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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Eusebia (empress)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7_(%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9)" title="يوسابيا (إمبراطورة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يوسابيا (إمبراطورة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Евсевия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Евсевия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eus%C3%A8bia_(emperadriu)" title="Eusèbia (emperadriu) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Eusèbia (emperadriu)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eusebia" title="Eusebia – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Eusebia" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%B2%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ευσεβία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ευσεβία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eusebia_(emperatriz)" title="Eusebia (emperatriz) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Eusebia (emperatriz)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eus%C3%A9bie_(imp%C3%A9ratrice)" title="Eusébie (impératrice) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Eusébie (impératrice)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eusebia" title="Eusebia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Eusebia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eusebia_(imperatrix)" title="Eusebia (imperatrix) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Eusebia (imperatrix)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavia_Eusebia" title="Flavia Eusebia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Flavia Eusebia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eusebia_(vrouw_van_Constantius)" title="Eusebia (vrouw van Constantius) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Eusebia (vrouw van Constantius)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eus%C3%A9bia_(imperatriz)" title="Eusébia (imperatriz) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Eusébia (imperatriz)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Флавия Аврелия Евсевия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Флавия Аврелия Евсевия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eusebia" title="Eusebia – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Eusebia" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%84%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Євсебія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Євсебія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Roman empress from 353 to 360</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Roman empress Eusebia. For other uses of the word/name Eusebia, see <a href="/wiki/Eusebia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Eusebia (disambiguation)">Eusebia (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Eusebia</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Eusebia,_wife_of_Constantius_II.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Eusebia%2C_wife_of_Constantius_II.png/220px-Eusebia%2C_wife_of_Constantius_II.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Eusebia%2C_wife_of_Constantius_II.png/330px-Eusebia%2C_wife_of_Constantius_II.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Eusebia%2C_wife_of_Constantius_II.png/440px-Eusebia%2C_wife_of_Constantius_II.png 2x" data-file-width="478" data-file-height="485" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Imaginary portrait (1615)</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_empresses" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Roman empresses">Roman empress</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Tenure</th><td class="infobox-data">c. 353–360</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thessalonica" class="mw-redirect" title="Thessalonica">Thessalonica</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">before 361</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Constantius_II" title="Constantius II">Constantius II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Constantinian_dynasty" title="Constantinian dynasty">Constantinian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eusebius_(consul_347)" title="Eusebius (consul 347)">Eusebius</a> (probably)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arian_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Arian Christianity">Arian Christianity</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Eusebia</b> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a>: Εύσεβία, died before 361) was <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses" title="List of Roman and Byzantine empresses">Roman empress</a> as the second wife of Roman emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantius_II" title="Constantius II">Constantius II</a>. The main sources for the knowledge about her life are <a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Panegyric" title="Panegyric">panegyric</a> "Speech of Thanks to the Empress Eusebia", as well as several remarks by the historian <a href="/wiki/Ammianus_Marcellinus" title="Ammianus Marcellinus">Ammianus Marcellinus</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eusebia_(empress)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian's</a> "Panegyric In Honour Of Eusebia", the primary source for her family and ancestry, states that "she is of a family line that is pure Greek, from the purest of Greeks, and her city is the <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">metropolis of Macedonia</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her father was the first member of the family to serve as a <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_Consuls" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Roman Consuls">consul</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher1998b112_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher1998b112-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Panegyric never gives his name, but modern historians identify him with <a href="/wiki/Eusebius_(consul_347)" title="Eusebius (consul 347)">Flavius Eusebius</a>, consul in 347. This Eusebius is identified elsewhere as a former <a href="/wiki/Master_of_the_Horse" title="Master of the Horse">Magister Equitum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magister_militum" title="Magister militum">Magister Peditum</a>, which means he had served as a military commander of both the <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">infantry</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_army" title="Roman army">Roman army</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Prosopography_of_the_Later_Roman_Empire" title="Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire">Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire</a> considers it probable that his consulship came at the end of his military career. He is later styled "<a href="/wiki/Comes" title="Comes">Comes</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesMartindaleMorris307–308_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesMartindaleMorris307–308-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Panegyric mentions that Eusebia's father died some time before she married Constantius. Her mother, also unnamed in the speech, did not remarry, but "devoted herself to her children, and won a great reputation for prudence, so great indeed that whereas <a href="/wiki/Penelope" title="Penelope">Penelope</a>, while her husband was still on his travels and wanderings, was beset by those young suitors… no man however fair and tall or powerful and wealthy ever ventured to approach [Eusebia's mother] with any such proposals. And her daughter the Emperor deemed worthy to live by his side".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eusebia’s two brothers, Flavius Eusebius and Flavius Hypatius, both served as co-consuls in 359, which was attributed to her influence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesMartindaleMorris300–301_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesMartindaleMorris300–301-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eusebius is described as a <a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">rhetor</a> in an <a href="/wiki/Epistle" title="Epistle">epistle</a> by <a href="/wiki/Libanius" title="Libanius">Libanius</a>. Libanius identifies Eusebius as governor of the <a href="/wiki/Hellespont" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellespont">Hellespont</a> c. 355. He was next sent to <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a> and then appointed governor of <a href="/wiki/Bithynia" title="Bithynia">Bithynia</a>, but held no known offices following his term as consul.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesMartindaleMorris308–309_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesMartindaleMorris308–309-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hypatius was possibly <a href="/wiki/Vicarius" title="Vicarius">vicarius</a> of the city of Rome in 363. Libanius mentions Hypatius appointed <a href="/wiki/Praefectus_urbi" title="Praefectus urbi">Praefectus urbi</a>, c. 378–379. <a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a> mentions Hypatius visiting <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> in 381. He served as <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefect" title="Praetorian prefect">Praetorian prefect</a> of both the <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Italy" title="Praetorian prefecture of Italy">Praetorian prefecture of Italy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Illyricum" title="Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum">Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum</a>, c. 382–383. An inscription of <a href="/wiki/Gortyn" title="Gortyn">Gortyn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a> praises him as the most illustrious of the consuls and praetorian prefects.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesMartindaleMorris448–449_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesMartindaleMorris448–449-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Empress">Empress</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eusebia_(empress)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Empress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Panegyric of Julian places her marriage to Constantius prior to the defeat of the usurper <a href="/wiki/Magnentius" title="Magnentius">Magnentius</a>, who was dead by August 353. The marriage of Constantius and Eusebia may have occurred earlier in that year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesMartindaleMorris300–301_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesMartindaleMorris300–301-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Julian’s panegyric, Eusebia was able to influence her husband positively by encouraging him to be merciful.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesMartindaleMorris300–301_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesMartindaleMorris300–301-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher1998b112_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher1998b112-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was applauded for her wisdom and kindness, as well as her loyalty to Constantius,<sup id="cite_ref-dimaio_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dimaio-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who honoured her by renaming the <i><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Pontus" title="Diocese of Pontus">Dioecesis Pontica</a></i> as <i>Pietas</i>, the Latin equivalent of the Greek name <i>Eusebia</i>. Both names refer to piety as well as family loyalty, including the loyalty of a wife to her husband.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJuneau1999641_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJuneau1999641-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eusebia made a solo visit to Rome in 354, while Constantius was waging war in <a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesMartindaleMorris300–301_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesMartindaleMorris300–301-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was welcomed, with much ceremony, by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Roman Senate</a> and general populace, and distributed monetary gifts "to the presidents of the tribes and the centurions of the people."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Patronage_of_Julian">Patronage of Julian</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eusebia_(empress)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Patronage of Julian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JulianusII-antioch(360-363)-CNG.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/JulianusII-antioch%28360-363%29-CNG.jpg/220px-JulianusII-antioch%28360-363%29-CNG.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/JulianusII-antioch%28360-363%29-CNG.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="287" data-file-height="294" /></a><figcaption>Coin of Julian</figcaption></figure> <p>After <a href="/wiki/Constantius_Gallus" title="Constantius Gallus">Constantius Gallus</a> was executed in 354, his half-brother Julian was placed under house arrest for 7 months. Julian was subsequently cleared of suspicion despite the efforts of unfriendly courtiers, an outcome attributed to the kindness of Eusebia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunt199825_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunt199825-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher1998a596_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher1998a596-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Julian thanks her for her intercession, both in the Panegyric<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in his "Letter To The Senate And People of Athens",<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the latter being written after Eusebia's death and Julian's open rupture with Constantius.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 355, Constantius realized the empire was too big for him to rule by himself. Again defying the opinion of the court officials, Eusebia convinced Constantius to appoint Julian, his last surviving male relative, as <a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Caesar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrawford2016129_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrawford2016129-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Julian himself attributes Eusebia's behavior to kindness and to respect for their familial ties: "no other reason can I discover, nor learn from anyone else, why she became so zealous an ally of mine, and an averter of evil and my preserver, and took such troubles and pain in order that I might retain unaltered and unaffected the Emperor's good will."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern historians Shaun Tougher and J. Juneau suggest that Eusebia's role may in fact have been part of Constantius's own strategy, using her as a "front woman" in negotiations with Julian, as the two men had a contentious relationship. Eusebia may have been able to help to build a valuable alliance where Constantius needed one.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher1998a597–598_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher1998a597–598-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJuneau1999644_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJuneau1999644-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Residence_in_Rome">Residence in Rome</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eusebia_(empress)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Residence in Rome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 357, Constantius celebrated his <a href="/wiki/Vicennalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Vicennalia">Vicennalia</a>, the twentieth anniversary of his reign, by moving his court temporarily to Rome, and Eusebia accompanied him in her second recorded visit to the city.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesMartindaleMorris300–301_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesMartindaleMorris300–301-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "The Cambridge Ancient History" notes that Constantius was following the examples of <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I">Constantine I</a>, who also visited Rome during their Vicennalia. The presence of Constantius, Eusebia and Julian's wife <a href="/wiki/Helena_(wife_of_Julian)" title="Helena (wife of Julian)">Helena</a> marked this as a dynastic display.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunt199829–30_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunt199829–30-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ammianus accused Eusebia of plotting against Helena and causing her miscarriages,<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which Barnes considered to be an <a href="/wiki/Allegation" title="Allegation">allegation</a> without further reference.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnes1998123_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes1998123-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While <a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Edward Gibbon</a> did not dismiss it outright, he preferred to suppose that "public malignity imputed the effects of accident as the guilt of Eusebia". The possibility of such a potion's existence was, in his view, something to be determined by physicians rather than historians.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "A History of Medicine" (1995), by Plinio Prioreschi, dismisses the account as an example of a common error in <a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine" title="History of medicine">early medical thought</a>, "the attribution to drugs of properties that they could not have". A potion which Helena consumed just once ostensibly retained its effect for years, which Prioreschi calls "an obvious impossibility in the light of modern <a href="/wiki/Pharmacology" title="Pharmacology">pharmacology</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tougher follows the example of senior historian Noël Aujoulat in considering the story of Helena's miscarriages being the result of <a href="/wiki/Abortifacient" title="Abortifacient">abortifacients</a> to be entirely plausible. Both historians consider Ammianus' allegations, casting Eusebia as the orchestrator of such a plot, should be taken into consideration and "not be lightly dismissed".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher1998b122_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher1998b122-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, Crawford observed that there was little to no evidence of such plotting, and Julian did not display any suspicion towards Eusebia, at least outwardly. On speculating Ammianus’ reasoning for the accusation, he suggested that the historian was trying to defend Julian from allegations of divine ill-favor by attributing his wife’s miscarriages to human interference.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrawford2016211_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrawford2016211-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Role_in_religion">Role in religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eusebia_(empress)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Role in religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Eusebia used her considerable influence in court to promote the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her role as an Arian is noted by Sozomen,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesMartindaleMorris300-301_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesMartindaleMorris300-301-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who described a resurgence of support for this creed after the death of <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I">Constantine</a>. Court partisans of Arianism "found an efficient coadjutor in the presbyter who had obtained from Constantine the recall of Arius… he became an intimate of the emperor's wife, and of the powerful eunuchs of the women's sleeping apartments. At this period <a href="/wiki/Eusebius_(praepositus_sacri_cubiculi)" title="Eusebius (praepositus sacri cubiculi)">Eusebius</a> was appointed to superintend the concerns of the royal household, and being zealously attached to Arianism, he induced the empress and many of the persons belonging to the court to adopt the same sentiments."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Theodoret" title="Theodoret">Theodoret</a> records that Constantius and Eusebia sent money to the exiled <a href="/wiki/Pope_Liberius" title="Pope Liberius">Pope Liberius</a> in 355,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesMartindaleMorris300-301_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesMartindaleMorris300-301-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although Liberius showed his scorn for the imperial court by refusing the gift.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Suda" title="Suda">Suda</a> gives an account of Eusebia's apparent conflict with Leontius, bishop of <a href="/wiki/Tripolis_(Phrygia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripolis (Phrygia)">Tripolis</a>, who held aloof from her at an imperial <a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">Synod</a>. She offered to build a church for Leontius if he would meet with her, but received the answer, "[S]o that the respect due to bishops may be preserved, let me come to you, but do you descend at once from your lofty throne and meet me and offer your head to my hands, asking for my blessing.'" The passage goes on to say that Eusebia complained to Constantius, but that the emperor approved of Leontius' stand for the rights of the clergy.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>She was credited in <a href="/wiki/Christian_legend" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian legend">Christian legend</a> with <a href="/wiki/Translation_(relic)" title="Translation (relic)">translating</a> the <a href="/wiki/Christian_relic" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian relic">relics</a> of <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Tiron" title="Theodore Tiron">St Theodore</a> from <a href="/wiki/Amasya" title="Amasya">Amasea</a>, the site of his <a href="/wiki/Christian_martyr" title="Christian martyr">martyrdom</a> by <a href="/wiki/Death_by_burning#Ancient_Rome" title="Death by burning">immolation</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Euchaita" title="Euchaita">Euchaita</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which became a center of <a href="/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage" title="Christian pilgrimage">pilgrimage</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eusebia_(empress)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Eusebia was already dead by 361, as Constantius II remarried to <a href="/wiki/Faustina_(wife_of_Constantius_II)" title="Faustina (wife of Constantius II)">Faustina</a> during that year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesMartindaleMorris326_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesMartindaleMorris326-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Ammianus does not mention how she died, it may have been due to complications from fertility treatments in her desperation to give Constantius an heir.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrawford2016227_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrawford2016227-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Philostorgius" title="Philostorgius">Philostorgius</a> recorded that the Arian bishop and renowned healer <a href="/wiki/Theophilus_the_Indian" class="mw-redirect" title="Theophilus the Indian">Theophilus the Indian</a> was called out of exile to attempt to reverse her infertility.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrawford2016312_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrawford2016312-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Crawford speculated that her death could represent the loss of an important connection between Julian and Constantius, as she was noted for her role in protecting Julian after Gallus' death and supporting his promotion to the rank of Caesar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrawford2016227_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrawford2016227-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Constantius_II_-_solidus_-_antioch_RIC_viii_025.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Constantius_II_-_solidus_-_antioch_RIC_viii_025.jpg/220px-Constantius_II_-_solidus_-_antioch_RIC_viii_025.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Constantius_II_-_solidus_-_antioch_RIC_viii_025.jpg/330px-Constantius_II_-_solidus_-_antioch_RIC_viii_025.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Constantius_II_-_solidus_-_antioch_RIC_viii_025.jpg/440px-Constantius_II_-_solidus_-_antioch_RIC_viii_025.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption><i>Solidus</i> of Constantius II</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_historians">Modern historians</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eusebia_(empress)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Modern historians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shaun Tougher notes that the <a href="/wiki/Panegyric" title="Panegyric">panegyric</a> in honor of Eusebia "tends to be neglected" in favor of two orations Julian wrote about Constantius II. Tougher also notes a tendency to take this text "at face value" instead of receiving "deeper analysis". He offers an analysis on how the oration was influenced by first the praise of <a href="/wiki/Arete_(mythology)" title="Arete (mythology)">Arete</a> as found in the <a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a> by <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>, secondly the treatises on speeches of <a href="/wiki/Menander_of_Laodicea" class="mw-redirect" title="Menander of Laodicea">Menander of Laodicea</a>. Menander advised that the praise on an emperor's virtue should focus on four areas: his courage, justice, temperance and wisdom. Julian manages to praise the justice, temperance and wisdom of Eusebia. Notably missing is any reference to her courage. However, there are additional references to her mildness, clemency, philanthropy and liberality.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher1998b105–113_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher1998b105–113-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tougher notes that Julian reveals her influence on the decisions of Constantius, but constantly reminds his audience that the authority to decide on any given matter rests with the Emperor, not with the Empress. She persuades but does not command. The historian notes how Julian manages to stray from his titular subject and to offer readers a quite detailed portrait of himself, far more detailed than the one on Eusebia. His self-portrayal covers so much of the oration that in Tougher's words "the rhetorician is in danger of eclipsing his subject.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher1998b116,_121_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher1998b116,_121-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the matter of portrayal two key elements are the benevolent portrayal of Eusebia and his "satisfaction" at being sent to Athens. Tougher invites the aspiring historian to be cautious on either one. He notes that the oration manages to incorporate both "implied and direct criticism" of the imperial couple. This is only the version of events presented by Julian. A version that might have managed to influence Ammianus Marcellinus and through him later historians. Julian has shaped the historical narrative and portrayal of much of his life. The luck of other perspectives questions its reliability.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher1998b122–123_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher1998b122–123-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"Ammianus Marcellinus and the Representation of Historical Reality" (1998) by <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Barnes_(classicist)" title="Timothy Barnes (classicist)">Timothy Barnes</a> focuses on the elements shaping Ammianus' account. He notes that "Just as with the male characters in his history ... Ammianus reveals his personal likes and dislikes without inhibition when dealing with the wives of Emprerors". Barnes notes that his portrayal of Eusebia was mostly positive but his motives may be clearly identified. The historian clearly portrays Julian as a hero and his allies are cast in a favorable light by association. Further, Ammianus has only warm praise for Hypatius, pointing to the latter being his friend and a probable patron. Ammianus' settlement in Rome matches the period when Hypatius was its prefect, suggesting that the historian had either arrived in the city with his friend or followed him there at a later date. Eusebia was "protector of Julian" and sister of Hypatius, and as such would require positive treatment. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnes1998120–123_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes1998120–123-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eusebia_(empress)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" class="extiw" title="q:Macedonia (region)">q:Macedonia (region)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher1998b112-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher1998b112_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher1998b112_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTougher1998b">Tougher 1998b</a>, p. 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesMartindaleMorris307–308-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesMartindaleMorris307–308_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJonesMartindaleMorris">Jones, Martindale & Morris</a>, pp. 307–308.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/workswithenglish01juliuoft">"The Works of the Emperor Julian", 1913 translation by Wilmer Cave Wright, vol. 1, page 295</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesMartindaleMorris300–301-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesMartindaleMorris300–301_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesMartindaleMorris300–301_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesMartindaleMorris300–301_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesMartindaleMorris300–301_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesMartindaleMorris300–301_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJonesMartindaleMorris">Jones, Martindale & Morris</a>, pp. 300–301.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesMartindaleMorris308–309-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesMartindaleMorris308–309_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJonesMartindaleMorris">Jones, Martindale & Morris</a>, pp. 308–309.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesMartindaleMorris448–449-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesMartindaleMorris448–449_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJonesMartindaleMorris">Jones, Martindale & Morris</a>, pp. 448–449.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dimaio-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dimaio_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">DiMaio, Michael Jr. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roman-emperors.org/eusebia.htm">Eusebia Augusta (353–360 A.D.) and Faustina (360–361 A.D.)</a>." <i>De Imperatoribus Romanis:An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors</i>. Accessed on 13 December 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJuneau1999641-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJuneau1999641_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJuneau1999">Juneau 1999</a>, p. 641.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/workswithenglish01juliuoft">"The Works of the Emperor Julian", 1913 translation by Wilmer Cave Wright, vol. 1, pages 343–344</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunt199825-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunt199825_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHunt1998">Hunt 1998</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher1998a596-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher1998a596_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTougher1998a">Tougher 1998a</a>, p. 596.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=Select%20works%20of%20the%20Emperor%20Julian">"Select Works of the Emperor Julian: And Some Pieces of the Sophist Libanius" (1784), vol. 2, pages 315</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Julian, "Letter to the senate and people of Athens", 273. <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> The full text of <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Letter_to_the_senate_and_people_of_Athens" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Letter to the senate and people of Athens">Letter to the senate and people of Athens</a> at Wikisource</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bruce W. Winter and Andrew D. Clarke, "The Book of Acts in Its Ancient Literary Setting" (1993), page 207</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrawford2016129-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrawford2016129_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrawford2016">Crawford 2016</a>, p. 129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Julian, "Panegyric in honour of Eusebia", 120. <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> The full text of <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Panegyric_in_honour_of_Eusebia" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Panegyric in honour of Eusebia">Panegyric in honour of Eusebia </a> at Wikisource</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher1998a597–598-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher1998a597–598_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTougher1998a">Tougher 1998a</a>, pp. 597–598.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJuneau1999644-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJuneau1999644_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJuneau1999">Juneau 1999</a>, p. 644.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunt199829–30-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunt199829–30_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHunt1998">Hunt 1998</a>, pp. 29–30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Ammian/16*.html">The Roman History of Ammianus Marcellinus, vol. 1, Book 16, chapter 10. 1935 translation</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes1998123-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnes1998123_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarnes1998">Barnes 1998</a>, p. 123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/gibbon/02/daf02020.htm#fn_566">Edward Gibbon, "The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire", vol. 2, Chapter 19, note 39</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plinio Prioreschi, "A History of Medicine" (1995), page 658</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher1998b122-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher1998b122_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTougher1998b">Tougher 1998b</a>, p. 122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrawford2016211-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrawford2016211_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrawford2016">Crawford 2016</a>, p. 211.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schaff, Philip. <i>History of the Christian Church</i>. v.3. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1884. 635.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesMartindaleMorris300-301-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesMartindaleMorris300-301_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesMartindaleMorris300-301_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJonesMartindaleMorris">Jones, Martindale & Morris</a>, p. 300-301.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf202.iii.viii.i.html">The Ecclesiastical History of Sozomen, Book 3, chapter 1. Translation by Philip Schaff (1819–1893)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf202.iii.viii.i.html">The Ecclesiastical History of Theodoret, chapter 13. Translation by Philip Schaff (1819–1893)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stoa.org/sol-bin/search.pl?db=REAL&search_method=QUERY&login=guest&enlogin=guest&user_list=LIST&page_num=1&searchstr=Leontius&field=any&num_per_page=100">Suda On Line:"Leontius"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFComings2005" class="citation cs2">Comings, Jill Burnett (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZCrJ-XOn1OMC"><i>Aspects of the Liturgical Year in Cappadocia (325–430)</i></a>, Patristic Studies, New York: Peter Lang, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZCrJ-XOn1OMC&pg=PA102">102</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8204-7464-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8204-7464-9"><bdi>978-0-8204-7464-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aspects+of+the+Liturgical+Year+in+Cappadocia+%28325%E2%80%93430%29&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Patristic+Studies&rft.pages=102&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8204-7464-9&rft.aulast=Comings&rft.aufirst=Jill+Burnett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZCrJ-XOn1OMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEusebia+%28empress%29" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesMartindaleMorris326-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesMartindaleMorris326_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJonesMartindaleMorris">Jones, Martindale & Morris</a>, p. 326.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrawford2016227-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrawford2016227_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrawford2016227_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrawford2016">Crawford 2016</a>, p. 227.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrawford2016312-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrawford2016312_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrawford2016">Crawford 2016</a>, p. 312.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher1998b105–113-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher1998b105–113_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTougher1998b">Tougher 1998b</a>, pp. 105–113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher1998b116,_121-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher1998b116,_121_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTougher1998b">Tougher 1998b</a>, p. 116, 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher1998b122–123-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher1998b122–123_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTougher1998b">Tougher 1998b</a>, pp. 122–123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes1998120–123-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnes1998120–123_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarnes1998">Barnes 1998</a>, pp. 120–123.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eusebia_(empress)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnes1998" class="citation book cs1">Barnes, Timothy D. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ammianusmarcelli0000barn"><i>Ammianus Marcellinus and the Representation of Historical Reality (Cornell Studies in Classical Philology)</i></a>. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/080143526-9" title="Special:BookSources/080143526-9"><bdi>080143526-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ammianus+Marcellinus+and+the+Representation+of+Historical+Reality+%28Cornell+Studies+in+Classical+Philology%29&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=080143526-9&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=Timothy+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fammianusmarcelli0000barn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEusebia+%28empress%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawford2016" class="citation book cs1">Crawford, Peter (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_aJBDQAAQBAJ"><i>Constantius II: Usurpers, Eunuchs, and the Antichrist</i></a>. Pen & Sword. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78340-055-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78340-055-3"><bdi>978-1-78340-055-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constantius+II%3A+Usurpers%2C+Eunuchs%2C+and+the+Antichrist&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-78340-055-3&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_aJBDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEusebia+%28empress%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunt1998" class="citation book cs1">Hunt, David (1998). "The successors of Constantine". In <a href="/wiki/Averil_Cameron" title="Averil Cameron">Averil Cameron</a> & <a href="/wiki/Peter_Garnsey" title="Peter Garnsey">Peter Garnsey</a> (eds.). <a href="//archive.org/details/the-cambridge-ancient-history-volume-13/mode/1up" class="extiw" title="iarchive:the-cambridge-ancient-history-volume-13/mode/1up"><i>The Cambridge Ancient History XIII: The Late Empire, A.D. 337–425</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-30200-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-30200-5"><bdi>0-521-30200-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+successors+of+Constantine&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Ancient+History+XIII%3A+The+Late+Empire%2C+A.D.+337%E2%80%93425&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-521-30200-5&rft.aulast=Hunt&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEusebia+%28empress%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonesMartindaleMorris" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/A._H._M._Jones" title="A. H. M. Jones">Jones, A.H.M.</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Martindale" title="John Robert Martindale">J.R. Martindale</a> & <a href="/wiki/John_Morris_(historian)" title="John Morris (historian)">J. Morris</a> (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/prosopography-later-roman-empire/PLRE-I"><i>Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire</i></a>. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-07233-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-07233-6"><bdi>0-521-07233-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prosopography+of+the+Later+Roman+Empire&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=0-521-07233-6&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=A.H.M.&rft.au=J.R.+Martindale&rft.au=J.+Morris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprosopography-later-roman-empire%2FPLRE-I&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEusebia+%28empress%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJuneau1999" class="citation journal cs1">Juneau, J. (1999). "Piety and Politics: Eusebia and Constantius at Court". <i>The Classical Quarterly</i>. New Series. <b>49</b> (2): 641–644. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fcq%2F49.2.641-a">10.1093/cq/49.2.641-a</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/639898">639898</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Classical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Piety+and+Politics%3A+Eusebia+and+Constantius+at+Court&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=641-644&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fcq%2F49.2.641-a&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F639898%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Juneau&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEusebia+%28empress%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTougher1998a" class="citation journal cs1">Tougher, Shaun (1998a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://orca.cf.ac.uk/24525/1/Tougher%201998.pdf">"The Advocacy of an Empress: Julian and Eusebia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Classical Quarterly</i>. New Series. <b>48</b> (2): 595–599. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fcq%2F48.2.595">10.1093/cq/48.2.595</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/639857">639857</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Classical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Advocacy+of+an+Empress%3A+Julian+and+Eusebia&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=595-599&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fcq%2F48.2.595&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F639857%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Tougher&rft.aufirst=Shaun&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Forca.cf.ac.uk%2F24525%2F1%2FTougher%25201998.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEusebia+%28empress%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTougher1998b" class="citation book cs1">Tougher, Shaun (1998b). "In Praise of An Empress: Julian's Speech of Thanks to Eusebia". In Mary Whitby (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KylTXhZ2Op8C"><i>The Propaganda of Power: The Role of Panegyric in Late Antiquity</i></a>. Brill. pp. 105–124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-0041-0571-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-0041-0571-3"><bdi>978-9-0041-0571-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=In+Praise+of+An+Empress%3A+Julian%E2%80%99s+Speech+of+Thanks+to+Eusebia&rft.btitle=The+Propaganda+of+Power%3A+The+Role+of+Panegyric+in+Late+Antiquity&rft.pages=105-124&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-9-0041-0571-3&rft.aulast=Tougher&rft.aufirst=Shaun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKylTXhZ2Op8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEusebia+%28empress%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eusebia_(empress)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uOHw4idqAeYC&dq=Eusebia+Prosopography&pg=PA300">Her own profile in the Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uOHw4idqAeYC&dq=Prosopography+Eusebia&pg=PA308">Profile of her brother Eusebius in the "Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uOHw4idqAeYC&dq=Prosopography+Eusebia&pg=PA448">Profile of her brother Hypatius Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KylTXhZ2Op8C&dq=Julian+%22Macedonia%22+%22eusebia%22&pg=PA110">Chapter of "Propaganda of Power" analyzing Julian's "Oration in Praise of Eusebia"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G0P3_aTlowUC&dq=Letter+To+The+Senate+And+People+of+Athens&pg=PA97">Julian's "Epistle to the Athenians"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wYmvCypzVUAC&dq=philostorgius+Jovian&pg=PA67">The account of her death by Philostorgius, translation by Philip R. Amidon</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V_Mx1wyMsbsC&dq=Constantius+Eusebia+%22drugs%22&pg=PA316">Page of "A History of Women in the West" mentioning her death</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #65BCFF">Royal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Daughter_of_Julius_Constantius" class="mw-redirect" title="Daughter of Julius Constantius">Daughter of Julius Constantius</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Empress_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Empress of Rome">Roman Empress consort</a> </b><br />353–360<br /><i>with <a href="/wiki/Helena_(wife_of_Julian)" title="Helena (wife of Julian)">Helena</a></i> <i> (360)</i> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Faustina_(wife_of_Constantius_II)" title="Faustina (wife of Constantius II)">Faustina</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses" title="List of Roman and Byzantine empresses">Roman and Byzantine</a> empresses</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a><br />27 BC – AD 235</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Livia" title="Livia">Livia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livia_Orestilla" title="Livia Orestilla">Livia Orestilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lollia_Paulina" title="Lollia Paulina">Lollia Paulina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milonia_Caesonia" title="Milonia Caesonia">Milonia Caesonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messalina" title="Messalina">Messalina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrippina_the_Younger" title="Agrippina the Younger">Agrippina the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudia_Octavia" title="Claudia Octavia">Claudia Octavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppaea_Sabina" title="Poppaea Sabina">Poppaea Sabina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statilia_Messalina" title="Statilia Messalina">Statilia Messalina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galeria_Fundana" title="Galeria Fundana">Galeria Fundana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domitia_Longina" title="Domitia Longina">Domitia Longina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompeia_Plotina" title="Pompeia Plotina">Pompeia Plotina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibia_Sabina" title="Vibia Sabina">Vibia Sabina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faustina_the_Elder" title="Faustina the Elder">Faustina the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faustina_the_Younger" title="Faustina the Younger">Faustina the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucilla" title="Lucilla">Lucilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruttia_Crispina" title="Bruttia Crispina">Bruttia Crispina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavia_Titiana" title="Flavia Titiana">Flavia Titiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manlia_Scantilla" title="Manlia Scantilla">Manlia Scantilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Domna" title="Julia Domna">Julia Domna</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Fulvia_Plautilla" title="Fulvia Plautilla">Fulvia Plautilla</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Cornelia_Paula" title="Julia Cornelia Paula">Julia Cornelia Paula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquilia_Severa" title="Aquilia Severa">Aquilia Severa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annia_Faustina" title="Annia Faustina">Annia Faustina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallustia_Orbiana" title="Sallustia Orbiana">Sallustia Orbiana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis</a><br />235–285</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caecilia_Paulina" title="Caecilia Paulina">Caecilia Paulina</a> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tranquillina" title="Tranquillina">Tranquillina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcia_Otacilia_Severa" title="Marcia Otacilia Severa">Marcia Otacilia Severa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herennia_Etruscilla" title="Herennia Etruscilla">Herennia Etruscilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelia_Supera" title="Cornelia Supera">Cornelia Supera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelia_Salonina" title="Cornelia Salonina">Cornelia Salonina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulpia_Severina" title="Ulpia Severina">Ulpia Severina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnia_Urbica" title="Magnia Urbica">Magnia Urbica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dominate" title="Dominate">Dominate</a><br />284–610</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prisca_(empress)" title="Prisca (empress)">Prisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutropia" title="Eutropia">Eutropia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galeria_Valeria" title="Galeria Valeria">Galeria Valeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavia_Maximiana_Theodora" title="Flavia Maximiana Theodora">Flavia Maximiana Theodora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minervina" title="Minervina">Minervina</a> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fausta" title="Fausta">Fausta</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Valeria_Maximilla" title="Valeria Maximilla">Valeria Maximilla</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavia_Julia_Constantia" title="Flavia Julia Constantia">Flavia Julia Constantia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eusebia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faustina_(wife_of_Constantius_II)" title="Faustina (wife of Constantius II)">Faustina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena_(wife_of_Julian)" title="Helena (wife of Julian)">Helena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charito" title="Charito">Charito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marina_Severa" title="Marina Severa">Marina Severa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justina_(empress)" title="Justina (empress)">Justina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domnica" title="Domnica">Domnica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantia_(wife_of_Gratian)" title="Constantia (wife of Gratian)">Constantia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laeta" title="Laeta">Laeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aelia_Flaccilla" title="Aelia Flaccilla">Aelia Flaccilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galla_(wife_of_Theodosius_I)" title="Galla (wife of Theodosius I)">Galla</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a><br />395–480</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maria_(empress)" title="Maria (empress)">Maria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermantia" title="Thermantia">Thermantia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galla_Placidia" title="Galla Placidia">Galla Placidia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licinia_Eudoxia" title="Licinia Eudoxia">Licinia Eudoxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcia_Euphemia" title="Marcia Euphemia">Marcia Euphemia</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Placidia" title="Placidia">Placidia</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Nepos%27s_wife" title="Julius Nepos's wife">Julius Nepos's wife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern Empire</a><br />395–610</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aelia_Eudoxia" title="Aelia Eudoxia">Aelia Eudoxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aelia_Eudocia" title="Aelia Eudocia">Aelia Eudocia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulcheria" title="Pulcheria">Pulcheria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verina" title="Verina">Verina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariadne_(empress)" title="Ariadne (empress)">Ariadne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenonis" title="Zenonis">Zenonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphemia_(empress)" title="Euphemia (empress)">Euphemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodora_(wife_of_Justinian_I)" title="Theodora (wife of Justinian I)">Theodora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophia_(empress)" title="Sophia (empress)">Sophia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ino_Anastasia" title="Ino Anastasia">Ino Anastasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantina_(empress)" title="Constantina (empress)">Constantina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leontia" title="Leontia">Leontia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern/<br />Byzantine Empire</a><br />610–1453</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fabia_Eudokia" title="Fabia Eudokia">Fabia Eudokia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martina_(empress)" title="Martina (empress)">Martina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregoria" title="Gregoria">Gregoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fausta_(wife_of_Constans_II)" title="Fausta (wife of Constans II)">Fausta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasia_(wife_of_Constantine_IV)" title="Anastasia (wife of Constantine IV)">Anastasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudokia_(wife_of_Justinian_II)" title="Eudokia (wife of Justinian II)">Eudokia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodora_of_Khazaria" title="Theodora of Khazaria">Theodora of Khazaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_(wife_of_Leo_III)" title="Maria (wife of Leo III)">Maria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzitzak" title="Tzitzak">Tzitzak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_(wife_of_Constantine_V)" title="Maria (wife of Constantine V)">Maria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudokia_(wife_of_Constantine_V)" title="Eudokia (wife of Constantine V)">Eudokia</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Anna_(wife_of_Artabasdos)" title="Anna (wife of Artabasdos)">Anna</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_of_Athens" title="Irene of Athens"><b>Irene</b> of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_of_Amnia" title="Maria of Amnia">Maria of Amnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodote_(empress)" title="Theodote (empress)">Theodote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophano_of_Athens" title="Theophano of Athens">Theophano of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prokopia" title="Prokopia">Prokopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosia_(wife_of_Leo_V)" title="Theodosia (wife of Leo V)">Theodosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thekla_(wife_of_Michael_II)" title="Thekla (wife of Michael II)">Thekla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphrosyne_(9th_century)" title="Euphrosyne (9th century)">Euphrosyne</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Theodora_(wife_of_Theophilos)" title="Theodora (wife of Theophilos)">Theodora</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudokia_Dekapolitissa" title="Eudokia Dekapolitissa">Eudokia Dekapolitissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudokia_Ingerina" title="Eudokia Ingerina">Eudokia Ingerina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophano_Martinakia" title="Theophano Martinakia">Theophano Martinakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoe_Zaoutzaina" title="Zoe Zaoutzaina">Zoe Zaoutzaina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudokia_Ba%C3%AFana" title="Eudokia Baïana">Eudokia Baïana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoe_Karbonopsina" title="Zoe Karbonopsina">Zoe Karbonopsina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena_Lekapene" title="Helena Lekapene">Helena Lekapene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodora_(wife_of_Romanos_I)" title="Theodora (wife of Romanos I)">Theodora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophano_(born_Anastaso)" title="Theophano (born Anastaso)">Theophano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodora_(daughter_of_Constantine_VII)" title="Theodora (daughter of Constantine VII)">Theodora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena_(daughter_of_Alypius)" title="Helena (daughter of Alypius)">Helena</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Zoe_Porphyrogenita" title="Zoe Porphyrogenita">Zoë</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Theodora_Porphyrogenita" title="Theodora Porphyrogenita">Theodora</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Bulgaria" title="Catherine of Bulgaria">Catherine of Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudokia_Makrembolitissa" title="Eudokia Makrembolitissa">Eudokia Makrembolitissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_of_Alania" title="Maria of Alania">Maria of Alania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_Doukaina" title="Irene Doukaina">Irene Doukaina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_of_Hungary" title="Irene of Hungary">Irene of Hungary</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Dobrodeia_of_Kiev" title="Dobrodeia of Kiev">Dobrodeia of Kiev</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertha_of_Sulzbach" title="Bertha of Sulzbach">Bertha of Sulzbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_of_Antioch" title="Maria of Antioch">Maria of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_of_France,_Byzantine_Empress" class="mw-redirect" title="Agnes of France, Byzantine Empress">Agnes of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Hungary" title="Margaret of Hungary">Margaret of Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphrosyne_Doukaina_Kamatera" title="Euphrosyne Doukaina Kamatera">Euphrosyne Doukaina Kamatera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudokia_Angelina" title="Eudokia Angelina">Eudokia Angelina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Komnene_Angelina" title="Anna Komnene Angelina">Anna Komnene Angelina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippa_of_Armenia" title="Philippa of Armenia">Philippa of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_of_Courtenay" title="Maria of Courtenay">Maria of Courtenay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_Laskarina" title="Irene Laskarina">Irene Laskarina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_of_Hohenstaufen" title="Anna of Hohenstaufen">Anna of Hohenstaufen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elena_Asenina_of_Bulgaria" title="Elena Asenina of Bulgaria">Elena Asenina of Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodora_Palaiologina_(Byzantine_empress)" title="Theodora Palaiologina (Byzantine empress)">Theodora Palaiologina</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Anna_of_Hungary_(Byzantine_empress)" title="Anna of Hungary (Byzantine empress)">Anna of Hungary</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_of_Montferrat" title="Irene of Montferrat">Irene of Montferrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rita_of_Armenia" title="Rita of Armenia">Rita of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_of_Brunswick" title="Irene of Brunswick">Irene of Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_of_Savoy" title="Anna of Savoy">Anna of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena_Kantakouzene" title="Helena Kantakouzene">Helena Kantakouzene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_Asanina" title="Irene Asanina">Irene Asanina</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Irene_Palaiologina_(Byzantine_empress)" title="Irene Palaiologina (Byzantine empress)">Irene Palaiologina</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keratsa_of_Bulgaria" title="Keratsa of Bulgaria">Keratsa of Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_Gattilusio" title="Irene Gattilusio">Irene Gattilusio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena_Draga%C5%A1" title="Helena Dragaš">Helena Dragaš</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Anna_of_Moscow" title="Anna of Moscow">Anna of Moscow</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophia_of_Montferrat" title="Sophia of Montferrat">Sophia of Montferrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Komnene_(daughter_of_Alexios_IV)" title="Maria Komnene (daughter of Alexios IV)">Maria of Trebizond</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors" title="List of Roman emperors">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine emperor">Byzantine emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Augustae" title="List of Augustae">Augustae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicates a consort to a junior co-emperor, <u>underlining</u> indicates a consort to an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper, and <b>bold</b> incidates an empress regnant.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273627#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273627#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273627#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/121222802">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2016166372">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007368340305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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