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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Hetmans of Poland and Lithuania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hetmans_of_Poland_and_Lithuania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hetmans_of_the_Cossack_Hetmanate_and_Ukraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hetmans_of_the_Cossack_Hetmanate_and_Ukraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Hetmans of the Cossack Hetmanate and Ukraine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hetmans_of_the_Cossack_Hetmanate_and_Ukraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hetmans_of_Bohemia,_Romania,_and_Moldavia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hetmans_of_Bohemia,_Romania,_and_Moldavia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Hetmans of Bohemia, Romania, and Moldavia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hetmans_of_Bohemia,_Romania,_and_Moldavia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Other uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hetman</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetman" title="Hetman – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hetman" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Гетман – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гетман" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Гетман – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гетман" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Хетман – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хетман" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetman" title="Hetman – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hetman" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Гетман – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Гетман" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hejtman_(vojenstv%C3%AD)" title="Hejtman (vojenství) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hejtman (vojenství)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetman" title="Hetman – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hetman" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9tman" title="Hétman – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hétman" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetman" title="Hetman – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hetman" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%BC%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Χετμάνος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χετμάνος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetman" title="Hetman – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hetman" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="هتمان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هتمان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetman" title="Hetman – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hetman" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%97%A4%ED%8A%B8%EB%A7%8C" title="헤트만 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="헤트만" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetman" title="Hetman – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Hetman" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B6fu%C3%B0sma%C3%B0ur" title="Höfuðsmaður – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Höfuðsmaður" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etmano" title="Etmano – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Etmano" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%98%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%9F" title="הטמאן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הטמאן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Гетман – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Гетман" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetmanis" title="Hetmanis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Hetmanis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etmonas" title="Etmonas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Etmonas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetman" title="Hetman – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hetman" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetman" title="Hetman – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hetman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Гетман – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Гетман" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetman" title="Hetman – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hetman" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%98%E3%83%88%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3" title="ヘトマン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヘトマン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetman" title="Hetman – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hetman" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getman" title="Getman – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Getman" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetman" title="Hetman – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hetman" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetman" title="Hetman – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hetman" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatman" title="Hatman – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hatman" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Гетман – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гетман" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetman" title="Hetman – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Hetman" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Хетман – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хетман" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetman" title="Hetman – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hetman" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetmani" title="Hetmani – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hetmani" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetman" title="Hetman – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hetman" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetman" title="Hetman – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Hetman" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetman" title="Hetman – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hetman" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Гетьман – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гетьман" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9B%96%E7%89%B9%E6%9B%BC" title="盖特曼 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="盖特曼" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q625652#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Historical political and military title in Central and Eastern Europe</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Hetman_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Hetman (disambiguation)">Hetman (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Hitman" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitman">Hitman</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jan_Amor_Tarnowski.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Jan_Amor_Tarnowski.PNG/220px-Jan_Amor_Tarnowski.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Jan_Amor_Tarnowski.PNG/330px-Jan_Amor_Tarnowski.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Jan_Amor_Tarnowski.PNG/440px-Jan_Amor_Tarnowski.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1528" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Grand Crown Hetman <a href="/wiki/Jan_Amor_Tarnowski" class="mw-redirect" title="Jan Amor Tarnowski">Jan Amor Tarnowski</a> by <a href="/wiki/Marcello_Bacciarelli" title="Marcello Bacciarelli">Marcello Bacciarelli</a>, 1781</figcaption></figure> <p><i><b>Hetman</b></i> is a political title from <a href="/wiki/Central_and_Eastern_Europe" title="Central and Eastern Europe">Central and Eastern Europe</a>, historically assigned to military commanders (comparable to a <a href="/wiki/Field_marshal" title="Field marshal">field marshal</a> or imperial marshal in the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>). First used by the <a href="/wiki/Czechs" title="Czechs">Czechs</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a> in the 15th century, it was the title of the second-highest military commander after the king in the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Crown of the Kingdom of Poland">Crown of the Kingdom of Poland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a> from the 16th to 18th centuries. Throughout much of the history of <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Moldavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Moldavia">Moldavia</a>, hetmans were the second-highest army rank. In the modern <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>, the title is used for regional <a href="/wiki/Governors" class="mw-redirect" title="Governors">governors</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hetman&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>hetman</i> was a <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> borrowing, most likely stemming via Czech from the <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a> title <i><a href="/wiki/Ataman" title="Ataman">ataman</a></i> (literally 'father of horsemen'),<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (June 2024)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> however it could also come from the German <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Hauptmann" title="Hauptmann">Hauptmann</a></i></span> – captain.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since hetman as a title first appeared in Czechia in the 15th century, assuming it stems from a Turkic language, it is possible it was introduced to Czechs by the <a href="/wiki/Cumans" title="Cumans">Cumans</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hetmans_of_Poland_and_Lithuania">Hetmans of Poland and Lithuania</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hetman&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Hetmans of Poland and Lithuania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hetmans_of_the_Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Hetmans of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Hetmans of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:612px;max-width:612px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mika%C5%82aj_Radzivi%C5%82_Rudy._%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BB_%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%8B_(1851-1900).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Mika%C5%82aj_Radzivi%C5%82_Rudy._%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BB_%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%8B_%281851-1900%29.jpg/400px-Mika%C5%82aj_Radzivi%C5%82_Rudy._%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BB_%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%8B_%281851-1900%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1686" data-file-height="2500" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Hetman <a href="/wiki/Miko%C5%82aj_%22the_Red%22_Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikołaj "the Red" Radziwiłł">Mikołaj "the Red" Radziwiłł</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jan_Karal_Chadkievi%C4%8D._%D0%AF%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87_(XVII)_(6).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Jan_Karal_Chadkievi%C4%8D._%D0%AF%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87_%28XVII%29_%286%29.jpg/200px-Jan_Karal_Chadkievi%C4%8D._%D0%AF%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87_%28XVII%29_%286%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Jan_Karal_Chadkievi%C4%8D._%D0%AF%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87_%28XVII%29_%286%29.jpg/300px-Jan_Karal_Chadkievi%C4%8D._%D0%AF%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87_%28XVII%29_%286%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Jan_Karal_Chadkievi%C4%8D._%D0%AF%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87_%28XVII%29_%286%29.jpg/400px-Jan_Karal_Chadkievi%C4%8D._%D0%AF%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87_%28XVII%29_%286%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="519" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Hetman <a href="/wiki/Jan_Karol_Chodkiewicz" title="Jan Karol Chodkiewicz">Jan Karol Chodkiewicz</a> wearing a traditional costume of Polish magnates</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Janu%C5%A1_Radzivi%C5%82._%D0%AF%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%88_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BB_(B._Strobel,_1634).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Janu%C5%A1_Radzivi%C5%82._%D0%AF%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%88_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BB_%28B._Strobel%2C_1634%29.jpg/200px-Janu%C5%A1_Radzivi%C5%82._%D0%AF%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%88_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BB_%28B._Strobel%2C_1634%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Janu%C5%A1_Radzivi%C5%82._%D0%AF%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%88_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BB_%28B._Strobel%2C_1634%29.jpg/300px-Janu%C5%A1_Radzivi%C5%82._%D0%AF%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%88_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BB_%28B._Strobel%2C_1634%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Janu%C5%A1_Radzivi%C5%82._%D0%AF%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%88_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BB_%28B._Strobel%2C_1634%29.jpg/400px-Janu%C5%A1_Radzivi%C5%82._%D0%AF%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%88_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BB_%28B._Strobel%2C_1634%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1947" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Janusz_Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82_(1612%E2%80%931655)" title="Janusz Radziwiłł (1612–1655)">Janusz Radziwiłł</a>, one of the most powerful people in the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a> at the time</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The Polish title <i>Grand Crown Hetman</i> (<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">hetman wielki koronny</i>) dates from 1505. The title of <i>Hetman</i> was given to the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Army">Polish Army</a>. Until 1581 the hetman position existed only during specific campaigns and wars. After that, it became a permanent title, as were all the titles in the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Crown of the Kingdom of Poland">Crown of the Kingdom of Poland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a>. At any given time the Commonwealth had four hetmans – a <i>Great Hetman</i> and <i>Field</i> (deputy) <i>Hetman</i> each for both Poland and Lithuania. </p><p>From 1585, the title could not be taken away without a proven charge of treachery, so most hetmans served for life. <a href="/wiki/Jan_Karol_Chodkiewicz" title="Jan Karol Chodkiewicz">Jan Karol Chodkiewicz</a> literally commanded the army from his deathbed (1621).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hetmans were not paid by the royal treasury. Hetmans were the main commanders of the military forces, second only to the monarch in the army's <a href="/wiki/Chain_of_command" class="mw-redirect" title="Chain of command">chain of command</a>. The fact that they could not be removed by the monarch made them very independent, and thus often able to pursue independent policies. </p><p>This system worked well when a hetman had great ability and the monarch was weak, but sometimes produced disastrous results in the opposite case. The security of the position notably contrasted with that of military leaders in states bordering the commonwealth, where sovereigns could dismiss their army commanders at any time. In 1648 the <a href="/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Zaporizhian Host</a> (a Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth subject) elected a hetman of its own, <a href="/wiki/Bohdan_Khmelnytsky" title="Bohdan Khmelnytsky">Bohdan Khmelnytsky</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> igniting the <a href="/wiki/Khmelnytsky_Uprising" title="Khmelnytsky Uprising">Ukrainian struggle</a> for independence. </p><p>The military reform of 1776 curtailed the powers of the hetmans. The Hetman office was abolished after the <a href="/wiki/Third_Partition_of_Poland" title="Third Partition of Poland">Third Partition of Poland</a> (1795). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hetmans_of_the_Cossack_Hetmanate_and_Ukraine">Hetmans of the Cossack Hetmanate and Ukraine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hetman&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Hetmans of the Cossack Hetmanate and Ukraine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output 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("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.4em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Cossacks" title="Category:Cossacks">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%; line-height:1.0em; padding-bottom:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="border:none; padding:0.6em 0.4em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ilja_Jefimowitsch_Repin_-_Reply_of_the_Zaporozhian_Cossacks_-_Yorck.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title=""Zaporozhian Cossacks write to the Sultan of Turkey" by Ilya Repin (1844–1930)"><img alt=""Zaporozhian Cossacks write to the Sultan of Turkey" by Ilya Repin (1844–1930)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Ilja_Jefimowitsch_Repin_-_Reply_of_the_Zaporozhian_Cossacks_-_Yorck.jpg/180px-Ilja_Jefimowitsch_Repin_-_Reply_of_the_Zaporozhian_Cossacks_-_Yorck.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Ilja_Jefimowitsch_Repin_-_Reply_of_the_Zaporozhian_Cossacks_-_Yorck.jpg/270px-Ilja_Jefimowitsch_Repin_-_Reply_of_the_Zaporozhian_Cossacks_-_Yorck.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Ilja_Jefimowitsch_Repin_-_Reply_of_the_Zaporozhian_Cossacks_-_Yorck.jpg/360px-Ilja_Jefimowitsch_Repin_-_Reply_of_the_Zaporozhian_Cossacks_-_Yorck.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4122" data-file-height="2437" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><i><a href="/wiki/Reply_of_the_Zaporozhian_Cossacks" title="Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks">Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks</a></i></div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa; background:#FFFF99; padding-bottom:0.2em; border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Cossack_host" title="Cossack host">Cossack hosts</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amur_Cossacks" title="Amur Cossacks">Amur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrakhan_Cossacks" title="Astrakhan Cossacks">Astrakhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azov_Cossack_Host" title="Azov Cossack Host">Azov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baikal_Cossacks" title="Baikal Cossacks">Baikal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_Cossack_Host" title="Black Sea Cossack Host">Black Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buh_Cossacks" title="Buh Cossacks">Buh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Line_Cossack_Host" title="Caucasus Line Cossack Host">Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danube_Cossack_Host" title="Danube Cossack Host">Danube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Cossacks" title="Don Cossacks">Don</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Cossacks" title="Free Cossacks">Free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greben_Cossacks" title="Greben Cossacks">Greben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuban_Cossacks" title="Kuban Cossacks">Kuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orenburg_Cossacks" title="Orenburg Cossacks">Orenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Cossacks" title="Red Cossacks">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semirechye_Cossacks" title="Semirechye Cossacks">Semirechye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Cossacks" title="Siberian Cossacks">Siberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terek_Cossacks" title="Terek Cossacks">Terek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural_Cossacks" title="Ural Cossacks">Ural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ussuri_Cossacks" title="Ussuri Cossacks">Ussuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volga_Cossacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Volga Cossacks">Volga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaporozhian_Cossacks" title="Zaporozhian Cossacks">Zaporozhian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irkutsk_Cossacks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Irkutsk Cossacks (page does not exist)">Irkutsk Cossacks</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="ru:Иркутские казаки">ru</a>]</span></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa; background:#FFFF99; padding-bottom:0.2em; border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> Other Cossack groups</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albazinians" title="Albazinians">Albazinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkirs" title="Bashkirs">Bashkir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danubian_Sich" title="Danubian Sich">Danube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Cossacks" title="Jewish Cossacks">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekrasov_Cossacks" title="Nekrasov Cossacks">Nekrasov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Cossack_Brigade" title="Persian Cossack Brigade">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na%C4%9Fayb%C3%A4k" title="Nağaybäk">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossacks_in_Turkey" title="Cossacks in Turkey">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buryat_Cossacks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buryat Cossacks (page does not exist)">Buryat Cossacks</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="ru:Бурятские казаки">ru</a>]</span></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa; background:#FFFF99; padding-bottom:0.2em; border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Cossacks" title="History of the Cossacks">History</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Registered_Cossacks" title="Registered Cossacks">Registered Cossacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossack_uprisings" title="Cossack uprisings">Uprisings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosi%C5%84ski_uprising" title="Kosiński uprising">Kosiński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalyvaiko_Uprising" title="Nalyvaiko Uprising">Nalyvaiko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmelnytsky_Uprising" title="Khmelnytsky Uprising">Khmelnytsky</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hadiach" title="Treaty of Hadiach">Hadiach Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Hetmanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_Siberia" title="Russian conquest of Siberia">Colonisation of Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulavin_Rebellion" title="Bulavin Rebellion">Bulavin Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pugachev%27s_Rebellion" title="Pugachev's Rebellion">Pugachev's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine_after_the_Russian_Revolution" title="Ukraine after the Russian Revolution">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De-Cossackization" title="De-Cossackization">De-Cossackization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XV_SS_Cossack_Cavalry_Corps" title="XV SS Cossack Cavalry Corps">Cossacks in the SS</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa; background:#FFFF99; padding-bottom:0.2em; border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> Notable Cossacks</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petro_Doroshenko" title="Petro Doroshenko">Petro Doroshenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohdan_Khmelnytsky" title="Bohdan Khmelnytsky">Bohdan Khmelnytsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marina_Yurlova" title="Marina Yurlova">Marina Yurlova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petro_Konashevych-Sahaidachny" title="Petro Konashevych-Sahaidachny">Petro Sahaidachny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Mazepa" title="Ivan Mazepa">Ivan Mazepa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemelyan_Pugachev" title="Yemelyan Pugachev">Yemelyan Pugachev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Razin" class="mw-redirect" title="Stepan Razin">Stepan Razin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Sirko" title="Ivan Sirko">Ivan Sirko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Shkuro" title="Andrei Shkuro">Andrei Shkuro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavlo_Skoropadskyi" title="Pavlo Skoropadskyi">Pavlo Skoropadskyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yermak_Timofeyevich" title="Yermak Timofeyevich">Yermak Timofeyevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Vyhovsky" title="Ivan Vyhovsky">Ivan Vyhovsky</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa; background:#FFFF99; padding-bottom:0.2em; border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> Cossack terms</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ataman" title="Ataman">Ataman</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hetman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kontusz" title="Kontusz">Kontusz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurin" title="Kurin">Kurin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sotnia" title="Sotnia">Sotnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oseledets" title="Oseledets">Oseledets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papakhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Papakhi">Papakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastun" title="Plastun">Plastun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yesaul" title="Yesaul">Yesaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanitsa" title="Stanitsa">Stanitsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shashka" title="Shashka">Shashka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szabla" title="Szabla">Szabla</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cossack_clothing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cossack clothing (page does not exist)">Cossack clothing</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D1%8F%D0%B3_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2" class="extiw" title="uk:Одяг запорозьких козаків">uk</a>; <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%8C%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Казачья одежда">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossack_cuisine" title="Cossack cuisine">Cossack cuisine</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa; background:#FFFF99; padding-bottom:0.2em; border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> Cossack folklore</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kharakternyk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kharakternyk (page does not exist)">Kharakternyk</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA-%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" class="extiw" title="uk:Козак-характерник">uk</a>; <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" class="extiw" title="ru:Характерник">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossack_Mamay" title="Cossack Mamay">Mamay</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-top:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cossacks" title="Template:Cossacks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cossacks" title="Template talk:Cossacks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cossacks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cossacks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BChmielnicki.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/BChmielnicki.jpg/200px-BChmielnicki.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/BChmielnicki.jpg/300px-BChmielnicki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/BChmielnicki.jpg/400px-BChmielnicki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Ukrainian Hetman <a href="/wiki/Bohdan_Khmelnytsky" title="Bohdan Khmelnytsky">Bohdan Zinoviy Khmelnytsky</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Partition_of_Ukraine_after_the_Truce_of_Andrusovo_(1667).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Partition_of_Ukraine_after_the_Truce_of_Andrusovo_%281667%29.jpg/200px-Partition_of_Ukraine_after_the_Truce_of_Andrusovo_%281667%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Partition_of_Ukraine_after_the_Truce_of_Andrusovo_%281667%29.jpg/300px-Partition_of_Ukraine_after_the_Truce_of_Andrusovo_%281667%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Partition_of_Ukraine_after_the_Truce_of_Andrusovo_%281667%29.jpg/400px-Partition_of_Ukraine_after_the_Truce_of_Andrusovo_%281667%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1040" data-file-height="753" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">In 1667, the Russo-Polish war ended with the Treaty of Andrusovo, which split the Cossack Hetmanate along the Dnieper River: Left-bank Ukraine to the Tsardom of Russia, while Right-bank Ukraine remained part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hetmans_of_Ukrainian_Cossacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Hetmans of Ukrainian Cossacks">Hetmans of Ukrainian Cossacks</a></div> <p>At the end of the sixteenth century, the commanders of the <a href="/wiki/Zaporozhian_Host" title="Zaporozhian Host">Zaporizhian</a> <a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a> were titled <span title="Ukrainian-language text"><i lang="uk-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Koshovyi_Otaman" class="mw-redirect" title="Koshovyi Otaman">Koshovyi Otaman</a></i></span> or <i>Hetman</i>; <a href="/wiki/Krzysztof_Kosi%C5%84ski" title="Krzysztof Kosiński">Christof Kosynsky</a> was the first <a href="/wiki/Zaporizhian_Cossacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaporizhian Cossacks">Zaporizhian hetman</a>. In 1572, a hetman was a commander of the <a href="/wiki/Registered_Cossacks" title="Registered Cossacks">Registered Cossack Army</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>: <span lang="uk">Реєстрове козацьке військо</span>) of the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a>. From 1648, the start of <a href="/wiki/Bohdan_Khmelnytsky" title="Bohdan Khmelnytsky">Bohdan Khmelnytsky</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Khmelnytsky_Uprising" title="Khmelnytsky Uprising">uprising</a>, a hetman was the head of the whole <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_State" title="Ukrainian State">Ukrainian State</a> — <span title="Ukrainian-language text"><i lang="uk-Latn">Hetmanshchyna</i></span> and heads of the <a href="/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Cossack Hetmanate</a>. As supreme military commanders and lawmakers (by administrative decree), they had very broad powers, although they were elected. </p><p>After the split of <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Dnieper_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Dnieper River">Dnieper River</a> by the 1667 <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Polish</a>–<a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian</a> <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Andrusovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Andrusovo">Treaty of Andrusovo</a>, Ukrainian Cossacks (and Cossack hetmans) became known as Left-bank Cossacks (of the <a href="/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Cossack Hetmanate</a>) and Right-bank Cossacks. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, the office of Cossack Hetman was abolished by <a href="/wiki/Catherine_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Catherine II of Russia">Catherine II of Russia</a> in 1764. The last Hetman of the Zaporozhian Army (the formal title of the hetman of Ukraine) was <a href="/wiki/Kyrylo_Rozumovsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrylo Rozumovsky">Kyrylo Rozumovsky</a>, who reigned from 1751 until 1764.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The title was revived in Ukraine during the revolution of 1917 to 1921. In early 1918, a conservative German-supported <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27etat" class="mw-redirect" title="Coup d'etat">coup</a> overthrew the radical socialist Ukrainian <a href="/wiki/Central_Council_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Council of Ukraine">Central Rada</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="Ukrainian People's Republic">Ukrainian People's Republic</a>, establishing a hetmanate monarchy headed by <a href="/wiki/Pavlo_Skoropadskyi" title="Pavlo Skoropadskyi">Pavlo Skoropadskyi</a>, who claimed the title <i><a href="/wiki/Hetman_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Hetman of Ukraine">Hetman of Ukraine</a></i>. This regime lasted until late 1918, when it was overthrown by a new <a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Ukraine" title="Directorate of Ukraine">Directorate of Ukraine</a>, of a re-established Ukrainian People's Republic. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hetmans_of_Bohemia,_Romania,_and_Moldavia"><span id="Hetmans_of_Bohemia.2C_Romania.2C_and_Moldavia"></span>Hetmans of Bohemia, Romania, and Moldavia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hetman&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Hetmans of Bohemia, Romania, and Moldavia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Used by the <a href="/wiki/Czechs" title="Czechs">Czechs</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Hussite_Wars" title="Hussite Wars">Hussite Wars</a> (15th century) onward, <span title="Czech-language text"><i lang="cs">hejtman</i></span> is today the term for the elected governor of a <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Regions of the Czech Republic">Czech region</a> (<span title="Czech-language text"><i lang="cs">kraj</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For much of the history of <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Moldavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Moldavia">Principality of Moldavia</a>, hetmans were second in rank in the army, after the ruling prince, who held the position of <a href="/wiki/Voivode" title="Voivode">voivode</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hetman&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Other uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Hetman</i> has often been used figuratively to mean 'commander' or simply 'leader'. Examples: </p> <ul><li>"They say there was a whole band of them, and that this bearded man was their elder, the hetman." — <a href="/wiki/Maxim_Gorky" title="Maxim Gorky">Maxim Gorky</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Mother_(Gorky_novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother (Gorky novel)">Mother</a></i> (1906)<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Queen_(chess)" title="Queen (chess)">Queen (chess piece)</a> is called <i>hetman</i> in Polish and coded as <b>H</b> in the <a href="/wiki/Algebraic_notation_(chess)" title="Algebraic notation (chess)">algebraic notation</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hetman&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acting_hetman" title="Acting hetman">Acting hetman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ataman" title="Ataman">Ataman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulawa" title="Bulawa">Bulawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetman%27s_sign" title="Hetman's sign">Hetman's sign</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hetman&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1">"The Cossacks: A super-ethnos in Russia's ribs". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i>. December 21, 1996.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=The+Cossacks%3A+A+super-ethnos+in+Russia%27s+ribs&rft.date=1996-12-21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHetman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cossackweb.narod.ru/cossacks/ataman.htm">"Ataman"</a>. <i>Cossackweb.narod.ru</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 6,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cossackweb.narod.ru&rft.atitle=Ataman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cossackweb.narod.ru%2Fcossacks%2Fataman.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHetman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevensonWaite2011" class="citation book cs1">Stevenson, Angus; Waite, Maurice, eds. (2011). <i>Concise Oxford English Dictionary: Luxury Edition</i> (12 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 669. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199601080" title="Special:BookSources/9780199601080"><bdi>9780199601080</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concise+Oxford+English+Dictionary%3A+Luxury+Edition&rft.pages=669&rft.edition=12&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780199601080&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHetman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParadowski2023" class="citation book cs1">Paradowski, Micha (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_CPpEAAAQBAJ"><i>The Khotyn Campaign of 1621: Polish, Lithuanian and Cossack Armies versus Might of the Ottoman Empire</i></a>. Century of the Soldier. Vol. 107. Helion and Company. p. 209. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1804514993" title="Special:BookSources/978-1804514993"><bdi>978-1804514993</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Khotyn+Campaign+of+1621%3A+Polish%2C+Lithuanian+and+Cossack+Armies+versus+Might+of+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.series=Century+of+the+Soldier&rft.pages=209&rft.pub=Helion+and+Company&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1804514993&rft.aulast=Paradowski&rft.aufirst=Micha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_CPpEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHetman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlokhy2001" class="citation book cs1">Plokhy, Serhii (November 2001). "A Hetman Sent by God". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/book/6208/chapter-abstract/149830224?redirectedFrom=fulltext&login=false#"><i>The Cossacks and Religion in Early Modern Ukraine</i></a>. Oxford Academic.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Hetman+Sent+by+God&rft.btitle=The+Cossacks+and+Religion+in+Early+Modern+Ukraine&rft.pub=Oxford+Academic&rft.date=2001-11&rft.aulast=Plokhy&rft.aufirst=Serhii&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fbook%2F6208%2Fchapter-abstract%2F149830224%3FredirectedFrom%3Dfulltext%26login%3Dfalse%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHetman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"The early history of Kiev". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9781400851515-004/html?lang=en"><i>Kiev</i></a>. Princeton University Press. 1993. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9781400851515-004">10.1515/9781400851515-004</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+early+history+of+Kiev&rft.btitle=Kiev&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9781400851515-004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2F9781400851515-004%2Fhtml%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHetman" class="Z3988"></span>alternate url=<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://assets.press.princeton.edu/chapters/s5285.pdf">https://assets.press.princeton.edu/chapters/s5285.pdf</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eurydice.eacea.ec.europa.eu/national-education-systems/czechia/main-executive-and-legislative-bodies">"Czechia"</a>. European Commission. April 3, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Czechia&rft.pub=European+Commission&rft.date=2024-04-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feurydice.eacea.ec.europa.eu%2Fnational-education-systems%2Fczechia%2Fmain-executive-and-legislative-bodies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHetman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGorky1906" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Maxim_Gorky" title="Maxim Gorky">Gorky, Maxim</a> (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mother00gorkgoog"><i>Mother</i></a>. New York/London: D. Appleton–Century Company. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mother00gorkgoog/page/n410">372</a> – via Internet Archive. <q>They say there was a whole band of them, and that this bearded man was their elder, the hetman.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mother&rft.place=New+York%2FLondon&rft.pages=372&rft.pub=D.+Appleton%E2%80%93Century+Company&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Gorky&rft.aufirst=Maxim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmother00gorkgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHetman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hetman&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hetman" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:hetman">hetman</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hetmans" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Hetmans">Hetmans</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Hetman"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Hetman">"Hetman" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hetman&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHetman" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Highest_military_ranks" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Highest_Military_Ranks" title="Template:Highest Military Ranks"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Highest_Military_Ranks" title="Template talk:Highest Military Ranks"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Highest_Military_Ranks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Highest Military Ranks"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Highest_military_ranks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Highest_military_ranks" title="Highest military ranks">Highest military ranks</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_officer" title="General officer">General officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_officer" title="Flag officer">Flag officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_officer" title="Air officer">Air officer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amir_al-umara" title="Amir al-umara">Amir al-umara</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ataman" title="Ataman">Ataman</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Autokrator" title="Autokrator">Autokrator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beylerbey" title="Beylerbey">Beylerbey</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constable_of_France" title="Constable of France">Constable of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_of_the_Schools" title="Domestic of the Schools">Domestic of the Schools</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dux_bellorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Dux bellorum">Dux bellorum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Domestic" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Domestic">Grand Domestic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator">Imperator</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ispahsalar" title="Ispahsalar">Ispahsalar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magister_militum" title="Magister militum">Magister militum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Megas_doux" title="Megas doux">Megas doux</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polemarch" title="Polemarch">Polemarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_the_Realm_(Denmark)" title="Marshal of the Realm (Denmark)">Rigsmarsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardar" title="Sardar">Sardar</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Serasker" title="Serasker">Serasker</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shogun" title="Shogun">Shōgun</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spahbed" title="Spahbed">Spahbed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparapet" title="Sparapet">Sparapet</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hetman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Admiral_of_the_fleet" title="Admiral of the fleet">Admiral of the fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Admiral_of_the_Navy" title="Admiral of the Navy">Admiral of the Navy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aluf" title="Aluf">Aluf</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dayuanshuai" title="Dayuanshuai">Dayuanshuai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dai-gensui" title="Dai-gensui">Dai-gensui</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_marshal_of_the_empire" title="First marshal of the empire">First marshal of the empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_of_the_Air_Force" title="General of the Air Force">General of the Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_of_the_Armies" title="General of the Armies">General of the Armies</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Generalfeldmarschall" title="Generalfeldmarschall">Generalfeldmarschall</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Generalissimo" title="Generalissimo">Generalissimo</a></i></li> <li>Soviet Union <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Generalissimo_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Generalissimo of the Soviet Union">Generalissimo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Marshal of the Soviet Union">Marshal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_marshal" title="Grand marshal">Grand marshal</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Highest_Commander_of_the_Royal_Thai_Armed_Forces" title="Highest Commander of the Royal Thai Armed Forces">Chom Thap Thai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/General_of_the_Army_(Indonesia)" title="General of the Army (Indonesia)">Jenderal besar</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshal" title="Marshal">Marshal</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mare%C5%9Fal_(Turkey)" title="Mareşal (Turkey)">Mareşal</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_Italy" title="Marshal of Italy">Marshal of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_the_air_force" title="Marshal of the air force">Marshal of the air force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_the_Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Marshal of the Mongolian People's Republic">Marshal of the Mongolian People's Republic</a></li> <li><a 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