooked <a href="/wiki/Eggplant" title="Eggplant">eggplant</a> with <a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">potatoes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tomato" title="Tomato">tomatoes</a>)</li> <li>Bendee/Baumya (cooked <a href="/wiki/Okra" title="Okra">okra</a> with potatoes and tomatoes)</li> <li>Heeknusb (<a href="/wiki/Hummus" title="Hummus">hummus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aushak" title="Aushak">Aushak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aush" title="Aush">Aush</a> (hand made <a href="/wiki/Noodle" title="Noodle">noodles</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghlava" class="mw-redirect" title="Baghlava">Baghlava</a> (baklava)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolani" title="Bolani">Bolani</a> (Afghan flat bread or <i><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%AApes" class="mw-redirect" title="Crêpes">crêpes</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapli_Kabab" class="mw-redirect" title="Chapli Kabab">Chapli Kabab</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shor-Nakhod&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shor-Nakhod (page does not exist)">Shor-Nakhod</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chick_peas" class="mw-redirect" title="Chick peas">chick peas</a> with special toppings)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naan" title="Naan">Naan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Afghan_bread" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghan bread">Afghan bread</a>)</li></ul></li> <li>Popular Afghan desserts: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gosh_Feel" class="mw-redirect" title="Gosh Feel">Gosh Feel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pastry" title="Pastry">pastry</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Halwa">Halwa</a></li> <li>Shir Berinj (<a href="/wiki/Rice_pudding" title="Rice pudding">rice pudding</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phirni" title="Phirni">Ferni</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kadu_Bouranee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kadu Bouranee (page does not exist)">Kadu Bouranee</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pumpkins" class="mw-redirect" title="Pumpkins">sweet pumpkins</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jelabi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jelabi">Jelabi</a></li> <li>Maleeda or Khajoor</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spice_Rub&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spice Rub (page does not exist)">Spice Rub</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dress_and_attire">Dress and attire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Dress and attire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Afghan_clothing" title="Afghan clothing">Afghan clothing</a></div> <p>Afghan traditional dress typically covers the entire body with a loose top and a form of head covering. The dresses are very colorful, especially women's.<sup id="cite_ref-basic_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-basic-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fran%C3%A7oise_Foliot_-_Afghanistan_020.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Traditional tribal women's clothing"><img alt="Traditional tribal women's clothing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Fran%C3%A7oise_Foliot_-_Afghanistan_020.jpg/120px-Fran%C3%A7oise_Foliot_-_Afghanistan_020.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Fran%C3%A7oise_Foliot_-_Afghanistan_020.jpg/180px-Fran%C3%A7oise_Foliot_-_Afghanistan_020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Fran%C3%A7oise_Foliot_-_Afghanistan_020.jpg/240px-Fran%C3%A7oise_Foliot_-_Afghanistan_020.jpg 2x" data-file-width="13242" data-file-height="8840" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Traditional tribal women's clothing</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fran%C3%A7oise_Foliot_-_Afghanistan_044.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Traditional tribal men's clothing"><img alt="Traditional tribal men's clothing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Fran%C3%A7oise_Foliot_-_Afghanistan_044.jpg/120px-Fran%C3%A7oise_Foliot_-_Afghanistan_044.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Fran%C3%A7oise_Foliot_-_Afghanistan_044.jpg/180px-Fran%C3%A7oise_Foliot_-_Afghanistan_044.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Fran%C3%A7oise_Foliot_-_Afghanistan_044.jpg/240px-Fran%C3%A7oise_Foliot_-_Afghanistan_044.jpg 2x" data-file-width="12999" data-file-height="8680" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Traditional tribal men's clothing</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Handmade_Dolls_in_Traditional_Attire_-_Women_of_Hope_Handicrafts_Booth_-_Kabul_AgriFair_-_May_2009_-_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Handmade dolls of traditional women's clothing at a fair"><img alt="Handmade dolls of traditional women's clothing at a fair" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Handmade_Dolls_in_Traditional_Attire_-_Women_of_Hope_Handicrafts_Booth_-_Kabul_AgriFair_-_May_2009_-_cropped.jpg/120px-Handmade_Dolls_in_Traditional_Attire_-_Women_of_Hope_Handicrafts_Booth_-_Kabul_AgriFair_-_May_2009_-_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Handmade_Dolls_in_Traditional_Attire_-_Women_of_Hope_Handicrafts_Booth_-_Kabul_AgriFair_-_May_2009_-_cropped.jpg/180px-Handmade_Dolls_in_Traditional_Attire_-_Women_of_Hope_Handicrafts_Booth_-_Kabul_AgriFair_-_May_2009_-_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Handmade_Dolls_in_Traditional_Attire_-_Women_of_Hope_Handicrafts_Booth_-_Kabul_AgriFair_-_May_2009_-_cropped.jpg/240px-Handmade_Dolls_in_Traditional_Attire_-_Women_of_Hope_Handicrafts_Booth_-_Kabul_AgriFair_-_May_2009_-_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1091" data-file-height="459" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Handmade dolls of traditional women's clothing at a fair</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sport">Sport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Afghanistan" title="Sport in Afghanistan">Sport in Afghanistan</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Traditional_games_of_Afghanistan" title="Traditional games of Afghanistan">Traditional games of Afghanistan</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buzkashi_(5458285907).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Buzkashi_%285458285907%29.jpg/220px-Buzkashi_%285458285907%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Buzkashi_%285458285907%29.jpg/330px-Buzkashi_%285458285907%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Buzkashi_%285458285907%29.jpg/440px-Buzkashi_%285458285907%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2467" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption>Players in a game of <a href="/wiki/Buzkashi" title="Buzkashi">buzkashi</a>, the national sport</figcaption></figure> <p>The sports in Afghanistan are organized by the <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Sports_Federation" title="Afghan Sports Federation">Afghan Sports Federation</a>, which promotes <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cricket_in_Afghanistan" title="Cricket in Afghanistan">cricket</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volleyball" title="Volleyball">volleyball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Golf" title="Golf">golf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Team_handball" class="mw-redirect" title="Team handball">handball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">boxing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">taekwondo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Track_and_field" title="Track and field">track and field</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bowling" title="Bowling">bowling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roller_skating" title="Roller skating">skating</a><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and several others.<sup id="cite_ref-PAN-Sports_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PAN-Sports-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Football remains to be the most popular sport across Afghanistan.The <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan_national_football_team" title="Afghanistan national football team">Afghanistan national football team</a> was founded in 1922, joined <a href="/wiki/FIFA" title="FIFA">FIFA</a> in 1948 and the <a href="/wiki/Asian_Football_Confederation" title="Asian Football Confederation">Asian Football Confederation</a> (AFC) in 1954. Although it did not play in any international games from 1984 to 2003 due to the war, it is now striving and hoping to make it to FIFA. The <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan_women%27s_national_football_team" title="Afghanistan women's national football team">Afghanistan women's national football team</a> was formed in 2007. The <a href="/wiki/Ghazi_Stadium" title="Ghazi Stadium">Ghazi Stadium</a>, which was built during the reign of <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of monarchs of Afghanistan">King</a> <a href="/wiki/Amanullah_Khan" title="Amanullah Khan">Amanullah Khan</a>, was once used for a venue for public executions by the Taliban government. The stadium is currently used mostly for football matches between teams from different provinces of the country as well as neighboring countries. <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">Basketball</a> has existed in Afghanistan since at least the 1970s, and is slowly becoming popular again. It is played by both Afghan men and women. Additionally, Afghans in the north of the country enjoy the sport of <a href="/wiki/Buzkashi" title="Buzkashi">buzkashi</a>. </p><p>Cricket has become popular in recent years in Afghanistan. The <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan_national_cricket_team" title="Afghanistan national cricket team">Afghanistan national cricket team</a>, which was formed in 1996 during Taliban regime, has held matches against all other international cricket teams since 2001. The Afghan team rapidly rose through the <a href="/wiki/World_Cricket_League" title="World Cricket League">World Cricket League</a> since early 2008. It participated in the <a href="/wiki/2009_ICC_World_Cup_Qualifier" class="mw-redirect" title="2009 ICC World Cup Qualifier">2009 ICC World Cup Qualifier</a>, <a href="/wiki/2010_ICC_World_Cricket_League_Division_One" title="2010 ICC World Cricket League Division One">2010 ICC World Cricket League Division One</a>, and <a href="/wiki/2010_ICC_World_Twenty20" class="mw-redirect" title="2010 ICC World Twenty20">2010 ICC World Twenty20</a> where they played India and South Africa. The team won four times in a row, the <a href="/wiki/ACC_Twenty20_Cup" title="ACC Twenty20 Cup">ACC Twenty20 Cup</a> in 2007, 2009, 2011, and 2013. It played against top ranking teams in the <a href="/wiki/2012_ICC_Under-19_Cricket_World_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 ICC Under-19 Cricket World Cup">2012 ICC Under-19 Cricket World Cup</a> and the <a href="/wiki/2012_ICC_World_Twenty20" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 ICC World Twenty20">2012 ICC World Twenty20</a>. ts, Afghans usually play with challengers of neighboring states and sometimes with other Asian countries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Afghanistan" title="Religion in Afghanistan">Religion in Afghanistan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Afghan_man_holding_a_tasbih,_with_a_cat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Afghan_man_holding_a_tasbih%2C_with_a_cat.jpg/220px-Afghan_man_holding_a_tasbih%2C_with_a_cat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Afghan_man_holding_a_tasbih%2C_with_a_cat.jpg/330px-Afghan_man_holding_a_tasbih%2C_with_a_cat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Afghan_man_holding_a_tasbih%2C_with_a_cat.jpg/440px-Afghan_man_holding_a_tasbih%2C_with_a_cat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="3286" /></a><figcaption>An Afghan man with a <i><a href="/wiki/Misbaha" title="Misbaha">tasbih</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> is the main religion of Afghanistan and over 99.7%<sup id="cite_ref-Factbook_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Factbook-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of Afghans are <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a>. An estimated 84.7–90% of the population adhere to <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a>, while an estimated 7–15% practice <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Afghanistan" title="Shia Islam in Afghanistan">Shia Islam</a>, and approximately 1% are followers of other religions,<sup id="cite_ref-Factbook_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Factbook-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pew_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pew-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> most prominently <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In pre-Islamic era, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Afghanistan" title="History of Afghanistan">Zoroastrianism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hindu_and_Buddhist_heritage_of_Afghanistan" title="Hindu and Buddhist heritage of Afghanistan">Hinduism and Buddhism</a> had a strong presence in Afghanistan; in addition, <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> have also had a <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Afghanistan" title="History of the Jews in Afghanistan">presence</a> in Afghanistan for over a millennia.<sup id="cite_ref-sfgate.com_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sfgate.com-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ToloNews.com_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ToloNews.com-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Afghanistan" title="Education in Afghanistan">Education in Afghanistan</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Afghanistan" title="Education in Afghanistan">Education in Afghanistan</a> includes <a href="/wiki/K%E2%80%9312_(education)" class="mw-redirect" title="K–12 (education)">K-12</a> and <a href="/wiki/Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">higher education</a>, which is supervised by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Afghanistan)" title="Ministry of Education (Afghanistan)">Ministry of Education</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Higher_Education_(Afghanistan)" title="Ministry of Higher Education (Afghanistan)">Ministry of Higher Education</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>. There are about 10,000 schools of which 4,000 were built in the last decade. More than 100,000 teachers were trained and recruited in the same period.<sup id="cite_ref-USAID-Education_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USAID-Education-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was reported in 2011 that more than seven million male and female students were enrolled in schools.<sup id="cite_ref-USAID-Education_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USAID-Education-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the well known schools in Kabul are <a href="/wiki/Habibia_High_School" title="Habibia High School">Habibia High School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Esteqlal" class="mw-redirect" title="Lycée Esteqlal">Lycée Esteqlal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amani_High_School" title="Amani High School">Amani High School</a>, Aisha-i-Durani School, <a href="/wiki/Ghazi_High_School" title="Ghazi High School">Ghazi High School</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rahman_Baba_High_School" title="Rahman Baba High School">Rahman Baba High School</a>. The Ahmad Shah Baba High School and Zarghuna Anna High School are two of the oldest schools in <a href="/wiki/Kandahar" title="Kandahar">Kandahar</a>. </p><p>Since the country has one of the lowest literacy rates in the world, the United States began establishing a number of Lincoln learning centers to help with this problem and promote American culture in Afghanistan. They are set up to serve as programming platforms offering English language classes, library facilities, programming venues, Internet connectivity, educational and other counseling services. A goal of the program is to reach at least 4,000 Afghan citizens per month per location.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The military and national police are now provided with mandatory literacy courses.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to this, <a href="/wiki/Baghch-e-Simsim" title="Baghch-e-Simsim">Baghch-e-Simsim</a> (based on the American <a href="/wiki/Sesame_Street" title="Sesame Street">Sesame Street</a>) was launched in late 2011 to help Afghan children learn from <a href="/wiki/Preschool_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Preschool education">preschool</a> onward. Programs in the show "will be partly filmed in Afghanistan with the rest" lifted from other versions in <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim countries</a> including <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Farmer_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farmer-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AWN_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AWN-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Higher education is provided by various <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Afghanistan" title="List of universities in Afghanistan">universities</a> throughout the country, which include the <a href="/wiki/American_University_of_Afghanistan" title="American University of Afghanistan">American University of Afghanistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kabul_University" title="Kabul University">Kabul University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polytechnical_University_of_Kabul" class="mw-redirect" title="Polytechnical University of Kabul">Polytechnical University of Kabul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herat_University" title="Herat University">Herat University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balkh_University" title="Balkh University">Balkh University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nangarhar_University" title="Nangarhar University">Nangarhar University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kandahar_University" title="Kandahar University">Kandahar University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khost_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Khost University">Khost University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bakhtar_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakhtar University">Bakhtar University</a>, and a heap of others. There is also one <a href="/wiki/National_Military_Academy_of_Afghanistan" title="National Military Academy of Afghanistan">military college</a>, located in Kabul. Recently with help from <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>, over 1,000 women have taken the university entrance exam. As of 2011, about 62,000 students are enrolled in different universities around the country.<sup id="cite_ref-USAID-Education_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USAID-Education-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Games">Games</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Games"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Afghan_boy_with_kite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Afghan_boy_with_kite.jpg/220px-Afghan_boy_with_kite.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Afghan_boy_with_kite.jpg/330px-Afghan_boy_with_kite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Afghan_boy_with_kite.jpg/440px-Afghan_boy_with_kite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>An Afghan boy with a kite</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Kite" title="Kite">Kites</a> and "<a href="/wiki/Fighter_kite" title="Fighter kite">kite fighting</a>" are highly popular in Afghanistan especially amongst children. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Holidays">Holidays</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Holidays"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2011_Afghan_Independence_Day.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/2011_Afghan_Independence_Day.jpg/220px-2011_Afghan_Independence_Day.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/2011_Afghan_Independence_Day.jpg/330px-2011_Afghan_Independence_Day.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/2011_Afghan_Independence_Day.jpg/440px-2011_Afghan_Independence_Day.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/President_of_Afghanistan" title="President of Afghanistan">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Hamid_Karzai" title="Hamid Karzai">Hamid Karzai</a> observing the <a href="/wiki/Honor_guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Honor guard">honor guard</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Afghanistan">Afghan armed forces</a> during the 2011 <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Independence_Day" title="Afghan Independence Day">Afghan Independence Day</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious">Religious</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Religious"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Holiday" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Holiday">Islamic Holiday</a> and <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Afghanistan" title="Public holidays in Afghanistan">Public holidays in Afghanistan</a></div> <p>Afghanistan's religious holidays are nearly the same as <a href="/wiki/Islamic_holidays" title="Islamic holidays">Islamic holidays</a>. Some of the most important include <a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr" title="Eid al-Fitr">Eid al-Fitr</a> (end of <a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramadan</a>), <a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Eid al-Adha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Day_of_Ashura" class="mw-redirect" title="Day of Ashura">Ashura</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mawlid" title="Mawlid">Mawlid</a>, while the religious minorities of Afghanistan celebrate holidays unique to their respective religion.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional">Traditional</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Traditional"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Farmer's Day, also known as <a href="/wiki/Nauruz_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nauruz in Afghanistan">Nauruz</a> (Nowruz), is an ancient annual Afghan festival which celebrates both the beginning of spring and the <a href="/wiki/New_Year" title="New Year">New Year</a>. The observances usually last two weeks, culminating on the first day of the Afghan New Year, March 21, and corresponds to the first day of the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Calendar">Persian Calendar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nauruz is related to a religion called <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a> which was in practice in ancient <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Persia</a> before the emergence of Islam. This festival is to celebrate the arrival of spring as plants, trees, and flowers start to bloom making the weather pleasant. On the day of Nauruz, families usually celebrate the festival by cooking food and going out for a picnic. Families cook various kinds of meals, Samanak, and Haft-mewah or dry fruits that start with the letter (س) or (S) which represents the arrival of spring season. Haft-mewah contains seven dry fruits which families place in warm water two to three days before Nauruz. Samanak is another type of dessert made from wheat and sugar. Women usually get together days before Nauruz to prepare Samanak. They pour the ingredients into a big pot placed on an open fire and take turns to stir the wheat and sugar in the pot before it turns into a thick paste. Once prepared, the dessert is then served on the day of Nauruz.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National">National</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: National"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Independence_Day" title="Afghan Independence Day">Afghan Independence Day</a> (19 August 19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujahideen_Victory_Day" title="Mujahideen Victory Day">Mujahideen Victory Day</a> (April 28)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Women%27s_Day" title="International Women's Day">International Women's Day</a> (March 8)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs%27_Day_(Afghanistan)" title="Martyrs' Day (Afghanistan)">Remembrance Day for Martyrs and Disabled</a> (September 9)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Afghanistan" title="Portal:Afghanistan">Afghanistan portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bacha_Bazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacha Bazi">Bacha Bazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demography_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Demography of Afghanistan">Demography of Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Afghanistan" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Afghanistan">Postage stamps and postal history of Afghanistan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Banting-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Banting_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBanting2003" class="citation book cs1">Banting, Erinn (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/afghanistan00bant"><i>Afghanistan: The land</i></a></span>. Crabtree Publishing Company. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/afghanistan00bant/page/n9">4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7787-9335-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7787-9335-4"><bdi>0-7787-9335-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 13,</span> 2012</span>. <q>From among the languages of Pashto, Dari, Uzbeki, Turkmani, Baluchi, Pashai, Nuristani, Pamiri (alsana), Arab and other languages spoken in the country, <b>Pashto and Dari are the official languages of the state.</b></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Article+Sixteen+of+the+Constitution+of+Afghanistan&rft.date=2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afghan-web.com%2Fpolitics%2Fcurrent_constitution.html%23preamble&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LoC-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LoC_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101203053513/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Afghanistan.pdf">"Country Profile: Afghanistan"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>. August 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Afghanistan.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on December 3, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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AWN News<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 5,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sesame+Street+To+Debut+In+Afghanistan&rft.date=2011-12-01&rft.aulast=DeMott&rft.aufirst=Rick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.awn.com%2Fnews%2Ftelevision%2Fsesame-street-debut-afghanistan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050307202755/http://www.afghan-web.com/culture/holidays.html">"Afghanistan Online: Culture - Important holidays/occasions/festivities celebrated in Afghanistan"</a>. 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Keith Goodsell (March 7, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.centcom.mil/MEDIA/NEWS-ARTICLES/News-Article-View/Article/884251/key-afghan-us-leadership-plant-trees-for-farmers-day/">"Key Afghan, US leadership plant trees for Farmer's Day"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Central_Command" title="United States Central Command">United States Central Command</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210506161833/https://www.centcom.mil/MEDIA/NEWS-ARTICLES/News-Article-View/Article/884251/key-afghan-us-leadership-plant-trees-for-farmers-day/">Archived</a> from the original on May 6, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Key+Afghan%2C+US+leadership+plant+trees+for+Farmer%27s+Day&rft.pub=United+States+Central+Command&rft.date=2011-03-07&rft.au=Lt.+j.g.+Keith+Goodsell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.centcom.mil%2FMEDIA%2FNEWS-ARTICLES%2FNews-Article-View%2FArticle%2F884251%2Fkey-afghan-us-leadership-plant-trees-for-farmers-day%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171215144810/http://eafghanag.ucdavis.edu/country-info/culture-and-working-locally/Man_Afghan_Culture_CWTI.pdf">"An Introduction to Afghanistan Culture"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eafghanag.ucdavis.edu/country-info/culture-and-working-locally/Man_Afghan_Culture_CWTI.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on December 15, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Afghanistan+Culture&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feafghanag.ucdavis.edu%2Fcountry-info%2Fculture-and-working-locally%2FMan_Afghan_Culture_CWTI.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDupree1973" class="citation book cs1">Dupree, Louis (1973). "Folklore And Folk Music". <i>Afghanistan</i>. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 112–131. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9781400858910.112">10.1515/9781400858910.112</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Folklore+And+Folk+Music&rft.btitle=Afghanistan&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pages=112-131&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9781400858910.112&rft.aulast=Dupree&rft.aufirst=Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMills2010" class="citation book cs1">Mills, Margaret A. (2010). "Oral and Popular Literature in Dari Persian of Afghanistan". In Philip G. Kreyenbroek; Ulrich Marzolph (eds.). <i>Oral literature of Iranian languages: Kurdish, Pashto, Balochi, Ossetic, Persian and Tajik</i>. London; New York: I.B. Tauris. pp. 303–322.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Oral+and+Popular+Literature+in+Dari+Persian+of+Afghanistan&rft.btitle=Oral+literature+of+Iranian+languages%3A+Kurdish%2C+Pashto%2C+Balochi%2C+Ossetic%2C+Persian+and+Tajik&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.pages=303-322&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Mills&rft.aufirst=Margaret+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMills2016" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mills, Margaret (2016) [2014]. "Afghanistan" [Afghanistan, Narrative Tradition in]. In Rolf Wilhelm Brednich; Heidrun Alzheimer; Hermann Bausinger; Wolfgang Brückner; Daniel Drascek; Helge Gerndt; Ines Köhler-Zülch; Klaus Roth; Hans-Jörg Uther (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/Enzyklop%C3%A4die_des_M%C3%A4rchens" class="mw-redirect" title="Enzyklopädie des Märchens">Enzyklopädie des Märchens Online</a></i> (in German). Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter. pp. 1484–1489. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Femo.14.313">10.1515/emo.14.313</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Afghanistan&rft.btitle=Enzyklop%C3%A4die+des+M%C3%A4rchens+Online&rft.place=Berlin%2C+Boston&rft.pages=1484-1489&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Femo.14.313&rft.aulast=Mills&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <dl><dt>Folktale collections</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLebedev1972" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B2,_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Лебедев, Константин Александрович">Lebedev, Konstantin</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Russian]</span> (1972). <i>Афганские сказки и легенды</i> [<i>Afghan Tales and Legends</i>] (in Russian). Moskva: <a href="/wiki/Nauka_(publisher)" title="Nauka (publisher)">Главная редакция восточной литературы издательства Наука</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%90%D1%84%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%B8+%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B&rft.place=Moskva&rft.pub=%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B+%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Lebedev&rft.aufirst=Konstantin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mills_(folklorist)" title="Margaret Mills (folklorist)">Mills, Margaret A.</a> <i>Cupid and Psyche in Afghanistan: An international Tale in Cultural Context</i> Occasional Paper (Asia Society. Afghanistan Council), No. 14, Spring/1978.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShah1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Amina_Shah" title="Amina Shah">Shah, Amina</a> (1982). <i>Tales of Afghanistan</i>. Octagon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780900860942" title="Special:BookSources/9780900860942"><bdi>9780900860942</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tales+of+Afghanistan&rft.pub=Octagon+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=9780900860942&rft.aulast=Shah&rft.aufirst=Amina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDhar1982" class="citation book cs1">Dhar, Asha (1982). <i>Folk tales of Afghanistan</i>. New Delhi: Sterling.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Folk+tales+of+Afghanistan&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Sterling&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Dhar&rft.aufirst=Asha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMills2019" class="citation book cs1">Mills, Margaret A. (2019) [1990]. <i>Oral Narrative in Afghanistan: The Individual in Tradition</i>. Routledge Revivals. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781000094336" title="Special:BookSources/9781000094336"><bdi>9781000094336</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oral+Narrative+in+Afghanistan%3A+The+Individual+in+Tradition&rft.pub=Routledge+Revivals&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781000094336&rft.aulast=Mills&rft.aufirst=Margaret+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIoannesyan2009" class="citation book cs1">Ioannesyan, Youli (2009). <i>Afghan folktales from Herat: Persian Texts in Transcription and Translation</i>. Amherst: <a href="/wiki/Cambria_Press" title="Cambria Press">Cambria Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60497-652-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60497-652-6"><bdi>978-1-60497-652-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afghan+folktales+from+Herat%3A+Persian+Texts+in+Transcription+and+Translation&rft.place=Amherst&rft.pub=Cambria+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-60497-652-6&rft.aulast=Ioannesyan&rft.aufirst=Youli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTapperLindisfarne-Tapper2020" class="citation book cs1">Tapper, Richard; Lindisfarne-Tapper, Nancy (2020). <i>Afghan Village Voices: Stories from a Tribal Community</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/I.B._Tauris" title="I.B. Tauris">I.B. Tauris & Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7556-0085-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7556-0085-4"><bdi>978-0-7556-0085-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afghan+Village+Voices%3A+Stories+from+a+Tribal+Community&rft.place=London&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris+%26+Company&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-7556-0085-4&rft.aulast=Tapper&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Lindisfarne-Tapper%2C+Nancy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Afghanistan" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Culture of Afghanistan">Culture of Afghanistan</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afghanistan.culturalprofiles.net">Afghanistan Cultural Profile</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afghan-web.com/culture/">Afghanistan Online: Culture</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070326221924/http://www.afghanistan-photos.com/crbst_27.html">Culture and history of Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061206014859/http://www.afghan-network.net/Culture/mati4.html">Afghan's Share in Indian Art and Culture</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cp-pc.ca/english/afghanistan/index.html">Afghanistan a cultural profile</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nongnu.org/afghancalendar">Online Afghan Calendar with Gregorian, Hejrah-e shamsi and Hejrah-e qamari dates</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130127235700/http://uiuc.libguides.com/aecontent.php?pid=42076">National Bibliography and Publishing in Afghanistan (1871-2009)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afghanproverbs.com/">AfghanProverbs.com. Features Dari (Afghan Farsi) Proverbs of Afghanistan, known as "Zarbul Masalha"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gulf2000.columbia.edu/images/maps/Afghanistan_GeogCulturalDivisions_lg.png">Afghanistan: Major Cultural and Historical Zones</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Afghanistan_topics" title="Template:Afghanistan topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Afghanistan_topics" title="Template talk:Afghanistan topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Afghanistan_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Afghanistan topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Afghanistan_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Afghanistan" title="Outline of Afghanistan">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Afghanistan" title="History of Afghanistan">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history_of_Afghanistan" title="Ancient history of Afghanistan">Pre-Islamic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley civilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Greater Khorasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokhara_Yabghus" title="Tokhara Yabghus">Yabghus of Tokharistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahis" title="Turk Shahis">Turk Shahis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Shahis" title="Hindu Shahis">Hindu Shahis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquests_of_Afghanistan" title="Muslim conquests of Afghanistan">Islamic conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_Central_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol conquest of Central Asia">Mongol invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotak_dynasty" title="Hotak dynasty">Hotak dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kandahar" title="Siege of Kandahar">Siege of Kandahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Panipat" title="Third Battle of Panipat">Third Battle of Panipat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dost_Mohammad_Khan" title="Dost Mohammad Khan">Dost Mohammad Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan" title="Emirate of Afghanistan">Emirate of Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jamrud" title="Battle of Jamrud">Battle of Jamrud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan%E2%80%93Sikh_Wars" title="Afghan–Sikh Wars">Afghan–Sikh Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="First Anglo-Afghan War">First Anglo-Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Second Anglo-Afghan War">Second Anglo-Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Third Anglo-Afghan War">Third Anglo-Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Kingdom of Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1928%E2%80%931929)" title="Afghan Civil War (1928–1929)">Reforms of Amānullāh Khān and civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saqqawists" title="Saqqawists">Saqqawists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan_(1929)" title="Emirate of Afghanistan (1929)">Emirate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Afghanistan_(1973%E2%80%931978)" title="Republic of Afghanistan (1973–1978)">Daoud's Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Democratic Republic of Afghanistan">Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Afghanistan_(1992%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Afghanistan (1992–present)">since 1992</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Afghanistan" title="Islamic State of Afghanistan">Islamic State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan_(1996%E2%80%932001)" title="Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)">First Islamic Emirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Afghanistan" title="United States invasion of Afghanistan">2001 invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War (2001–2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Islamic Republic of Afghanistan">Islamic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Second Islamic Emirate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="By_topic" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Afghan_history" title="Timeline of Afghan history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arabs_in_Afghanistan" title="History of Arabs in Afghanistan">Arabs in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_influence_in_Afghanistan" title="European influence in Afghanistan">European influence</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Graveyard_of_empires" title="Graveyard of empires">Graveyard of empires</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan" title="War in Afghanistan">Wars in Afghanistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Afghanistan" title="Geography of Afghanistan">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Afghanistan" title="Subdivisions of Afghanistan">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Afghanistan" title="Template:Borders of Afghanistan">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Afghanistan" title="Climate change in Afghanistan">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Afghanistan" title="List of earthquakes in Afghanistan">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Afghanistan" title="Environmental issues in Afghanistan">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Afghanistan" title="Extreme points of Afghanistan">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Afghanistan" title="List of volcanoes in Afghanistan">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Afghanistan" title="Wildlife of Afghanistan">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Afghanistan" title="Demographics of Afghanistan">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Afghanistan" title="Ethnic groups in Afghanistan">Ethnic groups in Afghanistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arabs_in_Afghanistan" title="History of Arabs in Afghanistan">Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baloch_people" title="Baloch people">Baloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farsiwan" title="Farsiwan">Farsiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurjar" title="Gurjar">Gurjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazaras" title="Hazaras">Hazaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kho_people" title="Kho people">Kho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuristanis" title="Nuristanis">Nuristanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtuns" title="Pashtuns">Pashtuns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qizilbash" title="Qizilbash">Qizilbash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajiks" title="Tajiks">Tajiks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmens" title="Turkmens">Turkmens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbeks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Afghanistan" title="Health in Afghanistan">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Afghanistan" title="Languages of Afghanistan">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dari" title="Dari">Persian (Dari)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Afghanistan" title="Women in Afghanistan">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Afghanistan" title="Politics of Afghanistan">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Constitution_of_Afghanistan" title="1964 Constitution of Afghanistan">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jirga" title="Jirga">Loya jirga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_Council_of_Afghanistan" title="Leadership Council of Afghanistan">Leadership Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Afghanistan" title="Supreme Leader of Afghanistan">Supreme Leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Afghanistan" title="Prime Minister of Afghanistan">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Leader_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy Leader of Afghanistan">Deputy Leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Afghanistan" title="Cabinet of Afghanistan">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_provincial_governors_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current provincial governors in Afghanistan">Current provincial governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Afghanistan" title="Foreign relations of Afghanistan">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Afghanistan" title="Human rights in Afghanistan">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Afghanistan">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_women_by_the_Taliban" title="Treatment of women by the Taliban">women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Afghanistan" title="Supreme Court of Afghanistan">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Afghanistan" title="Chief Justice of Afghanistan">Chief Justice</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Afghanistan" title="Economy of Afghanistan">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_afghani" title="Afghan afghani">Afghani (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Afghanistan" title="Communications in Afghanistan">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Afghanistan" title="Energy in Afghanistan">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Afghanistan" title="Mining in Afghanistan">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan" title="Opium production in Afghanistan">Opium production in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Afghanistan" title="Taxation in Afghanistan">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunications in Afghanistan">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Afghanistan" title="Tourism in Afghanistan">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan%E2%80%93Afghanistan%E2%80%93Pakistan%E2%80%93India_Pipeline" title="Turkmenistan–Afghanistan–Pakistan–India Pipeline">Trans-Afghanistan Pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Afghanistan" title="Transport in Afghanistan">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_cuisine" title="Afghan cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Afghanistan" title="Education in Afghanistan">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Afghanistan" title="Flag of Afghanistan">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Afghanistan" title="Music of Afghanistan">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Afghanistan" title="Cinema of Afghanistan">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan_at_the_Olympics" title="Afghanistan at the Olympics">Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtunwali" title="Pashtunwali">Pashtunwali (Pashtun life)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetry_of_Afghanistan" title="Poetry of Afghanistan">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Afghanistan" title="Religion in Afghanistan">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_rugs" class="mw-redirect" title="War rugs">War rugs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Afghanistan" title="Outline of Afghanistan">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Afghanistan" title="Outline of Afghanistan">Index</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Afghanistan" title="Bibliography of Afghanistan">Bibliography</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Afghanistan" title="Category:Afghanistan">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Afghanistan" title="Portal:Afghanistan">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Culture_of_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Culture_of_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Asia" title="Culture of Asia">Culture of Asia </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Armenia" title="Culture of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Azerbaijan" title="Culture of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Bahrain" title="Culture of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Bangladesh" title="Culture of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Bhutan" title="Culture of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Brunei" title="Culture of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Cambodia" title="Culture of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_East_Timor" title="Culture of East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Egypt" title="Culture of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Culture of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_India" title="Culture of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Indonesia" title="Culture of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Iran" title="Culture of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Iraq" title="Culture of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Israel" title="Culture of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Japan" title="Culture of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Jordan" title="Culture of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Kazakhstan" title="Culture of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_North_Korea" title="Culture of North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_South_Korea" title="Culture of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Kuwait" title="Culture of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Culture of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Laos" title="Culture of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Lebanon" title="Culture of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Malaysia" title="Culture of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Maldives" title="Culture of the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Mongolia" title="Culture of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Myanmar" title="Culture of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Nepal" title="Culture of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Oman" title="Culture of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Pakistan" title="Culture of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Philippines" title="Culture of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Qatar" title="Culture of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Russia" title="Culture of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Culture of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Singapore" title="Culture of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Culture of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Syria" title="Culture of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Tajikistan" title="Culture of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Thailand" title="Culture of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Turkey" title="Culture of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Turkmenistan" title="Culture of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Culture of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Uzbekistan" title="Culture of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Vietnam" title="Culture of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Yemen" title="Culture of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Abkhazia" title="Culture of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="Culture of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_South_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Taiwan" title="Culture of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Culture of the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Culture of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Hong_Kong" title="Culture of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Macau" title="Culture of Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span 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