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[Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.<PageSubPageProperty>b__1]()", Worksheets : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.<PageSubPageProperty>b__1]()" }</div><div style="display:none" id="parentSubpagesHolder">{ Ancillary_Materials : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.<PageSubPageProperty>b__1]()", Bookshelves : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.<PageSubPageProperty>b__1]()", Courses : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.<PageSubPageProperty>b__1]()" }</div><div style="display:none" id="parentParentSubpagesHolder"></div><div style="display:none" id="modifiedHolder">Wed, 05 Oct 2022 07:08:27 GMT</div><div style="display:none" id="titleHolder">Learning Objects</div><div style="display:none" 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These resources are self-contained, digital or non-digital resources that can be used for learning, education or training. Learning objects can be organized to easily form collections of themed content, including traditionally designed courses.</p> <p><div class="mt-category-container mt-subpage-listings-container noindex"><ul class="mt-sortable-listings-container " id="mt-sortable" data-user-can-edit="false" data-page-id="114188"><li class="mt-sortable-listing " data-page-id="114203"><a title="Laboratory Experiments" class="mt-sortable-listing-link mt-edit-section internal" href="https://chem.libretexts.org/Ancillary_Materials/Laboratory_Experiments" rel="internal"><span class="mt-sortable-listing-image"><span class="mt-icon-article-topic-category"></span><img class="internal" alt="mindtouch.page#thumbnail" loading="lazy" src="https://chem.libretexts.org/@api/deki/files/147105/mindtouch.page%2523thumbnail?revision=2" /></span><span class="mt-sortable-listing-title">Laboratory Experiments</span></a></li><li class="mt-sortable-listing " data-page-id="55264"><a title="Demonstrations and Techniques: These are traditional experimental write-ups and demonstrations. A dry lab is a laboratory where computational or applied mathematical analyses are done on a computer-generated model to simulate a phenomenon in the physical realm." class="mt-sortable-listing-link mt-edit-section internal" href="https://chem.libretexts.org/Ancillary_Materials/Demos_Techniques_and_Experiments" rel="internal"><span class="mt-sortable-listing-image"><span class="mt-icon-article-topic-category"></span><img class="internal" alt="mindtouch.page#thumbnail" loading="lazy" src="https://chem.libretexts.org/@api/deki/files/80947/mindtouch.page%2523thumbnail?revision=5" /></span><span class="mt-sortable-listing-title">Demonstrations and Techniques</span></a></li><li class="mt-sortable-listing " data-page-id="51493"><a title="Exemplars and Case Studies: Exemplars are subject-specific examples that illustrate specific concepts. Case studies discuss the analyses of specific topics from multi-aspect perspectives." class="mt-sortable-listing-link mt-edit-section internal" href="https://chem.libretexts.org/Ancillary_Materials/Exemplars_and_Case_Studies" rel="internal"><span class="mt-sortable-listing-image"><span class="mt-icon-article-topic-category"></span><img class="internal" alt="mindtouch.page#thumbnail" loading="lazy" src="https://chem.libretexts.org/@api/deki/files/78892/mindtouch.page%2523thumbnail?revision=1" /></span><span class="mt-sortable-listing-title">Exemplars and Case Studies</span></a></li><li class="mt-sortable-listing " data-page-id="40031"><a title="Interactive Applications: These are interactive web-based tutorials and simulations that take advantage of computational resources of an online resource. This involve other active feedback simulations including virtual laboratories, tutorials, and real-time concept tests." class="mt-sortable-listing-link mt-edit-section internal" href="https://chem.libretexts.org/Ancillary_Materials/Interactive_Applications" rel="internal"><span class="mt-sortable-listing-image"><span class="mt-icon-article-topic-category"></span><img class="internal" alt="mindtouch.page#thumbnail" loading="lazy" src="https://chem.libretexts.org/@api/deki/files/78893/mindtouch.page%2523thumbnail?revision=2" /></span><span class="mt-sortable-listing-title">Interactive Applications</span></a></li><li class="mt-sortable-listing " data-page-id="14604"><a title="Worksheets: The LibreTexts worksheets are documents with questions or exercises for students to complete and record answers and are intended to help a student become proficient in a particular skill that was taught to them in class." class="mt-sortable-listing-link mt-edit-section internal" href="https://chem.libretexts.org/Ancillary_Materials/Worksheets" rel="internal"><span class="mt-sortable-listing-image"><span class="mt-icon-article-topic-category"></span><img class="internal" alt="mindtouch.page#thumbnail" loading="lazy" src="https://chem.libretexts.org/@api/deki/files/78910/mindtouch.page%2523thumbnail?revision=2" /></span><span class="mt-sortable-listing-title">Worksheets</span></a></li><li class="mt-sortable-listing " data-page-id="9057"><a title="Reference" class="mt-sortable-listing-link mt-edit-section internal" href="https://chem.libretexts.org/Ancillary_Materials/Reference" rel="internal"><span class="mt-sortable-listing-image"><span class="mt-icon-article-topic-category"></span><img class="internal" alt="mindtouch.page#thumbnail" loading="lazy" src="https://chem.libretexts.org/@api/deki/files/48597/mindtouch.page%2523thumbnail?revision=2" /></span><span class="mt-sortable-listing-title">Reference</span></a></li></ul><script type="application/json" id="mt-localizations-ordered-subpages">/*<![CDATA[*/{"MindTouch.IDF3.label.drag-n-drop":"Drag","MindTouch.IDF3.label.reveal.showAll":"Show all","MindTouch.IDF3.label.reveal.showLess":"Show less","MindTouch.IDF3.warning.page-order-limit-exceeded":"Sorry, there are too many child pages to safely reorder. 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