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<li id="toc-Prehistory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Prehistory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Han_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Han_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Han dynasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Han_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Three_Kingdoms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Three_Kingdoms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Three Kingdoms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Three_Kingdoms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jin_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jin_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Jin dynasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jin_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Other_Youzhous_during_the_Sixteen_Kingdoms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_Youzhous_during_the_Sixteen_Kingdoms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>Other Youzhous during the Sixteen Kingdoms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_Youzhous_during_the_Sixteen_Kingdoms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northern_dynasties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_dynasties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Northern dynasties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_dynasties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li 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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the historical region or prefecture centered in modern Beijing. For the historical prefecture in modern Inner Mongolia, see <a href="/wiki/You_Prefecture_(Inner_Mongolia)" title="You Prefecture (Inner Mongolia)">You Prefecture (Inner Mongolia)</a>. For the military district, see <a href="/wiki/Youzhou_Jiedushi" title="Youzhou Jiedushi">Youzhou Jiedushi</a>. For the city with the same name since Tang dynasty, see <a href="/wiki/Jicheng_(Beijing)" title="Jicheng (Beijing)">Jicheng (Beijing)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Youzhou</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hani" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%B9%BD%E5%B7%9E" class="extiw" title="wikt:幽州">幽州</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">Secluded<span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Zhou_(country_subdivision)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhou (country subdivision)">Province or Prefecture</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Yōuzhōu</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">You-chou</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>You Prefecture</b> or <b>You</b> <b>Province</b>, also known by its <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> name <b>Youzhou</b>, was a <a href="/wiki/Prefecture" title="Prefecture">prefecture</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Zhou_(country_subdivision)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhou (country subdivision)">zhou</a></i>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/North_China" title="North China">northern China</a> during its imperial era. </p><p>"You Province" was cited in some ancient sources as one of the <a href="/wiki/Nine_Provinces_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nine Provinces (China)">nine</a> or <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Provinces" title="Twelve Provinces">twelve original provinces of China</a> around the 22nd century BC, but You Prefecture was used in actual administration from 106 BC to the tenth century. As is standard in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>, the same name "Youzhou" was also often used to describe the prefectural seat or provincial capital from which the area was administered. </p><p>You was first created in 106 BC as a province-sized prefecture during the <a href="/wiki/Western_Han_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Han dynasty">Western Han dynasty</a> to administer a large swath of the dynasty's northern frontier that stretched from modern-day <a href="/wiki/Shanxi_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanxi Province">Shanxi Province</a> in the west and <a href="/wiki/Shandong_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Shandong Province">Shandong Province</a> in the south, through northeastern <a href="/wiki/Hebei_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebei Province">Hebei Province</a>, southern <a href="/wiki/Liaoning_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Liaoning Province">Liaoning Province</a> and southern <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a> to <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a>. The prefectural capital was the <a href="/wiki/Jicheng_(Beijing)" title="Jicheng (Beijing)">City of Ji</a> in modern <a href="/wiki/History_of_Beijing" title="History of Beijing">Beijing</a>. This prefecture continued to be centered in northern <a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms" title="Three Kingdoms">Three Kingdoms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Jin_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Jin dynasty">Western Jin dynasty</a>. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Sixteen_Kingdoms" title="Sixteen Kingdoms">Sixteen Kingdoms</a> period, several of the kingdoms that ruled northern China used "You" to name commandery-sized prefectures in their domain. When <a href="/wiki/North_China" title="North China">northern China</a> was unified under a single sovereign during the <a href="/wiki/Northern_dynasties" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern dynasties">Northern dynasties</a>, You became a commandery-sized prefecture based in modern Beijing. During the <a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui dynasty</a>, prefectures were not used as a level of administration, and You was renamed <a href="/wiki/Zhuo_Commandery" title="Zhuo Commandery">Zhuo Commandery</a> (<i>Zhuojun</i>). You was revived during the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> as a smaller, commandery prefecture; its capital Youzhou was within present-day Beijing. In the <a href="/wiki/Five_Dynasties" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Dynasties">Five Dynasties</a> period, You was one of <a href="/wiki/Sixteen_Prefectures" title="Sixteen Prefectures">Sixteen Prefectures</a> ceded to the <a href="/wiki/Khitan_people" title="Khitan people">Khitans</a> of Manchuria. Thereafter, the name You Prefecture was no longer used. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Han_provinces.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Han_provinces.jpg/250px-Han_provinces.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Han_provinces.jpg/375px-Han_provinces.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Han_provinces.jpg/500px-Han_provinces.jpg 2x" data-file-width="555" data-file-height="545" /></a><figcaption>Map of Chinese provinces in the prelude of <a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms" title="Three Kingdoms">Three Kingdoms</a> period<br />(In the late Han dynasty period, 189 CE).</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Youzhou_(ancient_China)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Youzhou_(ancient_China)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Prehistory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Drum_Tower_of_Beizhen_2010-11.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Drum_Tower_of_Beizhen_2010-11.jpg/180px-Drum_Tower_of_Beizhen_2010-11.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Drum_Tower_of_Beizhen_2010-11.jpg/270px-Drum_Tower_of_Beizhen_2010-11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Drum_Tower_of_Beizhen_2010-11.jpg/360px-Drum_Tower_of_Beizhen_2010-11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a><figcaption>The Drum Tower at <a href="/wiki/Beizhen" title="Beizhen">Beizhen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jinzhou" title="Jinzhou">Jinzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liaoning" title="Liaoning">Liaoning</a>, with the inscription "Stronghold of Youzhou". Beizhen was part of You Prefecture during the Han dynasty, when it was the size of a province.</figcaption></figure> <p>According to several ancient texts from the <a href="/wiki/Warring_States_period" title="Warring States period">Warring States period</a> (475–221 BC), You was one of the <a href="/wiki/Nine_Provinces_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nine Provinces (China)">Nine Provinces of ancient China</a>. Ancient Chinese histories use the Nine Provinces to describe the geographic division of China during the two earliest Chinese dynasties, the <a href="/wiki/Xia_dynasty" title="Xia dynasty">Xia</a> (2070–1600 BC) and the <a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang</a> (1600–1046 BC). The "Book of Xia" in the <i><a href="/wiki/Classic_of_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Classic of History">Classic of History</a></i> from the earlier <a href="/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_period" title="Spring and Autumn period">Spring and Autumn period</a> (771–476 BC) states that <a href="/wiki/Yu_the_Great" title="Yu the Great">Yu the Great</a>, founder of the Xia dynasty, divided China into Nine Provinces—Jizhou, Yanzhou, Qingzhou, Xuzhou, Yangzhou, Jingzhou, Yuzhou, Liangzhou and Yongzhou—and does not mention Youzhou as one of the nine. But the <i><a href="/wiki/Erya" title="Erya">Erya</a></i> from about the third century BC includes Youzhou and Yingzhou instead of Qingzhou and Liangzhou; the <i><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCshi_Chunqiu" title="Lüshi Chunqiu">Lü's Annals of the Spring and Autumn Annals</a></i>, compiled in 239 BC, includes Youzhou instead of Liangzhou; and the <i><a href="/wiki/Rites_of_Zhou" title="Rites of Zhou">Rites of Zhou</a></i> from the middle of the second century BC includes Youzhou and Bingzhou in place of Xuzhou and Liangzhou. </p><p>Subsequent texts describe as Youzhou as one of the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Provinces" title="Twelve Provinces">Twelve Provinces of Ancient China</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sima_Qian" title="Sima Qian">Sima Qian</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Records_of_the_Grand_Historian" class="mw-redirect" title="Records of the Grand Historian">Records of the Grand Historian</a>, written from 109 to 91 BC explains that <a href="/wiki/Shun_(Chinese_leader)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shun (Chinese leader)">Shun</a>, sovereign who relinquished power to Yu the Great, felt the domain in north was too vast and created three new prefectures including Youzhou from Yanzhou. The <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Han" title="Book of Han">Book of Han</a></i>, completed in AD 111, also lists Youzhou as one of the Twelve Ancient Provinces. </p><p>All of these texts described Youzhou as essentially equivalent to the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Yan" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Yan">State of Yan</a>, one of the seven powers of the <a href="/wiki/Warring_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Warring States">Warring States</a> era.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Han_dynasty">Han dynasty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Youzhou_(ancient_China)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Han dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Youzhou was first instituted as an administrative unit in 106 BC during the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a>. In 106 BC, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Han" title="Emperor Wu of Han">Emperor Wu of Han</a> organized the <a href="/wiki/Western_Han_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Han dynasty">Western Han dynasty</a> into 13 province-sized prefectures, each administered by a <i>cishi</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">刺史</span></span>) or inspector. You Prefecture comprised the <a href="/wiki/Shanggu_Commandery" title="Shanggu Commandery">Shanggu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhuo_Commandery" title="Zhuo Commandery">Zhuo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guangyang_Commandery" title="Guangyang Commandery">Guangyang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dai_Commandery" title="Dai Commandery">Dai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bohai_Commandery" title="Bohai Commandery">Bohai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yuyang_Commandery" title="Yuyang Commandery">Yuyang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Youbeiping_Commandery" title="Youbeiping Commandery">Right Beiping</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liaoxi_Commandery" title="Liaoxi Commandery">Liaoxi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liaodong_Commandery" title="Liaodong Commandery">Liaodong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xuantu" class="mw-redirect" title="Xuantu">Xuantu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lelang" class="mw-redirect" title="Lelang">Lelang</a> Commanderies.<sup id="cite_ref-WesternHan_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WesternHan-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Altogether the eleven commanderies contained 173 counties.<sup id="cite_ref-WesternHan_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WesternHan-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prefectural seat was the <a href="/wiki/Jicheng_(Beijing)" title="Jicheng (Beijing)">City of Ji</a> in Guangyang Commandery, which is part of modern <a href="/wiki/Beijing_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Beijing Municipality">Beijing Municipality</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WesternHan_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WesternHan-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Youzhou was bordered by <a href="/wiki/Bingzhou" title="Bingzhou">Bingzhou</a> (present-day eastern and northern <a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a>) in the west, Jizhou (southern Hebei) and Qingzhou (northern Shandong) in the south, Korea in the east and the steppes in the north. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:214px;max-width:214px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader" style="text-align:center">Nomadic peoples on<br />You's frontier</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:212px;max-width:212px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Han_Tomb_Mural,_Horses_and_Carts.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Han_Tomb_Mural%2C_Horses_and_Carts.jpg/210px-Han_Tomb_Mural%2C_Horses_and_Carts.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Han_Tomb_Mural%2C_Horses_and_Carts.jpg/315px-Han_Tomb_Mural%2C_Horses_and_Carts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Han_Tomb_Mural%2C_Horses_and_Carts.jpg/420px-Han_Tomb_Mural%2C_Horses_and_Carts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1029" data-file-height="1424" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Mural depicting horses and chariots from the tomb of a <a href="/wiki/Wuhuan" title="Wuhuan">Wuhuan</a> official and military commander. The <a href="/wiki/Cao_Wei" title="Cao Wei">Wei Kingdom (220 - 265)</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms" title="Three Kingdoms">Three Kingdoms</a> instituted an office in You Prefecture to manage relations with the Wuhuan.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:212px;max-width:212px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MurongPainting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/MurongPainting.jpg/210px-MurongPainting.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/MurongPainting.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="293" data-file-height="275" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Painting of a <a href="/wiki/Murong" title="Murong">Murong</a> <a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a> archer. The Murong Xianbei ruled You Prefecture at the beginning and end of the 4th century through the <a href="/wiki/Former_Yan" title="Former Yan">Former Yan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Later_Yan" title="Later Yan">Later Yan</a> Kingdoms.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:212px;max-width:212px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cernuschi_Museum_20060812_128.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Cernuschi_Museum_20060812_128.jpg/210px-Cernuschi_Museum_20060812_128.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Cernuschi_Museum_20060812_128.jpg/315px-Cernuschi_Museum_20060812_128.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Cernuschi_Museum_20060812_128.jpg/420px-Cernuschi_Museum_20060812_128.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1752" data-file-height="1983" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Mounted warrior of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Wei_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Wei dynasty">Northern Wei dynasty</a>. The Northern Wei was founded by the <a href="/wiki/Tuoba" title="Tuoba">Tuoba</a> <a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a> who ruled You Prefecture in the 5th and 6th centuries.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:212px;max-width:212px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E9%A8%8E%E5%B0%84%E5%9C%96.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/%E9%A8%8E%E5%B0%84%E5%9C%96.jpg/210px-%E9%A8%8E%E5%B0%84%E5%9C%96.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/%E9%A8%8E%E5%B0%84%E5%9C%96.jpg/315px-%E9%A8%8E%E5%B0%84%E5%9C%96.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/%E9%A8%8E%E5%B0%84%E5%9C%96.jpg/420px-%E9%A8%8E%E5%B0%84%E5%9C%96.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="388" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The "Mounted Archer" by <a href="/wiki/Khitan_people" title="Khitan people">Khitan</a> painter <a href="/wiki/Yel%C3%BC_Bei" title="Yelü Bei">Yelü Bei</a> in the collection of the <a href="/wiki/National_Palace_Museum" title="National Palace Museum">National Palace Museum</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> used You Prefecture as a garrison to protect the northern frontier against the Khitan, who expanded south in the 10th century and incorporated You Prefecture into the southern frontier of the <a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao dynasty</a>.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Han_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Han dynasty">Eastern Han dynasty</a>, You Prefecture had ten commanderies—Zhuo, Dai, Shangu, Yuyang, Right Beiping, Liaoxi, Liaoning, Xuantu, Lelang and Guangyang, as well as the Principality of Liaodong.<sup id="cite_ref-EasternHan_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EasternHan-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Collectively, You Prefecture had 90 counties.<sup id="cite_ref-EasternHan_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EasternHan-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Jicheng_(Beijing)" title="Jicheng (Beijing)">City of Ji</a> in <a href="/wiki/Yan_Principality" class="mw-redirect" title="Yan Principality">Yan Principality</a>, continued to serve as prefectural capital.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Toward the end of the Han dynasty, <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Turban_Rebellion" title="Yellow Turban Rebellion">Yellow Turban Rebellion</a> erupted in Hebei in AD 184 and briefly seized You Prefecture's administrative seat at Ji. The court relied on regional militaries to put down the rebellion and You Prefecture was controlled successively by warlords <a href="/wiki/Liu_Yu_(warlord)" title="Liu Yu (warlord)">Liu Yu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gongsun_Zan" title="Gongsun Zan">Gongsun Zan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yuan_Shao" title="Yuan Shao">Yuan Shao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yuan_Xi" title="Yuan Xi">Yuan Xi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cao_Cao" title="Cao Cao">Cao Cao</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBTVU[httpswebarchiveorgweb20140416205950httpmediaopeneducomcnmedia_filenetcourseasxbjlswhunit03dskthtm_"中央政府与地方势力的较量"]_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBTVU[httpswebarchiveorgweb20140416205950httpmediaopeneducomcnmedia_filenetcourseasxbjlswhunit03dskthtm_"中央政府与地方势力的较量"]-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 192, Liu Yu was overthrown by his subordinate Gongsun Zan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBTVU[httpswebarchiveorgweb20140416205950httpmediaopeneducomcnmedia_filenetcourseasxbjlswhunit03dskthtm_"中央政府与地方势力的较量"]_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBTVU[httpswebarchiveorgweb20140416205950httpmediaopeneducomcnmedia_filenetcourseasxbjlswhunit03dskthtm_"中央政府与地方势力的较量"]-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two years later, Gongsun Zan was driven out of Ji by Yuan Shao with the help of <a href="/wiki/Wuhuan" title="Wuhuan">Wuhuan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a> allies from the steppes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBTVU[httpswebarchiveorgweb20140416205950httpmediaopeneducomcnmedia_filenetcourseasxbjlswhunit03dskthtm_"中央政府与地方势力的较量"]_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBTVU[httpswebarchiveorgweb20140416205950httpmediaopeneducomcnmedia_filenetcourseasxbjlswhunit03dskthtm_"中央政府与地方势力的较量"]-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Yuan Shao lost supremacy of North China to Cao Cao in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guandu" title="Battle of Guandu">Battle of Guandu</a> in AD 200, his son <a href="/wiki/Yuan_Xi" title="Yuan Xi">Yuan Xi</a> held You Prefecture until 204 before fleeing to the Wuhuan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBTVU[httpswebarchiveorgweb20140416205950httpmediaopeneducomcnmedia_filenetcourseasxbjlswhunit03dskthtm_"中央政府与地方势力的较量"]_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBTVU[httpswebarchiveorgweb20140416205950httpmediaopeneducomcnmedia_filenetcourseasxbjlswhunit03dskthtm_"中央政府与地方势力的较量"]-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cao Cao eventually defeated the Wuhuan in AD 207 and pacified North China.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBTVU[httpswebarchiveorgweb20140416205950httpmediaopeneducomcnmedia_filenetcourseasxbjlswhunit03dskthtm_"中央政府与地方势力的较量"]_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBTVU[httpswebarchiveorgweb20140416205950httpmediaopeneducomcnmedia_filenetcourseasxbjlswhunit03dskthtm_"中央政府与地方势力的较量"]-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Three_Kingdoms">Three Kingdoms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Youzhou_(ancient_China)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Three Kingdoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms" title="Three Kingdoms">Three Kingdoms</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cao_Wei" title="Cao Wei">Kingdom of Wei</a> founded by Cao Cao's son, controlled ten of the Han dynasty's prefectures including You Prefecture and its capital Ji. Within the jurisdiction of You Prefecture were eleven commanderies, Fanyang, Yan Principality, Beiping, Shanggu, Dai, Liaoxi, Liaodong, Xuantu, Lelang, Changli and Daifang, which collectively ruled 60 counties.<sup id="cite_ref-ThreeKingdoms_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ThreeKingdoms-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 238, <a href="/wiki/Sima_Yi%27s_Liaodong_campaign" title="Sima Yi's Liaodong campaign">Sima Yi's Liaodong campaign</a> against <a href="/wiki/Gongsun_Yuan" title="Gongsun Yuan">Gongsun Yuan</a> extended the eastern reach of You to Liaodong. In 244–45, <a href="/wiki/Guanqiu_Jian" title="Guanqiu Jian">Guanqiu Jian</a> launched the <a href="/wiki/Goguryeo%E2%80%93Wei_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Goguryeo–Wei Wars">Goguryeo–Wei Wars</a> against <a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a> from Xuantu Commandery (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Shenyang" title="Shenyang">Shenyang</a>). </p><p>The Wei court instituted offices in You Prefecture to manage relations with the Wuhuan and Xianbei.<sup id="cite_ref-WeiKingdom_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WeiKingdom-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To help sustain the troops garrisoned in Youzhou, the governor in AD 250 built the <a href="/wiki/Lilingyan" title="Lilingyan">Lilingyan</a>, an irrigation system that greatly improved agricultural output in the plains around Ji.<sup id="cite_ref-WeiKingdom_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WeiKingdom-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jin_dynasty">Jin dynasty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Youzhou_(ancient_China)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Jin dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Western_Jin_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Jin dynasty">Western Jin dynasty</a> (265–316), You Prefecture had seven commanderies and 34 counties.<sup id="cite_ref-ThreeKingdoms_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ThreeKingdoms-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The capital was moved from the City of Ji to Fanyang Commandery in what is today <a href="/wiki/Zhuozhou" title="Zhuozhou">Zhuozhou</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ThreeKingdoms_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ThreeKingdoms-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Western Jin expanded the number of counties from 19 in 265 to 31 in 291.<sup id="cite_ref-ThreeKingdoms_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ThreeKingdoms-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Five commanderies and 26 counties in modern Liaoning that used to belong to You Prefecture were carved out to create Pingzhou.<sup id="cite_ref-ThreeKingdoms_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ThreeKingdoms-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>You remained an important prefecture on the northern frontier. In AD 270, the imperial court appointed <a href="/wiki/Wei_Guan" title="Wei Guan">Wei Guan</a> as the governor of the prefecture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBTVU[httpswebarchiveorgweb20140416205950httpmediaopeneducomcnmedia_filenetcourseasxbjlswhunit03dskthtm_"中央政府与地方势力的较量"]_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBTVU[httpswebarchiveorgweb20140416205950httpmediaopeneducomcnmedia_filenetcourseasxbjlswhunit03dskthtm_"中央政府与地方势力的较量"]-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wei Guan was succeeded by Tang Bin (appointed 282) and Zhang Hua (appointed 291).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBTVU[httpswebarchiveorgweb20140416205950httpmediaopeneducomcnmedia_filenetcourseasxbjlswhunit03dskthtm_"中央政府与地方势力的较量"]_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBTVU[httpswebarchiveorgweb20140416205950httpmediaopeneducomcnmedia_filenetcourseasxbjlswhunit03dskthtm_"中央政府与地方势力的较量"]-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the time of the <a href="/wiki/Rebellion_of_the_Eight_Princes" class="mw-redirect" title="Rebellion of the Eight Princes">Rebellion of the Eight Princes</a>, You Prefecture was controlled by Wang Jun, who secured alliances with nomadic tribes north of it by arranging marriages of his daughters to tribal chieftains of the <a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wuhuan" title="Wuhuan">Wuhuan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBTVU[httpswebarchiveorgweb20140416205950httpmediaopeneducomcnmedia_filenetcourseasxbjlswhunit03dskthtm_"中央政府与地方势力的较量"]_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBTVU[httpswebarchiveorgweb20140416205950httpmediaopeneducomcnmedia_filenetcourseasxbjlswhunit03dskthtm_"中央政府与地方势力的较量"]-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wang Jun's support for Emperor <a href="/wiki/Sima_Lun" title="Sima Lun">Sima Lun</a> against other princes earned the enmity of <a href="/wiki/Sima_Ying" title="Sima Ying">Sima Ying</a>, who in 304, arranged to appoint He Yan as the governor of You Prefecture and instructed He Yan to eliminate Wang Jun. He Yan then conspired with a <a href="/wiki/Wuhuan" title="Wuhuan">Wuhuan</a> chieftain, Shen Deng, to assassinate Wang Jun during a field trip to the Qingquan River just south of Ji. However, during their trip, the travelers encountered a rainstorm and their weapons rusted. Shen Deng believed the rain storm was divine intervention in favor of Wang Jun and disclosed the plot. Wang Jun then killed He Yan and regained control of You. He and his allies <a href="/wiki/Sima_Teng" title="Sima Teng">Sima Teng</a>, Duan Wuwuchen of the <a href="/wiki/Duan_tribe" title="Duan tribe">Duan</a> <a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a> clan, and the <a href="/wiki/Wuhuan" title="Wuhuan">Wuhuan</a> then attacked Sima Ying in southern Hebei. Sima Ying permitted <a href="/wiki/Liu_Yuan_(Han_Zhao)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liu Yuan (Han Zhao)">Liu Yuan</a>, an ethnic <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a> commander to leave <a href="/wiki/Ye_(ancient_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ye (ancient China)">Ye</a> in southern Hebei and return to <a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a> to mobilize the Xiongnu folk for this war. </p><p>Back in Shanxi, Liu Yuan built a multi-ethnic army and broke free from the Jin dynasty. In 308, he declared himself emperor of the <a href="/wiki/Han_Zhao" class="mw-redirect" title="Han Zhao">Han, a kingdom later named Zhao</a> and known to historians as the <a href="/wiki/Former_Zhao" class="mw-redirect" title="Former Zhao">Former Zhao</a>. In 316, Liu Yuan's adopted son <a href="/wiki/Liu_Yao" title="Liu Yao">Liu Yao</a> captured <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Min_of_Jin" title="Emperor Min of Jin">Emperor Min of Jin</a> in <a href="/wiki/Luoyang" title="Luoyang">Luoyang</a>, ending the <a href="/wiki/Western_Jin_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Jin dynasty">Western Jin dynasty</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sima_Rui" class="mw-redirect" title="Sima Rui">Sima Rui</a> resurrected the dynasty in <a href="/wiki/Jiankang" title="Jiankang">Jiankang</a> (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a>), known as the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Jin" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Jin">Eastern Jin</a>, which continued to rule southern China. Northern China was divided into <a href="/wiki/Sixteen_Kingdoms" title="Sixteen Kingdoms">a series of kingdoms</a>, mostly founded by ethnic minorities. </p><p>Wang Jun in Youzhou remained loyal to the Eastern Jin regime in Jiankang and repelled several attacks by one of Liu Yuan's subordinates, <a href="/wiki/Shi_Le" title="Shi Le">Shi Le</a>, an ethnic <a href="/wiki/Jie_people" title="Jie people">Jie</a>. Shi Le then used wealth to buy off Wang Jun's ally, Duan Jilujuan and Duan Mopei. This angered Wang Jun, who arranged for the <a href="/wiki/Tuoba" title="Tuoba">Tuoba</a> Xianbei from the west to attack the Duan Xianbei, but the latter prevailed. In 314, Shi Le pretended to surrender to Wang Jun, who fell for the ruse and lowered his guard. Shi Le then captured and killed Wang Jun, but You Prefecture fell to the control of <a href="/wiki/Duan_Pidi" title="Duan Pidi">Duan Pidi</a>, of the Xianbei Duan clan. In 319, Shi Le, founded his own kingdom, the <a href="/wiki/Later_Zhao" title="Later Zhao">Later Zhao</a>, in Xiangguo (modern day <a href="/wiki/Xingtai" title="Xingtai">Xingtai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebei_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebei Province">Hebei Province</a>), defeated Duan Pidi and captured You Prefecture. </p><p>In 349, the Later Zhao regime was subverted by <a href="/wiki/Ran_Min" title="Ran Min">Ran Min</a>, which founded the <a href="/wiki/Ran_Wei" title="Ran Wei">Ran Wei</a> regime in southern Hebei. During this turmoil, the <a href="/wiki/Murong" title="Murong">Murong</a> clan of the Xianbei from the <a href="/wiki/Liaodong" class="mw-redirect" title="Liaodong">Liaodong</a> region launched a southern invasion. The <a href="/wiki/Murong" title="Murong">Murong</a> clan had founded the Kingdom of Yan (<a href="/wiki/Former_Yan" title="Former Yan">Former Yan</a>) in 337 but remained a vassal of the Eastern Jin dynasty. In 350, <a href="/wiki/Murong_Jun" title="Murong Jun">Murong Jun</a>, the Prince of Yan, at the suggestion of his half brother <a href="/wiki/Murong_Chui" title="Murong Chui">Murong Chui</a>, attacked the Later Zhao and Ran Wei in the name of restoring northern China to Jin rule. They quickly captured You. In 352, Murong Jun declared himself emperor and moved the capital from Jicheng (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">棘城</span></span>) in modern <a href="/wiki/Liaoning" title="Liaoning">Liaoning</a> to Jicheng (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">蓟城</span></span>) in You Prefecture. Five years later the capital of this kingdom moved south to Ye. </p><p>In 370, the Former Yan Kingdom was conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Former_Qin" title="Former Qin">Former Qin</a> Kingdom, led by <a href="/wiki/Fu_Ji%C4%81n" class="mw-redirect" title="Fu Jiān">Fu Jiān</a> an ethnic <a href="/wiki/Di_(Wu_Hu)" class="mw-redirect" title="Di (Wu Hu)">Di</a> and his general, <a href="/wiki/Wang_Meng_(Former_Qin)" title="Wang Meng (Former Qin)">Wang Meng</a>. They were assisted by Murong Chui, who defected from the Former Yan due to court intrigue. In 383, after the Former Qin was defeated by the Eastern Jin in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Feishui" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Feishui">Battle of Feishui</a>, Murong Chui founded the Kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Later_Yan" title="Later Yan">Later Yan</a>, which occupied much of the territories of the <a href="/wiki/Former_Yan" title="Former Yan">Former Yan</a>, including You. To the west, the Tuoba Xianbei founded the Kingdom of Northern Wei in 386 and invaded the Northern Yan in 396, capturing Yuyang, Ji and other cities in You Prefecture. By 439, the Northern Wei extinguished the last of the <a href="/wiki/Sixteen_Kingdoms" title="Sixteen Kingdoms">Sixteen Kingdoms</a> and unified northern China. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_Youzhous_during_the_Sixteen_Kingdoms">Other Youzhous during the Sixteen Kingdoms</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Youzhou_(ancient_China)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Other Youzhous during the Sixteen Kingdoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Sixteen_Kingdoms" title="Sixteen Kingdoms">Sixteen Kingdoms</a> period (304-439), in addition to the You Prefecture in northern Hebei, which was successively controlled by the Later Zhao, Former Yan, Former Qin, Later Zhao and Northern Wei,<sup id="cite_ref-Chinabaike_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chinabaike-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> several other kingdoms in other parts of China also named administrative divisions within their domain "Youzhou".<sup id="cite_ref-Chinabaike_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chinabaike-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When <a href="/wiki/Liu_Yuan_(Han_Zhao)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liu Yuan (Han Zhao)">Liu Yuan</a> ruled the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Former_Zhao" class="mw-redirect" title="Former Zhao">Former Zhao</a>, the You Prefecture of Former Zhao was based in present-day Lishi, <a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chinabaike_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chinabaike-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When <a href="/wiki/Liu_Yao" title="Liu Yao">Liu Yao</a> ruled the kingdom, the You Prefecture of Later Zhao was moved to present-day Beidi, <a href="/wiki/Yaozhou_District" title="Yaozhou District">Yao County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chinabaike_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chinabaike-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The You Prefecture of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Yan" title="Southern Yan">Southern Yan</a> was based in present-day <a href="/wiki/Liaocheng" title="Liaocheng">Liaocheng</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a>, and the You Prefecture of <a href="/wiki/Xia_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Xia (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Xia</a> was based in present-day <a href="/wiki/Hanggin_Banner" title="Hanggin Banner">Hanggin Banner</a> of <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chinabaike_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chinabaike-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At one time in the fourth century, there were four You Prefectures in northern China, in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Yan" title="Northern Yan">Northern Yan</a>, Southern Yan, Xia and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Wei" title="Northern Wei">Northern Wei</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chinabaike_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chinabaike-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Northern_dynasties">Northern dynasties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Youzhou_(ancient_China)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Northern dynasties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 497, You was one of about 41 prefectures of the Northern Wei dynasty, which at the time ruled much of north and central China. You Prefecture's territories was largely confined to the southern part of modern-day Beijing Municipality. Its capital remained at <a href="/wiki/Jicheng_(Beijing)" title="Jicheng (Beijing)">Ji</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the late Northern Wei, many groups rose in rebellion against the dynasty in and around Youzhou. Wang Huiding's rebellion of 494 lasted one month.<sup id="cite_ref-NorthernWei_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NorthernWei-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 514, <a href="/wiki/Shramana" class="mw-redirect" title="Shramana">Shramana</a> Liu Shaozeng led a Buddhist rebellion in You Prefecture.<sup id="cite_ref-NorthernWei_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NorthernWei-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 524, Xianbei military families in the <a href="/wiki/Six_Frontier_Towns" title="Six Frontier Towns">Six Frontier Towns</a> rebelled against the Northern Wei and were crushed with the assistance of <a href="/wiki/Rouran" class="mw-redirect" title="Rouran">Rouran</a> chieftain <a href="/wiki/Yujiul%C3%BC_Anagui" title="Yujiulü Anagui">Yujiulü Anagui</a>. The Northern Wei resettled 200,000 residents from the frontier towns to Hebei, where a local famine quickly prompted the migrants to rebel again under the leadership of Du Luozhou in 525. Du Luozhou led the rebels from Shanggu (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Huailai" class="mw-redirect" title="Huailai">Huailai</a>) south through the Juyong Pass and defeated Wei troops north of Youzhou and eventually captured the city.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 528 Wei troops under <a href="/wiki/Erzhu_Rong" title="Erzhu Rong">Erzhu Rong</a>'s subordinate, Hou Yuan, retook the city from rebel leader Han Lou.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 534, the Northern Wei split in half along the Yellow River into the <a href="/wiki/Western_Wei" title="Western Wei">Western Wei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Wei" title="Eastern Wei">Eastern Wei</a>, which controlled You Prefecture. The Eastern Wei continued for 16 years before it was replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Qi" title="Northern Qi">Northern Qi</a>. Though Northern Qi held only half the territory of the Northern Wei, it had 105 prefectures.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sui_and_Tang_dynasty">Sui and Tang dynasty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Youzhou_(ancient_China)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sui and Tang dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui dynasty</a> united China in 589 and did not use prefecture as a unit of administration. All prefectures were converted to commanderies. You Prefecture was renamed Zhuo Commandery (<i>Zhuojun</i>), one of 190 commanderies in Sui China.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> re-adopted the prefecture but used it as replacement for commandery. Zhuojun reverted to You, which in 640 was one of 360 prefectures of the dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-Tang_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tang-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The capital of You Prefecture remained in Ji. The Tang also instituted 10 frontier command garrisons called <i>jiedushi</i>. The <a href="/wiki/Youzhou_Jiedushi" title="Youzhou Jiedushi">Fanyang <i>Jiedushi</i></a> was based in Ji and became one of the <a href="/wiki/Three_Fanzhen_of_Hebei" title="Three Fanzhen of Hebei">"three revolting garrisons of Hebei"</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Anshi_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Anshi Rebellion">Anshi Rebellion</a>. After the war, the <a href="/wiki/Lulong_Jiedushi" class="mw-redirect" title="Lulong Jiedushi">Lulong Jiedushi</a> retained semi-independence from Tang. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_period_to_Liao_dynasty">Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period to Liao dynasty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Youzhou_(ancient_China)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period to Liao dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_period" title="Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period">Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period</a> (907–960), the warlord <a href="/wiki/Liu_Rengong" title="Liu Rengong">Liu Rengong</a> established his base in Youzhou and declared himself "King of Yan" (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">燕王</span></span>). His regime was ultimately toppled by the <a href="/wiki/Later_Tang" title="Later Tang">Later Tang</a> (923–936). <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Gaozu_of_Later_Jin" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Gaozu of Later Jin">Shi Jingtang</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Later_Jin_(Five_Dynasties)" title="Later Jin (Five Dynasties)">Later Jin</a> (936–947), submitted to the <a href="/wiki/Khitan_people" title="Khitan people">Khitans</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao dynasty</a> (907–1125) and ceded the <a href="/wiki/Sixteen_Prefectures" title="Sixteen Prefectures">Sixteen Prefectures</a> (You was one of the sixteen) to them. In 938 the Khitans established a secondary capital in You Prefecture and named it Nanjing Youdu Prefecture (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">南京幽都府</span></span>). In 1012 it was renamed Xijin Prefecture (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">析津府</span></span>) and later renamed to <a href="/wiki/Yanjing" class="mw-redirect" title="Yanjing">Yanjing</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">燕京</span></span>). The name "Youzhou" was never used again. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Youzhou_(ancient_China)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yan_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Yan State">Yan State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Beijing" title="History of Beijing">History of Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jicheng_(Beijing)" title="Jicheng (Beijing)">Jicheng (Beijing)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Youzhou_(ancient_China)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A <a href="/wiki/Zhou_(country_subdivision)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhou (country subdivision)">prefecture</a> as a political subdivision in Chinese history was at various times either the size of a <a href="/wiki/Province" title="Province">province</a> or sub-provincial unit known as <a href="/wiki/Commandery_(China)" title="Commandery (China)">commandery</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Youzhou_(ancient_China)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Youzhou_(ancient_China)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Chinese) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guoxue123.com/other/map/pic/04/16.jpg">Map of Youzhou during the Western Han dynasty</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140417011609/http://www.guoxue123.com/other/map/pic/04/16.jpg">Archived</a> April 17, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Accessed 2012-12-19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WesternHan-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WesternHan_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WesternHan_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WesternHan_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">(Chinese) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://china-culture.jlmpc.cn/其他历史书籍/历史工具类/中国历史政区/">中国历史政区西汉</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130310133027/http://china-culture.jlmpc.cn/">Archived</a> March 10, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Last accessed 2013-01-20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EasternHan-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EasternHan_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EasternHan_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">(Chinese) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://china-culture.jlmpc.cn/其他历史书籍/历史工具类/中国历史政区/">中国历史政区东汉</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130310133027/http://china-culture.jlmpc.cn/">Archived</a> March 10, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Accessed 2012-12-19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Chinese) <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150106145647/http://www.guoxue123.com/other/map/pic/05/12.jpg">"Archived copy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guoxue123.com/other/map/pic/05/12.jpg">the original</a> on January 6, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 6,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guoxue123.com%2Fother%2Fmap%2Fpic%2F05%2F12.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYouzhou+%28ancient+China%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span> Map of You Prefecture during the Eastern Han dynasty] Accessed 2012-12-19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBTVU[httpswebarchiveorgweb20140416205950httpmediaopeneducomcnmedia_filenetcourseasxbjlswhunit03dskthtm_"中央政府与地方势力的较量"]-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBTVU[httpswebarchiveorgweb20140416205950httpmediaopeneducomcnmedia_filenetcourseasxbjlswhunit03dskthtm_"中央政府与地方势力的较量"]_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBTVU[httpswebarchiveorgweb20140416205950httpmediaopeneducomcnmedia_filenetcourseasxbjlswhunit03dskthtm_"中央政府与地方势力的较量"]_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBTVU[httpswebarchiveorgweb20140416205950httpmediaopeneducomcnmedia_filenetcourseasxbjlswhunit03dskthtm_"中央政府与地方势力的较量"]_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBTVU[httpswebarchiveorgweb20140416205950httpmediaopeneducomcnmedia_filenetcourseasxbjlswhunit03dskthtm_"中央政府与地方势力的较量"]_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBTVU[httpswebarchiveorgweb20140416205950httpmediaopeneducomcnmedia_filenetcourseasxbjlswhunit03dskthtm_"中央政府与地方势力的较量"]_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBTVU[httpswebarchiveorgweb20140416205950httpmediaopeneducomcnmedia_filenetcourseasxbjlswhunit03dskthtm_"中央政府与地方势力的较量"]_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBTVU[httpswebarchiveorgweb20140416205950httpmediaopeneducomcnmedia_filenetcourseasxbjlswhunit03dskthtm_"中央政府与地方势力的较量"]_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBTVU[httpswebarchiveorgweb20140416205950httpmediaopeneducomcnmedia_filenetcourseasxbjlswhunit03dskthtm_"中央政府与地方势力的较量"]_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBTVU">BTVU</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140416205950/http://media.openedu.com.cn/media_file/netcourse/asx/bjlswh/unit03/dskt.htm">"中央政府与地方势力的较量"</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ThreeKingdoms-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ThreeKingdoms_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ThreeKingdoms_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ThreeKingdoms_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ThreeKingdoms_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ThreeKingdoms_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">(Chinese) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://china-culture.jlmpc.cn/其他历史书籍/历史工具类/中国历史政区/">中国历史政区三国</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130310133027/http://china-culture.jlmpc.cn/">Archived</a> March 10, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Last accessed 2013-01-20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WeiKingdom-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WeiKingdom_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WeiKingdom_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">(Chinese) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bjma.gov.cn/InfoShowRoll/InfoShowRolls.ycs?GUID=1166苏天钧,">魏晋十六国时期的幽州城, 北京城市历史地理</a> 2005-12-30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chinabaike-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chinabaike_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chinabaike_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chinabaike_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chinabaike_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chinabaike_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chinabaike_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Chinese)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinabaike.com/article/1/78/422/2007/20070513112065.html">"十六国政区" <i>Chinabaike</i></a> Accessed 2011-02-08</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Chinese) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://china-culture.jlmpc.cn/%E5%85%B6%E4%BB%96%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E4%B9%A6%E7%B1%8D/%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E5%B7%A5%E5%85%B7%E7%B1%BB/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E6%94%BF%E5%8C%BA/">中国历史政区南北朝•北魏</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303224948/http://china-culture.jlmpc.cn/%E5%85%B6%E4%BB%96%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E4%B9%A6%E7%B1%8D/%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E5%B7%A5%E5%85%B7%E7%B1%BB/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E6%94%BF%E5%8C%BA/">Archived</a> March 3, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Last Accessed 2013-01-20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NorthernWei-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NorthernWei_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NorthernWei_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">(Chinese) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130216223612/http://www.tqxz.com/zgqs_readme.asp?id=1">北魏迁都后为何迅速衰亡</a> Last Accessed 2013-01-20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Chinese) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.confucianism.com.cn/html/lishi/2161199.html">北魏各族人民大起义</a> 2007-6-15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Chinese) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zhengjian.org/zj/book/html/lishigushi_music/l206.htm">侯渊讨韩楼于蓟</a> Last Accessed 2013-01-20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Chinese) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yizitong.org/china/baike.php?o=%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%90%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%BF%97">北齐地理志</a> 2008-06-01</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Chinese) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://china-culture.jlmpc.cn/其他历史书籍/历史工具类/中国历史政区/">中国历史政区隋</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130310133027/http://china-culture.jlmpc.cn/">Archived</a> March 10, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Accessed 2013-01-20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tang-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tang_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Chinese) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://china-culture.jlmpc.cn/其他历史书籍/历史工具类/中国历史政区/">中国历史政区唐</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130310133027/http://china-culture.jlmpc.cn/">Archived</a> March 10, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Accessed 2013-01-20</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Youzhou_(ancient_China)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBTVU" class="citation cs2">BTVU, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://media.openedu.com.cn/media_file/netcourse/asx/bjlswh/"><i>中国历史与文化</i></a>, 北京广播电视大学 (Beijing Radio Television University)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E4%B8%8E%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96&rft.pub=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%B9%BF%E6%92%AD%E7%94%B5%E8%A7%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6+%28Beijing+Radio+Television+University%29&rft.au=BTVU&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmedia.openedu.com.cn%2Fmedia_file%2Fnetcourse%2Fasx%2Fbjlswh%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYouzhou+%28ancient+China%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><span class="metadata coord-missing"></span> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chinese_provinces_before_the_Qin_dynasty446" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Chinese_provinces" title="Template:Ancient Chinese provinces"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Chinese_provinces" title="Template talk:Ancient Chinese provinces"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Chinese_provinces" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Chinese provinces"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chinese_provinces_before_the_Qin_dynasty446" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Chinese provinces before the Qin dynasty</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nine_Provinces_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nine Provinces (China)">Nine Provinces</a> mentioned in<br />"<a href="/wiki/Tribute_of_Yu" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribute of Yu">Tribute of Yu</a>", <i><a href="/wiki/Classic_of_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Classic of History">Classic of History</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ji_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Ji Province">Ji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Yan Province">Yan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing Province">Qing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Xu Province">Xu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuzhou_(ancient_China)" title="Yuzhou (ancient China)">Yu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Yang Province">Yang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jing_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Jing Province">Jing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liang_(realm)" title="Liang (realm)">Liang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yong_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Yong Province">Yong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nine Provinces mentioned in<br />"Explaining Earth", <i><a href="/wiki/Erya" title="Erya">Erya</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ji_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Ji Province">Ji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Yan Province">Yan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/You_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="You Province">You</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Xu Province">Xu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuzhou_(ancient_China)" title="Yuzhou (ancient China)">Yu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Yang Province">Yang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jing_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Jing Province">Jing</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ying_Province&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ying Province (page does not exist)">Ying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yong_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Yong Province">Yong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nine Provinces mentioned in<br />"Clan Responsibilities", <i><a href="/wiki/Rituals_of_Zhou" class="mw-redirect" title="Rituals of Zhou">Rituals of Zhou</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ji_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Ji Province">Ji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Yan Province">Yan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing Province">Qing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/You_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="You Province">You</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuzhou_(ancient_China)" title="Yuzhou (ancient China)">Yu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Yang Province">Yang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jing_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Jing Province">Jing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bing_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Bing Province">Bing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yong_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Yong Province">Yong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nine Provinces mentioned in<br />"Initial Survey", <i><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCshi_Chunqiu" title="Lüshi Chunqiu">Lüshi Chunqiu</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ji_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Ji Province">Ji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Yan Province">Yan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing Province">Qing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Xu Province">Xu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuzhou_(ancient_China)" title="Yuzhou (ancient China)">Yu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Yang Province">Yang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jing_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Jing Province">Jing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/You_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="You Province">You</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yong_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Yong Province">Yong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Provinces" title="Twelve Provinces">Twelve Provinces</a> in<br /><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Yao" title="Emperor Yao">Yao</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shun_(Chinese_leader)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shun (Chinese leader)">Shun</a>'s time</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ji_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Ji Province">Ji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Yan Province">Yan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing Province">Qing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Xu Province">Xu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuzhou_(ancient_China)" title="Yuzhou (ancient China)">Yu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Yang Province">Yang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jing_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Jing Province">Jing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liang_(realm)" title="Liang (realm)">Liang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yong_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Yong Province">Yong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/You_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="You Province">You</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bing_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Bing Province">Bing</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ying_Province&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ying Province (page does not exist)">Ying</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Provinces_and_commanderies_of_the_Han_dynasty_(140_AD)580" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Han_dynasty_provinces" title="Template:Han dynasty provinces"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Han_dynasty_provinces" title="Template talk:Han dynasty provinces"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Han_dynasty_provinces" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Han dynasty provinces"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Provinces_and_commanderies_of_the_Han_dynasty_(140_AD)580" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Han_dynasty#Provincial_authorities" title="Government of the Han dynasty">Provinces</a> and <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Han_dynasty#Commandery_administration" title="Government of the Han dynasty">commanderies</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> <small>(140 AD)</small></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sili_Province" title="Sili Province">Sili</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henan_Commandery" title="Henan Commandery">Henan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henei_Commandery" title="Henei Commandery">Henei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedong_Commandery" title="Hedong Commandery">Hedong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hongnong_Commandery" title="Hongnong Commandery">Hongnong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingzhao" title="Jingzhao">Jingzhao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pingyi_(region)" title="Pingyi (region)">Zuopingyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fufeng_(region)" title="Fufeng (region)">Youfufeng</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="14" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jian%27an_Commanderies.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of Chinese provinces and commanderies in 219 CE" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Jian%27an_Commanderies.svg/300px-Jian%27an_Commanderies.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Jian%27an_Commanderies.svg/450px-Jian%27an_Commanderies.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Jian%27an_Commanderies.svg/600px-Jian%27an_Commanderies.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3125" data-file-height="2250" /></a></span> <small>Han provinces and commanderies in 219 CE</small></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yuzhou_(ancient_China)" title="Yuzhou (ancient China)">Yu Province</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yingchuan_Commandery" title="Yingchuan Commandery">Yingchuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runan_Commandery" title="Runan Commandery">Runan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liang_Commandery" class="mw-redirect" title="Liang Commandery">Liang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pei_Commandery" title="Pei Commandery">Pei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Commandery" title="Chen Commandery">Chen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Commandery" title="Lu Commandery">Lu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ji_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Ji Province">Ji Province</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wei_Commandery" title="Wei Commandery">Wei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julu_Commandery" title="Julu Commandery">Julu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changshan_Commandery" title="Changshan Commandery">Changshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongshan_Commandery" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhongshan Commandery">Zhongshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xindu_Commandery" title="Xindu Commandery">Xindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hejian_Commandery" class="mw-redirect" title="Hejian Commandery">Hejian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qinghe_Commandery" title="Qinghe Commandery">Qinghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Commandery" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhao Commandery">Handan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohai_Commandery" title="Bohai Commandery">Bohai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Yan Province">Yan Province</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chenliu_Commandery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chenliu Commandery (page does not exist)">Chenliu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dong_Commandery" title="Dong Commandery">Dong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dongping_Commandery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dongping Commandery (page does not exist)">Dongping</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rencheng_Commandery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rencheng Commandery (page does not exist)">Rencheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taishan_Commandery" title="Taishan Commandery">Taishan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jibei_Commandery" class="mw-redirect" title="Jibei Commandery">Jibei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanyang_Commandery" title="Shanyang Commandery">Shanyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiyin_Commandery" title="Jiyin Commandery">Jiyin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Xu_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Xu Province">Xu Province</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donghai_Commandery" title="Donghai Commandery">Donghai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langya_Commandery" title="Langya Commandery">Langya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pengcheng_Commandery" title="Pengcheng Commandery">Pengcheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangling_Commandery" title="Guangling Commandery">Guangling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linhuai_Commandery" title="Linhuai Commandery">Linhuai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Qing_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing Province">Qing Province</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jinan_Commandery" title="Jinan Commandery">Jinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pingyuan_Commandery" title="Pingyuan Commandery">Pingyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le%27an_Commandery" title="Le'an Commandery">Le'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beihai_Commandery" title="Beihai Commandery">Beihai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donglai_Commandery" title="Donglai Commandery">Donglai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qi_Commandery" title="Qi Commandery">Qi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jing_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Jing Province">Jing Province</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanyang_Commandery" title="Nanyang Commandery">Nanyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nan_Commandery" title="Nan Commandery">Nan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiangxia_Commandery" title="Jiangxia Commandery">Jiangxia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingling_Commandery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lingling Commandery (page does not exist)">Lingling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiyang_Commandery" class="mw-redirect" title="Guiyang Commandery">Guiyang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wuling_Commandery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wuling Commandery (page does not exist)">Wuling</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Changsha_Commandery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Changsha Commandery (page does not exist)">Changsha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yang_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Yang Province">Yang Province</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiujiang_Commandery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jiujiang Commandery (page does not exist)">Jiujiang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Danyang_Commandery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Danyang Commandery (page does not exist)">Danyang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lujiang_Commandery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lujiang Commandery (page does not exist)">Lujiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuaiji_Commandery" title="Kuaiji Commandery">Kuaiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Commandery" title="Wu Commandery">Wu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuzhang_Commandery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yuzhang Commandery (page does not exist)">Yuzhang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yi_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Yi Province">Yi Province</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanzhong_Commandery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hanzhong Commandery (page does not exist)">Hanzhong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ba_Commandery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ba Commandery (page does not exist)">Ba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guanghan_Commandery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guanghan Commandery (page does not exist)">Guanghan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shu_Commandery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shu Commandery (page does not exist)">Shu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jianwei_Commandery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jianwei Commandery (page does not exist)">Jianwei</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zangke_Commandery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zangke Commandery (page does not exist)">Zangke</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuexi_Commandery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yuexi Commandery (page does not exist)">Yuexi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yizhou_Commandery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yizhou Commandery (page does not exist)">Yizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoongchang_Commandery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yoongchang Commandery (page does not exist)">Yongchang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liang_Province" title="Liang Province">Liang Province</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Longxi_Commandery" title="Longxi Commandery">Longxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanyang_Commandery" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyang Commandery">Hanyang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wudu_Commandery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wudu Commandery (page does not exist)">Wudu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jincheng_Commandery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jincheng Commandery (page does not exist)">Jincheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anding_Commandery" title="Anding Commandery">Anding</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wuwei_Commandery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wuwei Commandery (page does not exist)">Wuwei</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhangye_Commandery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhangye Commandery (page does not exist)">Zhangye</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiuquan_Commandery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jiuquan Commandery (page does not exist)">Jiuquan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dunhuang_Commandery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dunhuang Commandery (page does not exist)">Dunhuang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bing_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Bing Province">Bing Province</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shangdang_Commandery" title="Shangdang Commandery">Shangdang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiyuan_Commandery" title="Taiyuan Commandery">Taiyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xihe_Commandery" title="Xihe Commandery">Xihe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunzhong_Commandery" title="Yunzhong Commandery">Yunzhong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dingxiang_Commandery" title="Dingxiang Commandery">Dingxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanmen_Commandery" title="Yanmen Commandery">Yanmen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shuofang_Province&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shuofang Province (page does not exist)">Shuofang Province</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shuofang_Commandery" title="Shuofang Commandery">Shuofang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuyuan_Commandery" title="Wuyuan Commandery">Wuyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shang_Commandery" title="Shang Commandery">Shang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xihe_Commandery" title="Xihe Commandery">Xihe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beidi_Commandery" title="Beidi Commandery">Beidi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/You_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="You Province">You Province</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhuo_Commandery" title="Zhuo Commandery">Zhuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangyang_Commandery" title="Guangyang Commandery">Guangyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_Commandery" title="Dai Commandery">Dai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanggu_Commandery" title="Shanggu Commandery">Shanggu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuyang_Commandery" title="Yuyang Commandery">Yuyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youbeiping_Commandery" title="Youbeiping Commandery">Youbeiping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaoxi_Commandery" title="Liaoxi Commandery">Liaoxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaodong_Commandery" title="Liaodong Commandery">Liaodong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuantu_Commandery" title="Xuantu Commandery">Xuantu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lelang_Commandery" title="Lelang Commandery">Lelang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jiaozhou_(region)" title="Jiaozhou (region)">Jiaozhi Province</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanhai_Commandery" title="Nanhai Commandery">Nanhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cangwu_Commandery" title="Cangwu Commandery">Cangwu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yulin_Commandery" title="Yulin Commandery">Yulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepu_Commandery" title="Hepu Commandery">Hepu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaozhi_Commandery" class="mw-redirect" title="Jiaozhi Commandery">Jiaozhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiuzhen_Commandery" class="mw-redirect" title="Jiuzhen Commandery">Jiuzhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinan_Commandery" class="mw-redirect" title="Rinan Commandery">Rinan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_provinces_and_commanderies_of_the_Han_dynasty" title="List of provinces and commanderies of the Han dynasty">Full list</a></b> <small>(202 BC – 220 AD)</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Youzhou_(ancient_China)&oldid=1278244970">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Youzhou_(ancient_China)&oldid=1278244970</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_prefectures_of_China" title="Category:Former prefectures of China">Former prefectures of China</a></li><li><a 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