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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geographic distribution</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geographic_distribution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geographic distribution subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geographic_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vietnam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Vietnam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> 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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Lachi language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 11 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-11" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">11 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tataramon_na_Lachi" title="Tataramon na Lachi – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tataramon na Lachi" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lachi" title="Lachi – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lachi" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_lachi" title="Lingua lachi – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua lachi" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lachi_jezik" title="Lachi jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Lachi jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilachi" title="Kilachi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kilachi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_lachi" title="Lenga lachi – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga lachi" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8_(%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA)" title="Лати (язык) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лати (язык)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="லச்சி மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="லச்சி மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B4" title="ภาษาลาชิ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาลาชิ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_La_Ch%C3%AD" title="Tiếng La Chí – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng La Chí" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Kra language spoken in Vietnam</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: lavender;">Lachi</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Lachi_people" title="Lachi people">Lachi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">(7,000 cited 1990–2007)<sup id="cite_ref-e18_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e18-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Kra–Dai languages">Kra–Dai</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Kra_languages" title="Kra languages">Kra</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Ge–Chi<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Lachi</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: lavender;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Either:<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/lbt" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:lbt">lbt</a></code> – Lachi<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/lwh" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:lwh">lwh</a></code> – White Lachi</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/lach1247">lach1247</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Languages_Project" title="Endangered Languages Project">ELP</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/1506">Lachi</a></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p>The <b>Lachi language</b> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">拉基</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">lājī</span></i>, Vietnamese: <b>La Chí</b>; <a href="/wiki/Endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Endonym">autonym</a> in China: <i><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">li35<span class="wrap"> </span>pu44<span class="wrap"> </span>ljo44</span></i>; autonym in Vietnam: <i><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">qu32<span class="wrap"> </span>te453</span></i>, where <i><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">qu32</span></i> means "person"<sup id="cite_ref-Edmondson2003_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edmondson2003-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is a <a href="/wiki/Kra_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kra language">Kra language</a> spoken in <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and in northern Vietnam. There were 9,500 <a href="/wiki/Lachi_people" title="Lachi people">Lachi</a> speakers in Vietnam in 1990. Edmondson (2008) reports another 2,500 in <a href="/wiki/Maguan_County" title="Maguan County">Maguan County</a>, Yunnan, China for 1995, but Li Yunbing (2000) reports 60 speakers in Maguan out of an ethnic population of 1,600. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subdivisions">Subdivisions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lachi_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Subdivisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Weera Ostapirat<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> proposed three major subdivisions for the Lachi language. </p> <ul><li><b>Northern</b> (Chinese or Flowery Lachi)</li> <li><b>Central</b> (White Lachi)</li> <li><b>Southern</b> (Long Haired and Black Lachi)</li></ul> <p>Jerold A. Edmondson notes that Vietnamese researchers recently have not been able to locate White (Central) Lachi speakers. It is also the least studied variety of Lachi. </p><p>The <i>Maguan County Gazetteer</i> 马关县志 (1996) lists the following Lachi ethnic subdivisions. </p> <ul><li>Flowery Lachi 花拉基</li> <li>White Lachi 白拉基</li> <li>Black Lachi 黑拉基</li> <li>Chinese Lachi 汉拉基</li> <li>Manyou Lachi 曼忧拉基</li> <li>Manpeng Lachi 曼棚拉基</li></ul> <p>The <i>Maguan County Gazetteer</i> 马关县志 (1996) also lists the following autonyms for the Lachi. </p> <ul><li>She 舍</li> <li>Laguo 拉果</li> <li>Heitu 黑土</li> <li>Gudai 古逮</li> <li>Yibi 依比</li> <li>Yimei 依梅</li> <li>Yiduo 依多</li> <li>Yibeng 依崩</li></ul> <p>The Republic of China-era <i>Maguan County Gazetteer</i> 马关县志 gives the names Labo 剌僰 (with a dog radical 犭for La 剌) and Laji 拉鸡 (Li 2000: 5). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographic_distribution">Geographic distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lachi_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geographic distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kosaka (2000) reports 6,000–8,000 Lachi speakers in Vietnam, and 2,000 in China. The Lachi of <a href="/wiki/Maguan_County" title="Maguan County">Maguan County</a>, China are currently classified as <a href="/wiki/Zhuang_people" title="Zhuang people">Zhuang</a> (Li 2000), while the Lachi of <a href="/wiki/Malipo_County" title="Malipo County">Malipo County</a>, China, along with the Qabiao, are classified as <a href="/wiki/Yi_people" title="Yi people">Yi</a>. The Lachi of Vietnam have official status as a separate ethnic group. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lachi_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Lachi of China live in various locations in <a href="/wiki/Maguan_County" title="Maguan County">Maguan County</a> (马关县), <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a>, which is located in <a href="/wiki/Wenshan_Zhuang_and_Miao_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture">Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture</a> (文山壮族苗族自治州) near the border with <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A0_Giang_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Hà Giang Province">Hà Giang Province</a>, Vietnam. According to American linguist Jerold A. Edmondson, the Lachi of China are thought to have moved to their present location during the <a href="/wiki/Qing_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing Dynasty">Qing Dynasty</a> from places in Vietnam called Maibu 麥布, Maidu 麥督, and Maiha 麥哈.<sup id="cite_ref-TK_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TK-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other Lachis are also found scattered in Yanshan, Qiubei, Xichou, and Malipo counties. </p><p>The subdivisions, with their respective locations, are as follows: </p><p><b>Flowery Lachi</b> (<a href="/wiki/Exonym_and_endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym and endonym">autonym</a>: <i><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">li35<span class="wrap"> </span>pu44<span class="wrap"> </span>ljo44<span class="wrap"> </span>n̩44<span class="wrap"> </span>tɕo55</span></i>) </p> <ul><li>Jinchang Township 金厂镇 <ul><li>Zhongzhai 中寨<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Sanjiajie 三家街<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <p><b>Chinese Lachi</b> (<a href="/wiki/Exonym_and_endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym and endonym">autonym</a>: <i><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">li35<span class="wrap"> </span>pu44<span class="wrap"> </span>tɕo44</span></i>) </p> <ul><li>Jiahanqing Township 夹寒箐乡 <ul><li>Niulongshan 牛龙山<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Dujiaozhai 独脚寨<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Shi'er Daohe 十二道河<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Laozhai 老寨<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>Renhe Township 仁和镇 <ul><li>Baishiyan 白石岩<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Shiqiao 石桥<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Huomuqing 火木箐<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <p><b>Pocket Lachi</b> (<a href="/wiki/Exonym_and_endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym and endonym">autonym</a>: <i><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">li35<span class="wrap"> </span>pu44<span class="wrap"> </span>te35</span></i>) </p> <ul><li>Nanlao Township 南捞乡: Busu 布苏<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><b>Red Lachi</b> (<a href="/wiki/Exonym_and_endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym and endonym">autonym</a>: <i><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">li33<span class="wrap"> </span>pu44<span class="wrap"> </span>ke55</span></i>) </p> <ul><li>Xiaobazi Township 小坝子镇 <ul><li>Tianpeng 田棚<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Laqie 拉劫 / Laqi 拉气<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vietnam">Vietnam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lachi_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Vietnam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Lachi live mostly in <a href="/wiki/X%C3%ADn_M%E1%BA%A7n_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Xín Mần District">Xín Mần District</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ho%C3%A0ng_Su_Ph%C3%AC_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoàng Su Phì District">Hoàng Su Phì District</a>, <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A0_Giang_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Hà Giang Province">Hà Giang Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>. There are also many Lachi living in <a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%AFc_Quang_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Bắc Quang District">Bắc Quang District</a> in southern <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A0_Giang_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Hà Giang Province">Hà Giang Province</a>, which is outside their home district of <a href="/wiki/Ho%C3%A0ng_Su_Ph%C3%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoàng Su Phì">Hoàng Su Phì</a>. Since the Lachi dialects of Vietnam have many Chinese loanwords, the Lachi of Vietnam must have migrated from areas to the north in China (Kosaka 2000). Similarly, the Lachi of <a href="/wiki/Maguan_County" title="Maguan County">Maguan County</a>, Yunnan, China just across the border believed that their ancestors had migrated from Ami Prefecture 阿迷州, which is now <a href="/wiki/Kaiyuan,_Yunnan" title="Kaiyuan, Yunnan">Kaiyuan, Yunnan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Edmondson2003_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edmondson2003-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Vietnam, <a href="/wiki/Jerold_Edmondson" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerold Edmondson">Jerold Edmondson</a> notes that the most common autonym used by his Lachi informants is <i><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">qu3˩<span class="wrap"> </span>te34˩</span></i>, with <i><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">qu3˩</span></i> meaning 'people' (from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Kra_language" title="Proto-Kra language">Proto-Kra</a> *khra<sup>C1</sup> 'people').<sup id="cite_ref-Edmondson2003_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edmondson2003-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Lachi people are an officially recognized ethnic group in Vietnam, and are divided as such (Kosaka 2000, Edmondson 2008): </p><p><b>Long Haired Lachi</b> (<a href="/wiki/Exonym_and_endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym and endonym">autonym</a>: <i><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">li35<span class="wrap"> </span>pu44<span class="wrap"> </span>tjoŋ44</span></i>) </p> <ul><li>Bản Phùng, Hoàng Su Phì District — largest village; regarded as cradle site</li></ul> <p><b>Black Lachi</b> (<a href="/wiki/Exonym_and_endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym and endonym">autonym</a>: <i><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">li35<span class="wrap"> </span>pu44<span class="wrap"> </span>pi55</span></i>) </p> <ul><li>Bản Díu, <a href="/wiki/X%C3%ADn_M%E1%BA%A7n_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Xín Mần District">Xín Mần</a> — speakers have shifted to the <a href="/wiki/Nung_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Nung people">Nùng language</a><sup id="cite_ref-Duong2020_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duong2020-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><b>White Lachi</b> (<a href="/wiki/Exonym_and_endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym and endonym">autonym</a>: <i><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">li35<span class="wrap"> </span>pu44<span class="wrap"> </span>pu55</span></i>; language possibly extinct) </p> <ul><li>Bản Pắng, Hoàng Su Phì District — speakers have shifted to the <a href="/wiki/Nung_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Nung people">Nùng language</a>, the regional lingua franca</li> <li>Bản Máy, Hoàng Su Phì District — speakers have shifted to the <a href="/wiki/Nung_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Nung people">Nùng language</a>, the regional lingua franca</li></ul> <p>Lachi is also spoken in (Kosaka 2000): </p> <ul><li>Tân Lợi hamlet (Thôn Tân Lợi), <a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%AFc_Quang_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Bắc Quang District">Bắc Quang District</a>, <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A0_Giang_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Hà Giang Province">Hà Giang Province</a> — formed through a secondary migration from Tân Lập village (Xã Tân Lập), which is now called Xã Tân Thành.</li> <li>Chí Cà, <a href="/wiki/X%C3%ADn_M%E1%BA%A7n_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Xín Mần District">Xín Mần District</a>, <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A0_Giang_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Hà Giang Province">Hà Giang Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%AFc_H%C3%A0_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Bắc Hà District">Bắc Hà District</a>, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A0o_Cai_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Lào Cai Province">Lào Cai Province</a> — descended from Bản Phùng migrants; can no longer speak Lachi (e.g., in Thôn Núng Choáng, Xã Nàm Sán)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_Kh%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Mường Khương District">Mường Khương District</a>, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A0o_Cai_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Lào Cai Province">Lào Cai Province</a> — descended from Bản Phùng migrants; can no longer speak Lachi</li></ul> <p>Kosaka (2000) describes the following migratory route that took the Lachi of Bản Phùng, Hoàng Su Phì District to other locations, all in <a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%AFc_Quang_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Bắc Quang District">Bắc Quang District</a>, <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A0_Giang_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Hà Giang Province">Hà Giang Province</a>. </p> <ol><li>Bản Phùng, Hoàng Su Phì District</li> <li>Xã Tân Lập (now called Xã Tân Thành)</li> <li>Xã Yên Bình</li> <li>Xã Vĩ Thượng</li> <li>Xã Xuân Giang (later divided into two parts, including Nà Khương, which has the higher concentration of Lachi people)</li></ol> <p>The <i>Maguan County Gazetteer</i> 马关县志 (1996) lists the following locations in Vietnam with ethnic Lachi. </p> <ul><li>Manyou 曼忧</li> <li>Manpeng 曼棚</li> <li>Manban 曼班</li> <li>Manmei 曼美</li> <li>Jiga 鸡嘎</li> <li>Hualong 花隆</li> <li>Mengkang 猛康</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lachi_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like other <a href="/wiki/Kra_languages" title="Kra languages">Kra languages</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Gelao_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gelao language">Gelao</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buyang_language" title="Buyang language">Buyang</a>, Lachi displays clause-final negation (Li 2000). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lachi_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following phonology of Lachi has been adapted from Li (2000).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lachi_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th rowspan="2">(<a href="/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_consonant" title="Alveolo-palatal consonant">Alveolo</a>-)<a href="/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_consonant" title="Alveolo-palatal consonant"><br />palatal</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">Uvular</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><small>plain</small> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">pal.</a></small> </th> <th><small>plain</small> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">pal.</a></small> </th> <th><small>plain</small> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">lab.</a></small> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stop</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">Affricate</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">pʲ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">tʲ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate">tɕ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">kʷ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">aspirated</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">pʰ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">pʲʰ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tʰ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">tʲʰ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">kʰ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">kʷʰ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">qʰ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">bʲ</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2">(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span>) </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2">(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span>) </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative">ɕ</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">mʲ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">nʲ</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">ŋʷ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">lʲ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Syllabic_consonant" title="Syllabic consonant">Syllabic</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)"><small>voiced</small></a> </th> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Syllabic_consonant" title="Syllabic consonant">m̩</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Syllabic_consonant" title="Syllabic consonant">ŋ̍ʷ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottalization" title="Glottalization"><small>glottalized</small></a> </th> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottalization" title="Glottalization">ˀm̩</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottalization" title="Glottalization">ˀŋ̍ʷ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d/</span> appears in loanwords of Vietnamese origin.</li> <li>Approximant sounds <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j<span class="wrap"> </span>w/</span> when occurring before <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span>, may also be realized as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʑ<span class="wrap"> </span>ʊ̯]</span>. Both sounds also can be realized as a voiced glottal sound <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɦ]</span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lachi_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">Close-mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back unrounded vowel">ɤ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">Open-mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Standard vowel sounds <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[i]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɛ]</span>, only occur after palatal, velar, palatalized and labialized initials. After other initials elsewhere, they become velarized as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[-ˠi]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[-ˠɛ]</span>.</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lachi_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Note: Transcribed as <ȵ> in Li (2000)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lachi_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e18-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-e18_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/lbt/">Lachi</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (18th ed., 2015) <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/lwh/">White Lachi</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (18th ed., 2015) <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Edmondson2003-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Edmondson2003_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Edmondson2003_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Edmondson2003_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Edmondson, Jerold A. and Shaoni Li. 2003. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/edmondson2003review.pdf">Review of <i>Lajiyu Yanjiu</i> by Li Yunbing</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084513/http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/edmondson2003review.pdf">Archived</a> 2016-03-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." In Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area, 26 , no. 1: 163-181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ostapirat, Weera (2000). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf4/weera2000proto.pdf">Proto-Kra</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181006114419/http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf4/weera2000proto.pdf">Archived</a> 2018-10-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". <i>Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area</i> <b>23</b> (1): 1-251</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TK-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TK_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diller, Anthony, Jerold A. Edmondson, and Yongxian Luo ed. The Tai–Kadai Languages. Routledge Language Family Series. Psychology Press, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynszxc.net/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=28476">"马关县金厂镇中寨村民委员会中寨自然村"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200630115941/http://www.ynszxc.net/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=28476">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-06-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-12-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%B3%E5%8E%BF%E5%B0%8F%E5%9D%9D%E5%AD%90%E9%95%87%E9%87%91%E7%AB%B9%E6%A3%9A%E6%9D%91%E5%A7%94%E4%BC%9A%E6%8B%89%E6%B0%94&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ynszxc.net%2FvillagePage%2FvIndex.aspx%3Fdepartmentid%3D122152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALachi+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duong2020-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Duong2020_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuongNguyenNguyen2020" class="citation journal cs1">Duong, Thu Hang; Nguyen, Thu Quynh; <a href="/wiki/Nguyen_Van_Loi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nguyen Van Loi">Nguyen, Van Loi</a> (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/10524/52466">"The Language of the La Chí People in Bản Díu Commune, Xín Mần District, Hà Giang Province, Vietnam"</a>. <i>Studies in the Anthropology of Language in Mainland Southeast Asia</i>. JSEALS Special Publication. <b>6</b>. University of Hawai’i Press: 124–138. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10524%2F52466">10524/52466</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1836-6821">1836-6821</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+the+Anthropology+of+Language+in+Mainland+Southeast+Asia&rft.atitle=The+Language+of+the+La+Ch%C3%AD+People+in+B%E1%BA%A3n+D%C3%ADu+Commune%2C+X%C3%ADn+M%E1%BA%A7n+District%2C+H%C3%A0+Giang+Province%2C+Vietnam&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=124-138&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10524%2F52466&rft.issn=1836-6821&rft.aulast=Duong&rft.aufirst=Thu+Hang&rft.au=Nguyen%2C+Thu+Quynh&rft.au=Nguyen%2C+Van+Loi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F10524%2F52466&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALachi+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Li, Yunbing [李云兵]. 2000. <i>Lajiyu yanjiu</i> [拉基语硏究] (A Study of Lachi). Beijing: Zhongyang Minzu Daxue Chubanshe [中央民族大学出版社].</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li>Diller, Anthony, Jerold A. Edmondson, and Yongxian Luo ed. <i>The Tai–Kadai Languages</i>. Routledge Language Family Series. Psychology Press, 2008.</li> <li>Hoàng Thanh Lịch. 2012. <i>Người La Chí ở Việt Nam / The La Chi in Vietnam</i>. Hà Nội: Nhà xuất bản thông tấn.</li> <li>Li, Yunbing [李云兵]. 2000. <i>Lajiyu yanjiu</i> [拉基语硏究] (A Study of Lachi). Beijing: Zhongyang Minzu Daxue Chubanshe [中央民族大学出版社].</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lachi_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Duong, Thu Hang. 2019. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cala2019.puc.edu.kh/68-2/">Language of La Chi People in Ban Diu, Ha Giang, Vietnam</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190329153211/http://cala2019.puc.edu.kh/68-2/">Archived</a> 2019-03-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>. Presentation at the Conference on Asian Linguistic Anthropology, the CALA 2019, Paññāsāstra University of Cambodia.</li> <li>Kosaka, Ryuichi [小坂, 隆一]. 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repository.tufs.ac.jp/handle/10108/35586">A descriptive study of the Lachi language: syntactic description, historical reconstruction and genetic relation</a>. Ph.D. dissertation. Tokyo: Tokyo University of Foreign Studies (TUFS). <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://hdl.handle.net/10108/35586">http://hdl.handle.net/10108/35586</a></li> <li>Nguyễn Văn Huy (1975). "Vài nét về người La Chí". In, Ủy ban khoa học xã hội Việt Nam: Viện dân tộc học. <i>Về vấn đề xác định thánh phần các dân tộc thiểu số ở miền bắc Việt Nam</i>, 389–414. Hà Nội: Nhà xuất bản khoa học xã hội.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lachi_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203002223/http://cema.gov.vn/modules.php?name=Content&op=details&mid=511">https://web.archive.org/web/20131203002223/http://cema.gov.vn/modules.php?name=Content&op=details&mid=511</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous<br />languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bahnaric_languages" title="Bahnaric languages">Bahnaric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chrau_language" title="Chrau language">Chrau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cua_language_(Austroasiatic)" title="Cua language (Austroasiatic)">Cua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duan_language_(Austroasiatic)" title="Duan language (Austroasiatic)">Duan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halang_language" title="Halang language">Halang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hr%C3%AA_language" title="Hrê language">Hrê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeh_language" title="Jeh language">Jeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katua_language" title="Katua language">Katua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayong_language" title="Kayong language">Kayong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koho_language" title="Koho language">Koho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%E1%BA%A1_people#Language" title="Mạ people">Maa (Mạ)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monom_language" title="Monom language">Monom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rengao_language" title="Rengao language">Rengao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedang_language" title="Sedang language">Sedang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stieng_language" title="Stieng language">Stieng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takua_language" title="Takua language">Takua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariang_language" title="Tariang language">Tariang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todrah_language" title="Todrah language">Todrah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Katuic_languages" title="Katuic languages">Katuic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bru_language" title="Bru language">Bru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katu_language" title="Katu language">Katu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacoh_language" title="Pacoh language">Pacoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%27Oi_language" title="Ta'Oi language">Ta'Oi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vietic_languages" title="Vietic languages">Vietic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chut_languages" title="Chut languages">Chut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arem_language" title="Arem language">Arem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_language" class="mw-redirect" title="May language">May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruc_language" title="Ruc language">Ruc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sach_language" title="Sach language">Sach</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cu%E1%BB%91i_language" title="Cuối language">Cuối</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maleng_language" title="Maleng language">Maleng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_language" title="Mường language">Mường</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngu%E1%BB%93n_language" title="Nguồn language">Nguồn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%E1%BA%A3ng_language" title="Mảng language">Mảng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_L%C3%A2m_language" title="Quảng Lâm language">Quảng Lâm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kh%C3%A1ng_language" title="Kháng language">Kháng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cham_language" title="Cham language">Cham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chru_language" title="Chru language">Chru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haroi_language" title="Haroi language">Haroi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarai_language" title="Jarai language">Jarai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rade_language" title="Rade language">Rade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roglai_language" title="Roglai language">Roglai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hmong-Mien_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Hmong-Mien languages">Hmong-Mien</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_language" title="Hmong language">Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iu_Mien_language" title="Iu Mien language">Iu Mien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Mun_language" title="Kim Mun language">Kim Mun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_Piu_language" title="Mo Piu language">Mo Piu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A1-Meo_language" title="Ná-Meo language">Ná-Meo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akha_language" title="Akha language">Akha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Chinese" title="Varieties of Chinese">Chinese</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a> · <a href="/wiki/Teochew_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Teochew dialect">Teochew</a> · <a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a> · <a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hani_language" title="Hani language">Hani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laghuu_language" title="Laghuu language">Xapho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantsi_language" title="Mantsi language">Mantsi Lolo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kra-Dai_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kra-Dai languages">Kra-Dai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caolan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Caolan language">Caolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/En_language" title="En language">En</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelao_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gelao language">Gelao</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laha_language" title="Laha language">Laha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%B9ng_language_(Tai)" title="Nùng language (Tai)">Nùng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qabiao_language" title="Qabiao language">Qabiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa_Di_language" title="Pa Di language">Padi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapa_language" title="Sapa language">Tày Sapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Daeng_language" title="Tai Daeng language">Tai Daeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Dam_language" title="Tai Dam language">Tai Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_D%C3%B3n_language" title="Tai Dón language">Tai Dón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Hang_Tong_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tai Hang Tong language">Tai Hang Tong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_L%C3%BC_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tai Lü language">Tai Lü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A0y_language" title="Tày language">Tày</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A0y_Tac_language" title="Tày Tac language">Tày Tac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_Zhuang_language" title="Dai Zhuang language">Thu Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ts%CA%BB%C3%BCn-Lao_language" title="Tsʻün-Lao language">Lao Bóc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_language_in_Vietnam" title="French language in Vietnam">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_B%E1%BB%93i_Pidgin_French" title="Tây Bồi Pidgin French">Tây Bồi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietglish" title="Vietglish">Vietglish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_sign_languages" title="Vietnamese sign languages">Vietnamese sign languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanoi_Sign_Language" title="Hanoi Sign Language">Hanoi Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiphong_Sign_Language" title="Haiphong Sign Language">Haiphong Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ho Chi Minh City Sign Language">Ho Chi Minh City Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kra–Dai_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Template:Kra–Dai languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Template talk:Kra–Dai languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kra–Dai languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kra–Dai_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Kra–Dai languages">Kra–Dai languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kra_languages" title="Kra languages">Kra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laha_language" title="Laha language">Laha</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paha_language" title="Paha language">Paha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyang_language" title="Buyang language">Buyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/En_language" title="En language">En</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qabiao_language" title="Qabiao language">Qabiao</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Gelao" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Gelao_languages" title="Gelao languages">Gelao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vandu_language" title="Vandu language">Vandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%27ou_language" title="A'ou language">A'ou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulao_language_(Kra)" title="Mulao language (Kra)">Mulao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagei_language" title="Hagei language">Hagei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telue_language" title="Telue language">Telue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qau_language" title="Qau language">Qau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kam%E2%80%93Sui_languages" title="Kam–Sui languages">Kam–Sui</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mulam_language" title="Mulam language">Mulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kam_language" title="Kam language">Kam</a> (Dong)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cao_Miao_language" title="Cao Miao language">Cao Miao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuoxi_language" title="Nuoxi language">Nuoxi</a> (Naxi Yao)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Then_language" title="Then language">Then</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maonan_language" title="Maonan language">Maonan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadong_language" title="Chadong language">Chadong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sui_language" title="Sui language">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mak_language" title="Mak language">Mak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ai-Cham_language" title="Ai-Cham language">Ai-Cham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biao_language" title="Biao language">Biao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biao_language" title="Biao language">Biao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lakkia_language" title="Lakkia language">Lakkia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lakkia_language" title="Lakkia language">Lakkia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hlai_languages" title="Hlai languages">Hlai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bouhin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bouhin language">Bouhin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ha_Em_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ha Em language">Ha Em</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauhut_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lauhut language">Lauhut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongzha_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tongzha language">Tongzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zandui_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Zandui language">Zandui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baoting_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Baoting language">Baoting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cun_language" title="Cun language">Cun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadou_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nadou language">Nadou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changjiang_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Changjiang language">Changjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moyfaw_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Moyfaw language">Moyfaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baisha_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Baisha language">Baisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuanmen_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuanmen language">Yuanmen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jiamao_language" title="Jiamao language">Jiamao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jiamao_language" title="Jiamao language">Jiamao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Be_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Be language">Be</a>–<a href="/wiki/Jizhao_language" title="Jizhao language">Jizhao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Be_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Be language">Be</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jizhao_language" title="Jizhao language">Jizhao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tai_languages" title="Tai languages">Tai</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Zhuang_languages" title="Zhuang languages">Zhuang</a>, etc.)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Tai_languages" title="Northern Tai languages">Northern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Zhuang" title="Standard Zhuang">Standard Zhuang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouyei_language" title="Bouyei language">Bouyei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezhang_Buyi_language" title="Hezhang Buyi language">Hezhang Buyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yei_Zhuang_language" title="Yei Zhuang language">Yei Zhuang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longsang_Zhuang_language" title="Longsang Zhuang language">Longsang Zhuang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E_language" title="E language">E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saek_language" title="Saek language">Saek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Yo_language" title="Tai Yo language">Tai Yo</a> (Nyaw)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoy_language" title="Yoy language">Yoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Pao_language" title="Tai Pao language">Tai Pao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Tai_languages" title="Central Tai languages">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nong_Zhuang_language" title="Nong Zhuang language">Nong Zhuang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_Zhuang_language" title="Dai Zhuang language">Dai Zhuang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Zhuang_language" title="Min Zhuang language">Min Zhuang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Zhuang_language" title="Yang Zhuang language">Yang Zhuang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyang_Zhuang_language" title="Pyang Zhuang language">Pyang Zhuang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myang_Zhuang_language" title="Myang Zhuang language">Myang Zhuang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%B9ng_language_(Tai)" title="Nùng language (Tai)">Nùng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A0y_language" title="Tày language">Tày</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ts%CA%BB%C3%BCn-Lao_language" title="Tsʻün-Lao language">Tsʻün-Lao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Tai_languages" title="Southwestern Tai languages">Southwestern</a><br />(Thai)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Northwestern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shan_language" title="Shan language">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Ya_language" title="Tai Ya language">Tai Ya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Nuea_language" title="Tai Nuea language">Tai Nuea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Long_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tai Long language">Tai Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Hongjin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tai Hongjin language">Tai Hongjin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamti_language" title="Khamti language">Khamti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Laing_language" title="Tai Laing language">Tai Laing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phake_language" title="Phake language">Phake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aiton_language" title="Aiton language">Aiton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamyang_language" title="Khamyang language">Khamyang</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ahom_language" title="Ahom language">Ahom</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Turung_language" title="Turung language">Turung</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Lao–Phutai</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lao_language" title="Lao language">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phu_Thai_language" title="Phu Thai language">Phu Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isan_language" title="Isan language">Isan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Yo_language" title="Tai Yo language">Tai Yo</a> (Nyaw)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_Nyo_language" title="Lao Nyo language">Lao Nyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaloeng_language" title="Kaloeng language">Kaloeng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Chiang Saen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a> (Siamese)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Thai_language" title="Northern Thai language">Northern Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Daeng_language" title="Tai Daeng language">Tai Daeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Meuay_language" title="Tai Meuay language">Tai Meuay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_D%C3%B3n_language" title="Tai Dón language">Tai Dón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Hang_Tong_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tai Hang Tong language">Tai Hang Tong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Lue_language" title="Tai Lue language">Tai Lue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yong_language" title="Yong language">Yong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Dam_language" title="Tai Dam language">Tai Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kh%C3%BCn_language" title="Khün language">Khün</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phuan_language" title="Phuan language">Phuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Song_language" title="Thai Song language">Thai Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A0y_Tac_language" title="Tày Tac language">Tày Tac</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Thai_language" title="Southern Thai language">Southern Thai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">(other)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sapa_language" title="Sapa language">Sapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa_Di_language" title="Pa Di language">Pa Di</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Muong_Vat_language" title="Tai Muong Vat language">Tai Muong Vat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Thanh_language" title="Tai Thanh language">Tai Thanh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tay_Khang_language" title="Tay Khang language">Tai Khang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuan_language_(Laos)" title="Kuan language (Laos)">Kuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">(<a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">mixed</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cao_Lan_language" title="Cao Lan language">Cao Lan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">(<i><a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">mixed origins</a></i>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hezhang_Buyi_language" title="Hezhang Buyi language">Hezhang Buyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E_language" title="E language">E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cao_Lan_language" title="Cao Lan language">Cao Lan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiamao_language" title="Jiamao language">Jiamao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>proposed groupings</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kam%E2%80%93Tai_languages" title="Kam–Tai languages">Kam–Tai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proto-language" title="Proto-language">Proto-languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Kra%E2%80%93Dai_language" title="Proto-Kra–Dai language">Proto-Kra–Dai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Kra_language" title="Proto-Kra language">Proto-Kra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Tai_language" title="Proto-Tai language">Proto-Tai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Kam%E2%80%93Sui_language" title="Proto-Kam–Sui language">Proto-Kam–Sui</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Hlai_language" title="Proto-Hlai language">Proto-Hlai</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lachi_language&oldid=1162415796">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lachi_language&oldid=1162415796</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" 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