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type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 41 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">41 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A8_%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%B9%D9%8A" title="طب شرعي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طب شرعي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Fdli_tibb" title="Ədli tibb – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ədli tibb" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Судовая медыцына – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Судовая медыцына" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8A%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Съдебна медицина – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Съдебна медицина" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicina_legal_i_forense" title="Medicina legal i forense – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Medicina legal i forense" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retsmedicin" title="Retsmedicin – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Retsmedicin" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rechtsmedizin" title="Rechtsmedizin – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rechtsmedizin" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Ιατροδικαστική – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιατροδικαστική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicina_forense" title="Medicina forense – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Medicina forense" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurmedicino" title="Jurmedicino – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Jurmedicino" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auzitegi-medikuntza" title="Auzitegi-medikuntza – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Auzitegi-medikuntza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B2%D8%B4%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C" title="پزشکی قانونی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پزشکی قانونی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9decine_l%C3%A9gale" title="Médecine légale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Médecine légale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicina_forense" title="Medicina forense – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Medicina forense" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%95%EC%9D%98%ED%95%99" title="법의학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="법의학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A2%D5%AA%D5%B7%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Դատական բժշկագիտություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դատական բժշկագիտություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="मेडिकल न्यायशास्त्र – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मेडिकल न्यायशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicina_legale" title="Medicina legale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Medicina legale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%90%D7%94_%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA" title="רפואה משפטית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רפואה משפטית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%AF_%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ವೈದ್ಯಕೀಯ ನ್ಯಾಯಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವೈದ್ಯಕೀಯ ನ್ಯಾಯಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Сот медицинасы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сот медицинасы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Сот медицинасы – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Сот медицинасы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Судска медицина – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Судска медицина" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB" title="ഫോറൻസിക് മെഡിസിൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഫോറൻസിക് മെഡിസിൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensische_geneeskunde" title="Forensische geneeskunde – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Forensische geneeskunde" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="法医学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="法医学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rettsmedisin" title="Rettsmedisin – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Rettsmedisin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medycyna_s%C4%85dowa" title="Medycyna sądowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Medycyna sądowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicina_legal" title="Medicina legal – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Medicina legal" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicin%C4%83_legal%C4%83" title="Medicină legală – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Medicină legală" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Судебная медицина – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Судебная медицина" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAdne_lek%C3%A1rstvo" title="Súdne lekárstvo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Súdne lekárstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodna_medicina" title="Sodna medicina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sodna medicina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Судска медицина – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Судска медицина" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudska_medicina" title="Sudska medicina – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sudska medicina" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oikeusl%C3%A4%C3%A4ketiede" title="Oikeuslääketiede – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Oikeuslääketiede" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A4ttsmedicin" title="Rättsmedicin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rättsmedicin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="นิติเวชศาสตร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นิติเวชศาสตร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0.1em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Forensic_science" title="Category:Forensic science">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#ccccff;font-size:175%;padding-top:0; display:block;margin-bottom:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Forensic_science" title="Forensic science">Forensic science</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Teerahertz_near-field_array_for_%CE%BCm-scale_surface_imaging_(cropped).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Teerahertz_near-field_array_for_%CE%BCm-scale_surface_imaging_%28cropped%29.png/250px-Teerahertz_near-field_array_for_%CE%BCm-scale_surface_imaging_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Teerahertz_near-field_array_for_%CE%BCm-scale_surface_imaging_%28cropped%29.png/375px-Teerahertz_near-field_array_for_%CE%BCm-scale_surface_imaging_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Teerahertz_near-field_array_for_%CE%BCm-scale_surface_imaging_%28cropped%29.png/500px-Teerahertz_near-field_array_for_%CE%BCm-scale_surface_imaging_%28cropped%29.png 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="257" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#ddddff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">Physiological</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_anthropology" title="Forensic anthropology">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_biology" title="Forensic biology">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloodstain_pattern_analysis" title="Bloodstain pattern analysis">Bloodstain pattern analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_dentistry" title="Forensic dentistry">Dentistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNA_phenotyping" title="DNA phenotyping">DNA phenotyping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNA_profiling" title="DNA profiling">DNA profiling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Investigative_genetic_genealogy" title="Investigative genetic genealogy">Forensic genealogy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_entomology" title="Forensic entomology">Entomology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_epidemiology" title="Forensic epidemiology">Epidemiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_limnology" title="Forensic limnology">Limnology</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_palynology" title="Forensic palynology">Palynology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_pathology" title="Forensic pathology">Pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_podiatry" title="Forensic podiatry">Podiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_toxicology" title="Forensic toxicology">Toxicology</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#ddddff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">Social</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_psychiatry" title="Forensic psychiatry">Psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_psychology" title="Forensic psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_psychotherapy" title="Forensic psychotherapy">Psychotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_social_work" title="Forensic social work">Social work</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#ddddff;;color: var(--color-base)">Criminalistics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_accounting" title="Forensic accounting">Accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_identification" title="Body identification">Body identification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_chemistry" title="Forensic chemistry">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_colorimetry" title="Forensic colorimetry">Colorimetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_forensics" title="Election forensics">Election forensics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_facial_reconstruction" title="Forensic facial reconstruction">Facial reconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fingerprint" title="Fingerprint">Fingerprint analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_firearm_examination" title="Forensic firearm examination">Firearm examination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_footwear_evidence" title="Forensic footwear evidence">Footwear evidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_arts" title="Forensic arts">Forensic arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_profiling" title="Forensic profiling">Profiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glove_prints" title="Glove prints">Gloveprint analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_print" title="Palm print">Palmprint analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Questioned_document_examination" title="Questioned document examination">Questioned document examination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vein_matching" title="Vein matching">Vein matching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_geophysics" title="Forensic geophysics">Forensic geophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_geology" title="Forensic geology">Forensic geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_network_analysis" title="Social network analysis">Social network analysis</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#ddddff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Digital_forensics" title="Digital forensics">Digital forensics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_forensics" title="Computer forensics">Computer exams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_data_analysis" title="Forensic data analysis">Data analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database_forensics" title="Database forensics">Database study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malware_analysis" title="Malware analysis">Malware analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_device_forensics" title="Mobile device forensics">Mobile devices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_forensics" title="Network forensics">Network analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_photography" title="Forensic photography">Photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_video_analysis" title="Forensic video analysis">Video analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_forensics" title="Audio forensics">Audio analysis</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#ddddff;;color: var(--color-base)">Related disciplines</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_electrical_engineering" title="Forensic electrical engineering">Electrical engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_engineering" title="Forensic engineering">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_investigation" title="Fire investigation">Fire investigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detection_of_fire_accelerants" title="Detection of fire accelerants">Fire accelerant detection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fractography" title="Fractography">Fractography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_linguistics" title="Forensic linguistics">Linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_materials_engineering" title="Forensic materials engineering">Materials engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_polymer_engineering" title="Forensic polymer engineering">Polymer engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_statistics" title="Forensic statistics">Statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_collision_reconstruction" title="Traffic collision reconstruction">Traffic collision reconstruction</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#ddddff;;color: var(--color-base)">Related articles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_scene" title="Crime scene">Crime scene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSI_effect" title="CSI effect">CSI effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perry_Mason_syndrome" title="Perry Mason syndrome">Perry Mason syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollen_calendar" title="Pollen calendar">Pollen calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skid_mark" title="Skid mark">Skid mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trace_evidence" title="Trace evidence">Trace evidence</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Use_of_DNA_in_forensic_entomology" title="Use of DNA in forensic entomology">Use of DNA in<br />forensic entomology</a></div></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist" style="display:block;margin-top:0.7em; padding-top:0.15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_forensic_science" title="Outline of forensic science">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Forensic_science" title="Category:Forensic science">Category</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="margin-top:0;padding-top:0.15em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Forensic_science" title="Template:Forensic science"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Forensic_science" title="Template talk:Forensic science"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Forensic_science" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Forensic science"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Medical jurisprudence</b> or <b>legal medicine</b> is the branch of science and medicine involving the study and application of scientific and medical knowledge to legal problems, such as inquests, and in the field of law.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As modern medicine is a legal creation, regulated by the state, and medicolegal cases involving death, rape, <a href="/wiki/Parent" title="Parent">paternity</a>, etc. require a medical practitioner to produce evidence and appear as an <a href="/wiki/Expert_witness" title="Expert witness">expert witness</a>, these two fields have traditionally been interdependent.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Forensic medicine, which includes <a href="/wiki/Forensic_pathology" title="Forensic pathology">forensic pathology</a>, is a narrower frontline field which involves the collection, documentation, analysis and presentation of objective information (medical evidence) for use in the legal system.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When investigating a death, forensic pathologists: </p> <ul><li>perform autopsies when required</li> <li>may be appointed as coroners to investigate cases of suspicious death</li> <li>determine the cause of death and all other factors that relate to the body directly</li> <li>may attend crime scenes</li> <li>frequently testify in court.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Australian_Museum" title="Australian Museum">Australian Museum</a> shows in a step by step <a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">virtual</a> demonstration what happens during an autopsy procedure.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_jurisprudence&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Song_Ci" title="Song Ci">Song Ci</a> (1186–1249) was probably the first forensic scientist. He recorded all the known forensic techniques at the time in his book known as the <a href="/wiki/Collected_Cases_of_Injustice_Rectified" title="Collected Cases of Injustice Rectified">Collected Cases of Injustice Rectified</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Vesalius" title="Andreas Vesalius">Andreas Vesalius</a> (1514–1564), imperial physician to the court of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a>, revolutionized the practice of medicine by providing detailed descriptions of the <a href="/wiki/Anatomy" title="Anatomy">anatomy</a> of the human body, which were based on his <a href="/wiki/Dissection" title="Dissection">dissections</a> of cadavers and <a href="/wiki/Autopsies" class="mw-redirect" title="Autopsies">autopsies</a>. In 1537, aged just 22, Vesalius performed public dissections to show how the human body worked, and became professor of medicine at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Padua" title="University of Padua">Padua University</a>. He insisted that his medical students should perform dissections.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His work "<a href="/wiki/De_Humani_Corporis_Fabrica_Libri_Septem" title="De Humani Corporis Fabrica Libri Septem">De Humani Corporis Fabrica</a>" was <a href="/wiki/Groundbreaking" title="Groundbreaking">groundbreaking</a> in the history of <a href="/wiki/Medical_publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical publishing">medical publishing</a> and is considered to be a major step in the development of <a href="/wiki/Scientific_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific medicine">scientific medicine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Paul_Zacchias" title="Paul Zacchias">Paul Zacchias</a> was also one of the earliest figures of medical jurisprudence, with association with the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zacchias was the personal physician to <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocentius_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Innocentius X">Pope Innocentius X</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VII" title="Pope Alexander VII">Pope Alexander VII</a>, as well as legal adviser to the <a href="/wiki/Rota_Romana" class="mw-redirect" title="Rota Romana">Rota Romana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-medico_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-medico-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His most well known book, <i>Quaestiones medico-legales</i> (1621–1651) established <a href="/wiki/Legal_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal medicine">legal medicine</a> as a topic of study.<sup id="cite_ref-JAMA_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JAMA-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zacchias work contains <a href="/wiki/Superstition" title="Superstition">superstitious</a> views on <a href="/wiki/Magic_(paranormal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic (paranormal)">magic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">witches</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">demons</a> which were widely held at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-lancet_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lancet-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Medical jurisprudence had a chair founded at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a> in 1807, first occupied by <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Duncan,_the_younger" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew Duncan, the younger">Andrew Duncan, the younger</a>. It was imposed on the university by the administration of <a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">Charles James Fox</a>, and in particular <a href="/wiki/Henry_Erskine_(lawyer)" title="Henry Erskine (lawyer)">Henry Erskine</a> working with <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Duncan,_the_elder" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew Duncan, the elder">Andrew Duncan, the elder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 19th century two new tools appear: <a href="/wiki/Forensic_psychiatry" title="Forensic psychiatry">Forensic psychiatry</a> (to determine the <a href="/wiki/Mental_health" title="Mental health">mental health</a> and blameworthiness of a suspect), and <a href="/wiki/Forensic_toxicology" title="Forensic toxicology">forensic toxicology</a> (giving evidence in cases as intentional poisonings and <a href="/wiki/Drug_use_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug use disorder">drug use</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United Kingdom, the Faculty of Forensic and Legal Medicine was established as a Faculty of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Physicians" title="Royal College of Physicians">Royal College of Physicians</a> in 2006 to develop and maintain the highest possible standards of <a href="/wiki/Competence_(human_resources)" title="Competence (human resources)">competence</a> and professional <a href="/wiki/Integrity" title="Integrity">integrity</a> in forensic and legal medicine. The specialty covers professionals working in three related disciplines: forensic medical practitioners (forensic physicians, forensic pathologists, sexual assault examiners, and child <a href="/wiki/Physical_abuse" title="Physical abuse">physical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">sexual assault</a> examiners); medico-legal advisers; and medically qualified <a href="/wiki/Coroner" title="Coroner">coroners</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scope">Scope</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_jurisprudence&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Scope"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Medical_jurisprudence" title="Special:EditPage/Medical jurisprudence">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Medical jurisprudence is concerned with a broad range of medical, legal, and ethical issues, as well as <a href="/wiki/Human_right" class="mw-redirect" title="Human right">human rights</a> and <a href="/wiki/Individual_and_group_rights" title="Individual and group rights">rights of individuals</a>. </p><p>Physicians have a duty to act in their patients best interest and can be charged in a court of law if they fail to do so. On the other hand, a physician may be required to act in the interest of third parties if his patient is a danger to others. Failure to do so may lead to legal action against the physician. </p><p>Medical jurisprudence includes: </p> <ul><li>questions of the legal and <a href="/wiki/Medical_ethics" title="Medical ethics">ethical duties</a> of physicians;</li> <li>questions affecting the civil</li></ul> <p>Under the second heading, there are many aspects, including: </p> <ul><li>questions of <a href="/wiki/Competence_(law)" title="Competence (law)">competence</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sanity" title="Sanity">sanity</a> in civil or criminal proceedings;</li> <li>questions of competence of <a href="/wiki/Minor_(law)" title="Minor (law)">minors</a> in matters affecting their own health; and,</li> <li>questions of lawful fitness or safety to drive a motor vehicle, pilot an aeroplane, use <a href="/wiki/Scuba_gear" class="mw-redirect" title="Scuba gear">scuba gear</a>, play certain sports, or to join certain occupations.</li></ul> <p>Under the third heading, there are also many aspects, including: </p> <ul><li>assessment of illness or injuries that may be work-related (see <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_compensation" title="Workers' compensation">workers' compensation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Occupational safety and health">occupational safety and health</a>) or otherwise compensable;</li> <li>assessment of injuries of minors that may relate to <a href="/wiki/Neglect_(English_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Neglect (English law)">neglect</a> or <a href="/wiki/Child_abuse" title="Child abuse">abuse</a>; and,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_certificate" title="Death certificate">certification of death</a> or else the <a href="/wiki/Coroner" title="Coroner">assessment of possible causes of death</a>. This, however, is the more commonly understood, albeit narrow, meaning of forensic medicine.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_jurisprudence&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_investigation" title="Criminal investigation">Criminal investigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_psychology" title="Criminal psychology">Criminal psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerio_Rojas" title="Nerio Rojas">Nerio Rojas</a>, Argentine physician and forensic medicine author</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_jurisprudence&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Ferllini, R. "Silent witness". Grange 2007.</li> <li>Saukko, P.; Knight, B. "Knight’s forensic pathology". CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group 2016.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_jurisprudence&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Theodric_Romeyn_Beck" title="Theodric Romeyn Beck">Theodric Romeyn Beck</a> and William Dunloop. (1825.) <i>Elements of Medical Jurisprudence</i>, 2 ed., Oxford University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James C. Mohr. (1993.) <i>Doctors and the Law: Medical Jurisprudence in Nineteenth-Century America</i>, Oxford University Press, New York City.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Swaine_Taylor" title="Alfred Swaine Taylor">Alfred Swaine Taylor</a> and Frederick John Smith (ed.). (1920.) <i>Taylor's Principles and Practice of Medical Jurisprudence</i>, 7 ed., Taylor & Francis. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/principlespracti01tayl/page/n8">1873 edition</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.csfs.ca/what-we-do/disciplines-sections/medical/">"Medical"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Medical&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.csfs.ca%2Fwhat-we-do%2Fdisciplines-sections%2Fmedical%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+jurisprudence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://australian.museum/learn/teachers/learning/virtual-autopsy/">"Virtual autopsy"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Virtual+autopsy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faustralian.museum%2Flearn%2Fteachers%2Flearning%2Fvirtual-autopsy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+jurisprudence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zyscng8/revision/3">"Andreas Vesalius – Advances in medical knowledge – WJEC – GCSE History Revision – WJEC"</a>. <i>BBC Bitesize</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+Bitesize&rft.atitle=Andreas+Vesalius+%E2%80%93+Advances+in+medical+knowledge+%E2%80%93+WJEC+%E2%80%93+GCSE+History+Revision+%E2%80%93+WJEC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fbitesize%2Fguides%2Fzyscng8%2Frevision%2F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+jurisprudence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/autopsy">"Autopsy | History, Procedure, Purposes, & Facts | Britannica"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Autopsy+%26%23124%3B+History%2C+Procedure%2C+Purposes%2C+%26+Facts+%26%23124%3B+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fautopsy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+jurisprudence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartnup2004" class="citation book cs1">Hartnup, Karen (1 January 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xnqI8uSeekwC&q=paul+zacchias&pg=PA75"><i><span></span>'On the Beliefs of the Greeks': Leo Allatios and Popular Orthodoxy</i></a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004131809" title="Special:BookSources/9004131809"><bdi>9004131809</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%27On+the+Beliefs+of+the+Greeks%27%3A+Leo+Allatios+and+Popular+Orthodoxy&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2004-01-01&rft.isbn=9004131809&rft.aulast=Hartnup&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxnqI8uSeekwC%26q%3Dpaul%2Bzacchias%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+jurisprudence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-medico-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-medico_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMedico-Legal_Society_of_New_York1885" class="citation book cs1">Medico-Legal Society of New York (1885). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T7RXAAAAMAAJ&q=paul+zacchias&pg=PA532"><i>The Medico-legal journal, Volume 2</i></a>. Medico-Legal Journal Association.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Medico-legal+journal%2C+Volume+2&rft.pub=Medico-Legal+Journal+Association&rft.date=1885&rft.au=Medico-Legal+Society+of+New+York&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT7RXAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dpaul%2Bzacchias%26pg%3DPA532&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+jurisprudence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JAMA-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JAMA_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eFTlAAAAMAAJ&q=paul+zacchias&pg=PA1572"><i>JAMA.: The Journal of the American Medical Association, Volume 38</i></a>. American Medical Association, HighWire Press. 1902. p. 618.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=JAMA.%3A+The+Journal+of+the+American+Medical+Association%2C+Volume+38&rft.pages=618&rft.pub=American+Medical+Association%2C+HighWire+Press&rft.date=1902&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeFTlAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dpaul%2Bzacchias%26pg%3DPA1572&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+jurisprudence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lancet-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lancet_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oxcTAAAAYAAJ&q=paul+zacchias&pg=PA261"><i>Northwestern lancet, Volume 18</i></a>. 1898.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Northwestern+lancet%2C+Volume+18&rft.date=1898&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoxcTAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Dpaul%2Bzacchias%26pg%3DPA261&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+jurisprudence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">White, Brenda M. "Duncan, Andrew (1773–1832)". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F8213">10.1093/ref:odnb/8213</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Duncan%2C+Andrew+%281773%E2%80%931832%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F8213&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Brenda+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+jurisprudence" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/forensic-medicine">"Forensic medicine | Definition & Facts | Britannica"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Forensic+medicine+%26%23124%3B+Definition+%26+Facts+%26%23124%3B+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fforensic-medicine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+jurisprudence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcplondon.ac.uk/about-us/who-we-are/faculties-royal-college-physicians">"Faculties of the Royal College of Physicians"</a>. 25 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Faculties+of+the+Royal+College+of+Physicians&rft.date=2020-02-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rcplondon.ac.uk%2Fabout-us%2Fwho-we-are%2Ffaculties-royal-college-physicians&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+jurisprudence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_jurisprudence&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 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