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cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Basic principles subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Basic_principles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Adler's_approach_to_personality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adler's_approach_to_personality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Adler's approach to personality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adler's_approach_to_personality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychodynamics_and_teleology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychodynamics_and_teleology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Psychodynamics and teleology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychodynamics_and_teleology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constructivism_and_metaphysics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constructivism_and_metaphysics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Constructivism and metaphysics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constructivism_and_metaphysics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Holism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Holism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Holism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Typology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Typology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Typology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Typology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_importance_of_memories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_importance_of_memories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>The importance of memories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_importance_of_memories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On_birth_order" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_birth_order"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>On birth order</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_birth_order-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On_addiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_addiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>On addiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_addiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On_homosexuality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_homosexuality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9</span> <span>On homosexuality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_homosexuality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parent_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parent_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.10</span> <span>Parent education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parent_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spirituality,_ecology_and_community" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spirituality,_ecology_and_community"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.11</span> <span>Spirituality, ecology and community</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spirituality,_ecology_and_community-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_of_Adler's_work_without_attribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_of_Adler's_work_without_attribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Use of Adler's work without attribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_of_Adler's_work_without_attribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_on_depth_psychology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_on_depth_psychology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Influence on depth psychology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_on_depth_psychology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_cremation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_cremation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Death and cremation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_cremation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artistic_and_cultural_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artistic_and_cultural_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Artistic and cultural references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artistic_and_cultural_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-English-language_Adlerian_journals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English-language_Adlerian_journals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>English-language Adlerian journals</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-English-language_Adlerian_journals-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle English-language Adlerian journals subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-English-language_Adlerian_journals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Publications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Publications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Publications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Other_key_Adlerian_texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_key_Adlerian_texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Other key Adlerian texts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_key_Adlerian_texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Alfred Adler</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 77 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-77" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">77 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A3%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%B1" title="ألفرد أدلر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ألفرد أدلر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Adler" title="Alfred Adler – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Alfred Adler" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Adler" title="Alfred Adler – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Alfred Adler" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A2%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%B1" title="آلفرد آدلر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آلفرد آدلر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%8F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="আলফ্রেড এ্যাডলার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আলফ্রেড এ্যাডলার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B4_%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Альфрэд Адлер – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Альфрэд Адлер" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Алфред Адлер – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Алфред Адлер" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Adler" title="Alfred Adler – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Alfred Adler" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Adler" title="Alfred Adler – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alfred Adler" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Adler" title="Alfred Adler – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Alfred Adler" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Adler" title="Alfred Adler – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Alfred Adler" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Adler" title="Alfred Adler – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Alfred Adler" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Adler" title="Alfred Adler – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Alfred Adler" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Adler" title="Alfred Adler – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Alfred Adler" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CE%BB%CF%86%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%84_%CE%86%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%81" title="Άλφρεντ Άντλερ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άλφρεντ Άντλερ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Adler" title="Alfred Adler – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alfred Adler" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Adler" title="Alfred Adler – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Alfred Adler" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Adler" title="Alfred Adler – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Alfred Adler" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A2%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%B1" title="آلفرد آدلر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آلفرد آدلر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Adler" title="Alfred Adler – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alfred Adler" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Adler" title="Alfred Adler – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Alfred Adler" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Adler" title="Alfred Adler – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Alfred Adler" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%8C%ED%94%84%EB%A0%88%ED%8A%B8_%EC%95%84%EB%93%A4%EB%9F%AC" title="알프레트 아들러 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="알프레트 아들러" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AC%D6%86%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%A4_%D4%B1%D5%A4%D5%AC%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ալֆրեդ Ադլեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ալֆրեդ Ադլեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Adler" title="Alfred Adler – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Alfred Adler" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Adler" title="Alfred Adler – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Alfred Adler" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Adler" title="Alfred Adler – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alfred Adler" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Adler" title="Alfred Adler – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alfred Adler" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%93_%D7%90%D7%93%D7%9C%D7%A8" title="אלפרד אדלר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלפרד אדלר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Adler" title="Alfred Adler – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Alfred Adler" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AB%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D" title="ಆಲ್ಫ್ರೆಡ್ ಅಡ್ಲರ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಆಲ್ಫ್ರೆಡ್ ಅಡ್ಲರ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%93_%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ალფრედ ადლერი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ალფრედ ადლერი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Альфред Адлер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Альфред Адлер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Adler" title="Alfred Adler – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Alfred Adler" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Альфред Адлер – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Альфред Адлер" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfredus_Adler" title="Alfredus Adler – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Alfredus Adler" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfr%C4%93ds_%C4%80dlers" title="Alfrēds Ādlers – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Alfrēds Ādlers" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Adler" title="Alfred Adler – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Alfred Adler" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Adler" title="Alfred Adler – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Alfred Adler" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Adler" title="Alfred Adler – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Alfred Adler" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Алфред Адлер – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Алфред Адлер" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Adler" title="Alfred Adler – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Alfred Adler" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%BC" title="ആൽഫ്രഡ് അഡ്‌ലർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആൽഫ്രഡ് അഡ്‌ലർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%B1" title="ادلر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ادلر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A2%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%B1" title="آلفرد آدلر – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="آلفرد آدلر" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Алфред Адлер – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Алфред Адлер" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Adler" title="Alfred Adler – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Alfred Adler" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%95%E3%83%AC%E3%83%83%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%89%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC" title="アルフレッド・アドラー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アルフレッド・アドラー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Adler" title="Alfred Adler – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Alfred Adler" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Adler" title="Alfred Adler – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Alfred Adler" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%A1_%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%B0" title="ਅਲਫਰੈਡ ਆਡਲਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਲਫਰੈਡ ਆਡਲਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%89_%D8%A7%DA%89%D9%84%D8%B1" title="الفریډ اډلر – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="الفریډ اډلر" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Adler" title="Alfred Adler – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Alfred Adler" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Adler" title="Alfred Adler – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Alfred Adler" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Adler" title="Alfred Adler – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alfred Adler" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Adler" title="Alfred Adler – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Alfred Adler" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4" title="Адлер, Альфред – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Адлер, Альфред" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Adler" title="Alfred Adler – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Alfred Adler" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Adler" title="Alfred Adler – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Alfred Adler" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Adler" title="Alfred Adler – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Alfred Adler" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Adler" title="Alfred Adler – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Alfred Adler" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Adler" title="Alfred Adler – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Alfred Adler" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8E%D8%AF_%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%84%DB%8E%D8%B1" title="ئالفرێد ئادلێر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئالفرێد ئادلێر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Алфред Адлер – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Алфред Адлер" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Adler" title="Alfred Adler – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Alfred Adler" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Adler" title="Alfred Adler – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Alfred Adler" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Adler" title="Alfred Adler – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Alfred Adler" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="ஆல்பிரெட் ஆட்லர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆல்பிரெட் ஆட்லர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Adler" title="Alfred Adler – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Alfred Adler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Альфред Адлер – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Альфред Адлер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Adler" title="Alfred Adler – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Alfred Adler" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Adler" title="Alfred Adler – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Alfred Adler" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%BE%B7%E5%8B%92" title="阿尔弗雷德·阿德勒 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="阿尔弗雷德·阿德勒" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Adler" title="Alfred Adler – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Alfred Adler" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Austrian psychotherapist (1870–1937)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Alfred Adler</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Alfred_Adler1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Alfred_Adler1.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="243" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="243" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1870-02-07</span>)</span>7 February 1870<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Rudolfsheim" title="Rudolfsheim">Rudolfsheim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Rudolfsheim-F%C3%BCnfhaus" title="Rudolfsheim-Fünfhaus">Rudolfsheim-Fünfhaus</a>, Vienna, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">28 May 1937<span style="display:none">(1937-05-28)</span> (aged 67)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a>, Scotland</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">Austrian</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Vienna" title="University of Vienna">University of Vienna</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Individual_psychology" title="Individual psychology">Individual psychology</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Belongingness" title="Belongingness">Belonging</a><br /><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Gemeinschaftsgef%C3%BChl" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemeinschaftsgefühl">Gemeinschaftsgefühl</a></i></span><br />Social interest<br /><a href="/wiki/Birth_order" title="Birth order">Birth order</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Inferiority_complex" title="Inferiority complex">Inferiority complex</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Style_of_life" title="Style of life">Style of life</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Raissa_Adler" title="Raissa Adler">Raissa Epstein</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Adler" title="Alexandra Adler">Alexandra Adler</a>, Kurt Alfred Adler, <a href="/wiki/Valentine_Adler" title="Valentine Adler">Valentine Adler</a>, Cornelia Adler</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Psychotherapy" title="Psychotherapy">Psychotherapist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">psychiatrist</a></td></tr><tr 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Psychoanalysis" title="Category:Psychoanalysis">a series of articles</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">Psychoanalysis</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Freud%27s_couch,_London,_2004_(2).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Freud%27s_couch%2C_London%2C_2004_%282%29.jpeg/220px-Freud%27s_couch%2C_London%2C_2004_%282%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Freud%27s_couch%2C_London%2C_2004_%282%29.jpeg/330px-Freud%27s_couch%2C_London%2C_2004_%282%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Freud%27s_couch%2C_London%2C_2004_%282%29.jpeg/440px-Freud%27s_couch%2C_London%2C_2004_%282%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="637" data-file-height="500" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption">Sigmund Freud's couch</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychosexual_development" title="Psychosexual development">Psychosexual development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erikson%27s_stages_of_psychosocial_development" title="Erikson's stages of psychosocial development">Psychosocial development (Erikson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconscious_mind#Freud's_view" title="Unconscious mind">Unconscious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preconscious" title="Preconscious">Preconscious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychic_apparatus" title="Psychic apparatus">Psychic apparatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Id,_ego_and_superego" title="Id, ego and superego">Id, ego and superego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_mechanisms" class="mw-redirect" title="Defence mechanisms">Ego defenses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_projection" title="Psychological projection">Projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introjection" title="Introjection">Introjection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libido" title="Libido">Libido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drive_theory" title="Drive theory">Drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transference" title="Transference">Transference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countertransference" title="Countertransference">Countertransference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_(psychoanalysis)" title="Resistance (psychoanalysis)">Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_(Freud)" class="mw-redirect" title="Denial (Freud)">Denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreamwork" title="Dreamwork">Dreamwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathexis" title="Cathexis">Cathexis</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Important figures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Abraham" title="Karl Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Adler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Balint" title="Michael Balint">Balint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfred_Bion" title="Wilfred Bion">Bion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Breuer" title="Josef Breuer">Breuer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Chodorow" title="Nancy Chodorow">Chodorow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Erikson" title="Erik Erikson">Erikson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Fairbairn" title="Ronald Fairbairn">Fairbairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1ndor_Ferenczi" title="Sándor Ferenczi">Ferenczi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Freud" title="Anna Freud">Freud (Anna)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Freud (Sigmund)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Guattari" title="Félix Guattari">Guattari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Horney" title="Karen Horney">Horney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luce_Irigaray" title="Luce Irigaray">Irigaray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Jacobson" title="Edith Jacobson">Jacobson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Jones" title="Ernest Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung">Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Kohut" title="Heinz Kohut">Kohut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanie_Klein" title="Melanie Klein">Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Kristeva" title="Julia Kristeva">Kristeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Lacan" title="Jacques Lacan">Lacan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._D._Laing" title="R. D. Laing">Laing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Laplanche" title="Jean Laplanche">Laplanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mahler" title="Margaret Mahler">Mahler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Rank" title="Otto Rank">Rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Reich" title="Wilhelm Reich">Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabina_Spielrein" title="Sabina Spielrein">Spielrein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Stekel" title="Wilhelm Stekel">Stekel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Strachey" title="James Strachey">Strachey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Stack_Sullivan" title="Harry Stack Sullivan">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Winnicott" title="Donald Winnicott">Winnicott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Important works</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Interpretation_of_Dreams" title="The Interpretation of Dreams">The Interpretation of Dreams</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1899)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Psychopathology_of_Everyday_Life" title="The Psychopathology of Everyday Life">The Psychopathology of Everyday Life</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1901)</span></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Three_Essays_on_the_Theory_of_Sexuality" title="Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality">Three Essays on the Theory<br />of Sexuality</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1905)</span></div></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_the_Unconscious" title="Psychology of the Unconscious">Psychology of the Unconscious</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1912)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beyond_the_Pleasure_Principle" title="Beyond the Pleasure Principle">Beyond the Pleasure Principle</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1920)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ego_and_the_Id" title="The Ego and the Id">The Ego and the Id</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1923)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Civilization_and_Its_Discontents" title="Civilization and Its Discontents">Civilization and Its Discontents</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1930)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mass_Psychology_of_Fascism" title="The Mass Psychology of Fascism">The Mass Psychology of Fascism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1933)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Four_Fundamental_Concepts_of_Psychoanalysis" title="The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis">The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1964)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anti-Oedipus" title="Anti-Oedipus">Anti-Oedipus</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1972)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sublime_Object_of_Ideology" title="The Sublime Object of Ideology">The Sublime Object of Ideology</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1989)</span></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Schools of thought</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Individual_psychology" title="Individual psychology">Adlerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ego_psychology" title="Ego psychology">Ego psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_psychology" title="Analytical psychology">Jungian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacanianism" title="Lacanianism">Lacanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_psychoanalysis" title="Interpersonal psychoanalysis">Interpersonal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersubjective_psychoanalysis" title="Intersubjective psychoanalysis">Intersubjective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freudo-Marxism" title="Freudo-Marxism">Marxist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_relations_theory" title="Object relations theory">Object relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichian_therapy" title="Reichian therapy">Reichian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_psychoanalysis" title="Relational psychoanalysis">Relational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self_psychology" title="Self psychology">Self psychology</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Training</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Boston_Graduate_School_of_Psychoanalysis" title="Boston Graduate School of Psychoanalysis">Boston Graduate School of<br />Psychoanalysis</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Psychoanalytic_Council" title="British Psychoanalytic Council">British Psychoanalytic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Psychoanalytical_Society" title="British Psychoanalytical Society">British Psychoanalytical Society</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Center_for_Psychoanalytic_Training_and_Research" title="Columbia University Center for Psychoanalytic Training and Research">Columbia University Center for<br />Psychoanalytic Training and Research</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Psychoanalytical_Association" title="International Psychoanalytical Association">International Psychoanalytical Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Association_of_Psychoanalysis" title="World Association of Psychoanalysis">World Association of Psychoanalysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_psychoanalysis" title="List of schools of psychoanalysis">List of schools of psychoanalysis</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">See also</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_psychoanalysis" title="Child psychoanalysis">Child psychoanalysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depth_psychology" title="Depth psychology">Depth psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychodynamics" title="Psychodynamics">Psychodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalytic_theory" title="Psychoanalytic theory">Psychoanalytic theory</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/16px-Psi2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/24px-Psi2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/32px-Psi2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Psychology" title="Portal:Psychology">Psychology portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Psychoanalysis" title="Template:Psychoanalysis"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Psychoanalysis" title="Template talk:Psychoanalysis"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Psychoanalysis" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Psychoanalysis"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Alfred Adler</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">AD</span>-lər</i></a>;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈalfʁeːt<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈʔaːdlɐ]</a></span>; 7 February 1870 – 28 May 1937) was an <a href="/wiki/Austrians" title="Austrians">Austrian</a> medical doctor, <a href="/wiki/Psychotherapist" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychotherapist">psychotherapist</a>, and founder of the school of <a href="/wiki/Individual_psychology" title="Individual psychology">individual psychology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His emphasis on the importance of feelings of belonging, relationships within the family, and <a href="/wiki/Birth_order" title="Birth order">birth order</a> set him apart from <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Freud</a> and others in their common circle. He proposed that contributing to others (social interest or <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gemeinschaftsgefühl</i></span>) was how the individual feels a sense of worth and belonging in the family and society. His earlier work focused on inferiority,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> coining the term <a href="/wiki/Inferiority_complex" title="Inferiority complex">inferiority complex</a>, an isolating element which he argued plays a key role in personality development.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alfred Adler considered a human being as an individual whole, and therefore he called his school of psychology "individual psychology". </p><p>Adler was the first to emphasize the importance of the social element in the re-adjustment process of the individual and to carry psychiatry into the community.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <i><a href="/wiki/Review_of_General_Psychology" title="Review of General Psychology">Review of General Psychology</a></i> survey, published in 2002, ranked Adler as the 67th most eminent psychologist of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Adler&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Adler was born on February 7, 1870<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at <a href="/wiki/Mariahilf" title="Mariahilf">Mariahilfer Straße</a> 208<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Rudolfsheim" title="Rudolfsheim">Rudolfsheim</a>, a village on the western fringes of <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, a modern part of <a href="/wiki/Rudolfsheim-F%C3%BCnfhaus" title="Rudolfsheim-Fünfhaus">Rudolfsheim-Fünfhaus</a>, the 15th district of the city. He was second of the seven children of a <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> couple, Pauline (Beer) and Leopold Adler. Leopold Adler was a <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungarian</a>-born <a href="/wiki/Grain_trade" title="Grain trade">grain merchant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leopold's nephew was <a href="/wiki/Victor_Adler" title="Victor Adler">Victor Adler</a>, a leader of the labour movement and founder of the Social Democratic Workers' Party (<a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Austria" title="Social Democratic Party of Austria">SDAP</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alfred's younger brother died in the bed next to him when Alfred was only three years old,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and throughout his childhood, he maintained a rivalry with his older brother.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This rivalry was spurred on because Adler believed his mother preferred his brother over him. Despite his good relationship with his father, he still struggled with feelings of inferiority in his relationship with his mother.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alfred was an active, popular child and an average student who was also known for the competitive attitude toward his older brother, Sigmund. Early on, he developed <a href="/wiki/Rickets" title="Rickets">rickets</a>, which kept Alfred from walking until he was four years old. At the age of four, he developed <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a> and heard a doctor say to his father, "Your boy is lost". Along with being run over twice and witnessing his younger brother's death, this sickness contributed to his overall fear of death.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At that point, he decided to be a physician.<sup id="cite_ref-Boeree_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boeree-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was very interested in the subjects of psychology, sociology and philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-Orgler,_H._1976_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orgler,_H._1976-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After studying at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Vienna" title="University of Vienna">University of Vienna</a>, he specialized as an <a href="/wiki/Ophthalmology" title="Ophthalmology">eye doctor</a>, and later in neurology and psychiatry.<sup id="cite_ref-Orgler,_H._1976_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orgler,_H._1976-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Adler&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Adler began his medical career as an <a href="/wiki/Ophthalmologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Ophthalmologist">ophthalmologist</a>, but he soon switched to general practice, and established his surgery in a less affluent part of Vienna across from <a href="/wiki/Wurstelprater" title="Wurstelprater">the Prater</a>, a combination of amusement park and circus. His clients included circus people, and it has been suggested<sup id="cite_ref-Boeree_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boeree-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that the unusual strengths and weaknesses of the performers led to his insights into "organ inferiorities" and <a href="/wiki/Compensation_(psychology)" title="Compensation (psychology)">compensation</a>. </p><p>In his early career, Adler wrote an article in defence of Freud's theory after reading one of Freud's most well known works, <i>The Interpretation of Dreams</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1902, because of his supportive article, Adler received an invitation from <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a> to join an informal discussion group that included <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Reitler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rudolf Reitler (page does not exist)">Rudolf Reitler</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Reitler" class="extiw" title="de:Rudolf Reitler">de</a>]</span> and <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Stekel" title="Wilhelm Stekel">Wilhelm Stekel</a>. The group, the "Wednesday Society" (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Mittwochsgesellschaft</i></span>), met regularly on Wednesday evenings at Freud's home and was the beginning of the psychoanalytic movement, expanding over time to include many more members. Each week a member would present a paper and after a short break of coffee and cakes, the group would discuss it. The main members were <a href="/wiki/Otto_Rank" title="Otto Rank">Otto Rank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Max_Eitingon" title="Max Eitingon">Max Eitingon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Stekel" title="Wilhelm Stekel">Wilhelm Stekel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Abraham" title="Karl Abraham">Karl Abraham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hanns_Sachs" title="Hanns Sachs">Hanns Sachs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Wittels" title="Fritz Wittels">Fritz Wittels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Max_Graf" title="Max Graf">Max Graf</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sandor_Ferenczi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandor Ferenczi">Sandor Ferenczi</a>. In 1908, Adler presented his paper, "The aggressive instinct in life and in neurosis", at a time when Freud believed that early sexual development was the primary determinant of the making of character, with which Adler took issue. Adler proposed that the sexual and aggressive drives were "two originally separate instincts which merge later on". Freud at the time disagreed with this idea. </p><p>When Freud in 1920 proposed his dual instinct theory of libido and aggressive drives in <i><a href="/wiki/Beyond_the_Pleasure_Principle" title="Beyond the Pleasure Principle">Beyond the Pleasure Principle</a></i>, without citing Adler, he was reproached that Adler had proposed the aggressive drive in his 1908 paper (Eissler, 1971). Freud later commented in a 1923 footnote he added to the Little Hans case that, "I have myself been obliged to assert the existence of an aggressive instinct" (1909, p. 140, 2), while pointing out that his conception of an aggressive drive differs from that of Adler. A long-serving member of the group, he made many more beyond this 1908 pivotal contribution to the group, and Adler became president of the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Psychoanalytic_Society" title="Vienna Psychoanalytic Society">Vienna Psychoanalytic Society</a> eight years later (1910). He remained a member of the Society until 1911, when he and a group of his supporters formally disengaged from Freud's circle, the first of the great dissenters from orthodox psychoanalysis (preceding <a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung">Carl Jung</a>'s split in 1914).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This departure suited both Freud and Adler, since they had grown to dislike each other. During his association with Freud, Adler frequently maintained his own ideas which often diverged from Freud's. While Adler is often referred to as "a pupil of Freud", in fact this was never true; they were colleagues, Freud referring to him in print in 1909 as "My colleague Dr Alfred Adler".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The association of Adler and Freud lasted a total of 9 years, and they never saw each other after the separation. Freud continued to dislike Adler even after the separation and tended to do so with other defectors from psychoanalysis.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even after Adler's death, Freud maintained his distaste for him. When conversing with a colleague over the matter, he stated, "I don't understand your sympathy for Adler. For a Jewish boy out of a Viennese suburb a death in Aberdeen is an unheard of career in itself and a proof of how far he had got on. The world really rewarded him richly for his service in having contradicted psychoanalysis."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1929 Adler showed a reporter with the <i>New York Herald</i> a copy of the faded postcard that Freud had sent him in 1902. He wanted to prove that he had never been a disciple of Freud's but rather that Freud had sought him out to share his ideas. </p><p>Adler founded the Society for Individual Psychology in 1912<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after his break from the psychoanalytic movement. Adler's group initially included some orthodox Nietzschean adherents (who believed that Adler's ideas on power and inferiority were closer to Nietzsche than Freud's). Their enmity aside, Adler retained a lifelong admiration for Freud's ideas on dreams and credited him with creating a scientific approach to their clinical utilization (Fiebert, 1997). Nevertheless, even regarding dream interpretation, Adler had his own theoretical and clinical approach. The primary differences between Adler and Freud centered on Adler's contention that the social realm (exteriority) is as important to psychology as is the internal realm (interiority). The dynamics of power and compensation extend beyond sexuality, and gender and politics can be as important as libido. Moreover, Freud did not share Adler's <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialist</a> beliefs, the latter's wife being for example an intimate friend of many of the Russian Marxists such as <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1927, entrusted the founding of the Adler's Society to <a href="/wiki/Dimitrije_Mitrinovi%C4%87" title="Dimitrije Mitrinović">Dimitrije Mitrinović</a>, a Serbian philosopher, revolutionary and mystic.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Berlin, in summer 1930, Adler met with English occultist <a href="/wiki/Aleister_Crowley" title="Aleister Crowley">Aleister Crowley</a>. Their connection was through <a href="/wiki/Karl_Germer" title="Karl Germer">Karl Germer</a>, a German and American businessman and occultist known as Frater Saturnus, who was one of Adler’s patients. Crowley later claimed to “know [Adler] personally” and even to have “handled” some of his Berlin patients and to have “put a lot of my own theory and practice into it.”<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Adlerian_school">The Adlerian school</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Adler&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The Adlerian school"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following Adler's break from Freud, he enjoyed considerable success and celebrity in building an independent <a href="/wiki/Adlerian" class="mw-redirect" title="Adlerian">school of psychotherapy</a> and a unique <a href="/wiki/Personality_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Personality theory">personality theory</a>. He traveled and lectured for a period of 25 years promoting his socially oriented approach. His intent was to build a movement that would rival, even supplant, others in psychology by arguing for the holistic integrity of psychological well-being with that of social equality. Adler's efforts were halted by <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, during which he served as a doctor with the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Army" title="Austro-Hungarian Army">Austro-Hungarian Army</a>. After the conclusion of the war, his influence increased greatly. In 1919, Adler started the first <a href="/wiki/Child_Guidance" title="Child Guidance">Child Guidance</a> clinic in Vienna. With the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Austria" title="Social Democratic Party of Austria">Social Democratic Party of Austria</a> came to power in the newly-formed Austrian Republic. The Social Democrats supported welfare programs with a particular focus on childhood educational reform. The resulting climate enabled Adler and his associates to establish 28 child guidance clinics, and Vienna became the first city in the world to provide schoolchildren with free educational therapy.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the same time, from 1921 onwards, Adler was a frequent lecturer in Europe and the United States, becoming a visiting professor at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> in 1927. His clinical treatment methods for adults were aimed at uncovering the hidden purpose of symptoms using the therapeutic functions of insight and meaning. </p><p>Adler was concerned with the overcoming of the superiority/inferiority dynamic and was one of the first psychotherapists to discard the analytic couch in favor of two chairs. This allows the clinician and patient to sit together more or less as equals.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clinically, Adler's methods are not limited to treatment after-the-fact but extend to the realm of prevention by preempting future problems in the child. Prevention strategies include encouraging and promoting social interest, belonging, and a cultural shift within families and communities that leads to the eradication of pampering and neglect (especially corporal punishment). Adler's popularity was related to the comparative optimism and comprehensibility of his ideas. He often wrote for the lay public. Adler always retained a pragmatic approach that was task-oriented. These "Life tasks" are occupation/work, society/friendship, and love/sexuality. Their success depends on cooperation. The tasks of life are not to be considered in isolation since, as Adler famously commented, "they all throw cross-lights on one another".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his bestselling book, <i><a href="/wiki/Man%27s_Search_for_Meaning" title="Man's Search for Meaning">Man's Search for Meaning</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Frankl" title="Viktor Frankl">Dr. Viktor E. Frankl</a> compared his own "Third Viennese School of Psychotherapy" (after Freud's and Adler's schools) to Adler's analysis: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Logotherapy" title="Logotherapy">logotherapy</a>, the striving to find a meaning in one's life is the primary motivational force in man. That is why I speak of a <i><a href="/wiki/Meaning_(existential)" title="Meaning (existential)">will to meaning</a></i> in contrast to the "pleasure principle" (or, as we could also term it, the <i><a href="/wiki/Pleasure_principle_(psychology)" title="Pleasure principle (psychology)">will to pleasure</a></i>) on which Freudian psychoanalysis is centered, as well as in contrast to the <i><a href="/wiki/Will_to_power" title="Will to power">will to power</a></i> on which Adlerian psychology, using the term "striving for superiority," is focused.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Emigration">Emigration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Adler&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Emigration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early 1930s, after most of Adler's Austrian clinics had been closed due to his Jewish heritage (despite his conversion to Christianity), Adler left Austria for a professorship at the <a href="/wiki/SUNY_Downstate_Health_Sciences_University" title="SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University">Long Island College of Medicine</a> in the US, in 1934. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Basic_principles">Basic principles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Adler&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Basic principles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Adler was influenced by the mental construct ideas of the philosopher <a href="/wiki/Hans_Vaihinger" title="Hans Vaihinger">Hans Vaihinger</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Philosophy_of_%27As_if%27" title="The Philosophy of 'As if'">The Philosophy of 'As if'</a></i>) and the literature of <a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoyevsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Fyodor Dostoyevsky">Dostoyevsky</a>. While still a member of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society he developed a theory of organic inferiority and compensation that was the prototype for his later turn to phenomenology and the development of his famous concept, the inferiority complex. </p><p>Adler was also influenced by the philosophies of <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Virchow" title="Rudolf Virchow">Rudolf Virchow</a> and the statesman <a href="/wiki/Jan_Smuts" title="Jan Smuts">Jan Smuts</a> (who coined the term "<a href="/wiki/Holism" title="Holism">holism</a>"). Adler's School, known as "Individual Psychology"—an arcane reference to the Latin <i>individuals</i> meaning indivisibility, a term intended to emphasize holism—is both a social and community psychology as well as a depth psychology. Adler was an early advocate in psychology for prevention and emphasized the training of parents, teachers, social workers and so on in democratic approaches that allow a child to exercise their power through reasoned decision making whilst co-operating with others. He was a social idealist, and was known as a socialist in his early years of association with psychoanalysis (1902–1911).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Adler was pragmatic and believed that lay people could make practical use of the insights of psychology. Adler was also an early supporter of <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">feminism</a> in psychology and the social world, believing that feelings of superiority and inferiority were often gendered and expressed symptomatically in characteristic masculine and feminine styles. These styles could form the basis of psychic compensation and lead to mental health difficulties. Adler also spoke of "safeguarding tendencies" and neurotic behavior<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> long before <a href="/wiki/Anna_Freud" title="Anna Freud">Anna Freud</a> wrote about the same phenomena in her book <i>The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defense</i>. </p><p>Adlerian-based scholarly, clinical and social practices focus on the following topics:<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Social interest and community feeling</li> <li>Holism and the creative self</li> <li>Fictional finalism, teleology, and goal constructs</li> <li>Psychological and social encouragement</li> <li>Inferiority, superiority and compensation</li> <li>Life style/style of life</li> <li>Early recollections (a projective technique)</li> <li>Family constellation and birth order</li> <li>Life tasks and social embeddedness</li> <li>The conscious and unconscious realms</li> <li>Private logic and common sense (based in part on Kant's "<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">sensus communis</i></span>")</li> <li>Symptoms and neurosis</li> <li>Safeguarding behavior</li> <li>Guilt and guilt feelings</li> <li>Socratic questioning</li> <li>Dream interpretation</li> <li>Child and adolescent psychology</li> <li>Democratic approaches to parenting and families</li> <li>Adlerian approaches to classroom management</li> <li>Leadership and organizational psychology</li></ul> <p>Adler created Adlerian Therapy, because he believed that one's psyche should be studied in the context of that person's environment.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adler's_approach_to_personality"><span id="Adler.27s_approach_to_personality"></span>Adler's approach to personality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Adler&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Adler's approach to personality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In one of his earliest and most famous publications, "Study of Organ Inferiority and Its Psychical Compensation," Adler outlined the basics for what would be the beginning foundation of his personality theory. The article focuses mainly on the topics of organ inferiority and compensation. Organ inferiority is when one organ, or portion of the body, is weaker than the rest. Adler postulated that the body's other organs would work together in order to compensate for the weakness of this "inferior" organ. When compensation occurs, other areas of the body make up for the function lacking in the inferior portion. In some cases, the weakness may be overcompensated transforming it into a strength. An example would be an individual with a weak leg becoming a great runner later on. As his theory progressed, the idea of organ inferiority was replaced with feelings of inferiority instead. As Adler's theory progressed, he continued evolving his theory and key ideas.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Adler's book, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Über den nervösen Charakter</i></span> (<i>The Neurotic Character</i>) defines his earlier key ideas. He argued that human personality could be explained <a href="/wiki/Teleology" title="Teleology">teleologically</a>: parts of the individual's unconscious self ideally work to convert feelings of inferiority to superiority (or rather completeness).<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The desires of the self ideal were countered by social and ethical demands. If the corrective factors were disregarded and the individual overcompensated, then an inferiority complex would occur, fostering the danger of the individual becoming egocentric, power-hungry and aggressive or worse.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Common therapeutic tools include the use of humor, historical instances, and paradoxical injunctions.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Psychodynamics_and_teleology">Psychodynamics and teleology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Adler&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Psychodynamics and teleology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Adler maintained that human psychology is psychodynamic in nature. Unlike Freud's metapsychology that emphasizes instinctual demands, human psychology is guided by goals and fueled by a yet unknown creative force. Like Freud's instincts, Adler's fictive goals are largely unconscious. These goals have a "teleological" function.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Constructivist Adlerians, influenced by neo-Kantian and Nietzschean ideas, view these "teleological" goals as "fictions" in the sense that Hans Vaihinger spoke of (<i>fictio</i>). Usually there is a <a href="/wiki/Fictional_final_goal" class="mw-redirect" title="Fictional final goal">fictional final goal</a> which can be deciphered alongside of innumerable sub-goals. The inferiority/superiority dynamic is constantly at work through various forms of compensation and overcompensation. For example, in <a href="/wiki/Anorexia_nervosa" title="Anorexia nervosa">anorexia nervosa</a> the fictive final goal is to "be perfectly thin" (overcompensation on the basis of a feeling of inferiority). Hence, the fictive final goal can serve a persecutory function that is ever-present in subjectivity (though its trace springs are usually unconscious). The end goal of being "thin" is fictive, however, since it can never be subjectively achieved. </p><p>Teleology serves another vital function for Adlerians. Chilon's "hora telos" ("see the end, consider the consequences") provides for both healthy and maladaptive psychodynamics. Here we also find Adler's emphasis on personal responsibility in mentally healthy subjects who seek their own and the social good. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constructivism_and_metaphysics">Constructivism and metaphysics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Adler&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Constructivism and metaphysics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a psychodynamic system, Adlerians excavate the past of a client/patient in order to alter their future and increase integration into community in the 'here-and-now'.<sup id="cite_ref-Adler,_Understanding_p._139-42_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adler,_Understanding_p._139-42-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 'here-and-now' aspects are especially relevant to those Adlerians who emphasize humanism and/or existentialism in their approaches. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Holism">Holism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Adler&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Holism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Metaphysical Adlerians emphasize a spiritual <a href="/wiki/Holism" title="Holism">holism</a> in keeping with what <a href="/wiki/Jan_Smuts" title="Jan Smuts">Jan Smuts</a> articulated (Smuts coined the term "holism"), that is, the spiritual sense of one-ness that holism usually implies (etymology of holism: from ὅλος holos, a Greek word meaning all, entire, total) Smuts believed that evolution involves a progressive series of lesser wholes integrating into larger ones. Whilst Smuts' text <i>Holism and Evolution</i> is thought to be a work of science, it actually attempts to unify evolution with a higher metaphysical principle (holism). The sense of connection and one-ness revered in various religious traditions (among these, Christianity, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, Islam, Buddhism and Baha'i) finds a strong complement in Adler's thought.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The pragmatic and materialist aspects to contextualizing members of communities, the construction of communities and the socio-historical-political forces that shape communities matter a great deal when it comes to understanding an individual's psychological make-up and functioning. This aspect of Adlerian psychology holds a high level of synergy with the field of <a href="/wiki/Community_psychology" title="Community psychology">community psychology</a>, especially given Adler's concern for what he called "the absolute truth and logic of communal life".<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Adlerian psychology, unlike community psychology, is holistically concerned with both prevention and clinical treatment after-the-fact. Hence, Adler can be considered the "first community psychologist", a discourse that formalized in the decades following Adler's death (King & Shelley, 2008). </p><p>Adlerian psychology, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung">Carl Jung</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Analytical_psychology" title="Analytical psychology">analytical psychology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gestalt_therapy" title="Gestalt therapy">Gestalt therapy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karen_Horney" title="Karen Horney">Karen Horney</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Psychodynamics" title="Psychodynamics">psychodynamic</a> approach are holistic schools of psychology. These discourses eschew a reductive approach to understanding human psychology and psychopathology.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Typology">Typology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Adler&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Typology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Adler developed a scheme of so-called personality types, which were however always to be taken as provisional or <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Transwiki:Heurism" class="extiw" title="wikt:Transwiki:Heurism">heuristic</a> since he did not, in essence, believe in personality types, and at different times proposed different and equally tentative systems.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The danger with typology is to lose sight of the individual's uniqueness and to gaze reductively, acts that Adler opposed. Nevertheless, he intended to illustrate patterns that could denote a characteristic governed under the overall style of life. Hence American Adlerians such as Harold Mosak have made use of Adler's typology in this provisional sense:<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The <b>Getting</b> or <b>Leaning</b> They are sensitive people who have developed a shell around themselves which protects them, but they must rely on others to carry them through life's difficulties. They have low energy levels and so become dependent. When overwhelmed, they develop what we typically think of as neurotic symptoms: phobias, obsessions and compulsions, general anxiety, hysteria, amnesias, and so on, depending on individual details of their lifestyle.</li> <li>The <b>Avoiding</b> types are those that hate being defeated. They may be successful, but have not taken any risks getting there. They are likely to have low social contact in fear of rejection or defeat in any way.</li> <li>The <b>Ruling</b> or <b>Dominant</b> type strive for power and are willing to manipulate situations and people, anything to get their way. People of this type are also prone to anti-social behavior.</li> <li>The <b>Socially Useful</b> types are those who are very outgoing and very active. They have a lot of social contact and strive to make changes for the good.</li></ul> <p>These 'types' are typically formed in childhood and are expressions of the Style of Life. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_importance_of_memories">The importance of memories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Adler&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: The importance of memories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Adler placed great emphasis upon the interpretation of early memories in working with patients and school children, writing that, "Among all psychic expressions, some of the most revealing are the individual's memories."<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adler viewed memories as expressions of "private logic" and as metaphors for an individual's personal philosophy of life or "lifestyle". He maintained that memories are never incidental or trivial; rather, they are chosen reminders: "(A person's) memories are the reminders she carries about with her of her limitations and of the meanings of events. There are no 'chance' memories. Out of the incalculable number of impressions that an individual receives, she chooses to remember only those which she considers, however dimly, to have a bearing on her problems."<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On_birth_order">On birth order</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Adler&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: On birth order"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Adler often emphasized one's psychological <a href="/wiki/Birth_order" title="Birth order">birth order</a> as having an influence on the <a href="/wiki/Style_of_life" title="Style of life">style of life</a> and the strengths and weaknesses in one's psychological make up.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Birth order referred to the placement of siblings within the family. It is important to note the difference between psychological and ordinal birth order (e.g. in some families, a second child might behave like a firstborn, in which case they are considered to be an ordinal secondborn but a psychological firstborn). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosak,_H.H._%26_Maniacci,_M._P._(1999)._A_primer_of_Adlerian_Psychology._Taylor_and_Francis.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mosak, H.H. & Maniacci, M. P. (1999). A primer of Adlerian Psychology. Taylor and Francis. (page does not exist)">Mosak, H.H. & Maniacci, M. P. (1999). A primer of Adlerian Psychology. Taylor and Francis.</a> Adler believed that the firstborn child would be in a favorable position, enjoying the full attention of the eager new parents until the arrival of a second child. This second child would cause the first born to suffer feelings of dethronement, no longer being the center of attention. Adler (1908) believed that in a three-child family, the oldest child would be the most likely to suffer from <a href="/wiki/Neuroticism" title="Neuroticism">neuroticism</a> and substance addiction which he reasoned was a compensation for the feelings of excessive responsibility "the weight of the world on one's shoulders" (e.g. having to look after the younger ones) and the melancholic loss of that once supremely pampered position. As a result, he predicted that this child was the most likely to end up in jail or an asylum. Youngest children would tend to be overindulged, leading to poor social empathy. Consequently, the middle child, who would experience neither dethronement nor overindulgence, was most likely to develop into a successful individual yet also most likely to be a rebel and to feel squeezed-out. Adler himself was the third (some sources credit second) in a family of six children. </p><p>Adler never produced any scientific support for his interpretations on birth order roles, nor did he feel the need to. Yet the value of the hypothesis was to extend the importance of siblings in marking the psychology of the individual beyond Freud's more limited emphasis on the mother and father. Hence, Adlerians spend time therapeutically mapping the influence that siblings (or lack thereof) had on the psychology of their clients. The <a href="/wiki/Nomothetic_and_idiographic" title="Nomothetic and idiographic">idiographic</a> approach entails an excavation of the phenomenology of one's birth order position for likely influence on the subject's Style of Life. In sum, the subjective experiences of sibling positionality and inter-relations are important in terms of the dynamics of psychology, for Adlerian therapists and personality theorists, not the cookbook predictions that may or may not have been objectively true in Adler's time. </p><p>For Adler, birth order answered the question, "Why do children, who are raised in the same family, grow up with very different personalities?" While a strict geneticist, believing siblings are raised in a shared environment, may claim any differences in personality would be caused by subtle variations in the individuals' genetics, Adler showed through his birth order theory that children do not grow up in the same shared environment, but the oldest child grows up in a family where they have younger siblings, the middle child with older and younger siblings, and the youngest with older siblings. The position in the family constellation, Adler said, is the reason for these differences in personality and not genetics: a point later taken up by <a href="/wiki/Eric_Berne" title="Eric Berne">Eric Berne</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On_addiction">On addiction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Adler&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: On addiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Adler's insight into birth order, compensation and issues relating to the individuals' perception of community also led him to investigate the causes and treatment of <a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse" title="Substance abuse">substance abuse</a> disorders, particularly <a href="/wiki/Alcoholism" title="Alcoholism">alcoholism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Morphinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Morphinism">morphinism</a>, which already were serious social problems of his time. Adler's work with addicts was significant since most other prominent proponents of psychoanalysis invested relatively little time and thought into these widespread ills of the modern and post-modern age. In addition to applying his <a href="/wiki/Individual_psychology" title="Individual psychology">individual psychology</a> approach of organ inferiority, for example, to the onset and causes of addictive behaviors, he also tried to find a clear relationship of drug cravings to sexual gratification or their substitutions. Early pharmaco-therapeutic interventions with non-addictive substances, such as <a href="/wiki/Theophylline" title="Theophylline">neuphyllin</a> were used, since withdrawal symptoms were explained by a form of "water-poisoning" that made the use of diuretics necessary. </p><p>Adler and his wife's pragmatic approach, and the seemingly high success rates of their treatment were based on their ideas of social functioning and well-being. Clearly, life style choices and situations were emphasized, for example the need for relaxation or the negative effects of early childhood conflicts were examined, which compared to other authoritarian or religious treatment regimens, were clearly modern approaches. Certainly some of his observations, for example that psychopaths were more likely to be drug addicts are not compatible with current methodologies and theories of substance abuse treatment, but the self-centered attributes of the illness and the clear escapism from social responsibilities by pathological addicts put Adler's treatment modalities clearly into a modern contextual reasoning.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On_homosexuality">On homosexuality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Adler&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: On homosexuality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_psychology" title="Homosexuality and psychology">Homosexuality and psychology</a></div> <p>Adler's ideas regarding non-<a href="/wiki/Heterosexual" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterosexual">heterosexual</a> sexuality and various social forms of deviance have long been controversial. Along with prostitution and criminality, Adler had classified 'homosexuals' as falling among the "failures of life". In 1917, he began his writings on homosexuality with a 52-page magazine, and sporadically published more thoughts throughout the rest of his life. </p><p>The Dutch psychologist <a href="/wiki/Gerard_J._M._van_den_Aardweg" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerard J. M. van den Aardweg">Gerard J. M. van den Aardweg</a> underlines how Alfred Adler came to his conclusions for, in 1917, Adler believed that he had established a connection between homosexuality and an inferiority complex towards one's own gender. This point of view differed from Freud's theory that homosexuality is rooted in <a href="/wiki/Narcissism" title="Narcissism">narcissism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Jung" class="mw-redirect" title="Jung">Jung</a>'s view of expressions of contrasexuality vis-à-vis the archetypes of the <a href="/wiki/Anima_and_Animus" class="mw-redirect" title="Anima and Animus">Anima and Animus</a>. </p><p>There is evidence that Adler may have moved towards abandoning the hypothesis. Towards the end of Adler's life, in the mid-1930s, his opinion towards homosexuality began to shift. Elizabeth H. McDowell, a New York state family social worker recalls undertaking supervision with Adler on a young man who was "<a href="/wiki/Cohabitation" title="Cohabitation">living in sin</a>" with an older man in New York City. Adler asked her, "Is he happy, would you say?" "Oh yes," McDowell replied. Adler then stated, "Well, why don't we leave him alone."<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the novelist <a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Bottome" title="Phyllis Bottome">Phyllis Bottome</a>, who wrote Adler's <i>Biography</i> (after Adler himself laid upon her that task): "He always treated homosexuality as lack of courage. These were but ways of obtaining a slight release for a physical need while avoiding a greater obligation. A transient partner of your own sex is a better known road and requires less courage than a permanent contact with an "unknown" sex.... Adler taught that men cannot be judged from within by their "possessions," as he used to call nerves, glands, traumas, drives et cetera, since both judge and prisoner are liable to misconstrue what is invisible and incalculable; but that he can be judged, with no danger from introspection, by how he measures up to the three common life tasks set before every human being between the cradle and the grave: work (employment), love or marriage (intimacy), and social contact (friendships.)"<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parent_education">Parent education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Adler&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Parent education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Adler emphasized both treatment and prevention. With regard to psychodynamic psychology, Adlerians emphasize the foundational importance of childhood in developing personality and any tendency towards various forms of psychopathology. The best way to inoculate against what are now termed "personality disorders" (what Adler had called the "neurotic character"), or a tendency to various neurotic conditions (depression, anxiety, etc.), is to train a child to be and feel an equal part of the family. The responsibility of the optimal development of the child is not limited to the mother or father, but rather includes teachers and society more broadly. Adler argued therefore that teachers, nurses, social workers, and so on require training in parent education to complement the work of the family in fostering a democratic character. When a child does not feel equal and is enacted upon (abused through pampering or neglect) he or she is likely to develop inferiority or superiority complexes and various concomitant compensation strategies.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These strategies exact a social toll by seeding higher divorce rates, the breakdown of the family, criminal tendencies, and subjective suffering in the various guises of psychopathology. Adlerians have long promoted parent education groups, especially those influenced by the famous Austrian/American Adlerian <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Dreikurs" title="Rudolf Dreikurs">Rudolf Dreikurs</a> (Dreikurs & Soltz, 1964). </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Individual_education" title="Individual education">Individual education</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spirituality,_ecology_and_community"><span id="Spirituality.2C_ecology_and_community"></span>Spirituality, ecology and community</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Adler&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Spirituality, ecology and community"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a late work, <i>Social Interest: A Challenge to Mankind</i> (1938), Adler turns to the subject of <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysics</a>, where he integrates Jan Smuts' evolutionary holism with the ideas of teleology and community: "<i><a href="/wiki/Sub_specie_aeternitatis" title="Sub specie aeternitatis">sub specie aeternitatis</a></i>". Unabashedly, he argues his vision of society: "Social feeling means above all a struggle for a communal form that must be thought of as eternally applicable... when humanity has attained its goal of perfection... an ideal society amongst all mankind, the ultimate fulfillment of evolution."<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adler follows this pronouncement with a defense of metaphysics: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I see no reason to be afraid of metaphysics; it has had a great influence on human life and development. We are not blessed with the possession of absolute truth; on that account we are compelled to form theories for ourselves about our future, about the results of our actions, etc. Our idea of social feeling as the final form of humanity – of an imagined state in which all the problems of life are solved and all our relations to the external world rightly adjusted – is a regulative ideal, a goal that gives our direction. This goal of perfection must bear within it the goal of an ideal community, because all that we value in life, all that endures and continues to endure, is eternally the product of this social feeling.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>This social feeling for Adler is <i>Gemeinschaftsgefühl</i>, a community feeling whereby one feels he or she belongs with others and has also developed an ecological connection with nature (plants, animals, the crust of this earth) and the cosmos as a whole, sub specie aeternitatis. Clearly, Adler himself had little problem with adopting a metaphysical and spiritual point of view to support his theories. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_of_Adler's_work_without_attribution"><span id="Use_of_Adler.27s_work_without_attribution"></span>Use of Adler's work without attribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Adler&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Use of Adler's work without attribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Much of Adler's theories have been absorbed into modern psychology without attribution. Psychohistorian <a href="/wiki/Henri_Ellenberger" title="Henri Ellenberger">Henri F. Ellenberger</a> writes, "It would not be easy to find another author from which so much has been borrowed on all sides without acknowledgement than Alfred Adler." Ellenberger posits several theories for "the discrepancy between greatness of achievement, massive rejection of person and work, and wide-scale, quiet plagiarism..." These include Adler's "imperfect" style of writing and demeanor, his "capacity to create a new obviousness," and his lack of a large and well organized following.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence_on_depth_psychology">Influence on depth psychology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Adler&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Influence on depth psychology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In collaboration with <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a> and a small group of Freud's colleagues, Adler was among the co-founders of the psychoanalytic movement and a core member of the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Psychoanalytic_Society" title="Vienna Psychoanalytic Society">Vienna Psychoanalytic Society</a>: indeed, to Freud he was "the only personality there".<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the first major figure to break away from psychoanalysis to form an independent school of <a href="/wiki/Psychotherapy" title="Psychotherapy">psychotherapy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Personality_development" title="Personality development">personality</a> theory,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which he called individual psychology because he believed a human to be an indivisible whole, an <i>individuum</i>. He also imagined a person to be connected or associated with the surrounding world.<sup id="cite_ref-Orgler,_H._1976_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orgler,_H._1976-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This was after Freud declared Adler's ideas as too contrary, leading to an ultimatum to all members of the Society (which Freud had shepherded) to drop Adler or be expelled, disavowing the right to dissent (Makari, 2008). Nevertheless, Freud always took Adler's ideas seriously, calling them "honorable errors".<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following this split, Adler would come to have an enormous, independent effect on the disciplines of counseling and psychotherapy as they developed over the course of the 20th century (Ellenberger, 1970). He influenced notable figures in subsequent schools of psychotherapy such as <a href="/wiki/Rollo_May" title="Rollo May">Rollo May</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Frankl" title="Viktor Frankl">Viktor Frankl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Maslow" title="Abraham Maslow">Abraham Maslow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albert_Ellis_(psychologist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert Ellis (psychologist)">Albert Ellis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His writings preceded, and were at times surprisingly consistent with, later Neo-Freudian insights such as those evidenced in the works of <a href="/wiki/Otto_Rank" title="Otto Rank">Otto Rank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karen_Horney" title="Karen Horney">Karen Horney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harry_Stack_Sullivan" title="Harry Stack Sullivan">Harry Stack Sullivan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Erich Fromm</a>, some considering that it would take several decades for Freudian <a href="/wiki/Ego_psychology" title="Ego psychology">ego psychology</a> to catch up with Adler's ground-breaking approach.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Adler emphasized the importance of equality in preventing various forms of psychopathology, and espoused the development of social interest and democratic family structures for raising children.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His most famous concept is the <a href="/wiki/Inferiority_complex" title="Inferiority complex">inferiority complex</a> which speaks to the problem of self-esteem and its negative effects on human health (e.g. sometimes producing a paradoxical superiority striving). His emphasis on power dynamics is rooted in the philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Nietzsche" class="mw-redirect" title="Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a>, whose works were published a few decades before Adler's. Specifically, Adler's conceptualization of the "Will to Power" focuses on the individual's creative power to change for the better.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adler argued for holism, viewing the individual holistically rather than reductively, the latter being the dominant lens for viewing human psychology. Adler was also among the first in psychology to argue in favor of <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">feminism</a>, and the female analyst,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making the case that power dynamics between men and women (and associations with masculinity and femininity) are crucial to understanding human psychology (Connell, 1995). Adler is considered, along with Freud and <a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung">Jung</a>, to be one of the three founding figures of <a href="/wiki/Depth_psychology" title="Depth psychology">depth psychology</a>, which emphasizes the unconscious and psychodynamics (Ellenberger, 1970; Ehrenwald, 1991). He is also considered by some to be one of the greatest psychologists and philosophers of the twentieth century.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Adler&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During his college years, he had become attached to a group of socialist students, among which he had found his wife-to-be, <a href="/wiki/Raissa_Adler" title="Raissa Adler">Raissa Timofeyewna Epstein</a>, an intellectual and social activist from Russia studying in Vienna. Because Raissa was a militant socialist, she had a large impact on Adler's early publications and ultimately his theory of personality.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They married in 1897 and had four children, two of whom, his daughter Alexandra and his son Kurt, became psychiatrists.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their children were writer, psychiatrist and Socialist activist <a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Adler" title="Alexandra Adler">Alexandra Adler</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Gale_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gale-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> psychiatrist Kurt Adler;<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> writer and activist <a href="/wiki/Valentine_Adler" title="Valentine Adler">Valentine Adler</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Cornelia "Nelly" Adler.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Raissa, Adler's wife, died at 89 in New York City on April 21, 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Author and journalist <a href="/wiki/Margot_Adler" title="Margot Adler">Margot Adler</a> (1946–2014) was Adler's granddaughter. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_cremation">Death and cremation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Adler&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Death and cremation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Adler died from a heart attack in 1937 in <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a>, Scotland, during a lecture tour. While walking down a street, Adler was seen to collapse and lie motionless on the pavement. As a man ran over to him and loosened his collar, Adler mumbled "Kurt", the name of his son, and died. The autopsy performed determined his death was caused by a degeneration of the heart muscle.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His body was cremated at Warriston Crematorium in <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a> but the ashes were never reclaimed. In 2007, his ashes were rediscovered in a casket at Warriston Crematorium and returned to Vienna for burial in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Carrell_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carrell-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His death was a temporary blow to the influence of his ideas, although a number of them were subsequently taken up by <a href="/wiki/Neo-Freudian" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Freudian">neo-Freudians</a>. Through the work of <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Dreikurs" title="Rudolf Dreikurs">Rudolf Dreikurs</a> in the United States and many other adherents worldwide, Adlerian ideas and approaches remain strong and viable more than 80 years after Adler's death. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Adler&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Around the world there are various organizations promoting Adler's orientation towards mental and social well-being. These include the International Committee of Adlerian Summer Schools and Institutes (ICASSI), the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Society_of_Adlerian_Psychology" title="North American Society of Adlerian Psychology">North American Society of Adlerian Psychology</a> (NASAP) and the International Association for Individual Psychology. Teaching institutes and programs exist in Austria, Canada, England, Germany, Greece, Israel, Italy, Japan, Latvia, Switzerland, the United States, Jamaica, Peru, and Wales. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Artistic_and_cultural_references">Artistic and cultural references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Adler&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Artistic and cultural references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The two main characters in the novel <i>Plant Teacher</i> engage in a session of Adlerian lifestyle interpretation, including early memory interpretation.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the episode <a href="/wiki/Something_About_Dr._Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Something About Dr. Mary">Something About Dr. Mary</a> of the television series <i><a href="/wiki/Frasier" title="Frasier">Frasier</a></i>, Frasier recalls having to "pass under a dangerously unbalanced portrait of Alfred Adler" during his studies at Harvard.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He appears as a character in the <i><a href="/wiki/Young_Indiana_Jones_Chronicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Young Indiana Jones Chronicles">Young Indiana Jones Chronicles</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="English-language_Adlerian_journals">English-language Adlerian journals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Adler&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: English-language Adlerian journals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Adler&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Individual_Psychology" title="The Journal of Individual Psychology">The Journal of Individual Psychology</a></i> (University of Texas Press)</li> <li><i>The Canadian Journal of Adlerian Psychology</i> (Adlerian Psychology Association of British Columbia)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Adler&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Adlerian Yearbook</i> (Adlerian Society, UK)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Adler&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alfred Adler's key publications were <i><a href="/wiki/The_Practice_and_Theory_of_Individual_Psychology" title="The Practice and Theory of Individual Psychology">The Practice and Theory of Individual Psychology</a></i> (1924), <i>Understanding Human Nature</i> (1927), & <i>What Life Could Mean to You</i> (1931). Other important publications are <i>The Pattern of Life</i> (1930), <i>The Science of Living</i> (1930), <i>The Neurotic Constitution</i> (1917), <i>The Problems of Neurosis</i> (1930). In his lifetime, Adler published more than 300 books and articles. </p><p>The Alfred Adler Institute of Northwestern Washington has recently published a twelve-volume set of <b>The Collected Clinical Works of Alfred Adler</b>, covering his writings from 1898 to 1937. An entirely new translation of Adler's magnum opus, <i>The Neurotic Character</i>, is featured in Volume 1. Volume 12 provides comprehensive overviews of Adler's mature theory and contemporary Adlerian practice. </p> <ul><li>Volume 1 : <b>The Neurotic Character — 1907</b></li> <li>Volume 2 : <b>Journal Articles 1898–1909</b></li> <li>Volume 3 : <b>Journal Articles 1910–1913</b></li> <li>Volume 4 : <b>Journal Articles 1914–1920</b></li> <li>Volume 5 : <b>Journal Articles 1921–1926</b></li> <li>Volume 6 : <b>Journal Articles 1927–1931</b></li> <li>Volume 7 : <b>Journal Articles 1931–1937</b></li> <li>Volume 8 : <b>Lectures to Physicians & Medical Students</b></li> <li>Volume 9 : <b>Case Histories</b></li> <li>Volume 10 : <b>Case Readings & Demonstrations</b></li> <li>Volume 11 : <b>Education for Prevention</b></li> <li>Volume 12 : <b>The General System of Individual Psychology</b></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_key_Adlerian_texts">Other key Adlerian texts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Adler&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Other key Adlerian texts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Adler, A. (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/individualpsycho0000adle"><i>The Individual Psychology of Alfred Adler</i></a>. H. L. Ansbacher and R. R. Ansbacher (Eds.). New York: Harper Torchbooks. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-131154-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-131154-5">0-06-131154-5</a>.</li> <li>Adler, A. (1979). <i>Superiority and Social Interest: A Collection of Later Writings</i>. H. L. Ansbacher and R. R. Ansbacher (Eds.). New York, NY: W. W. Norton. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-00910-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-00910-6">0-393-00910-6</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Adler&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adlerian" class="mw-redirect" title="Adlerian">Adlerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Adlerian_psychology" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Adlerian psychology">Classical Adlerian psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Adlerian" title="Neo-Adlerian">Neo-Adlerian</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Adler&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/adler">"Definition of Adler | Dictionary.com"</a>. <i>www.dictionary.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.dictionary.com&rft.atitle=Definition+of+Adler+%7C+Dictionary.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Fadler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Adler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffman1994" class="citation book cs1">Hoffman, E. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/driveforselfalfr00hoff/page/41"><i>The Drive for Self: Alfred Adler and the Founding of Individual Psychology</i></a>. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/driveforselfalfr00hoff/page/41">41–91</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-201-63280-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-201-63280-4"><bdi>978-0-201-63280-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Drive+for+Self%3A+Alfred+Adler+and+the+Founding+of+Individual+Psychology&rft.place=Reading%2C+MA&rft.pages=41-91&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-201-63280-4&rft.aulast=Hoffman&rft.aufirst=E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdriveforselfalfr00hoff%2Fpage%2F41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Adler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alfred Adler, <i>Understanding Human Nature</i> (1992) Chapter 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlson2010" class="citation book cs1">Carlson, Neil R. (2010). <i>Psychology the science of behaviour</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Psychology+the+science+of+behaviour&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Carlson&rft.aufirst=Neil+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Adler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals1.scholarsportal.info/details-sfx.xqy?uri=ia800108.us.archive.org">"my.access — University of Toronto Libraries Portal"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=my.access+%E2%80%94+University+of+Toronto+Libraries+Portal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals1.scholarsportal.info%2Fdetails-sfx.xqy%3Furi%3Dia800108.us.archive.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Adler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaggbloomWarnickWarnickJones2002" class="citation journal cs1">Haggbloom, Steven J.; Warnick, Renee; Warnick, Jason E.; Jones, Vinessa K.; Yarbrough, Gary L.; Russell, Tenea M.; Borecky, Chris M.; McGahhey, Reagan; et al. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apa.org/monitor/julaug02/eminent.aspx">"The 100 most eminent psychologists of the 20th century"</a>. <i>Review of General Psychology</i>. <b>6</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">139–</span>152. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.586.1913">10.1.1.586.1913</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F1089-2680.6.2.139">10.1037/1089-2680.6.2.139</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145668721">145668721</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Review+of+General+Psychology&rft.atitle=The+100+most+eminent+psychologists+of+the+20th+century&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E139-%3C%2Fspan%3E152&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.586.1913%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145668721%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F1089-2680.6.2.139&rft.aulast=Haggbloom&rft.aufirst=Steven+J.&rft.au=Warnick%2C+Renee&rft.au=Warnick%2C+Jason+E.&rft.au=Jones%2C+Vinessa+K.&rft.au=Yarbrough%2C+Gary+L.&rft.au=Russell%2C+Tenea+M.&rft.au=Borecky%2C+Chris+M.&rft.au=McGahhey%2C+Reagan&rft.au=Powell%2C+John+L.+III&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apa.org%2Fmonitor%2Fjulaug02%2Feminent.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Adler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHergenhahnOlson2006" class="citation book cs1">Hergenhahn, B.R.; Olson, Matthew (2006). <i>An Introduction to Theories of Personality</i>. Pearson Prentice Hall. pp. <span class="nowrap">95–</span>123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-194228-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-194228-X"><bdi>0-13-194228-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Theories+of+Personality&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E95-%3C%2Fspan%3E123&rft.pub=Pearson+Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-13-194228-X&rft.aulast=Hergenhahn&rft.aufirst=B.R.&rft.au=Olson%2C+Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Adler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prof. Dr. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Klaus_Lohrmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klaus Lohrmann (page does not exist)">Klaus Lohrmann</a> <i>"Jüdisches Wien. Kultur-Karte"</i> (2003), Mosse-Berlin Mitte gGmbH (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Verlag_J%C3%BCdische_Presse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Verlag Jüdische Presse (page does not exist)">Verlag Jüdische Presse</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.notablebiographies.com/A-An/Adler-Alfred.html">"Alfred Adler Biography"</a>. Encyclopedia of World Biography. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100107111638/http://notablebiographies.com/A-An/Adler-Alfred.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alfred+Adler+Biography&rft.pub=Encyclopedia+of+World+Biography&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.notablebiographies.com%2FA-An%2FAdler-Alfred.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Adler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProchaskaNorcross2013" class="citation book cs1">Prochaska, James; Norcross, John (2013-05-10). <i>Systems of psychotherapy: a transtheoretical analysis</i> (Eighth ed.). Stamford, CT. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-133-31451-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-133-31451-6"><bdi>978-1-133-31451-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/851089001">851089001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Systems+of+psychotherapy%3A+a+transtheoretical+analysis&rft.place=Stamford%2C+CT&rft.edition=Eighth&rft.date=2013-05-10&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F851089001&rft.isbn=978-1-133-31451-6&rft.aulast=Prochaska&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Norcross%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Adler" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffman1994" class="citation book cs1">Hoffman, Edward (1994-07-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E2p-AAAAMAAJ&q=pauline+beer+leopold+adler"><i>The Drive for Self: Alfred Adler and the Founding of Individual Psychology</i></a>. Da Capo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-201-63280-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-201-63280-4"><bdi>978-0-201-63280-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Drive+for+Self%3A+Alfred+Adler+and+the+Founding+of+Individual+Psychology&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=1994-07-20&rft.isbn=978-0-201-63280-4&rft.aulast=Hoffman&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE2p-AAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dpauline%2Bbeer%2Bleopold%2Badler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Adler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geni.com/people/Leopold-Adler/6000000010798663547">"Leopold Leb Nathan Adler"</a>. <i>geni_family_tree</i>. 2018-11-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-09-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=geni_family_tree&rft.atitle=Leopold+Leb+Nathan+Adler&rft.date=2018-11-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geni.com%2Fpeople%2FLeopold-Adler%2F6000000010798663547&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Adler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrgler1939" class="citation book cs1">Orgler, Hertha (1939). <i>Alfred Adler, the Man and His Work</i>. London: C. W. Daniel. p. 67.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alfred+Adler%2C+the+Man+and+His+Work&rft.place=London&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=C.+W.+Daniel&rft.date=1939&rft.aulast=Orgler&rft.aufirst=Hertha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Adler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boeree-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boeree_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boeree_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoeree1937" class="citation web cs1">Boeree, C. George (1937-05-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/adler.html">"Personality Theories – Alfred Adler by Dr. C. George Boeree"</a>. Webspace.ship.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-05-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Personality+Theories+%E2%80%93+Alfred+Adler+by+Dr.+C.+George+Boeree&rft.pub=Webspace.ship.edu&rft.date=1937-05-28&rft.aulast=Boeree&rft.aufirst=C.+George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwebspace.ship.edu%2Fcgboer%2Fadler.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Adler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Orgler,_H._1976-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Orgler,_H._1976_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Orgler,_H._1976_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Orgler,_H._1976_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrgler1976" class="citation journal cs1">Orgler, H. (1976). "Alfred Adler". <i><a href="/wiki/International_Journal_of_Social_Psychiatry" title="International Journal of Social Psychiatry">International Journal of Social Psychiatry</a></i>. <b>22</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">67–</span>68. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002076407602200110">10.1177/002076407602200110</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/783061">783061</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:31821648">31821648</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Social+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Alfred+Adler&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E67-%3C%2Fspan%3E68&rft.date=1976&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A31821648%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F783061&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F002076407602200110&rft.aulast=Orgler&rft.aufirst=H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Adler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For further detail, see <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud#Resignations_from_the_IPA" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud#Resignations from the IPA</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sigmund Freud, <i>Case Histories II</i> (PFL 9) p. 41n</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPapanekPapanek1961" class="citation journal cs1">Papanek, Helene; Papanek, Ernst (1961-01-01). "Individual Psychology Today". <i>American Journal of Psychotherapy</i>. <b>15</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">4–</span>26. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1176%2Fappi.psychotherapy.1961.15.1.4">10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.1961.15.1.4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9564">0002-9564</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13732615">13732615</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Psychotherapy&rft.atitle=Individual+Psychology+Today&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4-%3C%2Fspan%3E26&rft.date=1961-01-01&rft.issn=0002-9564&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F13732615&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1176%2Fappi.psychotherapy.1961.15.1.4&rft.aulast=Papanek&rft.aufirst=Helene&rft.au=Papanek%2C+Ernst&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Adler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, p. 401</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRigby2006" class="citation book cs1">Rigby, Andrew (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OqYrAQAAIAAJ"><i>Dimitrije Mitrinović: A Biography</i></a>. William Sessions Limited. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85072-334-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85072-334-9"><bdi>978-1-85072-334-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dimitrije+Mitrinovi%C4%87%3A+A+Biography&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=William+Sessions+Limited&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-85072-334-9&rft.aulast=Rigby&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOqYrAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Adler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpence2008" class="citation book cs1">Spence, Richard B. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=waL9JN862yQC&dq=%22alfred%20adler%22%20%22aleister%20crowley%22&pg=PT236"><i>Secret Agent 666: Aleister Crowley, British Intelligence and the Occult</i></a>. Feral House. p. 214. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-932595-33-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-932595-33-8"><bdi>978-1-932595-33-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Secret+Agent+666%3A+Aleister+Crowley%2C+British+Intelligence+and+the+Occult&rft.pages=214&rft.pub=Feral+House&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-932595-33-8&rft.aulast=Spence&rft.aufirst=Richard+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwaL9JN862yQC%26dq%3D%2522alfred%2520adler%2522%2520%2522aleister%2520crowley%2522%26pg%3DPT236&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Adler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCluskey2022" class="citation journal cs1">McCluskey, Mary C. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7932831">"Revitalizing Alfred Adler: An Echo for Equality"</a>. <i>Clinical Social Work Journal</i>. <b>50</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">387–</span>399. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10615-021-00793-0">10.1007/s10615-021-00793-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7932831">7932831</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33688108">33688108</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Social+Work+Journal&rft.atitle=Revitalizing+Alfred+Adler%3A+An+Echo+for+Equality&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E387-%3C%2Fspan%3E399&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7932831%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33688108&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10615-021-00793-0&rft.aulast=McCluskey&rft.aufirst=Mary+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7932831&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Adler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSack2020" class="citation web cs1">Sack, Harald (2020-02-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scihi.org/alfred-adler-individual-psychology/">"Alfred Adler and the Individual Psychology"</a>. <i>SciHi Blog</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SciHi+Blog&rft.atitle=Alfred+Adler+and+the+Individual+Psychology&rft.date=2020-02-07&rft.aulast=Sack&rft.aufirst=Harald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscihi.org%2Falfred-adler-individual-psychology%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Adler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Individual Psychology of Alfred Adler</i>, 1956, edited by H. L. Ansbacher, R. R. Ansbacher, pp. 132–133</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frankl, Viktor. (1959). <i><a href="/wiki/Man%27s_Search_for_Meaning" title="Man's Search for Meaning">Man's Search for Meaning</a></i>. Boston, Massachusetts: Beacon Press; also, Seidner, Stanley S. (June 10, 2009) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.google.com/gview?a=v&q=cache:FrKYAo88ckkJ:www.materdei.ie/media/conferences/a-secular-age-parallel-sessions-timetable.pdf+%22Stan+Seidner%22&gl=us">"A Trojan Horse: Logotherapeutic Transcendence and its Secular Implications for Theology"</a>. <i>Mater Dei Institute</i>. pp 10–12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Alfred Adler's Influence on the Three Leading Cofounders of Humanistic Psychology". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Humanistic_Psychology" title="Journal of Humanistic Psychology">Journal of Humanistic Psychology</a></i>. September 1990.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Humanistic+Psychology&rft.atitle=Alfred+Adler%27s+Influence+on+the+Three+Leading+Cofounders+of+Humanistic+Psychology&rft.date=1990-09&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Adler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFadul" class="citation book cs1">Fadul, Jose A. (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of Theory & Practice in Psychotherapy & Counseling</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Theory+%26+Practice+in+Psychotherapy+%26+Counseling&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Adler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffith2007" class="citation book cs1">Griffith, Jane (2007). <i>The lexicon of Adlerian psychology: 106 terms associated with the individual psychology of Alfred Adler</i>. Robert L. Powers, Jane Griffith (2nd ed., rev. and expanded ed.). Port Townsend, Wash., USA: Adlerian Psychology Association, Ltd., Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-918287-10-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-918287-10-6"><bdi>978-0-918287-10-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/180773812">180773812</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+lexicon+of+Adlerian+psychology%3A+106+terms+associated+with+the+individual+psychology+of+Alfred+Adler&rft.place=Port+Townsend%2C+Wash.%2C+USA&rft.edition=2nd+ed.%2C+rev.+and+expanded&rft.pub=Adlerian+Psychology+Association%2C+Ltd.%2C+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F180773812&rft.isbn=978-0-918287-10-6&rft.aulast=Griffith&rft.aufirst=Jane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Adler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/therapy-types/adlerian-therapy">"Adlerian Therapy | Psychology Today"</a>. <i>www.psychologytoday.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.psychologytoday.com&rft.atitle=Adlerian+Therapy+%7C+Psychology+Today&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.psychologytoday.com%2Fus%2Ftherapy-types%2Fadlerian-therapy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Adler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">'Inferiority Complex', in Richard Gregory ed, <i>The Oxford Companion to the Mind</i> (1987) p. 368</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adler, <i>Understanding</i> Ch. 11 'Aggressive Character Traits'</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gerald Corey, <i>Theory and Practice of Counselling and Psychotherapy</i> (1991)p. 155 and p. 385</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adler, <i>Understanding</i> p. 69-76</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adler,_Understanding_p._139-42-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Adler,_Understanding_p._139-42_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adler, <i>Understanding</i> p. 139-42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adlerian.us/qu-relig2.htm">"Classical Adlerian Quotes on Religion and Spirituality – Alfred Adler Institute of Northwestern Washington"</a>. <i>www.adlerian.us</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-09-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.adlerian.us&rft.atitle=Classical+Adlerian+Quotes+on+Religion+and+Spirituality+%E2%80%93+Alfred+Adler+Institute+of+Northwestern+Washington&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adlerian.us%2Fqu-relig2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Adler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adler, <i>Understanding</i> p. 209</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alfredadler.org/what-is-an-adlerian">"What is an Adlerian?"</a>. <i>www.alfredadler.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-11-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.alfredadler.org&rft.atitle=What+is+an+Adlerian%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alfredadler.org%2Fwhat-is-an-adlerian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Adler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henri F. Ellenberger, <i>The Discovery of the Unconscious</i> (1970) p. 624</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H. H. Mosak/M. Maniacci, <i>A Primer of Adlerian Psychology</i> (1999) p. 64-5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adler, Alfred. <i>What Life Could Mean to You</i>. 1998, Hazelden Foundation. Center City, Minnesota: Hazelden. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adler, Alfred. <i>What Life Could Mean to You</i>. 1998, Hazelden Foundation. Center City, Minnesota: Hazelden. 58–59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adler, <i>Understanding</i> Ch 9 "The Family Constellation"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eric Berne, <i>What Do You Say After You Say Hello?</i> (1975) p. 71-81</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adler, A. (1932). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f5YwkF5LM8MC&pg=PA62&q=narcotic%20abuse%20and%20alcohilism">Narcotic Abuse and Alcoholism</a>, Chapter VII. p. 50-65. The Collected Clinical Works of Alfred Adler: Journal articles: 1931–1937. Transl. by G.L.Liebenau. T.Stein (2005). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9715645-8-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-9715645-8-2">0-9715645-8-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Manaster, Painter, Deutsch, and Overholt, 1977, pp. 81–82</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Alfred Adler: A Biography", G.P.Putnam's Sons, New York (copyright 1939), chap. Chief Contributions to Thought, subchap. 7, The Masculine Protest, and subchap. 9, Three Life Tasks, page 160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adler, <i>Understanding</i> p. 44-5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Social Interest: A Challenge to Mankind</i>, Alfred Adler, 1938, translated by Linton John, Richard Vaughan, p. 275</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Social Interest: A Challenge to Mankind</i>, Alfred Adler, 1938, translated by Linton John, Richard Vaughan, pp. 275–276</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ellenberger, Henri F. "The Discovery of the Unconscious: The History and Evolution of Dynamic Psychiatry." United States of America. Basic Books. 1970. Pages 645–646.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Freud, quoted in Ernest Jones, <i>The Life and Work of Sigmund Freud</i> (1964) p. 353</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStepansky1983" class="citation book cs1">Stepansky, P. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pos.sagepub.com/content/16/4/509.extract"><i>In Freud's Shadow: Adler in Context</i></a>. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum. p. 325. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88163-007-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88163-007-7"><bdi>978-0-88163-007-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Freud%27s+Shadow%3A+Adler+in+Context&rft.place=New+Jersey&rft.pages=325&rft.pub=Lawrence+Erlbaum&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-88163-007-7&rft.aulast=Stepansky&rft.aufirst=P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpos.sagepub.com%2Fcontent%2F16%2F4%2F509.extract&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Adler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted in Jones, p. 400</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStein2008" class="citation journal cs1">Stein, H.T. (2008). "Adler's Legacy: Past, Present, and Future". <i>Journal of Individual Psychology</i>. <b>64</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">4–</span>20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Individual+Psychology&rft.atitle=Adler%27s+Legacy%3A+Past%2C+Present%2C+and+Future&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4-%3C%2Fspan%3E20&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Stein&rft.aufirst=H.T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Adler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ruth L. Munroe, <i>Schools of Psychoanalytic Thought</i> (1957) p. 437</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdler1931" class="citation book cs1">Adler, Alfred (1931). <i>What Life Could Mean to You</i>. Center City, MN: Hazelden.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Life+Could+Mean+to+You&rft.place=Center+City%2C+MN&rft.pub=Hazelden&rft.date=1931&rft.aulast=Adler&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Adler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStepp" class="citation web cs1">Stepp, G. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vision.org/visionmedia/alfred-adler-adlerian-psychology/41045.aspx">"A Psychology of Change"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Psychology+of+Change&rft.aulast=Stepp&rft.aufirst=G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vision.org%2Fvisionmedia%2Falfred-adler-adlerian-psychology%2F41045.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Adler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Gay, <i>Freud: A Life for our Time</i> (1988) p. 503n</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Hemming, Foreword, Alfred Adler, <i>Understanding Human Nature</i> (1992) p. 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140310125139/http://pws.cablespeed.com/~htstein/Page1b.htm">"Classical Adlerian Photograph Gallery"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pws.cablespeed.com/~htstein/Page1b.htm">the original</a> on 10 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Classical+Adlerian+Photograph+Gallery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpws.cablespeed.com%2F~htstein%2FPage1b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Adler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gale-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gale_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130518202634/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-2591300140.html">"Adler, Valentine (1898–1942)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Women_in_World_History" title="Women in World History">Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia</a></i>. Gale Research Inc. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-2591300140.html">the original</a> on 18 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Adler%2C+Valentine+%281898%E2%80%931942%29&rft.btitle=Women+in+World+History%3A+A+Biographical+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Gale+Research+Inc.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1G2-2591300140.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Adler" class="Z3988"></span><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurkhart1997" class="citation news cs1">Burkhart, Ford (31 May 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1997/05/31/nyregion/dr-kurt-alfred-adler-92-directed-therapeutic-institute.html">"Dr. Kurt Alfred Adler, 92; Directed Therapeutic Institute"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Dr.+Kurt+Alfred+Adler%2C+92%3B+Directed+Therapeutic+Institute&rft.date=1997-05-31&rft.aulast=Burkhart&rft.aufirst=Ford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1997%2F05%2F31%2Fnyregion%2Fdr-kurt-alfred-adler-92-directed-therapeutic-institute.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Adler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffman1994" class="citation book cs1">Hoffman, Edward (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/driveforselfalfr00hoff/page/31"><i>The drive for self: Alfred Adler and the founding of individual psychology</i></a> (1 ed.). Reading, Mass. u.a.: Addison-Wesley. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/driveforselfalfr00hoff/page/31">31</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-201-63280-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-201-63280-4"><bdi>978-0-201-63280-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+drive+for+self%3A+Alfred+Adler+and+the+founding+of+individual+psychology&rft.place=Reading%2C+Mass.+u.a.&rft.pages=31&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-201-63280-4&rft.aulast=Hoffman&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdriveforselfalfr00hoff%2Fpage%2F31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Adler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffman1994" class="citation book cs1">Hoffman, Edward (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/driveforselfalfr00hoff"><i>The drive for self: Alfred Adler and the founding of individual psychology</i></a> (1 ed.). Reading, Mass. u.a.: Addison-Wesley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-201-63280-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-201-63280-4"><bdi>978-0-201-63280-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+drive+for+self%3A+Alfred+Adler+and+the+founding+of+individual+psychology&rft.place=Reading%2C+Mass.+u.a.&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-201-63280-4&rft.aulast=Hoffman&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdriveforselfalfr00hoff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Adler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonaldson1980" class="citation book cs1">Donaldson, Norman and Betty (1980). <i>How Did They Die?</i>. Greenwich House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-517-40302-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-517-40302-0"><bdi>978-0-517-40302-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Did+They+Die%3F&rft.pub=Greenwich+House&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-517-40302-0&rft.aulast=Donaldson&rft.aufirst=Norman+and+Betty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Adler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-edinburgh-east-fife-13122227">"Lost ashes of Alfred Adler return to Vienna"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 18 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Lost+ashes+of+Alfred+Adler+return+to+Vienna&rft.date=2011-04-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-scotland-edinburgh-east-fife-13122227&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Adler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carrell-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Carrell_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarrell2011" class="citation news cs1">Carrell, Severin (11 April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/apr/10/alfred-adler-ashes-found-edinburgh">"Ashes of psychoanalysis co-founder Alfred Adler found after 74 years"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110413110921/http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2011/apr/10/alfred-adler-ashes-found-edinburgh">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Ashes+of+psychoanalysis+co-founder+Alfred+Adler+found+after+74+years&rft.date=2011-04-11&rft.aulast=Carrell&rft.aufirst=Severin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk%2F2011%2Fapr%2F10%2Falfred-adler-ashes-found-edinburgh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Adler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alethia, Caroline. <i>Plant Teacher</i>. Viator. United States. (2011) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1468138391" title="Special:BookSources/1468138391">1468138391</a>. ASIN B006QAECNO.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kacl780.net/frasier/transcripts/season_7/episode_16/something_about_dr_mary.html">"Something About Dr Mary — Frasier Transcripts Season 7 Episode 16 — the Frasier Archives"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Something+About+Dr+Mary+%E2%80%94+Frasier+Transcripts+Season+7+Episode+16+%E2%80%94+the+Frasier+Archives&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kacl780.net%2Ffrasier%2Ftranscripts%2Fseason_7%2Fepisode_16%2Fsomething_about_dr_mary.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Adler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Adler&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Adler, A. (1908). Der Aggressionstrieb im Leben und der Neurose. Fortsch. Med. 26: 577–584.</li> <li>Adler, A. (1938). <i>Social Interest: A Challenge to Mankind</i>. J. Linton and R. Vaughan (Trans.). London: Faber and Faber Ltd.</li> <li>Adler, A. (1956). <i>The Individual Psychology of Alfred Adler</i>. H. L. Ansbacher and R. R. Ansbacher (Eds.). New York: Harper Torchbooks.</li> <li>Connell, R. W. (1995). <i>Masculinities</i>. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.</li> <li>Dreikurs, R. & Soltz, V. (1964). <i>Children the Challenge</i>. New York: Hawthorn Books.</li> <li>Ehrenwald, J. (1991, 1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7VGgQi3NJY8C"><i>The History of Psychotherapy: From healing magic to encounter</i></a>. Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson Inc.</li> <li>Eissler, K.R. (1971). Death Drive, Ambivalence, and Narcissism. Psychoanal. St. Child, 26: 25–78.</li> <li>Ellenberger, H. (1970). <i>The Discovery of the Unconscious</i>. New York: Basic Books.</li> <li>Fiebert, M. S. (1997). <i>In and out of Freud's shadow: A chronology of Adler's relationship with Freud</i>. Individual Psychology, 53(3), 241–269.</li> <li>Freud, S. (1909). Analysis of a Phobia in a Five-Year-Old Boy. Standard Edition of the Works of Sigmund Freud, London: Hogarth Press, Vol. 10, pp. 3–149.</li> <li>Gantschacher, H. (ARBOS 2007). <i>Witness and Victim of the Apocalypse</i>, chapter 13 page 12 and chapter 14 page 6.</li> <li>King, R. & Shelley, C. (2008). Community Feeling and Social Interest: Adlerian Parallels, Synergy, and Differences with the Field of Community Psychology. <i>Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology</i>, 18, 96–107.</li> <li>Manaster, G. J., Painter, G., Deutsch, D., & Overholt, B. J. (Eds.). (1977). <i>Alfred Adler: As We Remember Him</i>. Chicago: North American Society of Adlerian Psychology.</li> <li>Orgler, H. (1996). <i>Alfred Adler</i>, 22 (1), pg. 67–68.</li> <li>Shelley, C. (Ed.). (1998). <i>Contemporary Perspectives on Psychotherapy and Homosexualities</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Free_Association_Books" title="Free Association Books">Free Association Books</a>.</li> <li>Slavik, S. & King, R. (2007). Adlerian therapeutic strategy. <i>The Canadian Journal of Adlerian Psychology</i>, 37(1), 3–16.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Adler&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Bottome" title="Phyllis Bottome">Phyllis Bottome</a> (1939). <i>Alfred Adler: A Biography</i>. G. P. Putnam's Sons. New York.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Bottome" title="Phyllis Bottome">Phyllis Bottome</a> (1939). <i>Alfred Adler: Apostle of Freedom</i>. London: Faber and Faber. 3rd Ed. 1957.</li> <li>Carlson, J., Watts, R. E., & Maniacci, M. (2005). <i>Adlerian Therapy: Theory and Practice</i>. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59147-285-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-59147-285-7">1-59147-285-7</a>.</li> <li>Dinkmeyer, D. Sr., & Dreikurs, R. (2000). <i>Encouraging Children to Learn</i>. Philadelphia: Brunner-Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58391-082-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-58391-082-4">1-58391-082-4</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Dreikurs" title="Rudolf Dreikurs">Rudolf Dreikurs</a> (1935): <i>An Introduction to Individual Psychology</i>. London: Kegan Paul, Trench Trubner & Co. Ltd. (new edition 1983: London & New York: Routledge), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-21055-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-21055-0">0-415-21055-0</a>.</li> <li>Grey, L. (1998). <i>Alfred Adler: The Forgotten Prophet: A Vision for the 21st Century</i>. Westport, CT: Praeger. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-96072-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-96072-2">0-275-96072-2</a>.</li> <li>Handlbauer, B. (1998). <i>The Freud-Adler Controversy</i>. Oxford, UK: Oneworld. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85168-127-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-85168-127-2">1-85168-127-2</a>.</li> <li>Hoffman, E. (1994). <i>The Drive for Self: Alfred Adler and the Founding of Individual Psychology</i>. New York: Addison-Wesley Co. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-63280-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-201-63280-2">0-201-63280-2</a>.</li> <li>Kishimi, I. & Koga, F. (2018) <i>The Courage to be Disliked. Allen & Unwin, UK.</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-76063-826-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-76063-826-9">978-1-76063-826-9</a></li> <li>Lehrer, R. (1999). "Adler and Nietzsche". In: J. Golomb, W. Santaniello, and R. Lehrer. (Eds.). <i>Nietzsche and Depth Psychology</i>. (pp. 229–246). Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-4140-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7914-4140-7">0-7914-4140-7</a>.</li> <li>Mosak, H. H. & Di Pietro, R. (2005). <i>Early Recollections: Interpretive Method and Application</i>. New York: Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-95287-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-95287-5">0-415-95287-5</a>.</li> <li>Oberst, U. E. and Stewart, A. E. (2003). <i>Adlerian Psychotherapy: An Advanced Approach to Individual Psychology</i>. New York: Brunner-Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58391-122-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-58391-122-7">1-58391-122-7</a>.</li> <li>Orgler, H. (1963). <i>Alfred Adler: The Man and His Work: Triumph Over the Inferiority Complex</i>. New York: Liveright.</li> <li>Orgler, H. (1996). <i>Alfred Adler</i>, 22 (1), pg. 67–68.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josef_Rattner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josef Rattner (page does not exist)">Josef Rattner</a> (1983): <i>Alfred Adler: Life and Literature</i>. Ungar Pub. Co. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8044-5988-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8044-5988-6">0-8044-5988-6</a>.</li> <li>Slavik, S. & Carlson, J. (Eds.). (2005). <i>Readings in the Theory of Individual Psychology</i>. New York: Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-95168-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-95168-2">0-415-95168-2</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man%C3%A8s_Sperber" title="Manès Sperber">Manès Sperber</a> (1974). <i>Masks of Loneliness: Alfred Adler in Perspective</i>. New York: Macmillan. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-612950-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-612950-7">0-02-612950-7</a>.</li> <li>Stepansky, P. E. (1983). <i>In Freud's Shadow: Adler in Context</i>. Hillsdale, NJ: Analytic Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88163-007-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-88163-007-1">0-88163-007-1</a>.</li> <li>Watts, R. E. (2003). <i>Adlerian, cognitive, and constructivist therapies: An integrative dialogue</i>. New York: Springer. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8261-1984-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8261-1984-0">0-8261-1984-0</a>.</li> <li>Watts, R. E., & Carlson, J. (1999). <i>Interventions and strategies in counseling and psychotherapy</i>. New York: Accelerated Development/Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56032-690-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-56032-690-5">1-56032-690-5</a>.</li> <li>Way, Lewis (1950): <i>Adler's Place in Psychology</i>. London: Allen & Unwin.</li> <li>Way, Lewis (1956): <i>Alfred Adler: An Introduction to his Psychology</i>. London: Pelican.</li> <li>West, G. K. (1975). <i>Kierkegaard and Adler</i>. Tallahassee: Florida State University.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Adler&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Adler%2C%20Alfred%20W.%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Adler%2C%20Alfred%20W%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Adler%2C%20A%2E%20W%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Alfred%20W.%20Adler%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Alfred%20W%2E%20Adler%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22A%2E%20W%2E%20Adler%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Adler%2C%20Alfred%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Alfred%20Adler%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Alfred%20W.%20Adler%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Alfred%20W%2E%20Adler%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22A%2E%20W%2E%20Adler%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22A%2E%20W.%20Adler%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Adler%2C%20Alfred%20W.%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Adler%2C%20Alfred%20W%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Adler%2C%20A%2E%20W%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Adler%2C%20A%2E%20W.%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Alfred%20Adler%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Adler%2C%20Alfred%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Alfred%20W.%20Adler%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Alfred%20W%2E%20Adler%22%20OR%20title%3A%22A%2E%20W%2E%20Adler%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Alfred%20Adler%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Alfred%20W.%20Adler%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Alfred%20W%2E%20Adler%22%20OR%20description%3A%22A%2E%20W%2E%20Adler%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Adler%2C%20Alfred%20W.%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Adler%2C%20Alfred%20W%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Alfred%20Adler%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Adler%2C%20Alfred%22%29%20OR%20%28%221870-1937%22%20AND%20Adler%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works 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style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_psychotherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Behavioral psychotherapy">Cognitive and <br />behavioral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_behavior_analysis" title="Clinical behavior analysis">Clinical behavior analysis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acceptance_and_commitment_therapy" title="Acceptance and commitment therapy">Acceptance and commitment therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_analytic_psychotherapy" title="Functional analytic psychotherapy">Functional analytic psychotherapy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy" title="Cognitive behavioral therapy">Cognitive behavioral therapy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_therapy" title="Cognitive therapy">Cognitive therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialectical_behavior_therapy" title="Dialectical behavior therapy">Dialectical behavior therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindfulness-based_cognitive_therapy" title="Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy">Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rational_emotive_behavior_therapy" title="Rational emotive behavior therapy">Rational emotive behavior therapy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_psychology" title="Humanistic psychology">Humanistic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emotionally_focused_therapy" title="Emotionally focused therapy">Emotionally focused therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existential_therapy" title="Existential therapy">Existential therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focusing_(psychotherapy)" title="Focusing (psychotherapy)">Focusing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestalt_therapy" title="Gestalt therapy">Gestalt therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logotherapy" title="Logotherapy">Logotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Person-centered_therapy" title="Person-centered therapy">Person-centered therapy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_therapy" title="Art therapy">Art therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_therapy" title="Dance therapy">Dance therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_therapy" title="Feminist therapy">Feminist therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_therapy" title="Music therapy">Music therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_therapy" title="Narrative therapy">Narrative therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Play_therapy" title="Play therapy">Play therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_therapy" title="Reality therapy">Reality therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_therapy_(psychotherapy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Systemic therapy (psychotherapy)">Systemic therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transactional_analysis" title="Transactional analysis">Transactional analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychotherapies" title="List of psychotherapies">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Integrative_psychotherapy" title="Integrative psychotherapy">Integrative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eclectic_psychotherapy" title="Eclectic psychotherapy">Eclectic psychotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimodal_therapy" title="Multimodal therapy">Multimodal therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transtheoretical_model" title="Transtheoretical model">Transtheoretical model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Approaches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brief_psychotherapy" title="Brief psychotherapy">Brief psychotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counseling_psychology" title="Counseling psychology">Counseling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_counseling" title="Online counseling">Online counseling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residential_treatment_center" title="Residential treatment center">Residential treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-help" title="Self-help">Self-help</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Support_group" title="Support group">Support groups</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_formulation" title="Clinical formulation">Clinical formulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_pluralism" title="Clinical pluralism">Clinical pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_factors_theory" title="Common factors theory">Common factors theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychotherapy_discontinuation" title="Psychotherapy discontinuation">Discontinuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_psychotherapy" title="History of psychotherapy">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practitioner%E2%80%93scholar_model" title="Practitioner–scholar model">Practitioner–scholar model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Behaviour_therapy" title="Behaviour therapy">Behaviour therapy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aversion_therapy" title="Aversion therapy">Aversion therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaining" title="Chaining">Chaining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contingency_management" title="Contingency management">Contingency management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaping_(psychology)" title="Shaping (psychology)">Shaping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stimulus_control" title="Stimulus control">Stimulus control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Token_economy" title="Token economy">Token economy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterconditioning" title="Counterconditioning">Counterconditioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desensitization_(psychology)" title="Desensitization (psychology)">Desensitization</a>/<a href="/wiki/Exposure_therapy" title="Exposure therapy">Exposure therapy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Systematic_desensitization" title="Systematic desensitization">Systematic desensitization</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other individual therapy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autogenic_training" title="Autogenic training">Autogenic training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biofeedback" title="Biofeedback">Biofeedback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_language" title="Clean language">Clean language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_restructuring" title="Cognitive restructuring">Cognitive restructuring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_self-regulation" title="Emotional self-regulation">Emotion regulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affect_labeling" title="Affect labeling">Affect labeling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_(psychology)" title="Free association (psychology)">Free association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homework_in_psychotherapy" title="Homework in psychotherapy">Homework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnotherapy" title="Hypnotherapy">Hypnotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modeling_(psychology)" title="Modeling (psychology)">Modeling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Group_psychotherapy" title="Group psychotherapy">Group psychotherapy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Co-therapy" title="Co-therapy">Co-therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Couples_therapy" title="Couples therapy">Couples therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_therapy" title="Family therapy">Family therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychodrama" title="Psychodrama">Psychodrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensitivity_training" title="Sensitivity training">Sensitivity training</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Pinel" title="Philippe Pinel">Philippe Pinel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Breuer" title="Josef Breuer">Josef Breuer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Janet" title="Pierre Janet">Pierre Janet</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alfred Adler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1ndor_Ferenczi" title="Sándor Ferenczi">Sándor Ferenczi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung">Carl Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Binswanger" title="Ludwig Binswanger">Ludwig Binswanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanie_Klein" title="Melanie Klein">Melanie Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Rank" title="Otto Rank">Otto Rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Horney" title="Karen Horney">Karen Horney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Stack_Sullivan" title="Harry Stack Sullivan">Harry Stack Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Perls" title="Fritz Perls">Fritz Perls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Freud" title="Anna Freud">Anna Freud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Winnicott" title="Donald Winnicott">Donald Winnicott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Reich" title="Wilhelm Reich">Wilhelm Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_H._Erickson" title="Milton H. Erickson">Milton H. Erickson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Lacan" title="Jacques Lacan">Jacques Lacan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Erikson" title="Erik Erikson">Erik Erikson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Rogers" title="Carl Rogers">Carl Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Frankl" title="Viktor Frankl">Viktor Frankl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Kelly_(psychologist)" title="George Kelly (psychologist)">George Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollo_May" title="Rollo May">Rollo May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Axline" title="Virginia Axline">Virginia Axline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Whitaker" title="Carl Whitaker">Carl Whitaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Ellis" title="Albert Ellis">Albert Ellis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvano_Arieti" title="Silvano Arieti">Silvano Arieti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bugental" title="James Bugental">James Bugental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wolpe" title="Joseph Wolpe">Joseph Wolpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Satir" title="Virginia Satir">Virginia Satir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Beck" title="Aaron Beck">Aaron Beck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Minuchin" title="Salvador Minuchin">Salvador Minuchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Watzlawick" title="Paul Watzlawick">Paul Watzlawick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haim_Ginott" title="Haim Ginott">Haim Ginott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogden_Lindsley" title="Ogden Lindsley">Ogden Lindsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Watzlawick" title="Paul Watzlawick">Paul Watzlawick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Janov" title="Arthur Janov">Arthur Janov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Gendlin" title="Eugene Gendlin">Eugene Gendlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._D._Laing" title="R. D. Laing">R. D. Laing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baker_Miller" title="Jean Baker Miller">Jean Baker Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_F._Kernberg" title="Otto F. Kernberg">Otto F. Kernberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Azrin" title="Nathan Azrin">Nathan Azrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irvin_D._Yalom" title="Irvin D. Yalom">Irvin D. Yalom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Lazarus" title="Arnold Lazarus">Arnold Lazarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorna_Smith_Benjamin" title="Lorna Smith Benjamin">Lorna Smith Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsha_M._Linehan" title="Marsha M. Linehan">Marsha M. Linehan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Guidano" title="Vittorio Guidano">Vittorio Guidano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Greenberg" title="Les Greenberg">Les Greenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Richard_Miller" title="William Richard Miller">William R. Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_C._Hayes" title="Steven C. Hayes">Steven C. Hayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_White_(psychotherapist)" title="Michael White (psychotherapist)">Michael White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Young_(psychologist)" title="Jeffrey Young (psychologist)">Jeffrey Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Fonagy" title="Peter Fonagy">Peter Fonagy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Psychotherapy" title="Association for the Advancement of Psychotherapy">Association for the Advancement of Psychotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_Applied_Psychophysiology_and_Biofeedback" title="Association for Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback">Association for Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_Behavioral_and_Cognitive_Therapies" title="Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies">Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_Behavior_Analysis_International" title="Association for Behavior Analysis International">Association for Behavior Analysis International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Association_for_Psychotherapy" title="European Association for Psychotherapy">European Association for Psychotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_Psychotherapy_Research" title="Society for Psychotherapy Research">Society for Psychotherapy Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Council_for_Psychotherapy" title="World Council for Psychotherapy">World Council for Psychotherapy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q152393#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata4077" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q152393#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata4077" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q152393#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000080962779">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/17264826">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/40157/">FAST</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1474002/">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxmG6XfV7gdRg8R4GfKBP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118500686">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79084973">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12174387r">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12174387r">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00431014">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Adler, Alfred <1870-1937>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/MILV158050">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35001437">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=nlk19990074851&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1150131">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/24029">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068352271">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90058833">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000017610&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000004504&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000036096">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=65406">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000047016">Argentina</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199600181">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/1zcfjs1k5qr28pc">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810608795105606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/49219">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007257446905171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058517817206706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14793502">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01207285?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.performing-arts.eu/discovery/agent/gnd_118500686">FID</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/784950">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118500686.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118500686">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027321126">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6b292cs">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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