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class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Sito"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Indice" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Indice</h2> <button 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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voci_correlate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voci_correlate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Voci correlate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voci_correlate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collegamenti_esterni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Collegamenti esterni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Indice" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mostra/Nascondi l'indice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Mostra/Nascondi l'indice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sparticella</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vai a una voce in un'altra lingua. Disponibile in 24 lingue" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 lingue</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-deeltjie" title="S-deeltjie - afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="S-deeltjie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B8%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%82" title="نظير فائق - arabo" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نظير فائق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercompany" title="Supercompany - catalano" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Supercompany" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superpartne%C5%99i" title="Superpartneři - ceco" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Superpartneři" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="ceco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superpartner" title="Superpartner - tedesco" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Superpartner" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tedesco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superpartner" title="Superpartner - inglese" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Superpartner" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-Part%C3%ADcula" title="S-Partícula - spagnolo" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="S-Partícula" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superpartneri" title="Superpartneri - finlandese" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Superpartneri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superpartenaire" title="Superpartenaire - francese" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Superpartenaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%A3-%D7%A2%D7%9C" title="שותף-על - ebraico" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שותף-על" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superpartner" title="Superpartner - croato" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Superpartner" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croato" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E5%AF%BE%E7%A7%B0%E6%80%A7%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="超対称性粒子 - giapponese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="超対称性粒子" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="giapponese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B4%88%EB%8C%80%EC%B9%AD%EC%A7%9D" title="초대칭짝 - coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="초대칭짝" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Суперпартнер - macedone" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Суперпартнер" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superpartner" title="Superpartner - olandese" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Superpartner" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="olandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-part%C3%ADcula" title="S-partícula - portoghese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="S-partícula" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portoghese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%91%D1%80" title="Суперпартнёр - russo" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Суперпартнёр" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superpartner" title="Superpartner - serbo-croato" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Superpartner" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croato" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superpartner" title="Superpartner - sloveno" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Superpartner" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="sloveno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superpartner" title="Superpartner - svedese" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Superpartner" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svedese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superpartner" title="Superpartner - tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Superpartner" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCpere%C5%9F" title="Süpereş - turco" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Süpereş" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Суперпартнер - ucraino" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Суперпартнер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E5%B0%8D%E7%A8%B1%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="超對稱粒子 - cinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="超對稱粒子" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="cinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1051902#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifica collegamenti interlinguistici" class="wbc-editpage">Modifica collegamenti</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespace"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sparticella" title="Vedi la voce [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Voce</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discussione:Sparticella" rel="discussion" title="Vedi le discussioni relative a questa pagina [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussione</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Cambia versione linguistica" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">italiano</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Visite"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sparticella"><span>Leggi</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sparticella&veaction=edit" title="Modifica questa pagina [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifica</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sparticella&action=edit" title="Modifica il wikitesto di questa pagina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifica wikitesto</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sparticella&action=history" title="Versioni precedenti di questa pagina [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Cronologia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Strumenti pagine"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Strumenti" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Strumenti</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Strumenti</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">sposta nella barra laterale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">nascondi</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Altre opzioni" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Azioni </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sparticella"><span>Leggi</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sparticella&veaction=edit" title="Modifica questa pagina [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifica</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sparticella&action=edit" title="Modifica il wikitesto di questa pagina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifica wikitesto</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sparticella&action=history"><span>Cronologia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Generale </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:PuntanoQui/Sparticella" title="Elenco di tutte le pagine che sono collegate a questa [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Puntano qui</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:ModificheCorrelate/Sparticella" rel="nofollow" title="Elenco delle ultime modifiche alle pagine collegate a questa [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Modifiche correlate</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:PagineSpeciali" title="Elenco di tutte le pagine speciali [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Pagine speciali</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sparticella&oldid=141373897" title="Collegamento permanente a questa versione di questa pagina"><span>Link permanente</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sparticella&action=info" title="Ulteriori informazioni su questa pagina"><span>Informazioni pagina</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:Cita&page=Sparticella&id=141373897&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informazioni su come citare questa pagina"><span>Cita questa voce</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fit.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSparticella"><span>Ottieni URL breve</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fit.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSparticella"><span>Scarica codice QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Stampa/esporta </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:Libro&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Sparticella"><span>Crea un libro</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:DownloadAsPdf&page=Sparticella&action=show-download-screen"><span>Scarica come PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sparticella&printable=yes" title="Versione stampabile di questa pagina [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versione stampabile</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In altri progetti </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1051902" title="Collegamento all'elemento connesso dell'archivio dati [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Elemento Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Strumenti pagine"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aspetto"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aspetto</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">sposta nella barra laterale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">nascondi</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Da Wikipedia, l'enciclopedia libera.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="it" dir="ltr"><p>Nella <a href="/wiki/Fisica_delle_particelle" title="Fisica delle particelle">fisica delle particelle</a>, una <b>sparticella</b> o <b>s-particella</b> o <b>superpartner</b> è una <a href="/wiki/Particella_elementare" title="Particella elementare">particella elementare</a> ipotetica prevista dalle teorie di <a href="/wiki/Supersimmetria" title="Supersimmetria">supersimmetria</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> che si propongono di estendere il <a href="/wiki/Modello_standard" title="Modello standard">modello standard</a>. Secondo la supersimmetria, ogni <a href="/wiki/Fermione" title="Fermione">fermione</a> dovrebbe avere un <a href="/wiki/Bosone_(fisica)" title="Bosone (fisica)">bosone</a> come superpartner, e viceversa.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nota 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Quando i più familiari <a href="/wiki/Leptone" title="Leptone">leptoni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fotone" title="Fotone">fotoni</a> e <a href="/wiki/Quark_(particella)" title="Quark (particella)">quark</a> vennero ad essere prodotti nel <a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">Big Bang</a>, ognuno di essi veniva accompagnato da una sparticella di <i>accoppiamento</i>, ovvero rispettivamente: <a href="/wiki/Sleptone" class="mw-redirect" title="Sleptone">sleptoni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fotino" class="mw-redirect" title="Fotino">fotini</a> e <a href="/wiki/Squark" class="mw-redirect" title="Squark">squark</a>. Questo stato di cose si è verificato in un momento in cui l'<a href="/wiki/Universo" title="Universo">universo</a> stava attraversando una rapida <a href="/wiki/Transizione_di_fase" title="Transizione di fase">fase di mutamento</a>, e i teorici credono che questo <i>stato di cose</i> sia durato solo qualche decina di trilionesimo di una decina di un <a href="/wiki/Nanosecondo" title="Nanosecondo">nanosecondi</a> (10<sup>−35</sup> secondi) prima che le particelle venissero adesso "condensate" e gelate nello spazio-tempo. Anteriormente a questo evento, le sparticelle naturalmente non esistevano. </p><p>L'esatta supersimmetria <i>intera</i> prevede che una particella e le sue superpartner abbiano la stessa massa. Nessuna superpartner delle particelle del <a href="/wiki/Modello_standard" title="Modello standard">modello standard</a> è stata ancora scoperta. Questo potrebbe indicare che la supersimmetria non sia corretta, o può anche darsi che il risultato indichi il fatto che la supersimmetria non sia un'esatta e <i>ininterrotta</i> simmetria della natura. Se si scoprisse una superpartner, la sua massa determinerebbe la scala laddove la supersimmetria si è rotta. </p><p>Per le particelle che sono veramente scalari (come l'<a href="/wiki/Assione" title="Assione">assione</a>), vi è un fermione superpartner così come un secondo reale campo scalare. Per gli assioni, queste particelle vengono spesso definite come assini (<i>axinos</i>) e sassioni (<i>saxions</i>). </p><p>Nella supersimmetria estesa ci possono essere più di una superparticella per una data particella. Ad esempio, con due copie di supersimmetria in quattro dimensioni, un fotone avrebbe due fermioni superpartner e un superpartner scalare. </p><p>Nelle dimensioni zero (spesso note come <a href="/wiki/Meccanica_delle_matrici" title="Meccanica delle matrici">meccanica delle matrici</a>), è possibile ottenere la supersimmetria, ma nessun superpartner. Comunque, questa è l'unica situazione in cui la supersimmetria non implica l'esistenza di superpartner. </p><p>Tuttavia, se questa teoria è corretta, dovrebbe essere possibile ricreare queste particelle negli <a href="/wiki/Acceleratore_di_particelle" title="Acceleratore di particelle">acceleratori di particelle</a> ad alta energia. Si credeva che il <a href="/wiki/Large_Hadron_Collider" title="Large Hadron Collider">Large Hadron Collider</a> al <a href="/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a> di <a href="/wiki/Ginevra" title="Ginevra">Ginevra</a>, in grado di raggiungere energie fino ai 14 TeV (<a href="/wiki/Teraelettronvolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Teraelettronvolt">teraelettronvolt</a>), avrebbe rilevato la presenza di superparticelle, ma ad oggi non sono ancora mai state osservate la causa principale e il massiccio aumento di <a href="/wiki/Tecnologia" title="Tecnologia">tecnologia</a> e di materia le superparticelle potrebbe essere analizzato al <a href="/w/index.php?title=Macrotelescopio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Macrotelescopio (la pagina non esiste)">macrotelescopio</a> la vita della superparticella e <a href="/wiki/Invisibilit%C3%A0" title="Invisibilità">invisibile</a> ed essere analizzato macroinfiniti più degli anni luce. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Supersimmetria">Supersimmetria</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sparticella&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la sezione Supersimmetria" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sparticella&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Supersimmetria"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="width:40%;float:right;text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr bgcolor="PaleTurquoise"> <th colspan="4"> <p>Alcune coppie </p> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Particella </th> <th><i>Spin</i> </th> <th>Partner </th> <th><i>Spin</i> </th></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Elettrone" title="Elettrone">Elettrone</a></i> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mstyle> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/edef8290613648790a8ac1a95c2fb7c3972aea2f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:1.658ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{2}}}"></span> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Selettrone" class="mw-redirect" title="Selettrone">Selettrone</a></i> </td> <td><i><b>0</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Quark_(particella)" title="Quark (particella)">Quark</a></i> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mstyle> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/edef8290613648790a8ac1a95c2fb7c3972aea2f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:1.658ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{2}}}"></span> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Sfermione#Squark" title="Sfermione">Squark</a></i> </td> <td><i><b>0</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Neutrino" title="Neutrino">Neutrino</a></i> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mstyle> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/edef8290613648790a8ac1a95c2fb7c3972aea2f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:1.658ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{2}}}"></span> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Sneutrino" class="mw-redirect" title="Sneutrino">Sneutrino</a></i> </td> <td><i><b>0</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Gluone" title="Gluone">Gluone</a></i> </td> <td><i><b>1</b></i> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Gluino" class="mw-redirect" title="Gluino">Gluino</a></i> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mstyle> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/edef8290613648790a8ac1a95c2fb7c3972aea2f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:1.658ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{2}}}"></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Fotone" title="Fotone">Fotone</a></i> </td> <td><i><b>1</b></i> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Fotino" class="mw-redirect" title="Fotino">Fotino</a></i> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mstyle> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/edef8290613648790a8ac1a95c2fb7c3972aea2f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:1.658ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{2}}}"></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Bosone_W" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosone W">Bosone W</a></i> </td> <td><i><b>1</b></i> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Wino_(particella)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wino (particella)">Wino (particella)</a></i> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mstyle> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/edef8290613648790a8ac1a95c2fb7c3972aea2f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:1.658ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{2}}}"></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Bosone_Z" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosone Z">Bosone Z</a></i> </td> <td><i><b>1</b></i> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Zino_(particella)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zino (particella)">Zino</a></i> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mstyle> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/edef8290613648790a8ac1a95c2fb7c3972aea2f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:1.658ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{2}}}"></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Gravitone" title="Gravitone">Gravitone</a></i> </td> <td><i><b>2</b></i> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Gravitino" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravitino">Gravitino</a></i> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {3}{2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mfrac> <mn>3</mn> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mstyle> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tfrac {3}{2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/631d66184353d37ebfe470a07a6a61487da227ac" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:1.658ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {3}{2}}}"></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Nella <a href="/wiki/Fisica_delle_particelle" title="Fisica delle particelle">fisica delle particelle</a>, la supersimmetria (o SUSY da SUper SYmmetry) è una simmetria che associa particelle <a href="/wiki/Bosone_(fisica)" title="Bosone (fisica)">bosoniche</a> (che possiedono <a href="/wiki/Spin" title="Spin">spin</a> intero) a particelle <a href="/wiki/Fermione" title="Fermione">fermioniche</a> (che hanno <a href="/wiki/Spin" title="Spin">spin</a> semi-intero) e viceversa <sup id="cite_ref-GKane_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GKane-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Infatti, in relazione a una trasformazione di <a href="/wiki/Supersimmetria" title="Supersimmetria">supersimmetria</a>, ogni <a href="/wiki/Fermione" title="Fermione">fermione</a> ha un <i>superpartner</i> bosonico ed ogni bosone ha un <i>superpartner</i> fermionico. Le coppie sono state battezzate partner supersimmetrici, e le nuove particelle vengono chiamate appunto <i><a href="/wiki/Spartner" class="mw-redirect" title="Spartner">spartner</a></i>, <i>superpartner</i>, o <i>sparticelle</i> <sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Più precisamente, il superpartner di una particella con spin <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle s}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>s</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle s}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/01d131dfd7673938b947072a13a9744fe997e632" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.09ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle s}"></span> ha spin </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle s-{\frac {1}{2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>s</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle s-{\frac {1}{2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3a26f58e531dbe1ddcb7b3aa09c5df86911d5546" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:5.929ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle s-{\frac {1}{2}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>alcuni esempi sono illustrati nella tabella. Nessuna di esse è stata fino ad ora individuata sperimentalmente, ma si spera che il <a href="/wiki/Large_Hadron_Collider" title="Large Hadron Collider">Large Hadron Collider</a> del <a href="/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a> di Ginevra possa assolvere a questo compito a partire dal <a href="/wiki/2010" title="2010">2010</a>, dopo essere stato rimesso in funzione nel novembre <a href="/wiki/2009" title="2009">2009</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Infatti per il momento ci sono esclusivamente prove indirette dell'esistenza della supersimmetria. Siccome i superpartners delle particelle del <a href="/wiki/Modello_Standard" class="mw-redirect" title="Modello Standard">Modello Standard</a> non sono ancora stati osservati, la supersimmetria, se esiste, deve necessariamente essere una <a href="/wiki/Rottura_spontanea_di_supersimmetria" title="Rottura spontanea di supersimmetria">simmetria rotta</a> così da permettere che i superpartners possano essere più pesanti delle corrispondenti particelle presenti nel Modello Standard. </p><p>La carica associata (ossia il generatore) di una trasformazione di supersimmetria viene detta <a href="/wiki/Supercarica" title="Supercarica">supercarica</a>. </p><p>La teoria spiega alcuni problemi insoluti che affliggono il <a href="/wiki/Modello_standard" title="Modello standard">modello standard</a> ma purtroppo ne introduce altri. Essa è stata sviluppata negli anni '70 dal gruppo di ricercatori di Jonathan I. Segal presso il <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a>; contemporaneamente Daniel Laufferty della “Tufts University” ed i fisici teorici sovietici <a href="/wiki/Izrail%27_Moiseevi%C4%8D_Gel%27fand" title="Izrail' Moiseevič Gel'fand">Izrail' Moiseevič Gel'fand</a> e Likhtman hanno teorizzato indipendentemente la supersimmetria <sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Sebbene nata nel contesto delle <a href="/wiki/Teoria_delle_stringhe" title="Teoria delle stringhe">teorie delle stringhe</a>, la struttura matematica della supersimmetria è stata successivamente applicata con successo ad altre aree della fisica, dalla <a href="/wiki/Meccanica_quantistica" title="Meccanica quantistica">meccanica quantistica</a> alla <a href="/wiki/Fisica_statistica" title="Fisica statistica">statistica classica</a> ed è ritenuta parte fondamentale di numerose teorie fisiche. </p><p>Nella teoria delle stringhe la supersimmetria ha come conseguenza che i <i>modi</i> di vibrazione delle stringhe che danno origine a <a href="/wiki/Fermione" title="Fermione">fermioni</a> e <a href="/wiki/Bosone_(fisica)" title="Bosone (fisica)">bosoni</a> si presentano obbligatoriamente in coppie. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sparticella&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la sezione Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sparticella&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/hep-th/0101055">Introduction to Supersymmetry</a>, Adel Bilal, 2001.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GKane-3"><a href="#cite_ref-GKane_3-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">Gordon Kane, <i>The Dawn of Physics Beyond the Standard Model</i>, <a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a>, June 2003, page 60 and <i>The frontiers of physics</i>, special edition, Vol 15, #3, page 8 "Indirect evidence for supersymmetry comes from the extrapolation of interactions to high energies."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/hep-ph/9709356">A Supersymmetry Primer</a>, S. Martin, 1999</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr>, <abbr title="francese">FR</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100419055915/http://public.web.cern.ch/press/PressReleases/Releases2009/PR16.09E.html"><span style="font-style:italic;">The LHC is back</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">public.web.cern.ch</span>. <small>URL consultato il 12 aprile 2010</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="https://public.web.cern.ch/press/PressReleases/Releases2009/PR16.09E.html">url originale</abbr> il 19 aprile 2010)</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">Weinberg Steven, <i>The Quantum Theory of Fields, Volume 3: Supersymmetry</i>, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1999). <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/0521660009" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-521-66000-9</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <dl><dt>Annotazioni</dt></dl> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">I superpartner dei fermioni sono gli <a href="/wiki/Sfermione" title="Sfermione">sfermioni</a>, mentre i superpartner dei bosoni sono detti <a href="/wiki/Bosino_(particella)" title="Bosino (particella)">bosini</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sparticella&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la sezione Bibliografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sparticella&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Bibliografia"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Junker G. <i>Supersymmetric Methods in Quantum and Statistical Physics</i>, Springer-Verlag (1996).</li> <li>Kane G. L., Shifman M., <i>The Supersymmetric World: The Beginnings of the Theory</i> World Scientific, Singapore (2000). <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/981024522X" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 981-02-4522-X</a>.</li> <li>Weinberg Steven, <i>The Quantum Theory of Fields, Volume 3: Supersymmetry</i>, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1999). <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/0521660009" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-521-66000-9</a>.</li> <li>Wess, Julius, and Jonathan Bagger, <i>Supersymmetry and Supergravity</i>, Princeton University Press, Princeton, (1992). <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/0691025304" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-691-02530-4</a>.</li> <li><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal"> Bennett GW, <i>et al</i>; Muon (g−2) Collaboration, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oadoi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.161802"><span style="font-style:italic;">Measurement of the negative muon anomalous magnetic moment to 0.7 ppm</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Physical Review Letters</span>, vol. 92, n. 16, 2004, p. 161802, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.92.161802">10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.161802</a>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15169217?dopt=Abstract">PMID 15169217</a>.</cite></li> <li>(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Cooper F., A. Khare, U. Sukhatme. <i>Supersymmetry in Quantum Mechanics</i>, Phys. Rep. 251 (1995) 267-85 (arXiv:hep-th/9405029).</li> <li>(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) D.V. Volkov, V.P. Akulov, Pisma Zh.Eksp.Teor.Fiz. 16 (1972) 621; Phys. Lett. B46 (1973) 109.</li> <li>(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) V.P. Akulov, D.V. Volkov, Teor.Mat.Fiz. 18 (1974) 39.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voci_correlate">Voci correlate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sparticella&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifica la sezione Voci correlate" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sparticella&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Voci correlate"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chargino" title="Chargino">Chargino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gluino" class="mw-redirect" title="Gluino">Gluino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitino" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravitino">Gravitino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutralino" title="Neutralino">Neutralino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sfermione" title="Sfermione">Sfermione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carica_centrale" title="Carica centrale">Carica centrale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercarica" title="Supercarica">Supercarica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supergravit%C3%A0" title="Supergravità">Supergravità</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algebra_supersimmetrica" title="Algebra supersimmetrica">Algebra supersimmetrica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-simmetria" title="R-simmetria">R-simmetria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teorema_di_Coleman%E2%80%93Mandula" class="mw-redirect" title="Teorema di Coleman–Mandula">Teorema di Coleman–Mandula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modello_di_Wess%E2%80%93Zumino" class="mw-redirect" title="Modello di Wess–Zumino">Modello di Wess–Zumino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rottura_spontanea_di_supersimmetria" title="Rottura spontanea di supersimmetria">Rottura spontanea di supersimmetria</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collegamenti_esterni">Collegamenti esterni</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sparticella&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifica la sezione Collegamenti esterni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sparticella&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Collegamenti esterni"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040203124819/http://www.anl.gov/OPA/Frontiers2000/b5excell.html"><span style="font-style:italic;">Argonne National Laboratory</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">anl.gov</span>. <small>URL consultato il 25 aprile 2010</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http://www.anl.gov/OPA/Frontiers2000/b5excell.html">url originale</abbr> il 3 febbraio 2004)</small>.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edms.cern.ch/cedar/plsql/cedarw.site_home"><span style="font-style:italic;">Large Hadron Collider</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">edms.cern.ch</span>.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://public.web.cern.ch/public/"><span style="font-style:italic;">CERN homepage</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">public.web.cern.ch</span>.</cite></li> <li>(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/hep-ph/9709356">A Supersymmetry Primer</a>, S. Martin, 1999.</li> <li>(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/hep-th/9612114">Introduction to Supersymmetry</a>, Joseph D. Lykken, 1996.</li> <li>(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/hep-ph/9611409">An Introduction to Supersymmetry</a>, Manuel Drees, 1996.</li> <li>(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/hep-th/0101055">Introduction to Supersymmetry</a>, Adel Bilal, 2001.</li> <li>(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130115221258/http://www.physics.uc.edu/~argyres/661/susy2001.pdf">An Introduction to Global Supersymmetry</a>, Philip Arygres, 2001.</li> <li>(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cambridge.org/uk/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521857864">Weak Scale Supersymmetry</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/20121204154134/http://www.cambridge.org/uk/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521857864#">Archiviato</a> il 4 dicembre 2012 in <a href="/wiki/Archive.is" title="Archive.is">Archive.is</a>., Howard Baer and Xerxes Tata, 2006.</li> <li>(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Brookhaven National Laboratory (8 gennaio 2004). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bnl.gov/bnlweb/pubaf/pr/2004/bnlpr010804.htm">New g−2 measurement deviates further from Standard Model</a></i></li> <li>(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (25 settembre 2006). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fnal.gov/pub/presspass/press_releases/CDF_meson.html">Fermilab's CDF scientists have discovered the quick-change behavior of the B-sub-s meson</a></i>.</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r141815314">.mw-parser-output .navbox{border:1px solid #aaa;clear:both;margin:auto;padding:2px;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox th{padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr:first-child>th{background:#ccf;font-size:90%;width:100%;color:var(--color-base,black)}.mw-parser-output .navbox_navbar{float:left;margin:0;padding:0 10px 0 0;text-align:left;width:6em}.mw-parser-output .navbox_title{font-size:110%}.mw-parser-output .navbox_abovebelow{background:#ddf;font-size:90%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbox_group{background:#ddf;font-size:90%;padding:0 10px;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .navbox_list{font-size:90%;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox_list a{white-space:nowrap}html:not(.vector-feature-night-mode-enabled) .mw-parser-output .navbox_odd{background:#fdfdfd;color:var(--color-base,black)}html:not(.vector-feature-night-mode-enabled) .mw-parser-output .navbox_even{background:#f7f7f7;color:var(--color-base,black)}.mw-parser-output .navbox a.mw-selflink{color:var(--color-base,black)}.mw-parser-output .navbox_center{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox_image{padding-left:7px;vertical-align:middle;width:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox .mw-collapsible-toggle{font-weight:normal;text-align:right;width:7em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox_image img{max-width:none!important}.mw-parser-output .subnavbox{margin:-3px;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .subnavbox_group{background:#e6e6ff;padding:0 10px}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr:first-child>th{background:var(--background-color-interactive)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox th{color:var(--color-base)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox_abovebelow,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox_group{background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .subnavbox_group{background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr:first-child>th{background:var(--background-color-interactive)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox th{color:var(--color-base)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox_abovebelow,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox_group{background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .subnavbox_group{background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle)!important}}</style><table class="navbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed noprint metadata" id="navbox-Particelle"><tbody><tr><th colspan="3"><div class="navbox_navbar"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="background-color:transparent; 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Usa l'anteprima prima di salvare">M</span></a></div></div><span class="navbox_title"><a href="/wiki/Particella_subatomica" title="Particella subatomica">Particelle in fisica</a></span></th></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal; width:10%"><b><a href="/wiki/Particella_elementare" title="Particella elementare">Elementari</a></b></th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd" style="background:transparent"><table class="subnavbox"><tbody><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal; width:9%;background:#e6e6ff"><b><a href="/wiki/Fermione" title="Fermione">Fermioni</a></b></th><td colspan="1"><table class="subnavbox"><tbody><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal; width:12%;background:#e6e6ff"><a href="/wiki/Quark_(particella)" title="Quark (particella)">Quark</a></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Quark_up" title="Quark up">Up</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Quark_down" title="Quark down">Down</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Quark_charm" title="Quark charm">Charm</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Quark_strange" title="Quark strange">Strange</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Quark_top" title="Quark top">Top</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Quark_bottom" title="Quark bottom">Bottom</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal; width:12%;background:#e6e6ff"><a href="/wiki/Leptone" title="Leptone">Leptoni</a></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Elettrone" title="Elettrone">Elettrone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Positrone" title="Positrone">Positrone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Muone" title="Muone">Muone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Antimuone" class="mw-redirect" title="Antimuone">Antimuone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Tauone" title="Tauone">Tauone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Antitauone" class="mw-redirect" title="Antitauone">Antitauone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Neutrino_elettronico" title="Neutrino elettronico">Neutrino elettronico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Antineutrino_elettronico" class="mw-redirect" title="Antineutrino elettronico">Antineutrino elettronico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Neutrino_muonico" title="Neutrino muonico">Neutrino muonico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Antineutrino_muonico" class="mw-redirect" title="Antineutrino muonico">Antineutrino muonico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Neutrino_tauonico" title="Neutrino tauonico">Neutrino tauonico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Antineutrino_tauonico" class="mw-redirect" title="Antineutrino tauonico">Antineutrino tauonico</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal; width:9%;background:#e6e6ff"><b><a href="/wiki/Bosone_(fisica)" title="Bosone (fisica)">Bosoni</a></b></th><td colspan="1"><table class="subnavbox"><tbody><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal;width:12%;background:#e6e6ff"><a href="/wiki/Bosone_di_gauge" title="Bosone di gauge">Gauge</a></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Fotone" title="Fotone">Fotone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Gluone" title="Gluone">Gluone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Bosoni_W_e_Z" title="Bosoni W e Z">Bosoni W e Z</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal;width:12%;background:#e6e6ff"><a href="/wiki/Bosone_scalare" title="Bosone scalare">Scalari</a></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Bosone_di_Higgs" title="Bosone di Higgs">Bosone di Higgs</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal; width:9%;background:#e6e6ff"><a href="/wiki/Lista_delle_particelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Lista delle particelle">Ipotetiche</a></th><td colspan="1"><table class="subnavbox"><tbody><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="font-weight:normal;width:12%;background:#e6e6ff"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sparticelle</a></th><td colspan="1"><table class="subnavbox"><tbody><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="font-weight:normal;width:8%;background:#e6e6ff"><a href="/wiki/Gaugino" title="Gaugino">Gaugini</a></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Gluino" class="mw-redirect" title="Gluino">Gluino</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Gravitino" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravitino">Gravitino</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Fotino" class="mw-redirect" title="Fotino">Fotino</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="font-weight:normal;width:8%;background:#e6e6ff">Altre</th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Axino" title="Axino">Axino</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Chargino" title="Chargino">Chargino</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Higgsino" class="mw-redirect" title="Higgsino">Higgsino</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Neutralino" title="Neutralino">Neutralino</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Sfermione" title="Sfermione">Sfermione</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Bosino_(particella)" title="Bosino (particella)">Bosino</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="font-weight:normal;width:12%;background:#e6e6ff">Altre</th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Assione" title="Assione">Assione</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Dilatone" title="Dilatone">Dilatone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Gravitone" title="Gravitone">Gravitone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Monopolo_magnetico" title="Monopolo magnetico">Monopolo magnetico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Majorone" title="Majorone">Majorone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Tachione" title="Tachione">Tachione</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Bosoni_X_e_Y" title="Bosoni X e Y">Bosoni X e Y</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Bosoni_W%27_e_Z%27" title="Bosoni W' e Z'">bosoni W' e Z'</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Neutrino_sterile" title="Neutrino sterile">Neutrino sterile</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Preone_(fisica)" title="Preone (fisica)">Preone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Fermione_di_Majorana" title="Fermione di Majorana">Fermione di Majorana</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal; width:9%;background:#e6e6ff"><b>Altre</b></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Ghost_di_Faddeev-Popov" title="Ghost di Faddeev-Popov">Ghost di Faddeev-Popov</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td rowspan="3" class="navbox_image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Modello_Standard_delle_Particelle_Elementari.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Modello_Standard_delle_Particelle_Elementari.svg/400px-Modello_Standard_delle_Particelle_Elementari.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="383" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Modello_Standard_delle_Particelle_Elementari.svg/600px-Modello_Standard_delle_Particelle_Elementari.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Modello_Standard_delle_Particelle_Elementari.svg/800px-Modello_Standard_delle_Particelle_Elementari.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1390" data-file-height="1330" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal; width:10%"><b><a href="/wiki/Stato_legato" class="mw-redirect" title="Stato legato">Composte</a></b></th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_even" style="background:transparent"><table class="subnavbox"><tbody><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal; width:9%;background:#e6e6ff"><b><a href="/wiki/Adrone" title="Adrone">Adroni</a></b></th><td colspan="1"><table class="subnavbox"><tbody><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal; width:12%;background:#e6e6ff"><a href="/wiki/Barione" title="Barione">Barioni</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Iperone_(fisica)" title="Iperone (fisica)">iperoni</a></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Nucleone" title="Nucleone">Nucleone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Protone" title="Protone">Protone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Neutrone" title="Neutrone">Neutrone</a>)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Barione_delta" title="Barione delta">Barione delta</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Barione_lambda" title="Barione lambda">Barione lambda</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Barione_sigma" title="Barione sigma">Barione sigma</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Barione_Xi" title="Barione Xi">Barione Xi</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Barione_omega" title="Barione omega">Barione omega</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal; width:12%;background:#e6e6ff"><a href="/wiki/Mesone" title="Mesone">Mesoni</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Quarkonio" title="Quarkonio">quarkoni</a></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Pione" title="Pione">Pione</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mesone_rho" title="Mesone rho">Mesone rho</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mesone_eta" title="Mesone eta">Mesoni eta e eta primo</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mesone_phi" title="Mesone phi">Mesone phi</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mesone_omega" title="Mesone omega">Mesone omega</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mesone_J/Psi" title="Mesone J/Psi">Mesone J/Psi</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mesone_upsilon" title="Mesone upsilon">Mesone upsilon</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Kaone" title="Kaone">Kaone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mesone_B" title="Mesone B">Mesone B</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mesone_D" title="Mesone D">Mesone D</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal; width:12%;background:#e6e6ff"><a href="/wiki/Adrone_esotico" title="Adrone esotico">Adroni esotici</a></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Tetraquark" title="Tetraquark">Tetraquark</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Pentaquark" title="Pentaquark">Pentaquark</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal; width:9%;background:#e6e6ff"><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Particelle_composte_ipotetiche" title="Categoria:Particelle composte ipotetiche">Ipotetiche</a></th><td colspan="1"><table class="subnavbox"><tbody><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="font-weight:normal; width:12%;background:#e6e6ff"><a href="/wiki/Barione_esotico" title="Barione esotico">Barioni esotici</a></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Esaquark" title="Esaquark">Esaquark</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="font-weight:normal; width:12%;background:#e6e6ff"><a href="/wiki/Mesone_esotico" title="Mesone esotico">Mesoni esotici</a></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Glueball" title="Glueball">Glueball</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Odderone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Odderone (la pagina non esiste)">Odderone</a>)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mesone_theta" title="Mesone theta">Mesone theta</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mesone_T" title="Mesone T">Mesone T</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="font-weight:normal; width:12%;background:#e6e6ff">Altre</th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Molecola_mesonica" title="Molecola mesonica">Molecola mesonica</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Pomerone" title="Pomerone">Pomerone</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal; width:9%;background:#e6e6ff"><b>Altre</b></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Nucleo_atomico" title="Nucleo atomico">Nuclei atomici</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Atomo" title="Atomo">Atomi</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Atomo_esotico" title="Atomo esotico">Atomi esotici</a> (<a href="/wiki/Positronio" title="Positronio">Positronio</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Muonio_(fisica)" title="Muonio (fisica)">Muonio</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Tauonio" class="mw-redirect" title="Tauonio">Tauonio</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Pionio" title="Pionio">Pionio</a>)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Atomolecola" title="Atomolecola">Atomolecole</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Molecola" title="Molecola">Molecole</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Superatomo" title="Superatomo">Superatomo</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal; width:10%"><b><a href="/wiki/Quasiparticella" title="Quasiparticella">Quasiparticelle</a></b></th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd" style="background:transparent"><a href="/wiki/Droplettone" title="Droplettone">Droplettone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Eccitone" title="Eccitone">Eccitone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Fasone" title="Fasone">Fasone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frattone_(particella)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frattone (particella) (la pagina non esiste)">Frattone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Fonone" title="Fonone">Fonone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Lacuna_(fisica)" title="Lacuna (fisica)">Lacuna</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Levitone" title="Levitone">Levitone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Magnone_(fisica)" title="Magnone (fisica)">Magnone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Plasmarone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plasmarone (la pagina non esiste)">Plasmarone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Plasmone" title="Plasmone">Plasmone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Polaritone" title="Polaritone">Polaritone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Polarone" title="Polarone">Polarone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Qualunquone" title="Qualunquone">Qualunquone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Rotone" title="Rotone">Rotone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Skyrmione" title="Skyrmione">Skyrmione</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Skyrmione_magnetico" title="Skyrmione magnetico">Skyrmione magnetico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Solitone" title="Solitone">Solitone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Solitone_di_Davydov" title="Solitone di Davydov">Solitone di Davydov</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Spinone_(fisica)" title="Spinone (fisica)">Spinone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Topolaritone" title="Topolaritone">Topolaritone</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="3" class="navbox_abovebelow"><a href="/wiki/Cronologia_della_scoperta_delle_particelle" title="Cronologia della scoperta delle particelle">Cronologia della scoperta delle particelle</a></th></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r140554510">.mw-parser-output .CdA{border:1px solid #aaa;width:100%;margin:auto;font-size:90%;padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .CdA th{background-color:#f2f2f2;font-weight:bold;width:20%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .CdA{border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .CdA th{background-color:#202122}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .CdA{border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .CdA th{background-color:#202122}}</style><table class="CdA"><tbody><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Aiuto:Controllo_di_autorit%C3%A0" title="Aiuto:Controllo di autorità">Controllo di autorità</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; 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