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<span>Basic principles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basic_principles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Basic_practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basic_practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Basic practices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basic_practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research_on_therapy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research_on_therapy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Research on therapy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research_on_therapy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_counselor_or_couple's_therapist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_counselor_or_couple's_therapist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Relationship counselor or couple's therapist</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_counselor_or_couple's_therapist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Novel_practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Novel_practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Novel practices</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Novel_practices-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Novel practices subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Novel_practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oxytocin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oxytocin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Oxytocin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oxytocin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popularized_methodologies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popularized_methodologies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Popularized methodologies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popularized_methodologies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-With_gay_and_bisexual_clients" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#With_gay_and_bisexual_clients"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>With gay and bisexual clients</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-With_gay_and_bisexual_clients-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" 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Available in 12 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-12" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">12 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D9%84%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AC" title="توجيه أسري للمقبلين على الزواج – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="توجيه أسري للمقبلين على الزواج" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Брачно консултиране – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Брачно консултиране" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paartherapie" title="Paartherapie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Paartherapie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terapia_de_pareja" title="Terapia de pareja – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Terapia de pareja" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%AC%E2%80%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="زوج‌درمانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زوج‌درمانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C_%D7%96%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99" title="טיפול זוגי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טיפול זוגי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relatietherapie" title="Relatietherapie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Relatietherapie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samtaleterapi" title="Samtaleterapi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Samtaleterapi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terapia_de_casal" title="Terapia de casal – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Terapia de casal" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Брачно саветовање – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Брачно саветовање" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evlilik_terapisi" title="Evlilik terapisi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Evlilik terapisi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A9%9A%E5%A7%BB%E8%AB%AE%E5%95%86" title="婚姻諮商 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="婚姻諮商" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Therapy for people in a couple relationship</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Couples_therapy_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Couples therapy (disambiguation)">Couples therapy (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p><b>Couples therapy</b> (also known as <b>couples' counseling</b>, <b>marriage counseling</b>, or <b>marriage therapy</b>) is a form of <a href="/wiki/Psychotherapy" title="Psychotherapy">psychotherapy</a> that seeks to improve romantic relationships and resolve interpersonal conflicts.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Couples_therapy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Marriage counseling began in Germany in the 1920s as part of the <a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">eugenics</a> movement.<sup id="cite_ref-Kline_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kline-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stone_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stone-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first institutes for marriage counselling in the United States started in the 1930s, partly in response to Germany's medically directed, <a href="/wiki/Racial_purification" class="mw-redirect" title="Racial purification">racial purification</a> marriage counselling centers. It was promoted by prominent American eugenicists such as <a href="/wiki/Paul_Popenoe" title="Paul Popenoe">Paul Popenoe</a>, who directed the American Institute of Family Relations until 1976,<sup id="cite_ref-Lepore_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lepore-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Latou_Dickinson" title="Robert Latou Dickinson">Robert Latou Dickinson</a>, and by <a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">birth control</a> advocates such as Abraham and Hannah Stone who wrote <i>A Marriage Manual</i> in 1935 and were involved with <a href="/wiki/Planned_Parenthood" title="Planned Parenthood">Planned Parenthood</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Kline_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kline-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as <a href="/wiki/Lena_Levine" title="Lena Levine">Lena Levine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Sanger" title="Margaret Sanger">Margaret Sanger</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It wasn't until the 1950s that therapists began treating <a href="/wiki/Psychological_problem" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological problem">psychological problems</a> within the context of the family.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Relationship counseling as a distinct, professional service is thus a recent phenomenon. Until the late 20th century, relationship counseling was informally provided by close friends, family members, or local <a href="/wiki/Religious" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious">religious</a> leaders. <a href="/wiki/Psychiatrists" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychiatrists">Psychiatrists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychologists" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychologists">psychologists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Counseling" class="mw-redirect" title="Counseling">counselors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_workers" class="mw-redirect" title="Social workers">social workers</a> historically dealt primarily with individual psychological problems within a medical and psychoanalytic framework.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In many cultures, the institution of the <a href="/wiki/Family" title="Family">family</a> or group <a href="/wiki/Elder_(administrative_title)" title="Elder (administrative title)">elders</a> fulfill the role of relationship counseling; marriage mentoring mirrors these cultures. </p><p>With increasing modernization or <a href="/wiki/Westernization" title="Westernization">westernization</a> and the continuous shift towards isolated <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_families" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear families">nuclear families</a>, the trend is towards trained and <a href="/wiki/Accreditation" title="Accreditation">accredited</a> relationship counselors or couple therapists. Sometimes <a href="/wiki/Volunteering" title="Volunteering">volunteers</a> are trained by either the government or social service institutions to help those who need family or marital counseling. Many communities and government departments have their own teams of trained voluntary and professional relationship counselors. Similar services are operated by many <a href="/wiki/University" title="University">universities</a> and colleges, sometimes staffed by volunteers from among the student <a href="/wiki/Peer_group" title="Peer group">peer group</a>. Some large companies maintain full-time professional counseling staff to facilitate smoother interactions between corporate employees and to minimize the negative effects that personal difficulties might have on work performance. </p><p>There is an increasing trend toward professional certification and government registration of these services, in part due to <a href="/wiki/Duty_of_care" title="Duty of care">duty of care</a> issues and the consequences of the counsellor or therapist's services being provided in a <a href="/wiki/Fiduciary" title="Fiduciary">fiduciary</a> relationship.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Basic_principles">Basic principles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Couples_therapy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Basic principles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is estimated that nearly 50% of all married couples <a href="/wiki/Divorce" title="Divorce">divorce</a>, and about one in five marriages experience distress at some time.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> These numbers vary between countries and over time; for example, in Germany only 35.74% of marriages ended in divorce, half of those involving children under 18.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Challenges with affection, communication, disagreements, and fears of divorce are some of the most common reasons couples seek help. Couples who are dissatisfied with their relationship may seek help from a variety of sources including online courses, self-help books, retreats, workshops, and couples' counseling.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before a relationship between individuals can be understood, it is important to recognize and acknowledge that each person, including the counselor, has a unique <a href="/wiki/Personality_type" title="Personality type">personality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">perception</a>, <a href="/wiki/Opinion" title="Opinion">opinions</a>, set of <a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics_and_social_sciences)" class="mw-redirect" title="Value (ethics and social sciences)">values</a>, and history. Individuals in the relationship may adhere to different and unexamined value systems. Institutional and societal variables (like social or <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religious</a> groups, and other collective factors) which shape a person's nature and behavior, are considered in counseling and therapy. A tenet of relationship counseling is that it is intrinsically beneficial for all the participants to interact with each other, and with society at large with optimal amounts of conflict. A couple's conflict resolution skills seem to predict divorce rates.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most relationships will experience strain at some point, resulting in a failure to function optimally and causing self-reinforcing, <a href="/wiki/Maladaptation" title="Maladaptation">maladaptive</a> patterns to form, sometimes called "negative interaction cycles." There are many possible reasons for this, including insecure <a href="/wiki/Attachment_theory" title="Attachment theory">attachment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_ego" class="mw-redirect" title="Human ego">ego</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arrogance" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrogance">arrogance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jealousy" title="Jealousy">jealousy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anger" title="Anger">anger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greed" title="Greed">greed</a>, poor communication/understanding or <a href="/wiki/Problem_solving" title="Problem solving">problem-solving</a>, <a href="/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">ill health</a>, and third parties. </p><p>Changes in circumstances, like <a href="/wiki/Finance" title="Finance">financials</a>, physical health, and the influence of other family members can significantly influence the conduct, responses, and actions of the individuals in a relationship. </p><p>Often, it is an interaction between two or more factors, and frequently, it is not just one of the people involved who exhibit such traits. Relationship influences are reciprocal: each person involved contributes to causing and managing problems. </p><p>A viable solution to the problem, and setting these relationships back on track, may be to reorient the individuals' <a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">perceptions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">emotions</a> - how one views or responds to situations, and how one feels about them. Perceptions of, and emotional responses to, a relationship are contained within an often unexamined mental map of the relationship, also called a 'love map' by <a href="/wiki/John_Gottman" title="John Gottman">John Gottman</a>. These can be explored collaboratively and discussed openly. The core values they comprise can then be understood and respected, or changed when no longer appropriate. This implies that each person takes equal responsibility for awareness of the problem as it arises, awareness of their own contribution to the problem, and making fundamental changes in <a href="/wiki/Thought" title="Thought">thought</a> and <a href="/wiki/Feeling" title="Feeling">feeling</a>. </p><p>The next step is to adopt <a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">conscious</a>, implement structural changes to the inter-personal relationships, and evaluate the effectiveness of those changes over time. </p><p>Indeed, "typically for those close personal relations, there is a certain degree in 'interdependence' - which means that the partners are alternately mutually dependent on each other. As a special aspect of such relations, something contradictory is put outside: the need for intimacy and for autonomy." </p><p>"The common counterbalancing satisfaction these both needs, <a href="/wiki/Intimate_relationship" title="Intimate relationship">intimacy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">autonomy</a>, leads to alternate satisfaction in the relationship and stability. But it depends on the specific developing duties of each partner in every life phase and maturity".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Basic_practices">Basic practices</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Couples_therapy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Basic practices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Promotional plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Advert" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_soapbox_or_means_of_promotion" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">promotional content</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Couples_therapy&action=edit">improve it</a> by removing <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Spam" title="Wikipedia:Spam">promotional language</a> and inappropriate <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links#Advertising_and_conflicts_of_interest" title="Wikipedia:External links">external links</a>, and by adding encyclopedic text written from a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutral point of view</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Two methods of couples therapy focus primarily on the process of communicating. The most commonly used method is <a href="/wiki/Active_listening" title="Active listening">active listening</a>, used by the late <a href="/wiki/Carl_Rogers" title="Carl Rogers">Carl Rogers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Satir" title="Virginia Satir">Virginia Satir</a>. More recently, a method called "Cinematic Immersion" has been developed by <a href="/wiki/Warren_Farrell" title="Warren Farrell">Warren Farrell</a>. Each helps couples learn a method of communicating designed to create a safe environment for each partner to express and hear feelings. </p><p>When the Munich Marital Study discovered active listening was not used in the long run,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Warren_Farrell" title="Warren Farrell">Warren Farrell</a> observed that active listening did a better job of creating a safe environment for the criticizer to criticize than for the listener to hear the criticism. The listener, often feeling overwhelmed by the criticism, tended to avoid future encounters. He hypothesized that people are biologically programmed to respond defensively to criticism, and therefore the listener needed in-depth training with mental exercises and methods to interpret as love what might otherwise feel abusive. His method is Cinematic Immersion. </p><p>After 30 years of research into marriage, <a href="/wiki/John_Gottman" title="John Gottman">John Gottman</a> found that healthy couples almost never listen and echo each other's feelings naturally. Whether miserable or radiantly happy, couples said what they thought about an issue, and "they got angry or sad, but their partner's response was never anything like what we were training people to do in the listener/speaker exercise, not even close."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote> <p>Such exchanges occurred in less than 5 percent of marital interactions and they predicted nothing about whether the marriage would do well or badly. What's more, Gottman noted, data from a 1984 Munich study demonstrated that the (reflective listening) exercise itself didn't help couples to improve their marriages. To teach such interactions, whether as a daily tool for couples or as a therapeutic exercise in empathy, was a clinical dead end.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Emotionally_focused_therapy" title="Emotionally focused therapy">Emotionally focused therapy</a> for couples (EFT-C) is based on attachment theory and uses emotion as the target and agent of change. Emotions bring the past alive in rigid interaction patterns, which create and reflect absorbing emotional states. As one of its founders, Sue Johnson says, </p><blockquote> <p>Forget about learning how to argue better, analyzing your early childhood, making grand romantic gestures, or experimenting with new sexual positions. Instead, recognize and admit that you are emotionally attached to and dependent on your partner in much the same way that a child is on a parent for nurturing, soothing, and protection. From the book, "Hold Me Tight" by Sue Johnson, Page 6.<sup id="cite_ref-sjquote_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sjquote-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research_on_therapy">Research on therapy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Couples_therapy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Research on therapy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most researched approach to couples therapy is behavioral couples therapy.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a well established treatment for marital discord.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This form of therapy has evolved into <a href="/wiki/Integrative_behavioral_couples_therapy" title="Integrative behavioral couples therapy">integrative behavioral couples therapy</a>. Integrative behavioral couples therapy appears to be effective for 69% of couples in treatment, while the traditional model was effective for 50-60% of couples.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At a five-year follow-up, the marital happiness of the 134 couples who had participated in either integrative behavioral couples therapy or traditional couples therapy showed that 14% of relationships remained unchanged, 38% deteriorated, and 48% improved or recovered completely.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2018 review by <a href="/wiki/Cochrane_(organization)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cochrane (organization)">Cochrane (organization)</a> states that the available evidence does not suggest that couples therapy is more or less effective than individual therapy for treating depression.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A meta analysis published in 2023, covering 48 studies of non-randomized couples therapies, identified influencing factors on the efficiency. These factors include the age of the partners, the length of the relationship, and the type of institution that provided therapy.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many studies about research on couples therapy can be found in <a href="/wiki/Family_Process" title="Family Process">Family Process Journal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Marital_and_Family_Therapy" title="Journal of Marital and Family Therapy">Journal of Marital and Family Therapy</a>, both published by Wiley. Further studies can be found on <a href="/wiki/ResearchGate" title="ResearchGate">Research Gate</a>, showing a lot of comparative research activity in Iran in 2024. A biannual newsletter provides short conclusions about actual publications, focusing on practical implications for couples therapy.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_counselor_or_couple's_therapist"><span id="Relationship_counselor_or_couple.27s_therapist"></span>Relationship counselor or couple's therapist</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Couples_therapy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Relationship counselor or couple's therapist"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Licensed couple therapists may refer to a <a href="/wiki/Psychiatrist" title="Psychiatrist">psychiatrist</a>, clinical <a href="/wiki/Social_work" title="Social work">social workers</a>, counseling psychologists, clinical psychologists, <a href="/wiki/Pastoral_counseling" title="Pastoral counseling">pastoral counselors</a>, marriage and family therapists, and <a href="/wiki/Mental_health_nursing" title="Mental health nursing">psychiatric nurses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The role of a relationship counselor or couples therapist is to listen, respect, understand, and facilitate better functioning between those involved. </p><p>The basic principles for a counselor include: </p> <ul><li>Providing a confidential <a href="/wiki/Dialogue" title="Dialogue">dialogue</a>, which normalizes and validates feelings</li> <li>Enabling each person to be heard and to hear themselves</li> <li>Providing a mirror with expertise to reflect the relationship's difficulties and the potential and direction for change</li> <li>Empowering the relationship to take control of its own destiny and make vital decisions</li> <li>Delivering relevant and appropriate information</li> <li>Changing the view of the relationship</li> <li>Improving communication</li> <li>Setting clear goals and <a href="/wiki/Strategic_planning" title="Strategic planning">objectives</a></li></ul> <p>As well as the above, the basic principles for a couples therapist also include: </p> <ul><li>Identifying the repetitive, negative interaction cycle as a <a href="/wiki/Pattern" title="Pattern">pattern</a>.</li> <li>Understanding the source of reactive emotions that drive the pattern.</li> <li>Expanding and re-organizing key emotional responses in the relationship.</li> <li>Facilitating a shift in partners' interaction to new patterns of interaction.</li> <li>Creating new and positively bonding emotional events in the relationship</li> <li>Fostering a secure <a href="/wiki/Attachment_theory" title="Attachment theory">attachment</a> between partners.</li> <li>Helping maintain a sense of intimacy.</li></ul> <p>Common core principles of relationship counseling and couples therapy are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Respect" title="Respect">Respect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empathy" title="Empathy">Empathy</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tact" class="extiw" title="wikt:tact">Tact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consent" title="Consent">consensual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confidentiality" title="Confidentiality">Confidentiality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accountability" title="Accountability">Accountability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expert" title="Expert">Expertise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_medicine" title="Evidence-based medicine">Evidence based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certification" title="Certification">Certification</a> and ongoing <a href="/wiki/Training" title="Training">training</a></li></ul> <p>In both methods, the practitioner evaluates the couple's personal and relationship story as it is narrated, interrupts wisely, facilitates both de-escalations of unhelpful conflict and the development of realistic, practical solutions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The practitioner may meet each person individually at first, but only if this is beneficial to both, there is <a href="/wiki/Consent" title="Consent">consensual</a>, and is unlikely to cause harm; individualistic approaches to couple problems can cause harm. The counselor or therapist encourages the participants to give their best efforts to reorient their relationship with each other. One of the challenges here is for each person to change their own responses to their partner's behavior. Other challenges to the process are disclosing controversial or shameful events, and revealing closely guarded secrets. Not all couples put all of their cards on the table at first. This can take time, and requires patience and commitment to repairing the relationship. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Novel_practices">Novel practices</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Couples_therapy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Novel practices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A novel development involves introducing insights gained from <a href="/wiki/Affective_neuroscience" title="Affective neuroscience">affective neuroscience</a> and <a href="/wiki/Psychopharmacology" title="Psychopharmacology">psychopharmacology</a> into clinical practice.<i>couples therapy</i><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oxytocin">Oxytocin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Couples_therapy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Oxytocin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There has been interest in using <a href="/wiki/Oxytocin_(medication)" title="Oxytocin (medication)">oxytocin</a> during therapy sessions, although this is still largely experimental and somewhat controversial.<i>love hormone</i><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some researchers have argued oxytocin has a general enhancing effect on all social emotions, since intranasal administration of oxytocin also increases <a href="/wiki/Envy" title="Envy">envy</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Schadenfreude" title="Schadenfreude">Schadenfreude</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, oxytocin has the potential for abuse in <a href="/wiki/Confidence_trick" class="mw-redirect" title="Confidence trick">confidence tricks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popularized_methodologies">Popularized methodologies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Couples_therapy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Popularized methodologies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although results are almost certainly significantly better when professional guidance is utilized, numerous attempts to make the methodologies generally available via <a href="/wiki/Self-help" title="Self-help">self-help</a> books and other media are available (see especially <a href="/wiki/Family_therapy" title="Family therapy">family therapy</a>). In recent years, <a href="/wiki/Self-help" title="Self-help">self-help</a> books have become increasingly popularized and published as <a href="/wiki/E-book" class="mw-redirect" title="E-book">e-books</a> available on the web, or through content articles on blogs and websites. The challenges for individuals utilizing these methods are most commonly associated with those of other <a href="/wiki/Self-help" title="Self-help">self-help</a> therapies or <a href="/wiki/Self-diagnosis" title="Self-diagnosis">self-diagnosis</a>. </p><p>Using modern technologies such as <a href="/wiki/Skype" title="Skype">Skype</a> VoIP conferencing to interact with practitioners is also becoming increasingly popular for the added accessibility as well as discarding any existing geographic barriers. Entrusting the performance and privacy of these technologies may pose concerns despite the convenient structure, especially compared to the comfort of in-person meetings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="With_gay_and_bisexual_clients">With gay and bisexual clients</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Couples_therapy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: With gay and bisexual clients"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_psychology" title="Homosexuality and psychology">Homosexuality and psychology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sexual_relationship_disorder" title="Sexual relationship disorder">Sexual relationship disorder</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_transgender-related_topics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of transgender-related topics">List of transgender-related topics</a></div> <p>Differing psychological theories play an important role in determining how effective relationship counseling is, especially when it concerns <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">gay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bisexuality" title="Bisexuality">bisexual</a> clients. Some experts tout <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy" title="Cognitive behavioral therapy">cognitive behavioral therapy</a> as the tool of choice for intervention, while many rely on <a href="/wiki/Acceptance_and_commitment_therapy" title="Acceptance and commitment therapy">acceptance and commitment therapy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_analytic_therapy" title="Cognitive analytic therapy">cognitive analytic therapy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One major progress in this area is the fact that "marital therapy" is now referred to as "couples therapy" in order to include individuals who are not married or those who are engaged in same-sex relationships.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most relationship issues are shared equally among couples regardless of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">sexual orientation</a>, but <a href="/wiki/LGBT" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT">LGBT</a> clients additionally have to deal with <a href="/wiki/Heteronormativity" title="Heteronormativity">heteronormativity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">homophobia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biphobia" title="Biphobia">biphobia</a>, and both socio-cultural and legal <a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">discrimination</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Individuals may experience relational ambiguity from being in different stages of the <a href="/wiki/Coming_out" title="Coming out">coming out</a> process or having an <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a> <a href="/wiki/Serodiscordant" title="Serodiscordant">serodiscordant</a> relationship. Often, same-sex couples do not have as many role models of successful relationships as opposite-sex couples. In many jurisdictions, committed LGBT couples desiring a family are denied access to <a href="/wiki/Assisted_reproductive_technology" title="Assisted reproductive technology">assisted reproduction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adoption" title="Adoption">adoption</a> and <a href="/wiki/Foster_care" title="Foster care">fostering</a>, leaving them <a href="/wiki/Childlessness" title="Childlessness">childless</a>, feeling excluded, <a href="/wiki/Other_(philosophy)" title="Other (philosophy)">other</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Grief" title="Grief">bereaved</a>. There may be issues with <a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">gender role</a> socialization that do not affect opposite-sex couples.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A significant number of men and women experience conflict surrounding homosexual expression within a <a href="/wiki/Mixed-orientation_marriage" title="Mixed-orientation marriage">mixed-orientation marriage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Couple therapy may include helping the clients feel more comfortable and accepting of same-sex feelings, and to explore ways of incorporating same-sex and opposite-sex feelings into life patterns.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although a strong <a href="/wiki/Gay" title="Gay">gay identity</a> identity was associated with difficulties in marital satisfaction, viewing same-sex activities as compulsive facilitated commitment to the marriage and to <a href="/wiki/Monogamy" title="Monogamy">monogamy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Couples_therapy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counseling" class="mw-redirect" title="Counseling">Counseling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counseling_psychology" title="Counseling psychology">Counseling psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_therapy" title="Family therapy">Family therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_psychotherapy" title="Interpersonal psychotherapy">Interpersonal psychotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_basic_relationship_topics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of basic relationship topics">List of basic relationship topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_disorder" title="Relational disorder">Relational disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_education" title="Relationship education">Relationship education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_therapy" title="Sex therapy">Sex therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_work" title="Social work">Social work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_counseling_topics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of counseling topics">List of counseling topics</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Couples_therapy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Couples therapy</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=relationship+counseling">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=relationship+counseling&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2022/may/14/secret-to-saving-your-relationship-eight-lessons-from-a-couples-therapist">"The secret to saving your relationship: eight lessons from a couples therapist"</a>. <i>the Guardian</i>. 2022-05-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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href="/wiki/Template:Psychotherapy" title="Template:Psychotherapy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Psychotherapy" title="Template talk:Psychotherapy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Psychotherapy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Psychotherapy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Psychotherapy70" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Psychotherapy" title="Psychotherapy">Psychotherapy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Psychodynamic_psychotherapy" title="Psychodynamic psychotherapy">Psychodynamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adlerian" class="mw-redirect" title="Adlerian">Adlerian therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_psychology" title="Analytical psychology">Analytical therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentalization-based_treatment" title="Mentalization-based treatment">Mentalization-based treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">Psychoanalysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transference_focused_psychotherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Transference focused psychotherapy">Transference focused psychotherapy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_psychotherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Behavioral psychotherapy">Cognitive and <br />behavioral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_behavior_analysis" title="Clinical behavior analysis">Clinical behavior analysis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acceptance_and_commitment_therapy" title="Acceptance and commitment therapy">Acceptance and commitment therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_analytic_psychotherapy" title="Functional analytic psychotherapy">Functional analytic psychotherapy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy" title="Cognitive behavioral therapy">Cognitive behavioral therapy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_therapy" title="Cognitive therapy">Cognitive therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialectical_behavior_therapy" title="Dialectical behavior therapy">Dialectical behavior therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindfulness-based_cognitive_therapy" title="Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy">Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rational_emotive_behavior_therapy" title="Rational emotive behavior therapy">Rational emotive behavior therapy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_psychology" title="Humanistic psychology">Humanistic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emotionally_focused_therapy" title="Emotionally focused therapy">Emotionally focused therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existential_therapy" title="Existential therapy">Existential therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focusing_(psychotherapy)" title="Focusing (psychotherapy)">Focusing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestalt_therapy" title="Gestalt therapy">Gestalt therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logotherapy" title="Logotherapy">Logotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Person-centered_therapy" title="Person-centered therapy">Person-centered therapy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_therapy" title="Art therapy">Art therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_therapy" title="Dance therapy">Dance therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_therapy" title="Feminist therapy">Feminist therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_therapy" title="Music therapy">Music therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_therapy" title="Narrative therapy">Narrative therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Play_therapy" title="Play therapy">Play therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_therapy" title="Reality therapy">Reality therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_therapy_(psychotherapy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Systemic therapy (psychotherapy)">Systemic therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transactional_analysis" title="Transactional analysis">Transactional analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychotherapies" title="List of psychotherapies">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Integrative_psychotherapy" title="Integrative psychotherapy">Integrative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eclectic_psychotherapy" title="Eclectic psychotherapy">Eclectic psychotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimodal_therapy" title="Multimodal therapy">Multimodal therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transtheoretical_model" title="Transtheoretical model">Transtheoretical model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Approaches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brief_psychotherapy" title="Brief psychotherapy">Brief psychotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counseling_psychology" title="Counseling psychology">Counseling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_counseling" title="Online counseling">Online counseling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residential_treatment_center" title="Residential treatment center">Residential treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-help" title="Self-help">Self-help</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Support_group" title="Support group">Support groups</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_formulation" title="Clinical formulation">Clinical formulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_pluralism" title="Clinical pluralism">Clinical pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_factors_theory" title="Common factors theory">Common factors theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychotherapy_discontinuation" title="Psychotherapy discontinuation">Discontinuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_psychotherapy" title="History of psychotherapy">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practitioner%E2%80%93scholar_model" title="Practitioner–scholar model">Practitioner–scholar model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Behaviour_therapy" title="Behaviour therapy">Behaviour therapy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aversion_therapy" title="Aversion therapy">Aversion therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaining" title="Chaining">Chaining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contingency_management" title="Contingency management">Contingency management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaping_(psychology)" title="Shaping (psychology)">Shaping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stimulus_control" title="Stimulus control">Stimulus control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Token_economy" title="Token economy">Token economy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterconditioning" title="Counterconditioning">Counterconditioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desensitization_(psychology)" title="Desensitization (psychology)">Desensitization</a>/<a href="/wiki/Exposure_therapy" title="Exposure therapy">Exposure therapy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Systematic_desensitization" title="Systematic desensitization">Systematic desensitization</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other individual therapy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autogenic_training" title="Autogenic training">Autogenic training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biofeedback" title="Biofeedback">Biofeedback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_language" title="Clean language">Clean language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_restructuring" title="Cognitive restructuring">Cognitive restructuring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_self-regulation" title="Emotional self-regulation">Emotion regulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affect_labeling" title="Affect labeling">Affect labeling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_(psychology)" title="Free association (psychology)">Free association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homework_in_psychotherapy" title="Homework in psychotherapy">Homework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnotherapy" title="Hypnotherapy">Hypnotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modeling_(psychology)" title="Modeling (psychology)">Modeling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Group_psychotherapy" title="Group psychotherapy">Group psychotherapy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Co-therapy" title="Co-therapy">Co-therapy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Couples therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_therapy" title="Family therapy">Family therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychodrama" title="Psychodrama">Psychodrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensitivity_training" title="Sensitivity training">Sensitivity training</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Pinel" title="Philippe Pinel">Philippe Pinel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Breuer" title="Josef Breuer">Josef Breuer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Janet" title="Pierre Janet">Pierre Janet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Adler" title="Alfred Adler">Alfred Adler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1ndor_Ferenczi" title="Sándor Ferenczi">Sándor Ferenczi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung">Carl Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Binswanger" title="Ludwig Binswanger">Ludwig Binswanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanie_Klein" title="Melanie Klein">Melanie Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Rank" title="Otto Rank">Otto Rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Horney" title="Karen Horney">Karen Horney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Stack_Sullivan" title="Harry Stack Sullivan">Harry Stack Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Perls" title="Fritz Perls">Fritz Perls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Freud" title="Anna Freud">Anna Freud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Winnicott" title="Donald Winnicott">Donald Winnicott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Reich" title="Wilhelm Reich">Wilhelm Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_H._Erickson" title="Milton H. Erickson">Milton H. Erickson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Lacan" title="Jacques Lacan">Jacques Lacan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Erikson" title="Erik Erikson">Erik Erikson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Rogers" title="Carl Rogers">Carl Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Frankl" title="Viktor Frankl">Viktor Frankl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Kelly_(psychologist)" title="George Kelly (psychologist)">George Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollo_May" title="Rollo May">Rollo May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Axline" title="Virginia Axline">Virginia Axline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Whitaker" title="Carl Whitaker">Carl Whitaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Ellis" title="Albert Ellis">Albert Ellis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvano_Arieti" title="Silvano Arieti">Silvano Arieti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bugental" title="James Bugental">James Bugental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wolpe" title="Joseph Wolpe">Joseph Wolpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Satir" title="Virginia Satir">Virginia Satir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Beck" title="Aaron Beck">Aaron Beck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Minuchin" title="Salvador Minuchin">Salvador Minuchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Watzlawick" title="Paul Watzlawick">Paul Watzlawick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haim_Ginott" title="Haim Ginott">Haim Ginott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogden_Lindsley" title="Ogden Lindsley">Ogden Lindsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Watzlawick" title="Paul Watzlawick">Paul Watzlawick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Janov" title="Arthur Janov">Arthur Janov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Gendlin" title="Eugene Gendlin">Eugene Gendlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._D._Laing" title="R. D. Laing">R. D. Laing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baker_Miller" title="Jean Baker Miller">Jean Baker Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_F._Kernberg" title="Otto F. Kernberg">Otto F. Kernberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Azrin" title="Nathan Azrin">Nathan Azrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irvin_D._Yalom" title="Irvin D. Yalom">Irvin D. Yalom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Lazarus" title="Arnold Lazarus">Arnold Lazarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorna_Smith_Benjamin" title="Lorna Smith Benjamin">Lorna Smith Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsha_M._Linehan" title="Marsha M. Linehan">Marsha M. Linehan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Guidano" title="Vittorio Guidano">Vittorio Guidano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Greenberg" title="Les Greenberg">Les Greenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Richard_Miller" title="William Richard Miller">William R. Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_C._Hayes" title="Steven C. Hayes">Steven C. Hayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_White_(psychotherapist)" title="Michael White (psychotherapist)">Michael White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Young_(psychologist)" title="Jeffrey Young (psychologist)">Jeffrey Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Fonagy" title="Peter Fonagy">Peter Fonagy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Psychotherapy" title="Association for the Advancement of Psychotherapy">Association for the Advancement of Psychotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_Applied_Psychophysiology_and_Biofeedback" title="Association for Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback">Association for Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_Behavioral_and_Cognitive_Therapies" title="Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies">Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_Behavior_Analysis_International" title="Association for Behavior Analysis International">Association for Behavior Analysis International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Association_for_Psychotherapy" title="European Association for Psychotherapy">European Association for Psychotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_Psychotherapy_Research" title="Society for Psychotherapy Research">Society for Psychotherapy Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Council_for_Psychotherapy" title="World Council for Psychotherapy">World Council for Psychotherapy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox1296" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423426#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4070669-2">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Couples therapy"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2008009473">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="manželská terapie"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph122624&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="párová terapie"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph262236&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007540267805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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