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Help of Scents</h1> <figure class="post-thumbnail"> <img width="454" height="605" src="https://howtobook.hypotheses.org/files/2024/07/1-Copy.jpg" class="attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" srcset="https://howtobook.hypotheses.org/files/2024/07/1-Copy.jpg 454w, https://howtobook.hypotheses.org/files/2024/07/1-Copy-225x300.jpg 225w, https://howtobook.hypotheses.org/files/2024/07/1-Copy-375x500.jpg 375w" sizes="(max-width: 454px) 100vw, 454px" style="width:100%;height:133.26%;max-width:454px;" /> <figcaption class="wp-caption-text">Glittering sigil of the Moon from Pseudo-Solomon’s `Les Clavicules de R. Salomon´, 1796. London, Wellcome Collection, Ms. 4670, p. 85.</figcaption> </figure> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p>Today, when we enter an ‘esoteric store’, we not only see books on magic, alchemy, and witchcraft but also encounter various paraphernalia such as clothes or talismans. Other characteristic articles for sale in such stores are incense sticks, to be burnt on a special altar. While the modern tradition of aromatic magic appears to be entirely eclectic, it is surprising that a European magician from the late Middle Ages or the Early Modern period would find themself in a remarkably similar environment.</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>European Grimoires</strong></h2> <p>Grimoires were magic books with instructions on how to create magical objects and how to summon supernatural beings. In the Middle Ages, they were used mainly by the lower ranks of the church hierarchy, as well as students of theology and those who assisted priests — people who were already familiar with Latin and liturgical rites. Magic helped to invoke a demon or angel in order to get gold, health, knowledge, power, or other desired things. Since the European translation of the Arabic grimoire <em>Picatrix</em> in the thirteenth century, mages created a whole world of wondrous accessories: magic books, protective circles, altars, clothes, magic wands, staffs, knives, sickles, pipes, whistles, candles, and other tools, as well as special incenses and suffumigations. In short, a material diversity of how-to formulas unfolds. As we can see, this tradition which is not least an instructional one was formed by a medieval fascination with liturgical ceremonies and a passion for visions.</p> <p>A medieval or early modern magician had to be a Jack of all trades, given that they had to prepare all the utensils and ingredients themself. However, the mage capable of using hundreds of herbs and other ingredients needed for various magical concoctions and fumigations was also a universal man, a polymath, mastering all aspects of nature. Consequently, their grimoire was a book of universal knowledge, similar to the Bible itself, but composed as a tome of endless lists of recipes.</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>First Magical Use of Perfumes in <em>Picatrix</em></strong></h2> <p>Suffumigations were aromatic fumes produced during a magic ritual by burning a special paste formed into pellets. It was an integral part of almost every magic operation. In <em>Picatrix</em>, the suffumigation affects not only the magician but also the spirits of the seven planets. The scents rose vertically to the very top, where the planetary gods were also believed to reside. They could be invoked with aromas: ‘O spirits of Mars, this is your sacrifice! Come, and smell this suffumigation.’ Suffumigations in <em>Picatrix</em> frequently consist of psychoactive substances such as opium or wormwood; other aromas could be foul-smelling or even deadly, such as hemlock. Ingredients were usually somehow associated with the properties of the particular planet’s deity, their colours, or attributes. For example, Saturn, the planet linked with the god of death, was represented by bitter, dangerous, and hallucinogenic substances like asafoetida. Some of the book’s aromatic recipes can be considered pure drug cocktails. The recipes in <em>Picatrix</em> often mention animal or human body parts as components, i.e. wolf’s vulva, black dog’s penis, rabbit cheese, toad brain, hedgehog blood, claw of a leopard, tortoise fat, donkey urine, or dung. Possibly, these ingredients played a purely symbolic role, and there were no instructions about their quantity: one drop of crow’s blood or a small amount of deer’s brain would barely affect the fragrance.</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>New Ways of Aromatic Magic</strong></h2> <figure class="wp-block-image size-large is-resized"><img decoding="async" width="350" height="500" src="https://howtobook.hypotheses.org/files/2024/07/7-350x500.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-1303" style="width:612px;height:auto" srcset="https://howtobook.hypotheses.org/files/2024/07/7-350x500.jpg 350w, https://howtobook.hypotheses.org/files/2024/07/7-210x300.jpg 210w, https://howtobook.hypotheses.org/files/2024/07/7-768x1096.jpg 768w, https://howtobook.hypotheses.org/files/2024/07/7-1076x1536.jpg 1076w, https://howtobook.hypotheses.org/files/2024/07/7-1435x2048.jpg 1435w, https://howtobook.hypotheses.org/files/2024/07/7-1568x2238.jpg 1568w, https://howtobook.hypotheses.org/files/2024/07/7-scaled.jpg 1794w" sizes="(max-width: 350px) 100vw, 350px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">A page with simple perfumes from Pseudo-Solomon’s Les Clavicules de R. Salomon´, 1796. London, Wellcome Collection, Ms. 4670, p. 39.</figcaption></figure> <p>Over time, the logic of aromatic magic evolved. In the thirteenth-century <em>Liber Razielis,</em> we find an entire system of how to summon the spirits with fumes. Some ‘perfumes’ chase away demons, while a pleasant suffumigation attracts good spirits. In the fourteenth-century <em>Sworn Book of Honorius</em> the magician perfumes not only themself or the spirits, but also the magic objects necessary in various rituals. For example, the magic circle was fumed with pearls and the altar was fumigated with incense.</p> <p>Later Solomonic grimoires concentrated on the invocation of various demons, and all types of aromatic magic came together. The function of warding off evil spirits was based on the biblical story of Raphael advising Tobias (who wanted to marry a cursed woman) to pour a perfume made from the liver of a fish onto glowing coals in order to defend himself against the demons. The sweet-smelling ‘perfumes’ were made to attract good spirits. The magician also had to perfume literally almost everything they had – garments, knives, swords, talismans, wax figures and images, magic apples, the grimoire, the room, a special place for work in the mountains, and even their companion, who could be (if not an adult) either a dog or a child.</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Olfactory System of Communication with Spirits</strong></h2> <p>Aromatic magic was closely related to the belief that air was a transmitter of various matters, such as diseases. Therefore, magical suffumigations were believed to affect certain planets, illnesses, and even spirits through the air. This is why many grimoires assumed that certain scents could influence the world around them and advised magicians to prepare suffumigations for every occasion.</p> <p>Different aromas were used by magicians to punish and placate spirits, building a communicative system for expressing desires to angels or demons. Using aromas was one way to materialize spirits or give them more power. This implies a kind of olfactory interaction between the magician and these supernatural beings.</p> <p>In grimoires, it is often mentioned that a magician must smell good to attract good spirits. According to the<em> Sworn Book of Honorius</em>, the Seal of God was fumed with amber, musk, aloe, white and red labdanum, mastic, frankincense, pearls, and incense. In the same period, Italian ambassadors used similar compositions of fragrances and spices when they visited the courts. There could be an interesting parallel between the mage, waiting for the visit of a demon, angel, or God himself, and ambassadors visiting the king. As we can see, aromatic magic was a form of communication, inspired by the existing olfactory traditions at courts, where individuals conveyed their ambitions and attitudes through perfumes.</p> <p class="has-text-align-right"><em>Sergei Zotov</em></p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Further reading</strong></h2> <p>Sergei Zotov, ‘Smelling Good While Conjuring the Spirits, in: Stefan Laube (ed.), <em>Tracts of Action: Material, Visual, and Practical Dimensions of Early Modern How-to Books </em>(Leiden/Boston: Brill, 2024), 237-267, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004683389_012">https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004683389_012</a>.</p> <hr/><div class="citation"><p><span class="citation-title">OpenEdition suggests that you cite this post as follows:</span><br/>Sergei Zotov (July 30, 2024). How To Harness Angelic and Demonic Powers with the Help of Scents. <em>Tracts for Action</em>. 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