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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Etymology_and_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_early_Gupta_veena:_depiction_and_playing_technique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_early_Gupta_veena:_depiction_and_playing_technique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>The early Gupta veena: depiction and playing technique</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_early_Gupta_veena:_depiction_and_playing_technique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Construction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Construction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon 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class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Veena</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 37 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">37 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BE" title="বীণা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বীণা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82)" title="Вина (инструмент) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Вина (инструмент)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vina" title="Vina – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vina" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vina" title="Vina – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vina" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinao" title="Vinao – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vinao" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7" title="وینا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="وینا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%AEn%C3%A2" title="Vînâ – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vînâ" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B5%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%A3%E0%AA%BE" title="વીણા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="વીણા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EB%82%98" title="비나 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="비나" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE" title="वीणा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वीणा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vina" title="Vina – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Vina" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vina_(strumento_musicale)" title="Vina (strumento musicale) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vina (strumento musicale)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%94_(%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%99_%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%94)" title="וינה (כלי נגינה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="וינה (כלי נגינה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A3%E0%B3%86" title="ವೀಣೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವೀಣೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyna" title="Vyna – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vyna" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADna" title="Vína – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vína" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A3" title="വീണ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വീണ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE" title="वीणा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="वीणा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vina_(snaarinstrument)" title="Vina (snaarinstrument) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vina (snaarinstrument)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE" title="वीणा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="वीणा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8A" title="ヴィーナ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヴィーナ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vina" title="Vina – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Vina" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A3%E0%A8%BE" title="ਵੀਣਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵੀਣਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%8E%E1%9E%B6" title="វីណា – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="វីណា" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wina_(instrument)" title="Wina (instrument) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wina (instrument)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vina" title="Vina – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vina" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82)" title="Вина (музыкальный инструмент) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вина (музыкальный инструмент)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veena" title="Veena – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Veena" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vina" title="Vina – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vina" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vina" title="Vina – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vina" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%88" title="வீணை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வீணை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%A3" title="వీణ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వీణ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2" title="วีณา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วีณา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B7)" title="Вина (соз) – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Вина (соз)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vina" title="Vina – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Vina" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82)" title="Віна (музичний інструмент) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Віна (музичний інструмент)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E7%B4%8D%E7%90%B4" title="維納琴 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="維納琴" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q959769#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Veena" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Various chordophone instruments from the Indian subcontinent</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about various Indian musical instruments called <i>veena</i>. For the modern mainstream veena, see <a href="/wiki/Saraswati_veena" title="Saraswati veena">Saraswati veena</a>. For the ancient Indian harp, see <a href="/wiki/Ancient_veena" title="Ancient veena">ancient veena</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Veena_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Veena (disambiguation)">veena (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Veena.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Veena.png/250px-Veena.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Veena.png/375px-Veena.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Veena.png/500px-Veena.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A <a href="/wiki/Saraswati_Veena" class="mw-redirect" title="Saraswati Veena">Saraswati Veena</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #b0c4de"><a href="/wiki/String_instrument" title="String instrument">String instrument</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left">Vina<sup id="cite_ref-britveena_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britveena-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument_classification" title="Musical instrument classification">Classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left"><span></span> <a href="/wiki/String_instruments" class="mw-redirect" title="String instruments">String instruments</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Developed</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left"><i>Veena</i> has applied to stringed instruments in Indian written records since at least 1000 BCE. Instruments using the name have included forms of <a href="/wiki/Arched_harp" title="Arched harp">arched harp</a> and musical bow, lutes, <a href="/wiki/Alpini_vina_and_eka-tantri_vina" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpini vina and eka-tantri vina">medieval stick zithers and tube zithers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pinaka_vina" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinaka vina">bowed chordophones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gottuvadhyam" class="mw-redirect" title="Gottuvadhyam">fretless lutes</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rudra_veena" title="Rudra veena">Rudra bīn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sarasvati_veena" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarasvati veena">Sarasvati veena</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-grovekinnari_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grovekinnari-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #b0c4de"><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">Related instruments</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span></span> <a href="/wiki/Chitra_veena" class="mw-redirect" title="Chitra veena">Chitra veena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_veena" title="Ancient veena">Harp-style veena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mohan_veena" title="Mohan veena">Mohan veena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rudra_veena" title="Rudra veena">Rudra veena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saraswati_veena" title="Saraswati veena">Saraswati veena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vichitra_veena" title="Vichitra veena">Vichitra veena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarod" title="Sarod">Sarod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sitar" title="Sitar">Sitar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surbahar" title="Surbahar">Surbahar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sursingar" title="Sursingar">Sursingar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tambouras" title="Tambouras">Tambouras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanpura" title="Tanpura">Tambura</a>,</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #b0c4de">Sound sample</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span></span> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="813" data-mwtitle="Kiravani-L_Ramakrishnan.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Kiravani-L_Ramakrishnan.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Kiravani-L_Ramakrishnan.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d5/Kiravani-L_Ramakrishnan.ogg/Kiravani-L_Ramakrishnan.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption>A veena improvisation (2004)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="509" data-mwtitle="Shri_Nilotpala_Nayike,_rendered_on_the_Veena_by_L_Ramakishnan.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Shri_Nilotpala_Nayike,_rendered_on_the_Veena_by_L_Ramakishnan.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/Shri_Nilotpala_Nayike%2C_rendered_on_the_Veena_by_L_Ramakishnan.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/39/Shri_Nilotpala_Nayike%2C_rendered_on_the_Veena_by_L_Ramakishnan.ogg/Shri_Nilotpala_Nayike%2C_rendered_on_the_Veena_by_L_Ramakishnan.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption>A veena kushree</figcaption></figure></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <i><b>veena</b></i>, also spelled <i><b>vina</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <span lang="sa">वीणा</span> <a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>: vīṇā), is any of various <a href="/wiki/Chordophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Chordophone">chordophone</a> instruments from the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hastvina_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hastvina-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ancient musical instruments evolved into many variations, such as <a href="/wiki/Lute" title="Lute">lutes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zither" title="Zither">zithers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arched_harp" title="Arched harp">arched harps</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-britveena_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britveena-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The many regional designs have different names such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Rudra_veena" title="Rudra veena">Rudra veena</a></i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Saraswati_veena" title="Saraswati veena">Saraswati veena</a></i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Vichitra_veena" title="Vichitra veena">Vichitra veena</a></i> and others.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sanyal24_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sanyal24-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The North Indian <i>rudra veena</i>, used in <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_classical_music" title="Hindustani classical music">Hindustani classical music</a>, is a <a href="/wiki/Stick_zither" class="mw-redirect" title="Stick zither">stick zither</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-britveena_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britveena-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 3.5 to 4 <a href="/wiki/Foot_(unit)" title="Foot (unit)">feet</a> (1 to 1.2 meters) long to fit the measurements of the musician, it has a hollow body and two large resonating gourds, one under each end.<sup id="cite_ref-sanyal24_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sanyal24-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has four main strings which are melodic, and three auxiliary drone strings.<sup id="cite_ref-britveena_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britveena-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To play, the musician plucks the melody strings downward with a <a href="/wiki/Plectrum" title="Plectrum">plectrum</a> worn on the first and second fingers, while the <a href="/wiki/Drone_(sound)" title="Drone (sound)">drone strings</a> are strummed with the little finger of the playing hand. The musician stops the resonating strings, when so desired, with the fingers of the free hand. In modern times the veena has been generally replaced with the <a href="/wiki/Sitar" title="Sitar">sitar</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North Indian</a> performances.<sup id="cite_ref-britveena_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britveena-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hastvina_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hastvina-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South Indian</a> <i>Saraswati veena</i>, used in <a href="/wiki/Carnatic_classical_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnatic classical music">Carnatic classical music</a>, is a lute. It is a long-necked, pear-shaped lute, but instead of the lower gourd of the North Indian design, it has a pear-shaped wooden piece. However it, too, has 24 <a href="/wiki/Fret" title="Fret">frets</a>, four melody strings, and three drone strings, and is played similarly. It remains an important and popular string instrument in classical <a href="/wiki/Carnatic_music" title="Carnatic music">Carnatic music</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-britveena_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britveena-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002753–754_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002753–754-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERandel2003819–820_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERandel2003819–820-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a fretted, plucked lute, the veena can produce pitches in a full three-octave range.<sup id="cite_ref-hastvina_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hastvina-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The long, hollow neck design of these Indian instruments allows <a href="/wiki/Portamento" title="Portamento">portamento</a> effects and legato ornaments found in Indian <i><a href="/wiki/Raga" title="Raga">ragas</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERandel2003819–820_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERandel2003819–820-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been a popular instrument in <a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_music" title="Indian classical music">Indian classical music</a>, and one revered in the Indian culture by its inclusion in the iconography of <a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_goddess" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu goddess">Hindu goddess</a> of arts and learning.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002753–754_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002753–754-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_history">Etymology and history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veena&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology and history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><i>See: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_veena" title="Ancient veena">Ancient veena</a></i> :<i>See: <a href="/wiki/History_of_lute-family_instruments" title="History of lute-family instruments">History of lute-family instruments</a></i></dd></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:402px;max-width:402px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader" style="text-align:center">Historical vinas, harp, lute and stick zither</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:132px;max-width:132px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plaque_with_a_Dancer_and_a_Vina_Player_1st_century_B.C.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Plaque with harp vina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Plaque_with_a_Dancer_and_a_Vina_Player_1st_century_B.C.jpg/130px-Plaque_with_a_Dancer_and_a_Vina_Player_1st_century_B.C.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Plaque_with_a_Dancer_and_a_Vina_Player_1st_century_B.C.jpg/195px-Plaque_with_a_Dancer_and_a_Vina_Player_1st_century_B.C.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Plaque_with_a_Dancer_and_a_Vina_Player_1st_century_B.C.jpg/260px-Plaque_with_a_Dancer_and_a_Vina_Player_1st_century_B.C.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Plaque with a dancer and a <a href="/wiki/Veena_(harp)" class="mw-redirect" title="Veena (harp)">veena (harp)</a> player 1st century B.C.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:132px;max-width:132px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kinnara_with_kachchapa_veena,_part_of_the_Bodhisattva_Padmapani,_Cave_1,_Ajanta,_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="painting of kachappi veena from circa 450 CE" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Kinnara_with_kachchapa_veena%2C_part_of_the_Bodhisattva_Padmapani%2C_Cave_1%2C_Ajanta%2C_India.jpg/130px-Kinnara_with_kachchapa_veena%2C_part_of_the_Bodhisattva_Padmapani%2C_Cave_1%2C_Ajanta%2C_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Kinnara_with_kachchapa_veena%2C_part_of_the_Bodhisattva_Padmapani%2C_Cave_1%2C_Ajanta%2C_India.jpg/195px-Kinnara_with_kachchapa_veena%2C_part_of_the_Bodhisattva_Padmapani%2C_Cave_1%2C_Ajanta%2C_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Kinnara_with_kachchapa_veena%2C_part_of_the_Bodhisattva_Padmapani%2C_Cave_1%2C_Ajanta%2C_India.jpg/260px-Kinnara_with_kachchapa_veena%2C_part_of_the_Bodhisattva_Padmapani%2C_Cave_1%2C_Ajanta%2C_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="557" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">India, ca. 450-490 CE, <a href="/wiki/Ajanta_Caves" title="Ajanta Caves">Ajanta Caves</a>. A <i><a href="/wiki/Kinnara" title="Kinnara">Kinnara</a></i> holding a lute-type veena, possibly a <i>kacchapī veena</i> (Sanskrit for "tortoise veena").<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No description survives to go with name.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:132px;max-width:132px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Embekke_Temple,_Carving_of_a_Kinnari_0557.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="stick zither veena in the hands of a Kinnari" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Embekke_Temple%2C_Carving_of_a_Kinnari_0557.jpg/130px-Embekke_Temple%2C_Carving_of_a_Kinnari_0557.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Embekke_Temple%2C_Carving_of_a_Kinnari_0557.jpg/195px-Embekke_Temple%2C_Carving_of_a_Kinnari_0557.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Embekke_Temple%2C_Carving_of_a_Kinnari_0557.jpg/260px-Embekke_Temple%2C_Carving_of_a_Kinnari_0557.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2001" data-file-height="1941" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Embekka_Devalaya" title="Embekka Devalaya">Embekka Devalaya</a> temple, Sri Lanka. A <a href="/wiki/Kinnari" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinnari">Kinnari</a> holds an <a href="/wiki/%C4%80l%C4%81p%C4%ABni_v%C4%ABn%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ālāpīni vīnī">ālāpīni vīnī</a>, a type of <a href="/wiki/Stick-zither" class="mw-redirect" title="Stick-zither">stick-zither</a> with a half gourd used for the resonator.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> word <i>veena</i> (<span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE" class="extiw" title="wikt:वीणा">वीणा</a></span></span>) in ancient and medieval Indian literature is a generic term for plucked string musical instruments. It is mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a> and other Vedic literature such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Shatapatha_Brahmana" title="Shatapatha Brahmana">Shatapatha Brahmana</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Samhita" class="mw-redirect" title="Taittiriya Samhita">Taittiriya Samhita</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-mmw1005_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mmw1005-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowell201533,_86–87,_115–116_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowell201533,_86–87,_115–116-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the ancient texts, <a href="/wiki/Narada" title="Narada">Narada</a> is credited with inventing the <i>Tampura</i>, described as a seven-string instrument with frets.<sup id="cite_ref-mmw1005_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mmw1005-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Miner2004p26_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miner2004p26-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Suneera Kasliwal, a professor of music, in the ancient texts such as the <i>Rigveda</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></i> (both pre-1000 BCE), as well as the <a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a> (c. 800–300 BCE), a string instrument is called <i>vana</i>, a term that evolved to become <i>veena</i>. The early Sanskrit texts call any stringed instrument <i>vana</i>; these include bowed, plucked, one string, many strings, fretted, non-fretted, zither, lute or harp lyre-style string instruments.<sup id="cite_ref-Kasliwal2004_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kasliwal2004-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETe_Nijenhuis197417–22_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETe_Nijenhuis197417–22-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeck1993108–112_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeck1993108–112-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A person who plays a veena is called a <i>vainika</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a></i> by Bharata Muni, the oldest surviving ancient Hindu text on classical music and performance arts, discusses the <i>veena</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Liu2016p131_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liu2016p131-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This Sanskrit text, probably complete between 200 BCE and 200 CE,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELidova2014_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELidova2014-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> begins its discussion by stating that "the human throat is a <i>sareer veena</i>, or a body's musical string instrument" when it is perfected, and that the source of <i>gandharva</i> music is such a throat, a string instrument and flute.<sup id="cite_ref-Liu2016p131_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liu2016p131-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same metaphor of human voice organ being a form of <i>veena</i>, is also found in more ancient texts of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, such as in verse 3.2.5 of the <i>Aitareya <a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></i>, verse 8.9 of the <i>Shankhayana Aranyaka</i> and others.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowell201533,_86–87,_115–116_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowell201533,_86–87,_115–116-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeck1993108–112_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeck1993108–112-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Baumer1988p135_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baumer1988p135-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ancient epic <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i> describes the sage Narada as a Vedic sage famed as a "vina player".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalal2014272–273_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalal2014272–273-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Natya Shastra</i> describes a seven-string instrument and other string instruments in 35 verses,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowell2015114–116_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowell2015114–116-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and then explains how the instrument should be played.<sup id="cite_ref-Miner2004p26_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miner2004p26-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowell201598–104_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowell201598–104-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The technique of performance suggests that the veena in Bharata Muni's time was quite different than the zither or the lute that became popular after the <i>Natya Shastra</i> was complete. The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_veena" title="Ancient veena">ancient veena</a>, according to Allyn Miner and other scholars, was closer to an <a href="/wiki/Arched_harp" title="Arched harp">arched harp</a>. The earliest lute and zither style veena playing musicians are evidenced in Hindu and Buddhist cave temple reliefs in the early centuries of the common era. Similarly, Indian sculptures from the mid-1st millennium CE depict musicians playing string instruments.<sup id="cite_ref-Miner2004p26_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miner2004p26-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By about the 6th century CE, the goddess Saraswati sculptures are predominantly with veena of the zither-style, similar to modern styles.<sup id="cite_ref-ludvik227_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ludvik227-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_early_Gupta_veena:_depiction_and_playing_technique">The early Gupta veena: depiction and playing technique</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veena&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The early Gupta veena: depiction and playing technique"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samudragupta_Circa_335-380_CE_Lyrist_type.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Samudragupta_Circa_335-380_CE_Lyrist_type.jpg/250px-Samudragupta_Circa_335-380_CE_Lyrist_type.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Samudragupta_Circa_335-380_CE_Lyrist_type.jpg/375px-Samudragupta_Circa_335-380_CE_Lyrist_type.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Samudragupta_Circa_335-380_CE_Lyrist_type.jpg/500px-Samudragupta_Circa_335-380_CE_Lyrist_type.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="377" /></a><figcaption>Coin ca. 335-380 CE. (Front side) Samudragupta seated left on a low couch or throne, playing veena set on his knees. (Reverse side) Lakshmi seated left on wicker stool, holding diadem and cornucopia.</figcaption></figure> <p>One of the early veenas used in India from early times until the <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta</a> period was an instrument of the <a href="/wiki/Harp" title="Harp">harp</a> type, and more precisely of the <a href="/wiki/Arched_harp" title="Arched harp">arched harp</a>. It was played with the strings kept parallel to the body of the player, with both hands plucking the strings, as shown on <a href="/wiki/Samudragupta" title="Samudragupta">Samudragupta</a>'s gold coins.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Veena Cave at <a href="/wiki/Udayagiri_Caves" title="Udayagiri Caves">Udayagiri</a> has one of the earliest visual depictions of a veena player, considered to be Samudragupta. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Construction">Construction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veena&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:569px;max-width:569px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader" style="text-align:center">Saraswati and the vina</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:132px;max-width:132px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Raja_Ravi_Varma,_Goddess_Saraswati.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The Hindu goddess Saraswati with a veena" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Raja_Ravi_Varma%2C_Goddess_Saraswati.jpg/130px-Raja_Ravi_Varma%2C_Goddess_Saraswati.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Raja_Ravi_Varma%2C_Goddess_Saraswati.jpg/195px-Raja_Ravi_Varma%2C_Goddess_Saraswati.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Raja_Ravi_Varma%2C_Goddess_Saraswati.jpg/260px-Raja_Ravi_Varma%2C_Goddess_Saraswati.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7953" data-file-height="10936" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">1896. Saraswati with a southern style "Saraswati veena" instrument.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:153px;max-width:153px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saraswati_with_b%C4%ABn_on_white_bird.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The Hindu Goddess Saraswati riding a white bird and holding a bīn (rudra vīnā)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Saraswati_with_b%C4%ABn_on_white_bird.jpg/151px-Saraswati_with_b%C4%ABn_on_white_bird.jpg" decoding="async" width="151" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Saraswati_with_b%C4%ABn_on_white_bird.jpg/227px-Saraswati_with_b%C4%ABn_on_white_bird.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Saraswati_with_b%C4%ABn_on_white_bird.jpg/302px-Saraswati_with_b%C4%ABn_on_white_bird.jpg 2x" data-file-width="409" data-file-height="568" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Ca. 1700. Saraswati riding a white bird and holding a northern style bīn (<a href="/wiki/Rudra_v%C4%ABn%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudra vīnā">rudra vīnā</a>).</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:104px;max-width:104px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saraswati_with_an_alapini_vina,_from_a_larger_image_God_Vishnu_with_Goddesses_Lakshmi_and_Sarasvati.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Saraswati with an ālāpiṇī vīṇā" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Saraswati_with_an_alapini_vina%2C_from_a_larger_image_God_Vishnu_with_Goddesses_Lakshmi_and_Sarasvati.jpg/102px-Saraswati_with_an_alapini_vina%2C_from_a_larger_image_God_Vishnu_with_Goddesses_Lakshmi_and_Sarasvati.jpg" decoding="async" width="102" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Saraswati_with_an_alapini_vina%2C_from_a_larger_image_God_Vishnu_with_Goddesses_Lakshmi_and_Sarasvati.jpg/153px-Saraswati_with_an_alapini_vina%2C_from_a_larger_image_God_Vishnu_with_Goddesses_Lakshmi_and_Sarasvati.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Saraswati_with_an_alapini_vina%2C_from_a_larger_image_God_Vishnu_with_Goddesses_Lakshmi_and_Sarasvati.jpg/204px-Saraswati_with_an_alapini_vina%2C_from_a_larger_image_God_Vishnu_with_Goddesses_Lakshmi_and_Sarasvati.jpg 2x" data-file-width="463" data-file-height="952" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Bangladesh, 10th-12th century CE Saraswati with an <i><a href="/wiki/%C4%80l%C4%81pi%E1%B9%87%C4%AB_v%C4%AB%E1%B9%87%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Ālāpiṇī vīṇā">ālāpiṇī vīṇā</a></i>.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saraswati_Third_Century_AD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Saraswati Third Century CE with harp Veena" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Saraswati_Third_Century_AD.jpg/170px-Saraswati_Third_Century_AD.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Saraswati_Third_Century_AD.jpg/255px-Saraswati_Third_Century_AD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Saraswati_Third_Century_AD.jpg/340px-Saraswati_Third_Century_AD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="397" data-file-height="445" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Saraswati, 3rd century CE with harp-style veena. Variations included the <i>chitra vīṇā</i> with seven strings and <i><a href="/wiki/Vipanchi_v%C4%AB%E1%B9%87%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Vipanchi vīṇā">vipanchi vīṇā</a></i> with 9 strings. <a href="/wiki/Chitra_veena" class="mw-redirect" title="Chitra veena">Chitra veena</a> refers to another instrument today.</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The Hindu Goddess <a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a> has been pictured holding different veenas over the centuries. The oldest known Saraswati-like relief carvings are from <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> archaeological sites dated to 200 BCE, where she holds a harp-style veena.<sup id="cite_ref-ludvik227_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ludvik227-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div> <p>At a first glance, the difference between the North and South Indian design is the presence of two resonant gourds in the North, while in the South, instead of the lower gourd there is a pear-shaped wooden body attached. However, there are other differences, and many similarities.<sup id="cite_ref-britveena_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britveena-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern designs use fiberglass or other materials instead of hollowed jackwood and gourds.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENettl_et_al.1998352–355_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENettl_et_al.1998352–355-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The construction is personalized to the musician's body proportions so that she can hold and play it comfortably. It ranges from about 3.5 to 4 feet (1 to 1.2 meters). The body is made of special wood and is hollow. Both designs have four melody strings, three drone strings and twenty-four frets.<sup id="cite_ref-britveena_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britveena-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hastvina_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hastvina-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sanyal24_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sanyal24-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The instrument's end is generally tastefully shaped such as a <a href="/wiki/Swan" title="Swan">swan</a> and the external surfaces colorfully decorated with traditional Indian designs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENettl_et_al.1998352–355_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENettl_et_al.1998352–355-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The melody strings are tuned in <i>c' g c G</i> (the tonic, the fifth, the octave and the fourth<sup id="cite_ref-alainrudra_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alainrudra-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), from which <i>sarani</i> (chanterelle) is frequently used.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERandel2003819–820_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERandel2003819–820-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The drone strings are tuned in <i>c" g' c'</i> (the double octave, the tonic and the octave<sup id="cite_ref-alainrudra_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alainrudra-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). The drones are typically used to create rhythmic <i><a href="/wiki/Tanam" title="Tanam">tanams</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_music" title="Indian classical music">Indian classical music</a> and to express harmony with clapped <i><a href="/wiki/Tala_(music)" title="Tala (music)">tala</a></i> of the piece.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERandel2003819–820_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERandel2003819–820-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main string is called <i>Nāyakī Tār</i> (नायकी तार), and in the Sarasvati veena it is on the onlooked's left side.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaudhurī200079_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaudhurī200079-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The instrument is played with three fingers of the right (dominant) hand, struck inward or outward with a bent-wire plectrum (a "mizrab"). The index and second fingers strike inward on the melody string, alternating between notes, and the little finger strikes outward on the sympathetic strings. </p><p>The <i>bola</i> alphabets struck in the North Indian veena are <i>da, ga, ra</i> on the main strings, and many others by a combination of fingers and other strings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaudhurī200026–27_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaudhurī200026–27-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowell2015153–164_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowell2015153–164-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The veena settings and tuning may be fixed or adjusted by loosening the pegs, to perform <i>Dhruva</i> from fixed and <i>Cala</i> with loosened pegs such that the second string and first string coincide.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaudhurī2000111–113_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaudhurī2000111–113-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the earliest description of the terminology currently used for veena construction, modification and operation appears in <i>Sangita Cudamani</i> by Govinda.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGautam19939_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGautam19939-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veena&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:500px;max-width:500px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:92px;max-width:92px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saraswati_holding_an_Eka-tantri_vina,_ca._1000_C.E.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Saraswati with an Eka-tantri vina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Saraswati_holding_an_Eka-tantri_vina%2C_ca._1000_C.E.jpg/90px-Saraswati_holding_an_Eka-tantri_vina%2C_ca._1000_C.E.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Saraswati_holding_an_Eka-tantri_vina%2C_ca._1000_C.E.jpg/135px-Saraswati_holding_an_Eka-tantri_vina%2C_ca._1000_C.E.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Saraswati_holding_an_Eka-tantri_vina%2C_ca._1000_C.E.jpg/180px-Saraswati_holding_an_Eka-tantri_vina%2C_ca._1000_C.E.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1029" data-file-height="2217" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Saraswati holding an <a href="/wiki/Eka-tantri_vina" class="mw-redirect" title="Eka-tantri vina">Eka-tantri vina</a>, ca. 1000 CE</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:170px;max-width:170px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:One_type_of_Veena,_cithare_sur_tube_%22Bin%22_at_Mus%C3%A9e_de_la_musique,_Philharmonie_de_Paris.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Rudra veena" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/One_type_of_Veena%2C_cithare_sur_tube_%22Bin%22_at_Mus%C3%A9e_de_la_musique%2C_Philharmonie_de_Paris.jpg/168px-One_type_of_Veena%2C_cithare_sur_tube_%22Bin%22_at_Mus%C3%A9e_de_la_musique%2C_Philharmonie_de_Paris.jpg" decoding="async" width="168" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/One_type_of_Veena%2C_cithare_sur_tube_%22Bin%22_at_Mus%C3%A9e_de_la_musique%2C_Philharmonie_de_Paris.jpg/252px-One_type_of_Veena%2C_cithare_sur_tube_%22Bin%22_at_Mus%C3%A9e_de_la_musique%2C_Philharmonie_de_Paris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/One_type_of_Veena%2C_cithare_sur_tube_%22Bin%22_at_Mus%C3%A9e_de_la_musique%2C_Philharmonie_de_Paris.jpg/336px-One_type_of_Veena%2C_cithare_sur_tube_%22Bin%22_at_Mus%C3%A9e_de_la_musique%2C_Philharmonie_de_Paris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="779" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">A <i><a href="/wiki/Rudra_veena" title="Rudra veena">rudra veena</a></i>, now at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mus%C3%A9e_de_la_Musique_(Paris).&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Musée de la Musique (Paris). (page does not exist)">Musée de la Musique (Paris).</a> The frets are held to the body by a black wax.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:232px;max-width:232px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kinnari_vina,_19th_century_C.E.,_from_the_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Kinnari vina, 19th century CE, from the Metropolitan Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Kinnari_vina%2C_19th_century_C.E.%2C_from_the_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art.jpg/230px-Kinnari_vina%2C_19th_century_C.E.%2C_from_the_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Kinnari_vina%2C_19th_century_C.E.%2C_from_the_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art.jpg/345px-Kinnari_vina%2C_19th_century_C.E.%2C_from_the_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Kinnari_vina%2C_19th_century_C.E.%2C_from_the_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art.jpg/460px-Kinnari_vina%2C_19th_century_C.E.%2C_from_the_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art.jpg 2x" data-file-width="928" data-file-height="385" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><i><a href="/wiki/Kinnari_vina" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinnari vina">Kinnari vina</a></i>, 19th century CE, from the Metropolitan Museum of Art.</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The eka-tantri developed from the alapini veena. It was longer and had a larger gourd. Over time gourds were added and the instrument may have developed into the rudra veena and the kinnari veena.</div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:484px;max-width:484px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:132px;max-width:132px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pinaka_vina.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Saraswati with an ālāpiṇī vīṇā" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Pinaka_vina.jpg/130px-Pinaka_vina.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Pinaka_vina.jpg/195px-Pinaka_vina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Pinaka_vina.jpg/260px-Pinaka_vina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="809" data-file-height="1156" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">India, early 19th century. <i><a href="/wiki/Pinaka_veena" title="Pinaka veena">Pinaka veena</a></i>. Stick used on string as a slide, to choose notes.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:174px;max-width:174px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pandit_Gopal_Krishan.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Vichitra veena" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Pandit_Gopal_Krishan.png/172px-Pandit_Gopal_Krishan.png" decoding="async" width="172" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Pandit_Gopal_Krishan.png/258px-Pandit_Gopal_Krishan.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Pandit_Gopal_Krishan.png/344px-Pandit_Gopal_Krishan.png 2x" data-file-width="545" data-file-height="587" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><i>Vichitra veena</i>, uses a slide to choose notes instead of frets.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Concert_de_Raghunath_Manet_pour_le_Tibet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="saraswati veena" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Concert_de_Raghunath_Manet_pour_le_Tibet.jpg/170px-Concert_de_Raghunath_Manet_pour_le_Tibet.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Concert_de_Raghunath_Manet_pour_le_Tibet.jpg/255px-Concert_de_Raghunath_Manet_pour_le_Tibet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Concert_de_Raghunath_Manet_pour_le_Tibet.jpg/340px-Concert_de_Raghunath_Manet_pour_le_Tibet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Saraswati veena</div></div></div></div></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mayuri.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Mayuri.jpg/200px-Mayuri.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Mayuri.jpg/300px-Mayuri.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Mayuri.jpg/400px-Mayuri.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mayuri_veena" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayuri veena">Mayuri veena</a>, 1903</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Mohan_Veena,_string_musical_instruments_of_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/A_Mohan_Veena%2C_string_musical_instruments_of_India.jpg/220px-A_Mohan_Veena%2C_string_musical_instruments_of_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/A_Mohan_Veena%2C_string_musical_instruments_of_India.jpg/330px-A_Mohan_Veena%2C_string_musical_instruments_of_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/A_Mohan_Veena%2C_string_musical_instruments_of_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="427" data-file-height="288" /></a><figcaption>A <i><a href="/wiki/Mohan_veena" title="Mohan veena">Mohan veena</a></i>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Naga_Veena.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Naga_Veena.jpg/220px-Naga_Veena.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Naga_Veena.jpg/330px-Naga_Veena.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Naga_Veena.jpg/440px-Naga_Veena.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Modern recreations of Naga veena (1957) and Kachyapi vina (1957)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nagula_Veena.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Nagula_Veena.jpg/220px-Nagula_Veena.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Nagula_Veena.jpg/330px-Nagula_Veena.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Nagula_Veena.jpg/440px-Nagula_Veena.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>Modern recreation of Nagula vina</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pullavan_Veenai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Pullavan_Veenai.jpg/220px-Pullavan_Veenai.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Pullavan_Veenai.jpg/330px-Pullavan_Veenai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Pullavan_Veenai.jpg/440px-Pullavan_Veenai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>Pulluva vina used by the <a href="/wiki/Pulluvan" title="Pulluvan">Pulluvan tribals</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> in religious ceremony and <a href="/wiki/Pulluvan_paattu" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulluvan paattu">Pulluvan paattu</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Being a generic name for any string instrument, there are numerous types of veena.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartinez2001127–128_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartinez2001127–128-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some significant ones are: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rudra_veena" title="Rudra veena">Rudra veena</a></i> is a fretted veena, with two large equal size tumba (resonators) below a stick zither.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESorrellNarayan198048–49_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESorrellNarayan198048–49-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This instrument is played by laying it slanting with one gourd on a knee and other above the shoulder.<sup id="cite_ref-alainrudra_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alainrudra-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kasliwal116_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kasliwal116-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mythology states that this instrument was created by god <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESorrellNarayan198048–49_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESorrellNarayan198048–49-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It may be a post-6th century medieval era invention.<sup id="cite_ref-kasliwal116_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kasliwal116-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Alain_Dani%C3%A9lou" title="Alain Daniélou">Alain Daniélou</a>, this instrument is more ancient, and its older known versions from 6th to 10th century had just one resonator with the seven strings made from different metals.<sup id="cite_ref-alainrudra_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alainrudra-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saraswati_veena" title="Saraswati veena">Saraswati veena</a></i> is another fretted veena, and one highly revered in Indian traditions, particularly Hinduism. This is often pictured, shown as two resonators of different size. Previously known as <i>Raghunatha veena</i>, during the period of King Raghunatha Nayaka. This is played by holding it at about a 45-degree angle across one's body, and the smaller gourd over the musician's left thigh. This instrument is related to an ancient instrument of South India, around the region now called <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, where the ancient version is called Nanthuni or Nanduruni.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vichitra_veena" title="Vichitra veena">Vichitra veena</a></i> and <i>Chitra veena</i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Gottuvadhyam" class="mw-redirect" title="Gottuvadhyam">gottuvadhyam</a></i> do not have frets. It sounds close to humming human singer. The Vichitra veena is played with a piece of ovoid or round glass, which is used to stop the strings to create delicate musical ornaments and slides during a performance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESorrellNarayan198048–49_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESorrellNarayan198048–49-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sitar" title="Sitar">Sitar</a></i> is a Persian word meaning three strings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaudhurī2000179_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaudhurī2000179-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Legends state that Amir Khusro of <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a> renamed the <a href="/wiki/Tritantri_veena" title="Tritantri veena">Tritantri veena</a> to sitar, but this is unlikely because the list of musical instruments created by Akbar historians makes no mention of sitar or sitariya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaudhurī200065_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaudhurī200065-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sitar has been popular with Indian Muslim musicians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaudhurī200066_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaudhurī200066-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Surbahar" title="Surbahar">Surbahar</a></i> the base tuned version of the Sitar, created due to the fact that Sitar players wanted to play a base tune like that of the Saraswati veena.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C4%80l%C4%81pi%E1%B9%87%C4%AB_v%C4%AB%E1%B9%87%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Ālāpiṇī vīṇā">Ālāpiṇī vīṇā</a></i>. Historical. A one string <a href="/wiki/Stick_zither" class="mw-redirect" title="Stick zither">stick-zither</a> style veena, shorter than the one string <i><a href="/wiki/Eka-tantri_vina" class="mw-redirect" title="Eka-tantri vina">Eka-tantri vina</a></i>. It had one half-gourd resonator, which was pressed into the player's chest while plucking the string.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bobbili_Veena" class="mw-redirect" title="Bobbili Veena">Bobbili Veena</a></i>, a specialized Saraswati veena, carved from a single piece of wood. Named for <a href="/wiki/Bobbili" title="Bobbili">Bobbili</a> in <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>, where the instrument originated.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chitra_veena" class="mw-redirect" title="Chitra veena">Chitra veena</a></i>, a modern 21-string fretless lute, also called <i>Gottuvadhyam</i> or <i>Kotuvadya</i>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ancient_veena" title="Ancient veena">Chitra veena</a>, a 7-string <a href="/wiki/Arched_harp" title="Arched harp">arched harp</a>, mainstream from ancient times until about the 5th century CE.</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Krachappi" title="Krachappi">Kachapi veena</a></i>, now called <i>Kachua sitar</i>, built with a wooden model of a <a href="/wiki/Turtle" title="Turtle">turtle</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tortoise" title="Tortoise">tortoise</a> as a resonator.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaudhurī2000179_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaudhurī2000179-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kinnari_veena" title="Kinnari veena">Kinnari veena</a></i>, one of three veena types mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Sangita_Ratnakara" title="Sangita Ratnakara">Sangita Ratnakara</a> (written 1210–1247 CE) by <a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81r%E1%B9%85gadeva" title="Śārṅgadeva">Śārṅgadeva</a>. The other two mentioned were the <i><a href="/wiki/%C4%80l%C4%81pi%E1%B9%87%C4%AB_v%C4%AB%E1%B9%87%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Ālāpiṇī vīṇā">Ālāpiṇī vīṇā</a></i> and the <i>Eka-tantri vina</i>. Tube zither with multiple gourds for resonators.<sup id="cite_ref-grovekinnari_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grovekinnari-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In surviving museum examples, the center gourd is open where it presses against the player's chest, like the <a href="/wiki/Kse_diev" title="Kse diev">Kse diev</a> or <a href="/wiki/%C4%80l%C4%81pi%E1%B9%87%C4%AB_v%C4%AB%E1%B9%87%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Ālāpiṇī vīṇā">Ālāpiṇī vīṇā</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pinaki_veena" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinaki veena">Pinaki veena</a></i>, related to <i><a href="/wiki/Sarangi" title="Sarangi">Sarangi</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaudhurī2000177_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaudhurī2000177-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historical. A bowed Veena, resembling the rudra veena. The notes were picked by moving a stick or coconut shell along the string.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulluva_veena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pulluva veena (page does not exist)">Pulluva veena</a></i>, used by the Pulluvan tribe of <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> in religious ceremonies and <i>Pulluvan pāttu</i>.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mattakokila_v%C4%AB%E1%B9%87%C4%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mattakokila vīṇā (page does not exist)">Mattakokila vīṇā</a></i> (meaning "intoxicated cuckoo"), a 21-string instrument, mentioned in literature, type unproven. Possibly an <a href="/wiki/Ancient_veena" title="Ancient veena">ancient veena</a> (arched harp) or a <a href="/wiki/Board_zither" class="mw-redirect" title="Board zither">board zither</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-grovekinnari_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grovekinnari-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-grovematto_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grovematto-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-grovesurman_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grovesurman-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mohan_veena" title="Mohan veena">Mohan veena</a></i>, A modified <a href="/wiki/Sarod" title="Sarod">sarod</a>, created by sarod player <a href="/wiki/Radhika_Mohan_Maitra" title="Radhika Mohan Maitra">Radhika Mohan Maitra</a> in the 1940s. Made out of a modified Hawaiian guitar and a sarod.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mayuri_veena" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayuri veena">Mayuri veena</a></i>, Also called <i><a href="/wiki/Taus_(instrument)" title="Taus (instrument)">Taus</a></i> (derived from <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> <i>tawwus</i> meaning, peacock), an instrument with the carving of a <a href="/wiki/Indian_peafowl" title="Indian peafowl">peacock</a> as a resonator, decorated with genuine peacock feathers.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mukha_veena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mukha veena (page does not exist)">Mukha veena</a></i>, A blowing instrument.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naga_veena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naga veena (page does not exist)">Naga veena</a></i>, An instrument with the carving of a <a href="/wiki/Indian_cobra" title="Indian cobra">snake</a> for decoration.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nagula_veena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nagula veena (page does not exist)">Nagula veena</a></i>, An instrument with no resonator.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shatatantri_veena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shatatantri veena (page does not exist)">Shatatantri veena</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Santoor" title="Santoor">Santoor</a></i>),</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gayatri_veena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gayatri veena (page does not exist)">Gayatri veena</a></i> (with one string only)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saptatantri_veena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saptatantri veena (page does not exist)">Saptatantri veena</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ranjan_veena" title="Ranjan veena">Ranjan veena</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sagar_veena" title="Sagar veena">Sagar veena</a></i>, a Pakistani instrument, created in 1970 by prominent Pakistani lawyer <a href="/wiki/Raza_Kazim" title="Raza Kazim">Raza Kazim</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saradiya_veena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saradiya veena (page does not exist)">Saradiya veena</a></i>, now called <i><a href="/wiki/Sarod" title="Sarod">Sarod</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaudhurī2000176_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaudhurī2000176-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thanjavur_veena" title="Thanjavur veena">Thanjavur veena</a></i>, a specialized Saraswati veena, carved from a single piece of wood. Named for <a href="/wiki/Thanjavur" title="Thanjavur">Thanjavur</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, where the instrument originated.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Triveni_veena" title="Triveni veena">Triveni veena</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veena&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/48px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, 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title="Sarod">Sarod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitar" title="Sitar">Sitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surbahar" title="Surbahar">Surbahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sursingar" title="Sursingar">Sursingar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambouras" title="Tambouras">Tambouras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanpura" title="Tanpura">Tambura</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veena&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-britveena-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-britveena_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britveena_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britveena_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britveena_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britveena_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britveena_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britveena_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britveena_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/art/vina">Vina: Musical Instrument</a>, Encyclopædia Britannica (2010)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-grovekinnari-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-grovekinnari_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-grovekinnari_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-grovekinnari_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAlastair_DickGordon_GeekieRichard_Widdess1984" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Alastair Dick; Gordon Geekie; Richard Widdess (1984). "Vina, section 4 Medieval stick zithers". In Sadie, Stanley (ed.). <i>The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">729–</span>730. Volume 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Vina%2C+section+4+Medieval+stick+zithers&rft.btitle=The+New+Grove+Dictionary+of+Musical+Instruments&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E729-%3C%2Fspan%3E730&rft.date=1984&rft.au=Alastair+Dick&rft.au=Gordon+Geekie&rft.au=Richard+Widdess&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeena" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hastvina-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hastvina_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hastvina_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hastvina_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hastvina_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDorothea_E._HastJames_R._CowderyStanley_Arnold_Scott1999" class="citation book cs1">Dorothea E. Hast; James R. Cowdery; Stanley Arnold Scott (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=00CwGRwv6XQC&pg=PA151"><i>Exploring the World of Music: An Introduction to Music from a World Music Perspective</i></a>. Kendall & Hunt. pp. <span class="nowrap">151–</span>152. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7872-7154-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7872-7154-1"><bdi>978-0-7872-7154-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exploring+the+World+of+Music%3A+An+Introduction+to+Music+from+a+World+Music+Perspective&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E151-%3C%2Fspan%3E152&rft.pub=Kendall+%26+Hunt&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-7872-7154-1&rft.au=Dorothea+E.+Hast&rft.au=James+R.+Cowdery&rft.au=Stanley+Arnold+Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D00CwGRwv6XQC%26pg%3DPA151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeena" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTutut_HerawanRozaida_GhazaliMustafa_Mat_Deris2014" class="citation book cs1">Tutut Herawan; Rozaida Ghazali; Mustafa Mat Deris (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VdYlBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA512"><i>Recent Advances on Soft Computing and Data Mining</i></a>. Springer. p. 512. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-07692-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-07692-8"><bdi>978-3-319-07692-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recent+Advances+on+Soft+Computing+and+Data+Mining&rft.pages=512&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-3-319-07692-8&rft.au=Tutut+Herawan&rft.au=Rozaida+Ghazali&rft.au=Mustafa+Mat+Deris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVdYlBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA512&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeena" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sanyal24-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sanyal24_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sanyal24_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sanyal24_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRitwik_SanyalRichard_Widdess2004" class="citation book cs1">Ritwik Sanyal; Richard Widdess (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7o8HAQAAMAAJ"><i>Dhrupad: Tradition and Performance in Indian Music</i></a>. Ashgate. pp. <span class="nowrap">23–</span>25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-0379-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-0379-5"><bdi>978-0-7546-0379-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dhrupad%3A+Tradition+and+Performance+in+Indian+Music&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E23-%3C%2Fspan%3E25&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-0379-5&rft.au=Ritwik+Sanyal&rft.au=Richard+Widdess&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7o8HAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeena" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002753–754-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002753–754_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002753–754_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLochtefeld2002">Lochtefeld 2002</a>, pp. 753–754.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERandel2003819–820-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERandel2003819–820_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERandel2003819–820_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERandel2003819–820_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERandel2003819–820_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRandel2003">Randel 2003</a>, pp. 819–820.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSubramanian_Swaminathan" class="citation web cs1">Subramanian Swaminathan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.saigan.com/heritage/painting/ajanta/ajanta15.html">"Paintings"</a>. <i>saigan.com</i>. <q>Kinnara playing Kachchapa Vina, Padmapani Panel, Cave 1</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=saigan.com&rft.atitle=Paintings&rft.au=Subramanian+Swaminathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.saigan.com%2Fheritage%2Fpainting%2Fajanta%2Fajanta15.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeena" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mmw1005-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mmw1005_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mmw1005_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Monier Monier-Williams, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/sripedia/ebooks/mw/1000/mw__1038.html">वीणा</a>, Sanskrit-English Dictionary with Etymology, Oxford University Press, page 1005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERowell201533,_86–87,_115–116-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowell201533,_86–87,_115–116_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowell201533,_86–87,_115–116_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRowell2015">Rowell 2015</a>, pp. 33, 86–87, 115–116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miner2004p26-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Miner2004p26_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miner2004p26_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miner2004p26_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllyn_Miner2004" class="citation book cs1">Allyn Miner (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sitarsarodin18th00mine"><i>Sitar and Sarod in the 18th and 19th Centuries</i></a></span>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sitarsarodin18th00mine/page/26">26</a>–27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1493-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1493-6"><bdi>978-81-208-1493-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sitar+and+Sarod+in+the+18th+and+19th+Centuries&rft.pages=26-27&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1493-6&rft.au=Allyn+Miner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsitarsarodin18th00mine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeena" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kasliwal2004-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kasliwal2004_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuneera_Kasliwal2004" class="citation book cs1">Suneera Kasliwal (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GVsUAQAAIAAJ"><i>Classical musical instruments</i></a>. Rupa. pp. <span class="nowrap">70–</span>72, <span class="nowrap">102–</span>114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-291-0425-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-291-0425-0"><bdi>978-81-291-0425-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classical+musical+instruments&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E70-%3C%2Fspan%3E72%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E102-%3C%2Fspan%3E114&rft.pub=Rupa&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-291-0425-0&rft.au=Suneera+Kasliwal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGVsUAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeena" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETe_Nijenhuis197417–22-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETe_Nijenhuis197417–22_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTe_Nijenhuis1974">Te Nijenhuis 1974</a>, pp. 17–22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeck1993108–112-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeck1993108–112_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeck1993108–112_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeck1993">Beck 1993</a>, pp. 108–112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGabe_Hiemstra2019" class="citation web cs1">Gabe Hiemstra (22 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/vainika">"Vainika, Vaiṇika: 6 definitions"</a>. <i>Wisdom Library (wisdom lib.org)</i>. <q>Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Benfey Sanskrit-English Dictionary...Vaiṇika (वैणिक).—i. e. vīṇā + ika, m. A lutist.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wisdom+Library+%28wisdom+lib.org%29&rft.atitle=Vainika%2C+Vai%E1%B9%87ika%3A+6+definitions&rft.date=2019-02-22&rft.au=Gabe+Hiemstra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wisdomlib.org%2Fdefinition%2Fvainika&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeena" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Liu2016p131-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Liu2016p131_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Liu2016p131_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA_Madhavan2016" class="citation book cs1">A Madhavan (2016). Siyuan Liu (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H1iFCwAAQBAJ"><i>Routledge Handbook of Asian Theatre</i></a>. Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">131–</span>132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-27886-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-27886-3"><bdi>978-1-317-27886-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Routledge+Handbook+of+Asian+Theatre&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E131-%3C%2Fspan%3E132&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-317-27886-3&rft.au=A+Madhavan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH1iFCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeena" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELidova2014-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELidova2014_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLidova2014">Lidova 2014</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baumer1988p135-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Baumer1988p135_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBettina_BäumerKapila_Vatsyayan1988" class="citation book cs1">Bettina Bäumer; Kapila Vatsyayan (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uPoIZaGGtiMC&pg=PA135"><i>Kalatattvakosa: A Lexicon of Fundamental Concepts of the Indian Arts</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. <span class="nowrap">135–</span>136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1402-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1402-8"><bdi>978-81-208-1402-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kalatattvakosa%3A+A+Lexicon+of+Fundamental+Concepts+of+the+Indian+Arts&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E135-%3C%2Fspan%3E136&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1402-8&rft.au=Bettina+B%C3%A4umer&rft.au=Kapila+Vatsyayan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuPoIZaGGtiMC%26pg%3DPA135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeena" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalal2014272–273-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalal2014272–273_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDalal2014">Dalal 2014</a>, pp. 272–273.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERowell2015114–116-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowell2015114–116_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRowell2015">Rowell 2015</a>, pp. 114–116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERowell201598–104-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowell201598–104_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRowell2015">Rowell 2015</a>, pp. 98–104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ludvik227-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ludvik227_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ludvik227_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCatherine_Ludvík2007" class="citation book cs1">Catherine Ludvík (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4lsYKIXBOK0C&pg=PA227"><i>Sarasvatī, Riverine Goddess of Knowledge: From the Manuscript-carrying Vīṇā-player to the Weapon-wielding Defender of the Dharma</i></a>. BRILL Academic. pp. <span class="nowrap">227–</span>229. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15814-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15814-6"><bdi>978-90-04-15814-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sarasvat%C4%AB%2C+Riverine+Goddess+of+Knowledge%3A+From+the+Manuscript-carrying+V%C4%AB%E1%B9%87%C4%81-player+to+the+Weapon-wielding+Defender+of+the+Dharma&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E227-%3C%2Fspan%3E229&rft.pub=BRILL+Academic&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-90-04-15814-6&rft.au=Catherine+Ludv%C3%ADk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4lsYKIXBOK0C%26pg%3DPA227&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeena" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://coinindia.com/galleries-samudragupta.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"The Coin Galleries: Gupta: Samudragupta"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22The+Coin+Galleries%3A+Gupta%3A+Samudragupta%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcoinindia.com%2Fgalleries-samudragupta.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeena" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENettl_et_al.1998352–355-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENettl_et_al.1998352–355_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENettl_et_al.1998352–355_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNettl_et_al.1998">Nettl et al. 1998</a>, pp. 352–355.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-alainrudra-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-alainrudra_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-alainrudra_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-alainrudra_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-alainrudra_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://media.smithsonianfolkways.org/liner_notes/unesco/UNES08021.pdf">Rudra Veena</a>, Alain Danielou, Smithsonian Folkways and UNESCO (1987)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECaudhurī200079-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaudhurī200079_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCaudhurī2000">Caudhurī 2000</a>, p. 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECaudhurī200026–27-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaudhurī200026–27_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCaudhurī2000">Caudhurī 2000</a>, pp. 26–27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERowell2015153–164-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowell2015153–164_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRowell2015">Rowell 2015</a>, pp. 153–164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECaudhurī2000111–113-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaudhurī2000111–113_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCaudhurī2000">Caudhurī 2000</a>, pp. 111–113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGautam19939-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGautam19939_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGautam1993">Gautam 1993</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartinez2001127–128-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartinez2001127–128_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartinez2001">Martinez 2001</a>, pp. 127–128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESorrellNarayan198048–49-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESorrellNarayan198048–49_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESorrellNarayan198048–49_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESorrellNarayan198048–49_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSorrellNarayan1980">Sorrell & Narayan 1980</a>, pp. 48–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kasliwal116-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kasliwal116_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kasliwal116_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuneera_Kasliwal2004" class="citation book cs1">Suneera Kasliwal (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GVsUAQAAIAAJ"><i>Classical musical instruments</i></a>. Rupa. pp. <span class="nowrap">116–</span>124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-291-0425-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-291-0425-0"><bdi>978-81-291-0425-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classical+musical+instruments&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E116-%3C%2Fspan%3E124&rft.pub=Rupa&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-291-0425-0&rft.au=Suneera+Kasliwal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGVsUAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeena" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuneera_Kasliwal2004" class="citation book cs1">Suneera Kasliwal (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GVsUAQAAIAAJ"><i>Classical musical instruments</i></a>. Rupa. pp. <span class="nowrap">117–</span>118, 123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-291-0425-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-291-0425-0"><bdi>978-81-291-0425-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classical+musical+instruments&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E117-%3C%2Fspan%3E118%2C+123&rft.pub=Rupa&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-291-0425-0&rft.au=Suneera+Kasliwal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGVsUAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeena" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECaudhurī2000179-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaudhurī2000179_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaudhurī2000179_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCaudhurī2000">Caudhurī 2000</a>, p. 179.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECaudhurī200065-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaudhurī200065_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCaudhurī2000">Caudhurī 2000</a>, p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECaudhurī200066-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaudhurī200066_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCaudhurī2000">Caudhurī 2000</a>, p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECaudhurī2000177-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaudhurī2000177_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCaudhurī2000">Caudhurī 2000</a>, p. 177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-grovematto-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-grovematto_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSadie1984" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Sadie, Stanley, ed. (1984). "Mattakokilā". <i>The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments</i>. p. 623. Volume 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mattakokil%C4%81&rft.btitle=The+New+Grove+Dictionary+of+Musical+Instruments&rft.pages=623&rft.date=1984&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeena" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-grovesurman-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-grovesurman_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSadie1984" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Sadie, Stanley, ed. (1984). "Surmandal". <i>The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments</i>. p. 477. Volume 3. <q>in...<a href="/wiki/Sangita_Ratnakara" title="Sangita Ratnakara">Sangītaratnākara</a>, a chordophone with 21 strings...is mentioned...does not make it clear whether this was a board zither or even whether the author had actually seen one...may have been a...harp-vīnā...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Surmandal&rft.btitle=The+New+Grove+Dictionary+of+Musical+Instruments&rft.pages=477&rft.date=1984&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeena" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECaudhurī2000176-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaudhurī2000176_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCaudhurī2000">Caudhurī 2000</a>, p. 176.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veena&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeck1993" class="citation book cs1">Beck, Guy (1993). <i>Sonic Theology: Hinduism and Sacred Sound</i>. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87249-855-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87249-855-6"><bdi>978-0-87249-855-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sonic+Theology%3A+Hinduism+and+Sacred+Sound&rft.place=Columbia&rft.pub=University+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-87249-855-6&rft.aulast=Beck&rft.aufirst=Guy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeena" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaudhurī2000" class="citation book cs1">Caudhurī, Vimalakānta Rôya (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofhind00roya"><i>The Dictionary of Hindustani Classical Music</i></a></span>. Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1708-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1708-1"><bdi>978-81-208-1708-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dictionary+of+Hindustani+Classical+Music&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1708-1&rft.aulast=Caudhur%C4%AB&rft.aufirst=Vimalak%C4%81nta+R%C3%B4ya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdictionaryofhind00roya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeena" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalal2014" class="citation book cs1">Dalal, Roshen (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zrk0AwAAQBAJ"><i>Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide</i></a>. Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8475-277-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8475-277-9"><bdi>978-81-8475-277-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism%3A+An+Alphabetical+Guide&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-81-8475-277-9&rft.aulast=Dalal&rft.aufirst=Roshen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzrk0AwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeena" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniélou1949" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alain_Dani%C3%A9lou" title="Alain Daniélou">Daniélou, Alain</a> (1949). <i>Northern Indian Music, Volume 1. Theory & technique; Volume 2. The main rāgǎs</i>. London: C. Johnson. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/851080">851080</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Northern+Indian+Music%2C+Volume+1.+Theory+%26+technique%3B+Volume+2.+The+main+r%C4%81g%C7%8Es&rft.place=London&rft.pub=C.+Johnson&rft.date=1949&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F851080&rft.aulast=Dani%C3%A9lou&rft.aufirst=Alain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeena" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGautam1993" class="citation book cs1">Gautam, M.R. (1993). <i>Evolution of Raga and Tala in Indian Music</i>. Munshiram Manoharlal. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-215-0442-2" title="Special:BookSources/81-215-0442-2"><bdi>81-215-0442-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evolution+of+Raga+and+Tala+in+Indian+Music&rft.pub=Munshiram+Manoharlal&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=81-215-0442-2&rft.aulast=Gautam&rft.aufirst=M.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeena" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaufmann1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Kaufmann_(composer)" title="Walter Kaufmann (composer)">Kaufmann, Walter</a> (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ragasofnorthindi00kauf"><i>The Ragas of North India</i></a>. Oxford & Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34780-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34780-0"><bdi>978-0-253-34780-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/11369">11369</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ragas+of+North+India&rft.pub=Oxford+%26+Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F11369&rft.isbn=978-0-253-34780-0&rft.aulast=Kaufmann&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fragasofnorthindi00kauf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeena" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLal2004" class="citation book cs1">Lal, Ananda (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DftkAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Oxford Companion to Indian Theatre</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-564446-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-564446-3"><bdi>978-0-19-564446-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Indian+Theatre&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-564446-3&rft.aulast=Lal&rft.aufirst=Ananda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDftkAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeena" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLidova2014" class="citation book cs1">Lidova, Natalia (2014). <i>Natyashastra</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fobo%2F9780195399318-0071">10.1093/obo/9780195399318-0071</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Natyashastra&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fobo%2F9780195399318-0071&rft.aulast=Lidova&rft.aufirst=Natalia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeena" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLochtefeld2002" class="citation book cs1">Lochtefeld, James G. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5kl0DYIjUPgC"><i>The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, 2 Volume Set</i></a>. The Rosen Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-2287-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-2287-1"><bdi>978-0-8239-2287-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism%2C+2+Volume+Set&rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8239-2287-1&rft.aulast=Lochtefeld&rft.aufirst=James+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5kl0DYIjUPgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeena" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartinez2001" class="citation book cs1">Martinez, José Luiz (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OwJRnFIcM4cC"><i>Semiosis in Hindustani Music</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1801-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1801-9"><bdi>978-81-208-1801-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Semiosis+in+Hindustani+Music&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1801-9&rft.aulast=Martinez&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+Luiz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOwJRnFIcM4cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeena" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNettl_et_al.1998" class="citation cs2">Nettl, Bruno; Ruth M. Stone; James Porter; Timothy Rice (1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOlNv8MAXIEC"><i>The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: South Asia : the Indian subcontinent</i></a>, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-4946-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-4946-1"><bdi>978-0-8240-4946-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Garland+Encyclopedia+of+World+Music%3A+South+Asia+%3A+the+Indian+subcontinent&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8240-4946-1&rft.aulast=Nettl&rft.aufirst=Bruno&rft.au=Ruth+M.+Stone&rft.au=James+Porter&rft.au=Timothy+Rice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZOlNv8MAXIEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeena" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRandel2003" class="citation book cs1">Randel, Don Michael (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=02rFSecPhEsC"><i>The Harvard Dictionary of Music</i></a> (fourth ed.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01163-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01163-2"><bdi>978-0-674-01163-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Harvard+Dictionary+of+Music&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.edition=fourth&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-674-01163-2&rft.aulast=Randel&rft.aufirst=Don+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D02rFSecPhEsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeena" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowell2015" class="citation book cs1">Rowell, Lewis (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h5_UCgAAQBAJ"><i>Music and Musical Thought in Early India</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-73034-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-73034-9"><bdi>978-0-226-73034-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+and+Musical+Thought+in+Early+India&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-226-73034-9&rft.aulast=Rowell&rft.aufirst=Lewis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh5_UCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeena" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSorrellNarayan1980" class="citation book cs1">Sorrell, Neil; Narayan, Ram (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jNhRAQAAIAAJ"><i>Indian Music in Performance: A Practical Introduction</i></a>. Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-0756-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-0756-9"><bdi>978-0-7190-0756-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Music+in+Performance%3A+A+Practical+Introduction&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-0756-9&rft.aulast=Sorrell&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft.au=Narayan%2C+Ram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjNhRAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeena" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTe_Nijenhuis1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Emmie_te_Nijenhuis" title="Emmie te Nijenhuis">Te Nijenhuis, Emmie</a> (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NrgfAAAAIAAJ"><i>Indian Music: History and Structure</i></a>. BRILL Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-03978-3" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-03978-3"><bdi>90-04-03978-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Music%3A+History+and+Structure&rft.pub=BRILL+Academic&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=90-04-03978-3&rft.aulast=Te+Nijenhuis&rft.aufirst=Emmie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNrgfAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeena" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVatsyayan1977" class="citation book cs1">Vatsyayan, Kapila (1977). <i>Classical Indian dance in literature and the arts</i>. Sangeet Natak Akademi. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/233639306">233639306</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classical+Indian+dance+in+literature+and+the+arts&rft.pub=Sangeet+Natak+Akademi&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F233639306&rft.aulast=Vatsyayan&rft.aufirst=Kapila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeena" class="Z3988"></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.mpib-berlin.mpg.de/toc/z2008_2719.pdf">Table of Contents</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVatsyayan2008" class="citation book cs1">Vatsyayan, Kapila (2008). <i>Aesthetic theories and forms in Indian tradition</i>. Munshiram Manoharlal. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-87586-35-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-87586-35-7"><bdi>978-81-87586-35-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/286469807">286469807</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aesthetic+theories+and+forms+in+Indian+tradition&rft.pub=Munshiram+Manoharlal&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F286469807&rft.isbn=978-81-87586-35-7&rft.aulast=Vatsyayan&rft.aufirst=Kapila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeena" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkeMoebus2011" class="citation book cs1">Wilke, Annette; Moebus, Oliver (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9wmYz_OtZ_gC"><i>Sound and Communication: An Aesthetic Cultural History of Sanskrit Hinduism</i></a>. Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-024003-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-024003-0"><bdi>978-3-11-024003-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sound+and+Communication%3A+An+Aesthetic+Cultural+History+of+Sanskrit+Hinduism&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-3-11-024003-0&rft.aulast=Wilke&rft.aufirst=Annette&rft.au=Moebus%2C+Oliver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9wmYz_OtZ_gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeena" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veena&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Veenas" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Veenas">Veenas</a> at Wikimedia Commons </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://media.smithsonianfolkways.org/liner_notes/unesco/UNES08021.pdf">Rudra Veena, Vichitra Veena, Sarod and Shahnai</a>, Alain Danielou, Smithsonian Folkways and UNESCO</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnomusic.ucla.edu/music-of-india-ensemble">Music of India Ensemble: Veena</a>, Department of Ethnomusicology, UCLA</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indian_musical_instruments218" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_musical_instruments" title="List of Indian musical instruments">Indian musical instruments</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wind (Sushir)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bansuri" title="Bansuri">Bansuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pump_organ#In_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Pump organ">Harmonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnay" title="Karnay">Karnay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kombu_(instrument)" title="Kombu (instrument)">Kombu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuzhal" title="Kuzhal">Kuzhal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadaswaram" title="Nadaswaram">Nadaswaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafir" title="Nafir">Nafir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pungi" title="Pungi">Pungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shankha" title="Shankha">Shankha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shehnai" title="Shehnai">Shehnai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shruti_box" title="Shruti box">Shruti box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sringa" title="Sringa">Sringa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tharai" title="Tharai">Tharai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venu" title="Venu">Venu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plucked Stringed (Tat)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dotara" title="Dotara">Dotara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ektara" title="Ektara">Ektara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottuvadhyam" class="mw-redirect" title="Gottuvadhyam">Gottuvadhyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pena_(musical_instrument)" title="Pena (musical instrument)">Pena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudra_veena" title="Rudra veena">Rudra veena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santoor" title="Santoor">Santoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati_veena" title="Saraswati veena">Saraswati veena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarod" title="Sarod">Sarod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seni_rebab" title="Seni rebab">Seni Rebab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitar" title="Sitar">Sitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surbahar" title="Surbahar">Surbahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarabat" title="Swarabat">Swarabat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarmandal" title="Swarmandal">Swarmandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanpura" title="Tanpura">Tanpura</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_tanpura" title="Electronic tanpura">Electronic tanpura</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Veena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vichitra_veena" title="Vichitra veena">Vichitra veena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazh" title="Yazh">Yazh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bowed Stringed (Vitat)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esraj" title="Esraj">Dilruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esraj" title="Esraj">Esraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarangi" title="Sarangi">Sarangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarinda_(instrument)" title="Sarinda (instrument)">Sarinda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taus_(instrument)" title="Taus (instrument)">Taus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violin" title="Violin">Violin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Membranous Percussion (Avanaddh)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anandalahari" title="Anandalahari">Anandalahari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chande" title="Chande">Chande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenda" title="Chenda">Chenda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damaru" title="Damaru">Damaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhak_(instrument)" title="Dhak (instrument)">Dhaak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duggi_(drum)" title="Duggi (drum)">Duggi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhol" title="Dhol">Dhol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dholak" title="Dholak">Dholak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dholki" class="mw-redirect" title="Dholki">Dholki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idakka" title="Idakka">Edakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanjira" title="Kanjira">Kanjira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamak" title="Khamak">Khamak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khol" title="Khol">Khol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madal" title="Madal">Madal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardala" title="Mardala">Mardala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizhavu" title="Mizhavu">Mizhav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mridangam" title="Mridangam">Mridangam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naqareh" title="Naqareh">Nagada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakhavaj" title="Pakhavaj">Pakhawaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parai" title="Parai">Parai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambal_(drum)" title="Sambal (drum)">Sambal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabla" title="Tabla">Tabla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jori_(instrument)" title="Jori (instrument)">Jori (instrument)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thavil" title="Thavil">Tavil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udukai" title="Udukai">Udukai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-Membranous Percussion (Ghan)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chimta" title="Chimta">Chimta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghatam" title="Ghatam">Ghatam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghungroo" title="Ghungroo">Ghungroo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jal_tarang" title="Jal tarang">Jal tarang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taal_(instrument)" title="Taal (instrument)">Kartal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanjani" title="Khanjani">Khanjani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khartal" title="Khartal">Khartal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taal_(instrument)" title="Taal (instrument)">Manjira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morsing" title="Morsing">Morsing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Sangeet_Vadya" title="Bharatiya Sangeet Vadya">Bharatiya Sangeet Vadya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_music" title="Indian classical music">Indian classical music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_India" title="Music of India">Music of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jivari" title="Jivari">Jivari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical/possibly extinct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80l%C4%81pi%E1%B9%87%C4%AB_v%C4%AB%E1%B9%87%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Ālāpiṇī vīṇā">Ālāpiṇī vīṇā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eka-tantri_vina" class="mw-redirect" title="Eka-tantri vina">Eka-tantri vina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinnari_vina" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinnari vina">Kinnari vina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinaka_vina" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinaka vina">Pinaka vina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lute162" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lute" title="Template:Lute"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lute" title="Template talk:Lute"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lute" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lute"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lute162" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lute" title="Lute">Lute</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types by region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goje" title="Goje">Goje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xalam" title="Xalam">Xalam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbat_(lute)" title="Barbat (lute)">Barbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipa" title="Bipa">Bipa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biwa" title="Biwa">Biwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dombra" title="Dombra">Dombra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutar" title="Dutar">Dutar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dramyin" title="Dramyin">Dramyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komuz" title="Komuz">Komuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutiyapi" title="Kutiyapi">Kutiyapi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oud" title="Oud">Oud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipa" title="Pipa">Pipa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qanb%C5%ABs" title="Qanbūs">Qanbūs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qinqin" title="Qinqin">Qinqin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubab_(instrument)" title="Rubab (instrument)">Rubab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanshin" title="Sanshin">Sanshin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanxian" title="Sanxian">Sanxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapeh" title="Sapeh">Sapeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setar" title="Setar">Setar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamisen" title="Shamisen">Shamisen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitar" title="Sitar">Sitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanbur" title="Tanbur">Tanbur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tar_(string_instrument)" title="Tar (string instrument)">Tar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Veena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yueqin" title="Yueqin">Yueqin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ang%C3%A9lique_(instrument)" title="Angélique (instrument)">Angélique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archlute" title="Archlute">Archlute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobza" title="Cobza">Cobza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobza" title="Kobza">Kobza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandore_(instrument)" title="Mandore (instrument)">Mandore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandora" title="Mandora">Mandora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_lute" title="Swedish lute">Swedish lute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torban" title="Torban">Torban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theorbo" title="Theorbo">Theorbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vihuela" title="Vihuela">Vihuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related instruments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citole" title="Citole">Citole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cittern" title="Cittern">Cittern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_guitar" title="English guitar">English guitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gittern" title="Gittern">Gittern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guitarra_latina" title="Guitarra latina">Guitarra latina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guitarra_morisca" title="Guitarra morisca">Guitarra morisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%C3%BAd" title="Laúd">Laúd</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_composers_for_lute" title="List of composers for lute">Composers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lute_makers" title="Category:Lute makers">Manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lutenists_by_nationality" title="Category:Lutenists by nationality">Players</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lutes" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Lutes">Commons</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959769#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata532" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959769#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata532" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span 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href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4349356-7">Germany</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/instrument/a4711cb9-800f-4b6b-b7fc-23fd1d494d9b">MusicBrainz instrument</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Veena&oldid=1268282966">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Veena&oldid=1268282966</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div 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