CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="it" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Protone - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )itwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":[",\t."," \t,"],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""], "wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","gennaio","febbraio","marzo","aprile","maggio","giugno","luglio","agosto","settembre","ottobre","novembre","dicembre"],"wgRequestId":"96decf4c-ebe9-46cc-b1ae-23c1b37e88f6","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Protone","wgTitle":"Protone","wgCurRevisionId":141776658,"wgRevisionId":141776658,"wgArticleId":3388,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["P3365 letta da Wikidata","P1417 letta da Wikidata","Voci con codice Thesaurus BNCF","Voci con codice LCCN","Voci con codice GND","Voci con codice BNF","Voci con codice J9U","Voci con codice NDL","Voci non biografiche con codici di controllo di autorità","Concetti fondamentali di chimica","Barioni"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"it","wgPageContentLanguage":"it","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Protone","wgRelevantArticleId":3388,"wgIsProbablyEditable": true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"Protoni","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"it","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"it"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/Protone","wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q2294","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"], "GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.gadget.coloriDarkMode-default":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.math.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP", "ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.MainPageWikiList","ext.gadget.stru-commonsupload","ext.gadget.HiddenCat","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.TitoloErrato","ext.gadget.NewSection","ext.gadget.RichiediRevisioneBozza","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=it&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.math.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=it&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=it&modules=ext.gadget.coloriDarkMode-default&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=it&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Proton_quark_structure.svg/1200px-Proton_quark_structure.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Proton_quark_structure.svg/800px-Proton_quark_structure.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Proton_quark_structure.svg/640px-Proton_quark_structure.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="640"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Protone - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//it.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protone"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Modifica" href="/w/index.php?title=Protone&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (it)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//it.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protone"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.it"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Feed Atom di Wikipedia" href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:UltimeModifiche&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Protone rootpage-Protone skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Vai al contenuto</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Sito"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Menu principale" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Menu principale</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Menu principale</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">sposta nella barra laterale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">nascondi</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigazione </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pagina_principale" title="Visita la pagina principale [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Pagina principale</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:UltimeModifiche" title="Elenco delle ultime modifiche del sito [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Ultime modifiche</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:PaginaCasuale" title="Mostra una pagina a caso [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Una voce a caso</span></a></li><li id="n-nearby-pages-title" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:NelleVicinanze"><span>Nelle vicinanze</span></a></li><li id="n-vetrina" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vetrina"><span>Vetrina</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Aiuto:Aiuto" title="Pagine di aiuto"><span>Aiuto</span></a></li><li id="n-Sportello-informazioni" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Aiuto:Sportello_informazioni"><span>Sportello informazioni</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Comunità" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Comunità" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Comunità </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portale:Comunit%C3%A0" title="Descrizione del progetto, cosa puoi fare, dove trovare le cose"><span>Portale Comunità</span></a></li><li id="n-villagepump" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bar"><span>Bar</span></a></li><li id="n-wikipediano" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipediano"><span>Il Wikipediano</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contatti"><span>Contatti</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Pagina_principale" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="L'enciclopedia libera" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-it.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:Ricerca" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Cerca in Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Ricerca</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Cerca in Wikipedia" aria-label="Cerca in Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Cerca in Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Speciale:Ricerca"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Ricerca</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Strumenti personali"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aspetto"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Modifica la dimensione, la larghezza e il colore del testo" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Aspetto" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Aspetto</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_it.wikipedia.org&uselang=it" class=""><span>Fai una donazione</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:CreaUtenza&returnto=Protone" title="Si consiglia di registrarsi e di effettuare l'accesso, anche se non è obbligatorio" class=""><span>registrati</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:Entra&returnto=Protone" title="Si consiglia di effettuare l'accesso, anche se non è obbligatorio [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>entra</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Altre opzioni" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Strumenti personali" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Strumenti personali</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menu utente" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_it.wikipedia.org&uselang=it"><span>Fai una donazione</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:CreaUtenza&returnto=Protone" title="Si consiglia di registrarsi e di effettuare l'accesso, anche se non è obbligatorio"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>registrati</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:Entra&returnto=Protone" title="Si consiglia di effettuare l'accesso, anche se non è obbligatorio [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>entra</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pagine per utenti anonimi <a href="/wiki/Aiuto:Benvenuto" aria-label="Ulteriori informazioni sulla contribuzione"><span>ulteriori informazioni</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:MieiContributi" title="Un elenco delle modifiche fatte da questo indirizzo IP [y]" accesskey="y"><span>contributi</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:MieDiscussioni" title="Discussioni sulle modifiche fatte da questo indirizzo IP [n]" accesskey="n"><span>discussioni</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Sito"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Indice" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Indice</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">sposta nella barra laterale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">nascondi</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inizio</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Scoperta_ed_etimologia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scoperta_ed_etimologia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Scoperta ed etimologia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scoperta_ed_etimologia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caratteristiche_generali" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caratteristiche_generali"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Caratteristiche generali</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caratteristiche_generali-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proprietà_chimiche" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proprietà_chimiche"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Proprietà chimiche</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Proprietà_chimiche-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Attiva/disattiva la sottosezione Proprietà chimiche</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Proprietà_chimiche-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Il_protone_come_acido_di_Lewis_e_precursore_di_acidi_di_Brønsted" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Il_protone_come_acido_di_Lewis_e_precursore_di_acidi_di_Brønsted"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Il protone come acido di Lewis e precursore di acidi di Brønsted</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Il_protone_come_acido_di_Lewis_e_precursore_di_acidi_di_Brønsted-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proprietà_quantistiche" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proprietà_quantistiche"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Proprietà quantistiche</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Proprietà_quantistiche-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Attiva/disattiva la sottosezione Proprietà quantistiche</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Proprietà_quantistiche-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Funzione_d'onda_dei_quark" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funzione_d'onda_dei_quark"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Funzione d'onda dei quark</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funzione_d'onda_dei_quark-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Il_decadimento_del_protone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Il_decadimento_del_protone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Il decadimento del protone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Il_decadimento_del_protone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voci_correlate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voci_correlate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Voci correlate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voci_correlate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Altri_progetti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Altri_progetti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Altri progetti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Altri_progetti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collegamenti_esterni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Collegamenti esterni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Indice" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mostra/Nascondi l'indice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Mostra/Nascondi l'indice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Protone</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vai a una voce in un'altra lingua. Disponibile in 151 lingue" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-151" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">151 lingue</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton - afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton - tedesco svizzero" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="tedesco svizzero" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prot%C3%B3n" title="Protón - aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Protón" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8" title="प्रोटॉन - angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="प्रोटॉन" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="بروتون - arabo" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بروتون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%86" title="پروطون - arabo marocchino" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="پروطون" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="arabo marocchino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prot%C3%B3n" title="Protón - asturiano" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Protón" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton_(fizika)" title="Proton (fizika) - azerbaigiano" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Proton (fizika)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaigiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="پروتون - South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پروتون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pruotuons" title="Pruotuons - samogitico" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Pruotuons" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="samogitico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton - Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Пратон - bielorusso" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пратон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorusso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Пратон - Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Пратон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Протон - bulgaro" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Протон" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%A8" title="প্রোটন - bengalese" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রোটন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton - bretone" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton - bosniaco" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton - bugi" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="bugi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Ugi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prot%C3%B3" title="Protó - catalano" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Protó" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9k-c%E1%B9%B3%CC%84" title="Cék-cṳ̄ - Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Cék-cṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton - cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%86%D8%AA%DB%86%D9%86" title="پرۆتۆن - curdo centrale" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پرۆتۆن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="curdo centrale" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton - ceco" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="ceco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Протон - ciuvascio" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Протон" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="ciuvascio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton - gallese" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gallese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton - danese" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton - tedesco" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tedesco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CF%89%CF%84%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Πρωτόνιο - greco" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πρωτόνιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton - inglese" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protono" title="Protono - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Protono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prot%C3%B3n" title="Protón - spagnolo" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Protón" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prooton" title="Prooton - estone" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Prooton" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoi" title="Protoi - basco" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Protoi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="پروتون - persiano" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پروتون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoni" title="Protoni - finlandese" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Protoni" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proodon" title="Proodon - võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Proodon" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton - francese" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton - frisone settentrionale" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frisone settentrionale" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton - frisone occidentale" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frisone occidentale" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%B3t%C3%B3n" title="Prótón - irlandese" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Prótón" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%90" title="質子 - gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="質子" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton - Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prot%C3%B3n" title="Protón - galiziano" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Protón" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%9F%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%A8" title="પ્રોટોન - gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="પ્રોટોન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9F" title="פרוטון - ebraico" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרוטון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8" title="प्रोटॉन - hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रोटॉन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton - hindi figiano" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="hindi figiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton - croato" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croato" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pwoton" title="Pwoton - creolo haitiano" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Pwoton" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="creolo haitiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton - ungherese" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungherese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Պրոտոն - armeno" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պրոտոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton - interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton - indonesiano" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protono" title="Protono - ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Protono" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B3teind" title="Róteind - islandese" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Róteind" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%99%BD%E5%AD%90" title="陽子 - giapponese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="陽子" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="giapponese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pruotan" title="Pruotan - creolo giamaicano" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Pruotan" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="creolo giamaicano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton - giavanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="giavanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="პროტონი - georgiano" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პროტონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aprutun" title="Aprutun - cabilo" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Aprutun" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="cabilo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prot%C9%94%C9%94" title="Protɔɔ - Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Protɔɔ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Протон - kazako" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Протон" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazako" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಪ್ರೋಟಾನ್ - kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪ್ರೋಟಾನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%96%91%EC%84%B1%EC%9E%90" title="양성자 - coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="양성자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%9B%DB%86%D9%86" title="برٛۆن - kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="برٛۆن" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton - coloniese" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="coloniese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton - curdo" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="curdo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Протон - kirghiso" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Протон" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirghiso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton - latino" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton - lussemburghese" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="lussemburghese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton - Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obukontanyo(Protons)" title="Obukontanyo(Protons) - ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Obukontanyo(Protons)" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton - limburghese" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburghese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton - ligure" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="ligure" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prutun" title="Prutun - lombardo" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Prutun" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton - lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%99" title="ໂປຣຕອນ - lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ໂປຣຕອນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protonas" title="Protonas - lituano" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Protonas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protons" title="Protons - lettone" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Protons" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lettone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8" title="प्रोटोन - maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="प्रोटोन" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton - Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%B4t%C3%B4na" title="Prôtôna - malgascio" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Prôtôna" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgascio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Протон - Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Протон" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Протон - macedone" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Протон" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BA" title="പ്രോട്ടോൺ - malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പ്രോട്ടോൺ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Протон - mongolo" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Протон" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8" title="प्रोटॉन - marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="प्रोटॉन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton - malese" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA" title="ပရိုတွန် - birmano" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပရိုတွန်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton - basso tedesco" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="basso tedesco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8" title="प्रोटोन - nepalese" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="प्रोटोन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8" title="प्रोटोन - newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="प्रोटोन" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton_(deeltje)" title="Proton (deeltje) - olandese" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Proton (deeltje)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="olandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton - norvegese nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegese nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton - norvegese bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegese bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protone" title="Protone - novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Protone" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton - occitano" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirootoonii" title="Pirootoonii - oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Pirootoonii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%9F%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%A8" title="ପ୍ରୋଟୋନ - odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ପ୍ରୋଟୋନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8" title="ਪ੍ਰੋਟਾਨ - punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪ੍ਰੋਟਾਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton - polacco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton - piemontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="piemontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%B9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پروٹان - Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پروٹان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BC%D9%88%D9%86" title="پروټون - pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پروټون" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%B3ton" title="Próton - portoghese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Próton" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portoghese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purutun" title="Purutun - quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Purutun" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton - rumeno" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Протон - russo" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Протон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Протон - ruteno" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Протон" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="ruteno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protone" title="Protone - sardo" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Protone" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prutuni" title="Prutuni - siciliano" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Prutuni" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siciliano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton - scozzese" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="scozzese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BD%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پروٽان - sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="پروٽان" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton - serbo-croato" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croato" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="ප්‍රෝටෝනය - singalese" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ප්‍රෝටෝනය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singalese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prot%C3%B3n" title="Protón - slovacco" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Protón" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton - sloveno" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="sloveno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borotoon" title="Borotoon - somalo" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Borotoon" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoni" title="Protoni - albanese" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Protoni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Протон - serbo" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Протон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton - saterfriesisch" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="saterfriesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton - sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton - svedese" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svedese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoni" title="Protoni - swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Protoni" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF" title="நேர்மின்னி - tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நேர்மின்னி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="ప్రోటాన్ - telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ప్రోటాన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Протон - tagico" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Протон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tagico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="โปรตอน - thailandese" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โปรตอน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton - tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton - turco" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton - tataro" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tataro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="پروتون - uiguro" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="پروتون" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uiguro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Протон - ucraino" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Протон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%B9%D9%88%D9%86" title="پروٹون - urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پروٹون" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton - uzbeco" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbeco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton - veneto" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="veneto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton - vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton - fiammingo occidentale" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="fiammingo occidentale" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton - waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feppsaal" title="Feppsaal - wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Feppsaal" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B4%A8%E5%AD%90" title="质子 - wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="质子" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Протон - kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Протон" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ii-protons" title="Ii-protons - xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Ii-protons" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%98%D7%90%D7%9F" title="פראטאן - yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פראטאן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%B3t%E1%BB%8D%CC%80n%C3%B9" title="Prótọ̀nù - yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Prótọ̀nù" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%90" title="質子 - cinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="質子" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="cinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%90" title="質子 - cinese classico" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="質子" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="cinese classico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%B4ng-ch%C3%BA" title="Iông-chú - min nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Iông-chú" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%90" title="質子 - cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="質子" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/INelesi" title="INelesi - zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="INelesi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2294#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifica collegamenti interlinguistici" class="wbc-editpage">Modifica collegamenti</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespace"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Protone" title="Vedi la voce [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Voce</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discussione:Protone" rel="discussion" title="Vedi le discussioni relative a questa pagina [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussione</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Cambia versione linguistica" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">italiano</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Visite"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Protone"><span>Leggi</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protone&veaction=edit" title="Modifica questa pagina [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifica</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protone&action=edit" title="Modifica il wikitesto di questa pagina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifica wikitesto</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protone&action=history" title="Versioni precedenti di questa pagina [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Cronologia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Strumenti pagine"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Strumenti" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Strumenti</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Strumenti</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">sposta nella barra laterale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">nascondi</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Altre opzioni" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Azioni </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Protone"><span>Leggi</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protone&veaction=edit" title="Modifica questa pagina [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifica</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protone&action=edit" title="Modifica il wikitesto di questa pagina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifica wikitesto</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protone&action=history"><span>Cronologia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Generale </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:PuntanoQui/Protone" title="Elenco di tutte le pagine che sono collegate a questa [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Puntano qui</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:ModificheCorrelate/Protone" rel="nofollow" title="Elenco delle ultime modifiche alle pagine collegate a questa [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Modifiche correlate</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:PagineSpeciali" title="Elenco di tutte le pagine speciali [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Pagine speciali</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protone&oldid=141776658" title="Collegamento permanente a questa versione di questa pagina"><span>Link permanente</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protone&action=info" title="Ulteriori informazioni su questa pagina"><span>Informazioni pagina</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:Cita&page=Protone&id=141776658&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informazioni su come citare questa pagina"><span>Cita questa voce</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fit.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FProtone"><span>Ottieni URL breve</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fit.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FProtone"><span>Scarica codice QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Stampa/esporta </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:Libro&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Protone"><span>Crea un libro</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:DownloadAsPdf&page=Protone&action=show-download-screen"><span>Scarica come PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protone&printable=yes" title="Versione stampabile di questa pagina [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versione stampabile</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In altri progetti </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Proton" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2294" title="Collegamento all'elemento connesso dell'archivio dati [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Elemento Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Strumenti pagine"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aspetto"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aspetto</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">sposta nella barra laterale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">nascondi</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Da Wikipedia, l'enciclopedia libera.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Reindirizzamento da <strong><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protoni&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Protoni">Protoni</a></strong>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="it" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox sinottico" summary="Tabella sinottica che riassume i principali dati del soggetto"><tbody><tr class="sinottico_testata"><th colspan="2" style="background:#bfdfff">Protone</th></tr><tr><td class="sinottico_testo_centrale" colspan="2"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Proton_quark_structure.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Proton_quark_structure.svg/260px-Proton_quark_structure.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Proton_quark_structure.svg/390px-Proton_quark_structure.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Proton_quark_structure.svg/520px-Proton_quark_structure.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure>Modello a quark del protone</td></tr><tr><th>Classificazione</th><td>Particella composta (<a href="/wiki/Adrone" title="Adrone">adrone</a>) </td></tr><tr><th>Composizione</th><td>2 <a href="/wiki/Quark_up" title="Quark up">quark up</a>, 1 <a href="/wiki/Quark_down" title="Quark down">quark down</a> (uud) </td></tr><tr><th>Famiglia</th><td><a href="/wiki/Fermione" title="Fermione">Fermioni</a> </td></tr><tr><th>Gruppo</th><td><a href="/wiki/Barione" title="Barione">Barioni</a> </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Interazioni_fondamentali" title="Interazioni fondamentali">Interazioni</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/Interazione_gravitazionale" title="Interazione gravitazionale">Gravitazionale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interazione_elettromagnetica" title="Interazione elettromagnetica">elettromagnetica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interazione_debole" title="Interazione debole">debole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interazione_forte" title="Interazione forte">forte</a> </td></tr><tr><th>Simbolo</th><td><span style="white-space:nowrap">p</span> </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Antiparticella" title="Antiparticella">Antiparticella</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/Antiprotone" title="Antiprotone">Antiprotone</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap"><span style="text-decoration:overline;">p</span></span>) </td></tr><tr><th>Teorizzata</th><td><a href="/wiki/William_Prout" title="William Prout">William Prout</a> (1815) </td></tr><tr><th>Scoperta</th><td><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a> (1919) </td></tr><tr class="sinottico_divisione"><th colspan="2" style="background:#bfdfff">Proprietà fisiche</th></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Massa_a_riposo" title="Massa a riposo">Massa</a></th><td><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6973167262192369000♠"></span>1,67262192369(51)<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−27</sup> <a href="/wiki/Chilogrammo" title="Chilogrammo">kg</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6990150327747805834♠"></span>938,27208816(29) <a href="/wiki/Elettronvolt" title="Elettronvolt">MeV</a>/<a href="/wiki/Velocit%C3%A0_della_luce" title="Velocità della luce">c²</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000100727646662099♠"></span>1,007276466621(53) <a href="/wiki/Unit%C3%A0_di_massa_atomica" title="Unità di massa atomica">u</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Carica_elementare" title="Carica elementare">Carica elettrica</a></th><td>1 <a href="/wiki/Carica_elementare" title="Carica elementare">e</a><br /> <p><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6981160217663400000♠"></span>1,602176634<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−19</sup> <a href="/wiki/Coulomb" title="Coulomb">C</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr><tr><th>Raggio di carica</th><td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6984833000000000000♠"></span>(0,833<span style="margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;">±</span>0,010)<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−15</sup> <a href="/wiki/Metro" title="Metro">m</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-ref_A_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref_A-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Spin" title="Spin">Spin</a></th><td>½ </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Il <b>protone</b> è una <a href="/wiki/Particella_subatomica" title="Particella subatomica">particella subatomica</a> dotata di <a href="/wiki/Carica_elettrica" title="Carica elettrica">carica elettrica</a> positiva, formata da due <a href="/wiki/Quark_up" title="Quark up">quark up</a> e un <a href="/wiki/Quark_down" title="Quark down">quark down</a> uniti dalla <a href="/wiki/Interazione_forte" title="Interazione forte">interazione forte</a> e detti "di valenza" in quanto ne determinano quasi tutte le caratteristiche fisiche. </p><p>Costituisce il <a href="/wiki/Nucleo_atomico" title="Nucleo atomico">nucleo atomico</a> assieme al <a href="/wiki/Neutrone" title="Neutrone">neutrone</a>, con il quale si trasforma continuamente mediante l'emissione e l'assorbimento di <a href="/wiki/Pione" title="Pione">pioni</a> <a href="/wiki/Particella_virtuale" title="Particella virtuale">virtuali</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In quanto formato da <a href="/wiki/Quark_(particella)" title="Quark (particella)">quark</a> appartiene alla famiglia degli <a href="/wiki/Adrone" title="Adrone">adroni</a>, in particolare al gruppo dei <a href="/wiki/Barione" title="Barione">barioni</a> e, avendo <a href="/wiki/Spin" title="Spin">spin</a> semi-intero, è un <a href="/wiki/Fermione" title="Fermione">fermione</a>. Oltre che legato dall'interazione forte nel nucleo atomico, può trovarsi libero, stato nel quale è fra le particelle più stabili esistenti, con una <a href="/wiki/Vita_media" title="Vita media">vita media</a> stimata <i>τ</i> > 3,6×10<sup>29</sup> anni,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> un valore pari a circa dieci miliardi di miliardi l'<a href="/wiki/Et%C3%A0_dell%27universo" title="Età dell'universo">età dell'universo</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scoperta_ed_etimologia">Scoperta ed etimologia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protone&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la sezione Scoperta ed etimologia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protone&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Scoperta ed etimologia"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scoperto da <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a> nel 1919,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> il nome "protone" venne introdotto nel 1920 dallo stesso Rutherford come "proton" (in inglese), basandosi sul termine <i>πρῶτον</i> (pròton) del <a href="/wiki/Lingua_greca_antica" title="Lingua greca antica">greco antico</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> un <a href="/wiki/Grado_di_comparazione" title="Grado di comparazione">superlativo</a> di <a href="/wiki/Neutro_(linguistica)" title="Neutro (linguistica)">genere neutro</a> che significa "che è dinanzi a tutti, il primo".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Il termine inglese "proton" è stato importato in italiano aggiungendovi una -e finale (e spostamento di accento) per italianizzarne la forma;<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> quindi, la parte finale "-one" di "protone" è parte della parola greca originale e non è qui un suffisso italiano accrescitivo,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> come peraltro accade in diversi altri casi in italiano;<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> questo in contrapposizione a quanto accaduto al nome del <a href="/wiki/Neutrino" title="Neutrino">neutrino</a>, dove la desinenza -<i>ino</i> ha invece effettivamente valore diminutivo.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Il nome venne infatti proposto da <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Fermi</a> nel 1932 per l'allora "neutrone di <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Pauli</a>" per differenziarlo dal "neutrone di <a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">Chadwick</a>" (l'attuale <a href="/wiki/Neutrone" title="Neutrone">neutrone</a>), particella ben più massiva; poi il nome rimase.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Esperimenti precedenti, fra cui quelli condotti dai fisici <a href="/wiki/Eugen_Goldstein" title="Eugen Goldstein">Eugen Goldstein</a> e <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wien" title="Wilhelm Wien">Wilhelm Wien</a>, avevano già messo in luce l'esistenza nei <a href="/wiki/Raggi_anodici" title="Raggi anodici">raggi canale</a> di <a href="/wiki/Particella_(fisica)" title="Particella (fisica)">particelle</a> con <a href="/wiki/Carica_elettrica" title="Carica elettrica">carica positiva</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Caratteristiche_generali">Caratteristiche generali</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protone&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la sezione Caratteristiche generali" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protone&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Caratteristiche generali"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mass-comparison-atomic-components.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Mass-comparison-atomic-components.svg/220px-Mass-comparison-atomic-components.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Mass-comparison-atomic-components.svg/330px-Mass-comparison-atomic-components.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Mass-comparison-atomic-components.svg/440px-Mass-comparison-atomic-components.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="133" data-file-height="71" /></a><figcaption>Confronto tra le masse di elettrone, protone e neutrone.</figcaption></figure> <p>La <a href="/wiki/Massa_a_riposo" title="Massa a riposo">massa a riposo</a> del protone è pari a circa <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6973167262310000000♠"></span>1,6726231<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−27</sup> <a href="/wiki/Chilogrammo" title="Chilogrammo">kg</a></span> (<span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6990150329015422236♠"></span>9,3828<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>2</sup> <a href="/wiki/Elettronvolt" title="Elettronvolt">MeV</a></span>/<a href="/wiki/Velocit%C3%A0_della_luce" title="Velocità della luce"><i>c</i>²</a>), leggermente inferiore a quella del neutrone e circa 1836 volte superiore a quella dell'<a href="/wiki/Elettrone" title="Elettrone">elettrone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Il valore della carica elettrica del protone è uguale a quello dell'elettrone, ma di segno opposto (<span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6981160200000000000♠"></span>1,602<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−19</sup> <a href="/wiki/Coulomb" title="Coulomb">C</a></span>). Negli atomi successivi all'<a href="/wiki/Idrogeno" title="Idrogeno">idrogeno</a> la forza repulsiva fra i protoni è attenuata dalla presenza dei <a href="/wiki/Neutrone" title="Neutrone">neutroni</a> e più che controbilanciata dalla <a href="/wiki/Interazione_forte" title="Interazione forte">forza nucleare forte</a> che attrae i <a href="/wiki/Nucleone" title="Nucleone">nucleoni</a> fra loro. </p><p>Il <a href="/wiki/Magnetone_nucleare#Momento_magnetico_anomalo_del_protone" title="Magnetone nucleare">momento magnetico del protone</a> in unità di <a href="/wiki/Magnetone_nucleare" title="Magnetone nucleare">magnetone nucleare</a> è pari a +2,793 μ<sub>N</sub>: è stato possibile spiegare il valore <i>anomalo</i> del momento magnetico del protone solo grazie al <a href="/wiki/Modello_a_quark_costituenti" title="Modello a quark costituenti">modello a quark costituenti</a> introdotto negli <a href="/wiki/Anni_1960" title="Anni 1960">anni sessanta</a>. </p><p>Viene anche definito un raggio classico del protone: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r_{p}={\frac {1}{4\pi \varepsilon _{0}}}{\frac {e^{2}}{m_{p}c^{2}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>p</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mrow> <mn>4</mn> <mi>π</mi> <msub> <mi>ε</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msup> <mi>e</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mrow> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>p</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r_{p}={\frac {1}{4\pi \varepsilon _{0}}}{\frac {e^{2}}{m_{p}c^{2}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/466dab659c9fb15e932686acaa5ee4c555dec06d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:16.671ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r_{p}={\frac {1}{4\pi \varepsilon _{0}}}{\frac {e^{2}}{m_{p}c^{2}}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>pari a <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6982152900000000000♠"></span>1,529<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−18</sup> <a href="/wiki/Metro" title="Metro">m</a></span>, il quale però non ha un significato fisico ben definito. Infatti, sperimentalmente, la sua carica elettrica si distribuisce in una sfera di raggio medio pari a 0,833 ± 0,010 <a href="/wiki/Femtometro" title="Femtometro">fm</a> (8,33<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>−16</sup> ± 1,0<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>−17</sup> <a href="/wiki/Metro" title="Metro">m</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-ref_A_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref_A-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Il raggio del protone è cioè circa 60 000 volte più piccolo di quello dell'atomo libero di <a href="/wiki/Elio" title="Elio">elio</a>, che è di circa <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6989500000000000000♠"></span>50 pm</span>. Per avere un'idea della sua dimensione, si può considerare che il diametro di un capello umano è circa diecimila miliardi di volte maggiore di quello di un protone, oppure che il puntino di una i potrebbe contenerne circa 500 miliardi, seppure mediamente molto distanziati fra loro.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proprietà_chimiche"><span id="Propriet.C3.A0_chimiche"></span>Proprietà chimiche</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protone&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la sezione Proprietà chimiche" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protone&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Proprietà chimiche"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r130657691">body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .vedi-anche{font-size:95%}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r139142988">.mw-parser-output .hatnote-content{align-items:center;display:flex}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon{flex-shrink:0}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon img{display:flex}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-text{font-style:italic}body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .hatnote{border:1px solid #CCC;display:flex;margin:.5em 0;padding:.2em .5em}body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .hatnote-text{padding-left:.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon{padding-right:8px}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon img{height:auto;width:16px}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .hatnote a.new{color:#d73333}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .hatnote a.new:visited{color:#a55858}</style> <div class="hatnote noprint vedi-anche"> <div class="hatnote-content"><span class="noviewer hatnote-icon" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/18px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/27px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/36px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="280" /></span></span> <span class="hatnote-text">Lo stesso argomento in dettaglio: <b><a href="/wiki/Idrone" title="Idrone">Idrone</a></b> e <b><a href="/wiki/Idronio" title="Idronio">Idronio</a></b>.</span></div> </div> <p>Il nucleo del più comune <a href="/wiki/Isotopo" title="Isotopo">isotopo</a> dell'<a href="/wiki/Idrogeno" title="Idrogeno">idrogeno</a>, il <a href="/wiki/Prozio_(chimica)" title="Prozio (chimica)">prozio</a>, è costituito esclusivamente da un protone ed è rappresentato come H<sup>+</sup>. I nuclei degli altri atomi sono composti da neutroni e protoni tenuti insieme dalla <a href="/wiki/Interazione_forte" title="Interazione forte">forza forte</a>, che contrasta efficacemente la <a href="/wiki/Forza_di_Coulomb" title="Forza di Coulomb">repulsione coulombiana</a> esistente fra cariche dello stesso segno. </p><p>Il numero di protoni nel nucleo, detto <a href="/wiki/Numero_atomico" title="Numero atomico">numero atomico</a>, simbolo <i>Z</i>, è fondamentale in chimica in quanto definisce l'<a href="/wiki/Elemento_chimico" title="Elemento chimico">elemento chimico</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> corrispondente a tale nucleo e determina, assieme al numero di elettroni presenti e la loro <a href="/wiki/Configurazione_elettronica" title="Configurazione elettronica">configurazione</a>, la natura stessa di tale specie (atomo o ione) e le sue proprietà chimiche.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Esempio: H, con un solo elettrone, è un <a href="/wiki/Radicale_libero" title="Radicale libero">radicale libero</a>; la specie cationica H<sup>+</sup> (<a href="/wiki/Idrone" title="Idrone">idrone</a>, 0 <i>e</i>) è un <a href="/wiki/Acido_di_Lewis" title="Acido di Lewis">acido di Lewis</a> e un <a href="/wiki/Ossidante" title="Ossidante">ossidante</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> la specie anionica H<sup>−</sup> (<a href="/wiki/Idruro" title="Idruro">idruro</a>, 2 <i>e</i>) è una <a href="/wiki/Base_di_Lewis" title="Base di Lewis">base di Lewis</a> e un <a href="/wiki/Riducente" title="Riducente">riducente</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Chimica" title="Chimica">chimica</a> e <a href="/wiki/Biochimica" title="Biochimica">biochimica</a> il termine viene usato quasi sempre impropriamente per riferirsi allo <a href="/wiki/Ione" title="Ione">ione</a> dell'<a href="/wiki/Idrogeno" title="Idrogeno">idrogeno</a> in <a href="/wiki/Soluzione_acquosa" title="Soluzione acquosa">soluzione acquosa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Idronio" title="Idronio">idrogenione</a>), mentre in realtà il protone libero in soluzione acquosa non può esistere stabilmente in quanto troppo reattivo ed esiste invece lo <a href="/wiki/Ione_molecolare" title="Ione molecolare">ione molecolare</a> covalente <a href="/wiki/Idrossonio" class="mw-redirect" title="Idrossonio">idrossonio</a>, o semplicemente ossonio, H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup>. In questo contesto, secondo la <a href="/wiki/Teoria_acido-base_di_Br%C3%B8nsted-Lowry" title="Teoria acido-base di Brønsted-Lowry">teoria acido-base di Brønsted-Lowry</a>, una specie molecolare capace di donare un protone ad un'altra è un <a href="/wiki/Acido" title="Acido">acido</a> e una capace di accettarne un protone da un'altra specie è una <a href="/wiki/Base_(chimica)" title="Base (chimica)">base</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Il_protone_come_acido_di_Lewis_e_precursore_di_acidi_di_Brønsted"><span id="Il_protone_come_acido_di_Lewis_e_precursore_di_acidi_di_Br.C3.B8nsted"></span>Il protone come acido di Lewis e precursore di acidi di Brønsted</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protone&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifica la sezione Il protone come acido di Lewis e precursore di acidi di Brønsted" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protone&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Il protone come acido di Lewis e precursore di acidi di Brønsted"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Il raggio di carica elettrica del protone (8,4075×10<sup>−16</sup> m)<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> è enormemente più piccolo rispetto a qualsiasi altro ione positivo: il <a href="/wiki/Campo_elettrico" title="Campo elettrico">campo elettrico</a> da esso esercitato è quindi intensissimo. Per questo e per il fatto che, a differenza di altri ioni positivi, non c'è per esso alcun guscio elettronico, il protone libero H<sup>+</sup> può avvicinarsi a un'altra specie chimica ed accettare da essa una <a href="/wiki/Doppietto_elettronico" title="Doppietto elettronico">coppia di elettroni</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In tal modo H<sup>+</sup> rappresenta quindi il più semplice degli acidi di Lewis<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ed è fortissimo: può unirsi spontaneamente a qualsiasi specie chimica elettricamente neutra: perfino un atomo di <a href="/wiki/Elio" title="Elio">elio</a> può essere protonato <a href="/wiki/Processo_esotermico" title="Processo esotermico">esotermicamente</a> (-<a href="/wiki/Entalpia_standard_di_formazione" title="Entalpia standard di formazione">Δ<i>H<sub>r</sub></i>°</a> = 177,8 kJ/mol),<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> generando in tal caso lo <a href="/wiki/Ione_molecolare" title="Ione molecolare">ione molecolare</a> HHe<sup>+</sup>,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Isoelettronico" title="Isoelettronico">isoelettronico</a> alla molecola H<sub>2</sub> e questo, a sua volta, è il più forte acido di Brønsted conosciuto.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lo ione H<sup>+</sup> libero può essere generato in fase gassosa nella sorgente di uno <a href="/wiki/Spettrometro_di_massa" title="Spettrometro di massa">spettrometro di massa</a> per ionizzazione dell'idrogeno;<sup id="cite_ref-:0_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in tal modo può essere immesso in una <a href="/wiki/Trappola_ionica" title="Trappola ionica">trappola ionica</a> e ivi fatto reagire con altre molecole di interesse e generare quindi le corrispondenti specie "protonate" che, in tal modo, divengono acidi di Brønsted: reagendo con una molecola di acqua, ad esempio, si ottiene lo ione H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup> già menzionato; dall'<a href="/wiki/Ammoniaca" title="Ammoniaca">ammoniaca</a> si ottiene lo ione <a href="/wiki/Ammonio" title="Ammonio">ammonio</a> NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>; dal <a href="/wiki/Metano" title="Metano">metano</a>, lo ione <a href="/w/index.php?title=Flussionalit%C3%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flussionalità (la pagina non esiste)">flussionale</a> <a href="/wiki/Metanio" title="Metanio">metanio</a> CH<sub>5</sub><sup>+</sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>; dall'idrogeno molecolare, lo ione triangolare <a href="/wiki/Idrogenonio" title="Idrogenonio">idrogenonio</a>, H<sub>3</sub><sup>+</sup>, osservato fin dal 1911.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Una branca della <a href="/wiki/Chimica" title="Chimica">chimica</a> si focalizza sulla protonazione in fase gassosa di molecole e sui trasferimenti di protone tra molecola e molecola:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in tale ambito, assume particolare importanza l'<a href="/wiki/Affinit%C3%A0_protonica" title="Affinità protonica">affinità protonica</a>, definita come la <a href="/wiki/Entalpia" title="Entalpia">variazione di entalpia</a>, cambiata di segno, della reazione di protonazione della molecola,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in quanto tale affinità rappresenta una misura della <a href="/w/index.php?title=Basicit%C3%A0_intrinseca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basicità intrinseca (la pagina non esiste)">basicità intrinseca</a> di quella molecola.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proprietà_quantistiche"><span id="Propriet.C3.A0_quantistiche"></span>Proprietà quantistiche</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protone&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifica la sezione Proprietà quantistiche" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protone&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Proprietà quantistiche"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Il protone, al contrario di altre particelle come l'<a href="/wiki/Elettrone" title="Elettrone">elettrone</a>, non è una particella elementare, ma una particella composita costituita da <a href="/wiki/Quark_(particella)" title="Quark (particella)">quark</a> e <a href="/wiki/Gluone" title="Gluone">gluoni</a>, legati dal meccanismo chiamato <a href="/wiki/Confinamento_dei_quark" title="Confinamento dei quark">confinamento di colore</a>. Il confinamento è una fenomeno risultante dalla <a href="/wiki/Interazione_forte" title="Interazione forte">interazione forte</a>, la cui natura è però oscura ed elusiva. Ad esempio, è interessante notare che la grandissima parte, il 99% circa, della massa del protone, come di quella del neutrone, è determinata dall'energia della stessa <a href="/wiki/Interazione_forte" title="Interazione forte">interazione forte</a> che tiene uniti i <a href="/wiki/Quark_(particella)" title="Quark (particella)">quark</a>, piuttosto che dalla loro massa propria.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> L'intensità della forza nucleare forte decresce al crescere dell'energia delle particelle interagenti, sicché i quark e i gluoni si manifestano come particelle singole solo in collisioni ad alte energie o temperature, alle quali i protoni, come in generale gli altri <a href="/wiki/Adrone" title="Adrone">adroni</a>, fondono formando il <a href="/wiki/Plasma_di_quark_e_gluoni" title="Plasma di quark e gluoni">plasma di quark e gluoni</a>. </p><p>La struttura interna dei protoni è studiata negli acceleratori di particelle attraverso gli <a href="/wiki/Urto_elastico" title="Urto elastico">urti elastici</a> e anelastici ad alta energia fra protoni e <a href="/wiki/Nucleone" title="Nucleone">nucleoni</a> e fra protoni e <a href="/wiki/Leptone" title="Leptone">leptoni</a>, come gli elettroni. Da questo tipo di esperimenti, a partire da <a href="/wiki/SLAC" title="SLAC">SLAC</a>, è stato possibile scoprire per la prima volta l'esistenza di particelle interne al protone.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sulla base di questi esperimenti, Feynman formulò il modello a <a href="/wiki/Partone" title="Partone">partoni</a>, il primo che tenesse in considerazione la struttura composita del protone.<sup id="cite_ref-feynman_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-feynman-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Negli anni successivi, i partoni furono identificati con i quark e i gluoni, le cui interazioni sono descritte dalla <a href="/wiki/Cromodinamica_quantistica" title="Cromodinamica quantistica">cromodinamica quantistica</a>. Dal punto di vista teorico, le funzioni di distribuzione dei quark e dei gluoni codificano la struttura composita del protone. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Funzione_d'onda_dei_quark"><span id="Funzione_d.27onda_dei_quark"></span>Funzione d'onda dei quark</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protone&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifica la sezione Funzione d'onda dei quark" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protone&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Funzione d'onda dei quark"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Il protone è formato da tre quark, detti "di valenza" in quanto ne determinano i numeri quantici, come lo spin e la carica elettrica. Ad esempio, sapendo che è formato da due quark up e uno down, che hanno rispettivamente carica elettrica <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle +2/3}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>3</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle +2/3}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/bf418826b34f1686a83a8bec7bfbb1afcb198df2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.296ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle +2/3}"></span> e <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -1/3}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>3</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -1/3}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9d26272f09f96204eaaaa4236a61b57e3fe9f1be" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.296ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -1/3}"></span>, è possibile calcolare che la carica elettrica del protone è uguale a <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 2/3+2/3-1/3=+1}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>2</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>3</mn> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>3</mn> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>3</mn> <mo>=</mo> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 2/3+2/3-1/3=+1}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7d38d6e3466a802c6e51a394bf23f2e7bf07a6c3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:22.212ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 2/3+2/3-1/3=+1}"></span>. </p><p>La funzione d'onda del protone deve essere totalmente antisimmetrica rispetto allo scambio di due quark, visto che il protone è un fermione. L'antisimmetria nel caso dei barioni è data dalle componenti di colore, mentre la funzione d'onda per le componenti di sapore e di spin è simmetrica e uguale a </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |p_{\uparrow }\rangle ={\frac {1}{\sqrt {18}}}[2|u_{\uparrow }d_{\downarrow }u_{\uparrow }\rangle +2|u_{\uparrow }u_{\uparrow }d_{\downarrow }\rangle +2|d_{\downarrow }u_{\uparrow }u_{\uparrow }\rangle -|u_{\uparrow }u_{\downarrow }d_{\uparrow }\rangle -|u_{\uparrow }d_{\uparrow }u_{\downarrow }\rangle -|u_{\downarrow }d_{\uparrow }u_{\uparrow }\rangle -|d_{\uparrow }u_{\downarrow }u_{\uparrow }\rangle -|d_{\uparrow }u_{\uparrow }u_{\downarrow }\rangle -|u_{\downarrow }u_{\uparrow }d_{\uparrow }\rangle ]}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">↑</mo> </mrow> </msub> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <msqrt> <mn>18</mn> </msqrt> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <msub> <mi>u</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">↑</mo> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>d</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">↓</mo> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>u</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">↑</mo> </mrow> </msub> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩</mo> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <msub> <mi>u</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">↑</mo> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>u</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">↑</mo> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>d</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">↓</mo> </mrow> </msub> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩</mo> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <msub> <mi>d</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">↓</mo> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>u</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">↑</mo> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>u</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">↑</mo> </mrow> </msub> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <msub> <mi>u</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">↑</mo> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>u</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">↓</mo> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>d</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">↑</mo> </mrow> </msub> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <msub> <mi>u</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">↑</mo> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>d</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">↑</mo> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>u</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">↓</mo> </mrow> </msub> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <msub> <mi>u</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">↓</mo> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>d</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">↑</mo> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>u</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">↑</mo> </mrow> </msub> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <msub> <mi>d</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">↑</mo> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>u</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">↓</mo> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>u</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">↑</mo> </mrow> </msub> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <msub> <mi>d</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">↑</mo> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>u</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">↑</mo> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>u</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">↓</mo> </mrow> </msub> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <msub> <mi>u</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">↓</mo> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>u</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">↑</mo> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>d</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">↑</mo> </mrow> </msub> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩</mo> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |p_{\uparrow }\rangle ={\frac {1}{\sqrt {18}}}[2|u_{\uparrow }d_{\downarrow }u_{\uparrow }\rangle +2|u_{\uparrow }u_{\uparrow }d_{\downarrow }\rangle +2|d_{\downarrow }u_{\uparrow }u_{\uparrow }\rangle -|u_{\uparrow }u_{\downarrow }d_{\uparrow }\rangle -|u_{\uparrow }d_{\uparrow }u_{\downarrow }\rangle -|u_{\downarrow }d_{\uparrow }u_{\uparrow }\rangle -|d_{\uparrow }u_{\downarrow }u_{\uparrow }\rangle -|d_{\uparrow }u_{\uparrow }u_{\downarrow }\rangle -|u_{\downarrow }u_{\uparrow }d_{\uparrow }\rangle ]}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5422055b212a775bc14b01acce94e4958c638996" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.838ex; width:116.717ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |p_{\uparrow }\rangle ={\frac {1}{\sqrt {18}}}[2|u_{\uparrow }d_{\downarrow }u_{\uparrow }\rangle +2|u_{\uparrow }u_{\uparrow }d_{\downarrow }\rangle +2|d_{\downarrow }u_{\uparrow }u_{\uparrow }\rangle -|u_{\uparrow }u_{\downarrow }d_{\uparrow }\rangle -|u_{\uparrow }d_{\uparrow }u_{\downarrow }\rangle -|u_{\downarrow }d_{\uparrow }u_{\uparrow }\rangle -|d_{\uparrow }u_{\downarrow }u_{\uparrow }\rangle -|d_{\uparrow }u_{\uparrow }u_{\downarrow }\rangle -|u_{\downarrow }u_{\uparrow }d_{\uparrow }\rangle ]}"></span>,</dd></dl> <p>dove a ciascun quark up <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle u}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>u</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle u}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c3e6bb763d22c20916ed4f0bb6bd49d7470cffd8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle u}"></span> o down <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle d}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>d</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle d}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e85ff03cbe0c7341af6b982e47e9f90d235c66ab" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.216ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle d}"></span> è assegnato uno spin up <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \uparrow }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">↑</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \uparrow }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ddb20b28c74cdaa09e1f101d426441da1996072f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \uparrow }"></span> o down <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \downarrow }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">↓</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \downarrow }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4618f22b0f780805eb94bb407578d9bc9487947a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \downarrow }"></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Il_decadimento_del_protone">Il decadimento del protone</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protone&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifica la sezione Il decadimento del protone" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protone&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Il decadimento del protone"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r130657691"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r139142988"> <div class="hatnote noprint vedi-anche"> <div class="hatnote-content"><span class="noviewer hatnote-icon" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/18px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/27px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/36px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="280" /></span></span> <span class="hatnote-text">Lo stesso argomento in dettaglio: <b><a href="/wiki/Decadimento_del_protone" title="Decadimento del protone">Decadimento del protone</a></b>.</span></div> </div> <p>In base agli attuali esperimenti di <a href="/wiki/Fisica_delle_particelle" title="Fisica delle particelle">fisica particellare</a> il protone è una <a href="/wiki/Particella_(fisica)" title="Particella (fisica)">particella</a> "stabile", il che significa che non <a href="/wiki/Decadimento_particellare" title="Decadimento particellare">decade</a> in altre particelle e quindi, entro i limiti sperimentali, la sua vita è eterna.<sup id="cite_ref-protonpdg_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-protonpdg-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Questo fatto è riassunto dalla <a href="/wiki/Legge_di_conservazione_del_numero_barionico" title="Legge di conservazione del numero barionico">conservazione del numero barionico</a> nei processi fra <a href="/wiki/Particella_elementare" title="Particella elementare">particelle elementari</a>. Infatti il barione più leggero è proprio il protone e, se il numero barionico deve essere conservato, esso non può decadere in nessun'altra particella più leggera. </p><p>Tuttavia rimane aperta la possibilità che, in tempi molto più grandi di quelli finora osservati, il protone possa decadere in altre particelle. Diversi <a href="/wiki/Teoria_della_grande_unificazione" title="Teoria della grande unificazione">modelli teorici di grande unificazione</a> (GUT) propongono infatti processi di non conservazione del numero barionico, tra cui proprio il decadimento del protone. Studiando questo eventuale fenomeno sarebbe possibile indagare una regione energetica attualmente irraggiungibile (circa <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7005160217648700000♠"></span>1<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>15</sup> <a href="/wiki/Elettronvolt" title="Elettronvolt">GeV</a></span>) e scoprire l'esistenza o meno di un'unica forza fondamentale. Per questo motivo nel mondo sono attivi diversi esperimenti che hanno come obiettivo quello di misurare la vita media del protone. Tale evento però, se esiste, è estremamente difficile da osservarsi in quanto richiede apparati molto grandi e complessi per raccogliere un numero sufficientemente grande di protoni e avere una <a href="/wiki/Probabilit%C3%A0" title="Probabilità">probabilità</a> non trascurabile di rilevare un decadimento. Attualmente esistono solo dei limiti sperimentali per i diversi canali di decadimento, tutti molto maggiori dell'età dell'universo. </p><p>Ad esempio, uno dei canali di decadimento maggiormente studiato è il seguente: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p\to e^{+}+\pi ^{0}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>p</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <msup> <mi>e</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mi>π</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p\to e^{+}+\pi ^{0}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8ee753e879a91b79b93060a03498ba6ea3cb4b96" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:12.696ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p\to e^{+}+\pi ^{0}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>con un limite inferiore per la vita media parziale pari a <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7033160000000000000♠"></span>1,6<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>33</sup></span> anni.<sup id="cite_ref-Nishino_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nishino-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protone&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifica la sezione Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protone&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?mp">https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?mp</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?mpc2mev">https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?mpc2mev</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?mpu">https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?mpu</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?e"><span style="font-style:italic;">elementary charge</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">physics.nist.gov</span>. <small>URL consultato il 23 maggio 2022</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref_A-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-ref_A_5-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-ref_A_5-1">b</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) N. Bezginov, T. Valdez, M. Horbatsch, A. Marsman, A. C. Vutha e E. A. Hessels, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oadoi.org/10.1126/science.aau7807"><span style="font-style:italic;">A measurement of the atomic hydrogen Lamb shift and the proton charge radius</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Science</span>, vol. 365, n. 6457, 6 settembre 2019, pp. 1007-1012, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aau7807">10.1126/science.aau7807</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jlab.org/intralab/calendar/archive04/pn12/talks/Gaskell.pdf"><span style="font-style:italic;">Exploring the Role of Pions in the Nucleus</span></a> (<span style="font-weight: bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="documento in formato PDF">PDF</abbr></span>), su <span style="font-style:italic;">Jefferson Lab</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal"> T.E.O. Ericson, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6410(78)90009-1"><span style="font-style:italic;">Somewhat virtual pions</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics</span>, vol. 1, 1978-01, pp. 173–192, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0146-6410%2878%2990009-1">10.1016/0146-6410(78)90009-1</a>. <small>URL consultato il 23 marzo 2024</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal"> SNO+ Collaboration, M. Anderson e S. Andringa, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arxiv.org/abs/1812.05552"><span style="font-style:italic;">Search for invisible modes of nucleon decay in water with the SNO+ detector</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Physical Review D</span>, vol. 99, n. 3, 20 febbraio 2019, pp. 032008, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevD.99.032008">10.1103/PhysRevD.99.032008</a>. <small>URL consultato il 23 marzo 2024</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Ernest Rutherford, <span style="font-style:italic;">Nuclear constitution of atoms</span>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, A</span>, vol. 97, 1920, pp. 374-400.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/proton"><span style="font-style:italic;">proton | Etymology of proton by etymonline</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">etymonline.com</span>. <small>URL consultato il 19 marzo 2024</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/105780a0"><span style="font-style:italic;">The Cardiff Meeting of the British Association</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Nature</span>, vol. 105, n. 2651, 1º agosto 1920, pp. 780–781, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F105780a0">10.1038/105780a0</a>. <small>URL consultato il 19 marzo 2024</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.grecoantico.com/dizionario-greco-antico.php?lemma=PRWTOS100"><span style="font-style:italic;">DIZIONARIO GRECO ANTICO - Greco antico - Italiano</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">grecoantico.com</span>. <small>URL consultato il 19 settembre 2022</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dizionario.internazionale.it/parola/www.internazionale.it"><span style="font-style:italic;">Italianizzare > significato - Dizionario italiano De Mauro</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">Internazionale</span>. <small>URL consultato il 19 settembre 2022</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/vocabolario/one1/,%20https://www.treccani.it/vocabolario/one1/"><span style="font-style:italic;">-óne¹ - Treccani</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">Treccani</span>. <small>URL consultato il 14 marzo 2024</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> Nicola Grandi, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402091516/http://www.grandionline.net/nicola/pubblicazioni/grandisli00.pdf"><span style="font-style:italic;">Mutamenti innovativi e conservativi nella morfologia valutativa dell’italiano. Origine, sviluppo e diffusione del suffisso accrescitivo –one</span></a> (<span style="font-weight: bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="documento in formato PDF">PDF</abbr></span>), su <span style="font-style:italic;">grandionline.net</span>. <small>URL consultato il 15 luglio 2020</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http://www.grandionline.net/nicola/pubblicazioni/grandisli00.pdf">url originale</abbr> il 2 aprile 2015)</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/vocabolario/ino1/,%20https://www.treccani.it/vocabolario/ino1/"><span style="font-style:italic;">-ino¹ - Treccani</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">Treccani</span>. <small>URL consultato il 14 marzo 2024</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Edoardo Amaldi, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/037015738490214X"><span style="font-style:italic;">From the discovery of the neutron to the discovery of nuclear fission</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Physics Reports</span>, vol. 111, n. 1-4, 1984-09, pp. 1–331, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0370-1573%2884%2990214-X">10.1016/0370-1573(84)90214-X</a>. <small>URL consultato il 20 settembre 2022</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) W. Wien, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/2190505"><span style="font-style:italic;">Über positive Elektronen und die Existenz hoher Atomgewichte</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Annalen der Physik</span>, vol. 318, n. 4, 1904-01, pp. 669–677, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fandp.18943180404">10.1002/andp.18943180404</a>. <small>URL consultato il 19 marzo 2024</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?mp"><span style="font-style:italic;">CODATA Value: proton mass</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">physics.nist.gov</span>. <small>URL consultato il 15 luglio 2024</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.media.inaf.it/2021/05/14/raggio-massa-protone/"><span style="font-style:italic;">Misurato il raggio di massa del protone</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">media.inaf.it</span>, 14 maggio 2021.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Bill Bryson, <span style="font-style:italic;">Breve storia di (quasi) tutto</span>, Guanda, 2006.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> British Electricity International, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-040519-3.50008-1"><span style="font-style:italic;">Nuclear physics and basic technology</span></a>, Elsevier, 1992, pp. 1–110, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fb978-0-08-040519-3.50008-1">10.1016/b978-0-08-040519-3.50008-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-0-08-040519-3" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-0-08-040519-3">978-0-08-040519-3</a>. <small>URL consultato il 22 luglio 2024</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Paolo Silvestroni, <span style="font-style:italic;">Fondamenti di Chimica</span>, LIBRERIA EREDI VIRGILIO VESCHI, 1968, p. 531.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">Il protone in soluzione acquosa (H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup>), ad esempio, ha <a href="/wiki/Potenziale_standard_di_riduzione" title="Potenziale standard di riduzione">potenziale standard di riduzione</a> 0 e quindi è in grado di ossidare qualsiasi specie chimica il cui potenziale standard di riduzione sia negativo (molti metalli).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Christian T. Goralski e Bakthan Singaram, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/op0601363"><span style="font-style:italic;">SPECIAL FEATURE SECTION: HYDRIDE REDUCTIONS</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Organic Process Research & Development</span>, vol. 10, n. 5, 1º settembre 2006, pp. 947–948, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1021%2Fop0601363">10.1021/op0601363</a>. <small>URL consultato il 22 luglio 2024</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Paolo Silvestroni, <span style="font-style:italic;">Fondamenti di Cimica</span>, LIBRERIA EREDI VIRGILIO VESCHI, 1968, pp. 355-357.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?rp"><span style="font-style:italic;">CODATA Value: proton rms charge radius</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">physics.nist.gov</span>. <small>URL consultato il 16 agosto 2024</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Egon Wiberg, Nils Wiberg e A. F. Holleman, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/970042787"><span style="font-style:italic;">Anorganische Chemie</span></a>, 103. Auflage, De Gruyter, 2017, p. 266, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-3-11-026932-1" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-3-11-026932-1">978-3-11-026932-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/970042787">970042787</a>. <small>URL consultato il 16 agosto 2024</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Paolo Silvestroni, <span style="font-style:italic;">Fondamenti di Chimica</span>, LIBRERIA EREDI VIRGILIO VESCHI, 1968, pp. 357-358.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Erwin Riedel e Christoph Janiak, <span style="font-style:italic;">Anorganische Chemie</span>, collana <span style="font-style:italic;">De Gruyter Studium</span>, 10. Auflage, De Gruyter, 2022, pp. 367-370, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-3-11-069604-2" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-3-11-069604-2">978-3-11-069604-2</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=C7440597&Units=SI&Mask=20#Ion-Energetics"><span style="font-style:italic;">Helium - Gas phase ion energetics data</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">webbook.nist.gov</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> <span style="font-style:italic;">Gas-phase ion and neutral thermochemistry</span>, collana <span style="font-style:italic;">Journal of physical and chemical reference data</span>, American chemical society American institute of physics, 1988, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-0-88318-562-9" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-0-88318-562-9">978-0-88318-562-9</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Rolf Güsten, Helmut Wiesemeyer e David Neufeld, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-1090-x"><span style="font-style:italic;">Astrophysical detection of the helium hydride ion HeH+</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Nature</span>, vol. 568, n. 7752, 2019-04, pp. 357–359, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-019-1090-x">10.1038/s41586-019-1090-x</a>. <small>URL consultato il 15 luglio 2024</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-:0_34-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-:0_34-1">b</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Fulvio Cacace, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ar00150a001"><span style="font-style:italic;">Radiolytic approach to gas-phase ion chemistry</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Accounts of Chemical Research</span>, vol. 21, n. 6, 1º giugno 1988, pp. 215–222, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1021%2Far00150a001">10.1021/ar00150a001</a>. <small>URL consultato il 15 luglio 2024</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal"> Golam Rasul, G. K. Surya Prakash e George A. Olah, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0009261411012735"><span style="font-style:italic;">Comparative study of the hypercoordinate carbonium ions and their boron analogs: A challenge for spectroscopists</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Chemical Physics Letters</span>, vol. 517, n. 1, 28 novembre 2011, pp. 1–8, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cplett.2011.10.020">10.1016/j.cplett.2011.10.020</a>. <small>URL consultato il 15 luglio 2024</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspa.1913.0057"><span style="font-style:italic;">Bakerian Lecture :—Rays of positive electricity</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character</span>, vol. 89, n. 607, 1913-08, pp. 1–20, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1098%2Frspa.1913.0057">10.1098/rspa.1913.0057</a>. <small>URL consultato il 15 luglio 2024</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://goldbook.iupac.org/P04907.html">Proton affinity.</a>" <i>Compendium of Chemical Terminology</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> J. E. Huheey, E. A. Keiter e R. L. Keiter, <span style="font-style:italic;">Chimica Inorganica,Principi, Strutture, Reattività</span>, 2ª ed., Piccin, 1999, pp. 342-344, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/88-299-1470-3" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/88-299-1470-3">88-299-1470-3</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) André Walker-Loud, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://physics.aps.org/articles/v11/118"><span style="font-style:italic;">Viewpoint: Dissecting the Mass of the Proton</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Physics</span>, vol. 11, 19 novembre 2018, p. 118.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Max Klein, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cerncourier.com/a/deep-import-of-deep-inelastic-scattering/"><span style="font-style:italic;">Deep import of deep inelastic scattering</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">cerncourier.com</span>, 2 novembre 1999. <small>URL consultato il 26 aprile 2020</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-feynman-41"><a href="#cite_ref-feynman_41-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation conferenza" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) R. P. Feynman, <span style="font-style:italic;">The Behavior of Hadron Collisions at Extreme Energies</span>, <span style="font-style:italic;">High Energy Collisions: Third International Conference at Stony Brook, N.Y.</span>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gordon_%26_Breach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gordon & Breach (la pagina non esiste)">Gordon & Breach</a>, 1969, pp. 237–249, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-0-677-13950-0" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-0-677-13950-0">978-0-677-13950-0</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">L'equivalenza fra i nomi dei due quark leggeri e i nomi per i due stati di spin ha ragioni storiche ed è da ricercare nella simmetria di <a href="/wiki/Isospin" title="Isospin">isospin</a>. Si veda ad esempio <cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdg.lbl.gov/2019/reviews/rpp2019-rev-quark-model.pdf"><span style="font-style:italic;">Quark Model</span></a> (<span style="font-weight: bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="documento in formato PDF">PDF</abbr></span>), su <span style="font-style:italic;">pdg.lbl.gov</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-protonpdg-43"><a href="#cite_ref-protonpdg_43-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdg.lbl.gov/2014/listings/rpp2014-list-p.pdf"><span style="font-style:italic;">proton (PDG)</span></a> (<span style="font-weight: bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="documento in formato PDF">PDF</abbr></span>), su <span style="font-style:italic;">pdg.lbl.gov</span>. <small>URL consultato l'8 ottobre 2014</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nishino-44"><a href="#cite_ref-Nishino_44-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) H. Nishino <i>et al.</i> (<a href="/wiki/Super-Kamiokande" title="Super-Kamiokande">Super-K Collaboration</a>), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oadoi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.141801"><span style="font-style:italic;">Search for Proton Decay via <i>p</i> → <i>e</i><sup>+</sup> + <i>π</i><sup>0</sup> and <i>p</i> → <i>μ</i><sup>+</sup> + <i>π</i><sup>0</sup> in a Large Water Cherenkov Detector</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/Physical_Review_Letters" title="Physical Review Letters">Physical Review Letters</a></span>, vol. 102, n. 14, 2012, p. 141801, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009PhRvL.102n1801N">2009PhRvL.102n1801N</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.102.141801">10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.141801</a>.</cite></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protone&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifica la sezione Bibliografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protone&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Bibliografia"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="francese">FR</abbr></span>) Albert Messiah, <span style="font-style:italic;">Mécanique quantique, tome 1</span>, Dunod, 1966.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Paul Dirac</a>, <span style="font-style:italic;">I principi della meccanica quantistica</span>, Bollati Boringhieri, 1971.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a href="/wiki/John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">John von Neumann</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mathematicalfoun0000vonn"><span style="font-style:italic;">Mathematical foundations of Quantum Mechanics</span></a>, Princeton University Press, 1955.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Stephen Gustafson e Israel M. Sigal, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mathematicalconc0000gust"><span style="font-style:italic;">Mathematical concepts of quantum mechanics</span></a>, Springer, 2006.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Franz Schwabl, <span style="font-style:italic;">Quantum mechanics</span>, Springer, 2002.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Franco Strocchi, <span style="font-style:italic;">An introduction to the mathematical structure of quantum mechanics, a short course for mathematicians</span>, World Scientific Publishing, 2005.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">L. Pauling</a> e E. B. Wilson, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archive.org/details/introductiontoqu031712mbp"><span style="font-style:italic;">Introduction to Quantum Mechanics with Applications to Chemistry</span></a>, New York, McGrawHill, 1935.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) S. Dushman, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archive.org/details/elementsofquantu031067mbp"><span style="font-style:italic;">The Elements of Quantum Mechanics</span></a>, New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1938.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">M. Planck</a>, L. Silberstein e H. T. Clarke, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archive.org/details/origindevelopmen00planrich"><span style="font-style:italic;">The origin and development of the quantum theory</span></a>, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1922.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) F. Reiche, H. Hatfield e L. Henry, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archive.org/details/quantumtheory00reiciala"><span style="font-style:italic;">The Quantum Theory</span></a>, New York, E.P. Dutton & co., 1922.</cite>)</li> <li><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) J. F. Frenkel, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archive.org/details/wavemechanics030681mbp"><span style="font-style:italic;">Wave Mechanics: Advanced General Theory</span></a>, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1934.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a href="/wiki/Nevill_Francis_Mott" title="Nevill Francis Mott">N. F. Mott</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archive.org/details/elementsofwaveme031632mbp"><span style="font-style:italic;">Elements of Wave Mechanics</span></a>, Cambridge University Press, 1958.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> <a href="/wiki/Giancarlo_Ghirardi" title="Giancarlo Ghirardi">Giancarlo Ghirardi</a>, <span style="font-style:italic;">Un'occhiata alle carte di Dio</span>, Net, 1997.</cite></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voci_correlate">Voci correlate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protone&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modifica la sezione Voci correlate" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protone&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Voci correlate"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atomo" title="Atomo">Atomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elettrone" title="Elettrone">Elettrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutrone" title="Neutrone">Neutrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetone_nucleare" title="Magnetone nucleare">Magnetone nucleare</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Altri_progetti">Altri progetti</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protone&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Modifica la sezione Altri progetti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protone&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Altri progetti"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div id="interProject" class="toccolours" style="display: none; clear: both; margin-top: 2em"><p id="sisterProjects" style="background-color: #efefef; color: black; font-weight: bold; margin: 0"><span>Altri progetti</span></p><ul title="Collegamenti verso gli altri progetti Wikimedia"> <li class="" title=""><a href="https://it.wiktionary.org/wiki/protone" class="extiw" title="wikt:protone">Wikizionario</a></li> <li class="" title=""><span class="plainlinks" title="commons:Category:Protons"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Protons?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://it.wiktionary.org/wiki/" title="Collabora a Wikizionario"><img alt="Collabora a Wikizionario" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/18px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/27px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/36px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="350" /></a></span> <a href="https://it.wiktionary.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="wikt:">Wikizionario</a> contiene il lemma di dizionario «<b><a href="https://it.wiktionary.org/wiki/protone" class="extiw" title="wikt:protone">protone</a></b>»</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it" title="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons"><img alt="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/27px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/36px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span> contiene immagini o altri file sul <b><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Protons?uselang=it">protone</a></span></b></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collegamenti_esterni">Collegamenti esterni</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protone&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Modifica la sezione Collegamenti esterni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protone&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Collegamenti esterni"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFTreccani.it" class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/protone"><span style="font-style:italic;">protone</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">Treccani.it – Enciclopedie on line</span>, <a href="/wiki/Istituto_dell%27Enciclopedia_Italiana" title="Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana">Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana</a>.</cite> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2294#P3365" title="Modifica su Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica su Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBritannica.com" class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/proton-subatomic-particle"><span style="font-style:italic;">proton</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/Enciclopedia_Britannica" title="Enciclopedia Britannica">Enciclopedia Britannica</a></span>, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</cite> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2294#P1417" title="Modifica su Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica su Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li> <li><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://goldbook.iupac.org/P04906.html"><span style="font-style:italic;">IUPAC Gold Book, "proton"</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">goldbook.iupac.org</span>.</cite></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r141815314">.mw-parser-output .navbox{border:1px solid #aaa;clear:both;margin:auto;padding:2px;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox th{padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr:first-child>th{background:#ccf;font-size:90%;width:100%;color:var(--color-base,black)}.mw-parser-output .navbox_navbar{float:left;margin:0;padding:0 10px 0 0;text-align:left;width:6em}.mw-parser-output .navbox_title{font-size:110%}.mw-parser-output .navbox_abovebelow{background:#ddf;font-size:90%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbox_group{background:#ddf;font-size:90%;padding:0 10px;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .navbox_list{font-size:90%;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox_list a{white-space:nowrap}html:not(.vector-feature-night-mode-enabled) .mw-parser-output .navbox_odd{background:#fdfdfd;color:var(--color-base,black)}html:not(.vector-feature-night-mode-enabled) .mw-parser-output .navbox_even{background:#f7f7f7;color:var(--color-base,black)}.mw-parser-output .navbox a.mw-selflink{color:var(--color-base,black)}.mw-parser-output .navbox_center{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox_image{padding-left:7px;vertical-align:middle;width:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox .mw-collapsible-toggle{font-weight:normal;text-align:right;width:7em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox_image img{max-width:none!important}.mw-parser-output .subnavbox{margin:-3px;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .subnavbox_group{background:#e6e6ff;padding:0 10px}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr:first-child>th{background:var(--background-color-interactive)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox th{color:var(--color-base)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox_abovebelow,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox_group{background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .subnavbox_group{background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr:first-child>th{background:var(--background-color-interactive)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox th{color:var(--color-base)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox_abovebelow,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox_group{background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .subnavbox_group{background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle)!important}}</style><table class="navbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed noprint metadata" id="navbox-Particelle"><tbody><tr><th colspan="3"><div class="navbox_navbar"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-base, #000000); white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Particelle" title="Template:Particelle"><span title="Vai alla pagina del template">V</span></a> · <a href="/wiki/Discussioni_template:Particelle" title="Discussioni template:Particelle"><span title="Discuti del template">D</span></a> · <a class="external text" href="https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Particelle&action=edit"><span title="Modifica il template. Usa l'anteprima prima di salvare">M</span></a></div></div><span class="navbox_title"><a href="/wiki/Particella_subatomica" title="Particella subatomica">Particelle in fisica</a></span></th></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal; width:10%"><b><a href="/wiki/Particella_elementare" title="Particella elementare">Elementari</a></b></th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd" style="background:transparent"><table class="subnavbox"><tbody><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal; width:9%;background:#e6e6ff"><b><a href="/wiki/Fermione" title="Fermione">Fermioni</a></b></th><td colspan="1"><table class="subnavbox"><tbody><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal; width:12%;background:#e6e6ff"><a href="/wiki/Quark_(particella)" title="Quark (particella)">Quark</a></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Quark_up" title="Quark up">Up</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Quark_down" title="Quark down">Down</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Quark_charm" title="Quark charm">Charm</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Quark_strange" title="Quark strange">Strange</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Quark_top" title="Quark top">Top</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Quark_bottom" title="Quark bottom">Bottom</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal; width:12%;background:#e6e6ff"><a href="/wiki/Leptone" title="Leptone">Leptoni</a></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Elettrone" title="Elettrone">Elettrone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Positrone" title="Positrone">Positrone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Muone" title="Muone">Muone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Antimuone" class="mw-redirect" title="Antimuone">Antimuone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Tauone" title="Tauone">Tauone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Antitauone" class="mw-redirect" title="Antitauone">Antitauone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Neutrino_elettronico" title="Neutrino elettronico">Neutrino elettronico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Antineutrino_elettronico" class="mw-redirect" title="Antineutrino elettronico">Antineutrino elettronico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Neutrino_muonico" title="Neutrino muonico">Neutrino muonico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Antineutrino_muonico" class="mw-redirect" title="Antineutrino muonico">Antineutrino muonico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Neutrino_tauonico" title="Neutrino tauonico">Neutrino tauonico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Antineutrino_tauonico" class="mw-redirect" title="Antineutrino tauonico">Antineutrino tauonico</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal; width:9%;background:#e6e6ff"><b><a href="/wiki/Bosone_(fisica)" title="Bosone (fisica)">Bosoni</a></b></th><td colspan="1"><table class="subnavbox"><tbody><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal;width:12%;background:#e6e6ff"><a href="/wiki/Bosone_di_gauge" title="Bosone di gauge">Gauge</a></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Fotone" title="Fotone">Fotone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Gluone" title="Gluone">Gluone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Bosoni_W_e_Z" title="Bosoni W e Z">Bosoni W e Z</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal;width:12%;background:#e6e6ff"><a href="/wiki/Bosone_scalare" title="Bosone scalare">Scalari</a></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Bosone_di_Higgs" title="Bosone di Higgs">Bosone di Higgs</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal; width:9%;background:#e6e6ff"><a href="/wiki/Lista_delle_particelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Lista delle particelle">Ipotetiche</a></th><td colspan="1"><table class="subnavbox"><tbody><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="font-weight:normal;width:12%;background:#e6e6ff"><a href="/wiki/Sparticella" title="Sparticella">Sparticelle</a></th><td colspan="1"><table class="subnavbox"><tbody><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="font-weight:normal;width:8%;background:#e6e6ff"><a href="/wiki/Gaugino" title="Gaugino">Gaugini</a></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Gluino" class="mw-redirect" title="Gluino">Gluino</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Gravitino" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravitino">Gravitino</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Fotino" class="mw-redirect" title="Fotino">Fotino</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="font-weight:normal;width:8%;background:#e6e6ff">Altre</th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Axino" title="Axino">Axino</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Chargino" title="Chargino">Chargino</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Higgsino" class="mw-redirect" title="Higgsino">Higgsino</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Neutralino" title="Neutralino">Neutralino</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Sfermione" title="Sfermione">Sfermione</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Bosino_(particella)" title="Bosino (particella)">Bosino</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="font-weight:normal;width:12%;background:#e6e6ff">Altre</th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Assione" title="Assione">Assione</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Dilatone" title="Dilatone">Dilatone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Gravitone" title="Gravitone">Gravitone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Monopolo_magnetico" title="Monopolo magnetico">Monopolo magnetico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Majorone" title="Majorone">Majorone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Tachione" title="Tachione">Tachione</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Bosoni_X_e_Y" title="Bosoni X e Y">Bosoni X e Y</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Bosoni_W%27_e_Z%27" title="Bosoni W' e Z'">bosoni W' e Z'</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Neutrino_sterile" title="Neutrino sterile">Neutrino sterile</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Preone_(fisica)" title="Preone (fisica)">Preone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Fermione_di_Majorana" title="Fermione di Majorana">Fermione di Majorana</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal; width:9%;background:#e6e6ff"><b>Altre</b></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Ghost_di_Faddeev-Popov" title="Ghost di Faddeev-Popov">Ghost di Faddeev-Popov</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td rowspan="3" class="navbox_image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Modello_Standard_delle_Particelle_Elementari.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Modello_Standard_delle_Particelle_Elementari.svg/400px-Modello_Standard_delle_Particelle_Elementari.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="383" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Modello_Standard_delle_Particelle_Elementari.svg/600px-Modello_Standard_delle_Particelle_Elementari.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Modello_Standard_delle_Particelle_Elementari.svg/800px-Modello_Standard_delle_Particelle_Elementari.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1390" data-file-height="1330" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal; width:10%"><b><a href="/wiki/Stato_legato" class="mw-redirect" title="Stato legato">Composte</a></b></th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_even" style="background:transparent"><table class="subnavbox"><tbody><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal; width:9%;background:#e6e6ff"><b><a href="/wiki/Adrone" title="Adrone">Adroni</a></b></th><td colspan="1"><table class="subnavbox"><tbody><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal; width:12%;background:#e6e6ff"><a href="/wiki/Barione" title="Barione">Barioni</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Iperone_(fisica)" title="Iperone (fisica)">iperoni</a></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Nucleone" title="Nucleone">Nucleone</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Protone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Neutrone" title="Neutrone">Neutrone</a>)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Barione_delta" title="Barione delta">Barione delta</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Barione_lambda" title="Barione lambda">Barione lambda</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Barione_sigma" title="Barione sigma">Barione sigma</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Barione_Xi" title="Barione Xi">Barione Xi</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Barione_omega" title="Barione omega">Barione omega</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal; width:12%;background:#e6e6ff"><a href="/wiki/Mesone" title="Mesone">Mesoni</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Quarkonio" title="Quarkonio">quarkoni</a></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Pione" title="Pione">Pione</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mesone_rho" title="Mesone rho">Mesone rho</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mesone_eta" title="Mesone eta">Mesoni eta e eta primo</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mesone_phi" title="Mesone phi">Mesone phi</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mesone_omega" title="Mesone omega">Mesone omega</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mesone_J/Psi" title="Mesone J/Psi">Mesone J/Psi</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mesone_upsilon" title="Mesone upsilon">Mesone upsilon</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Kaone" title="Kaone">Kaone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mesone_B" title="Mesone B">Mesone B</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mesone_D" title="Mesone D">Mesone D</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal; width:12%;background:#e6e6ff"><a href="/wiki/Adrone_esotico" title="Adrone esotico">Adroni esotici</a></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Tetraquark" title="Tetraquark">Tetraquark</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Pentaquark" title="Pentaquark">Pentaquark</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal; width:9%;background:#e6e6ff"><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Particelle_composte_ipotetiche" title="Categoria:Particelle composte ipotetiche">Ipotetiche</a></th><td colspan="1"><table class="subnavbox"><tbody><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="font-weight:normal; width:12%;background:#e6e6ff"><a href="/wiki/Barione_esotico" title="Barione esotico">Barioni esotici</a></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Esaquark" title="Esaquark">Esaquark</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="font-weight:normal; width:12%;background:#e6e6ff"><a href="/wiki/Mesone_esotico" title="Mesone esotico">Mesoni esotici</a></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Glueball" title="Glueball">Glueball</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Odderone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Odderone (la pagina non esiste)">Odderone</a>)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mesone_theta" title="Mesone theta">Mesone theta</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mesone_T" title="Mesone T">Mesone T</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="font-weight:normal; width:12%;background:#e6e6ff">Altre</th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Molecola_mesonica" title="Molecola mesonica">Molecola mesonica</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Pomerone" title="Pomerone">Pomerone</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal; width:9%;background:#e6e6ff"><b>Altre</b></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Nucleo_atomico" title="Nucleo atomico">Nuclei atomici</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Atomo" title="Atomo">Atomi</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Atomo_esotico" title="Atomo esotico">Atomi esotici</a> (<a href="/wiki/Positronio" title="Positronio">Positronio</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Muonio_(fisica)" title="Muonio (fisica)">Muonio</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Tauonio" class="mw-redirect" title="Tauonio">Tauonio</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Pionio" title="Pionio">Pionio</a>)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Atomolecola" title="Atomolecola">Atomolecole</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Molecola" title="Molecola">Molecole</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Superatomo" title="Superatomo">Superatomo</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal; width:10%"><b><a href="/wiki/Quasiparticella" title="Quasiparticella">Quasiparticelle</a></b></th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd" style="background:transparent"><a href="/wiki/Droplettone" title="Droplettone">Droplettone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Eccitone" title="Eccitone">Eccitone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Fasone" title="Fasone">Fasone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frattone_(particella)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frattone (particella) (la pagina non esiste)">Frattone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Fonone" title="Fonone">Fonone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Lacuna_(fisica)" title="Lacuna (fisica)">Lacuna</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Levitone" title="Levitone">Levitone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Magnone_(fisica)" title="Magnone (fisica)">Magnone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Plasmarone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plasmarone (la pagina non esiste)">Plasmarone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Plasmone" title="Plasmone">Plasmone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Polaritone" title="Polaritone">Polaritone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Polarone" title="Polarone">Polarone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Qualunquone" title="Qualunquone">Qualunquone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Rotone" title="Rotone">Rotone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Skyrmione" title="Skyrmione">Skyrmione</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Skyrmione_magnetico" title="Skyrmione magnetico">Skyrmione magnetico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Solitone" title="Solitone">Solitone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Solitone_di_Davydov" title="Solitone di Davydov">Solitone di Davydov</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Spinone_(fisica)" title="Spinone (fisica)">Spinone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Topolaritone" title="Topolaritone">Topolaritone</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="3" class="navbox_abovebelow"><a href="/wiki/Cronologia_della_scoperta_delle_particelle" title="Cronologia della scoperta delle particelle">Cronologia della scoperta delle particelle</a></th></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r140554510">.mw-parser-output .CdA{border:1px solid #aaa;width:100%;margin:auto;font-size:90%;padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .CdA th{background-color:#f2f2f2;font-weight:bold;width:20%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .CdA{border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .CdA th{background-color:#202122}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .CdA{border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .CdA th{background-color:#202122}}</style><table class="CdA"><tbody><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Aiuto:Controllo_di_autorit%C3%A0" title="Aiuto:Controllo di autorità">Controllo di autorità</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/Nuovo_soggettario" title="Nuovo soggettario">Thesaurus BNCF</a> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thes.bncf.firenze.sbn.it/termine.php?id=11805">11805</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85107796">sh85107796</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="tedesco">DE</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4137643-2">4137643-2</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_nazionale_di_Francia" title="Biblioteca nazionale di Francia">BNF</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="francese">FR</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11951081z">cb11951081z</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11951081z">(data)</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_nazionale_di_Israele" title="Biblioteca nazionale di Israele">J9U</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr>, <abbr title="ebraico">HE</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007541245005171">987007541245005171</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_della_Dieta_nazionale_del_Giappone" title="Biblioteca della Dieta nazionale del Giappone">NDL</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr>, <abbr title="giapponese">JA</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00574364">00574364</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="noprint" style="width:100%; padding: 3px 0; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; row-gap: 4px; column-gap: 8px; box-sizing: border-box;"><div style="flex-basis: calc( 100% / 2 - 8px / 2 );"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r140555418">.mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello{width:100%;line-height:25px;border:1px solid #CCF;background-color:#F0EEFF;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello-progetto{background-color:#FAFAFA}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello{background-color:#202122;border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello-progetto{background-color:#282929}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello{background-color:#202122;border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello-progetto{background-color:#282929}}</style><div class="itwiki-template-occhiello"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gnome-applications-science.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chimica"><img alt=" " src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Gnome-applications-science.svg/25px-Gnome-applications-science.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Gnome-applications-science.svg/38px-Gnome-applications-science.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Gnome-applications-science.svg/50px-Gnome-applications-science.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portale:Chimica" title="Portale:Chimica">Portale Chimica</a></b></div></div><div style="flex-basis: calc( 100% / 2 - 8px / 2 );"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r140555418"><div class="itwiki-template-occhiello"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_katomic.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fisica"><img alt=" " src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Nuvola_apps_katomic.svg/25px-Nuvola_apps_katomic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Nuvola_apps_katomic.svg/38px-Nuvola_apps_katomic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Nuvola_apps_katomic.svg/50px-Nuvola_apps_katomic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portale:Fisica" title="Portale:Fisica">Portale Fisica</a></b></div></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Estratto da "<a dir="ltr" href="https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Protone&oldid=141776658">https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Protone&oldid=141776658</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Categorie" title="Categoria:Categorie">Categorie</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Concetti_fondamentali_di_chimica" title="Categoria:Concetti fondamentali di chimica">Concetti fondamentali di chimica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Barioni" title="Categoria:Barioni">Barioni</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Categorie nascoste: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:P3365_letta_da_Wikidata" title="Categoria:P3365 letta da Wikidata">P3365 letta da Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:P1417_letta_da_Wikidata" title="Categoria:P1417 letta da Wikidata">P1417 letta da Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Voci_con_codice_Thesaurus_BNCF" title="Categoria:Voci con codice Thesaurus BNCF">Voci con codice Thesaurus BNCF</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Voci_con_codice_LCCN" title="Categoria:Voci con codice LCCN">Voci con codice LCCN</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Voci_con_codice_GND" title="Categoria:Voci con codice GND">Voci con codice GND</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Voci_con_codice_BNF" title="Categoria:Voci con codice BNF">Voci con codice BNF</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Voci_con_codice_J9U" title="Categoria:Voci con codice J9U">Voci con codice J9U</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Voci_con_codice_NDL" title="Categoria:Voci con codice NDL">Voci con codice NDL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Voci_non_biografiche_con_codici_di_controllo_di_autorit%C3%A0" title="Categoria:Voci non biografiche con codici di controllo di autorità">Voci non biografiche con codici di controllo di autorità</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Questa pagina è stata modificata per l'ultima volta il 23 ott 2024 alle 13:24.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Il testo è disponibile secondo la <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.it">licenza Creative Commons Attribuzione-Condividi allo stesso modo</a>; possono applicarsi condizioni ulteriori. Vedi le <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use/it">condizioni d'uso</a> per i dettagli.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy/it">Informativa sulla privacy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Sala_stampa/Wikipedia">Informazioni su Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avvertenze_generali">Avvertenze</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Codice di condotta</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Sviluppatori</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/it.wikipedia.org">Statistiche</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Dichiarazione sui cookie</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//it.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Protone&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Versione mobile</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-7sh2w","wgBackendResponseTime":150,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.659","walltime":"0.850","ppvisitednodes":{"value":5955,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":115249,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":2169,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":13,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":3,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":39993,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 673.832 1 -total"," 20.48% 137.985 1 Template:Collegamenti_esterni"," 17.92% 120.745 1 Template:Infobox_particella"," 17.42% 117.409 1 Template:Infobox"," 9.01% 60.736 1 Template:Particelle"," 8.89% 59.892 16 Template:Cita_web"," 8.69% 58.530 1 Template:Navbox"," 7.74% 52.127 1 Template:Interprogetto"," 7.30% 49.174 14 Template:Cita_pubblicazione"," 6.66% 44.872 1 Template:Portale"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.406","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":8665319,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5fb746f978-hnbf2","timestamp":"20241119094041","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Protone","url":"https:\/\/it.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Protone","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2294","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2294","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributori ai progetti Wikimedia"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-07-13T00:18:57Z","dateModified":"2024-10-23T12:24:12Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/b\/b7\/Proton_quark_structure.svg","headline":"particella subatomica che, insieme a neutroni ed elettroni, forma gli atomi"}</script> </body> </html>