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language resources </div> <div class="cube-face back bg-snow" > ᒥᔪᒪᑯᔐᒌᔑᑲᓂᐦᑖᐦ miyumakushechiishikanihtaah </div> <div class="cube-face left bg-snow" > ᒑ ᐧᐄᐦ ᒥᔪᐱᔨᔨᓐ ᒑ ᐅᔅᒋᐱᐳᐦᒡ chaa wiih miyupiyiyin chaa uschipipuhch </div> <div class="cube-face right bg-snow"> Happy new year! Bonne année! </div> </div> </div>  </div> <div class="d-none col-md-6 d-md-block col-lg-7 text-right" style=" max-height:100px;background: transparent url(https://www.atlas-ling.ca/img/atlas-logo.png) no-repeat top right ; background-size: contain; "> </div> </div> <div class="d-none container-fluid mt-5 d-md-block" style="position: absolute; margin:0; padding:.35rem; bottom:0; left:0; right:0; background-color: rgba(0,0,0,0.3);"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-1"> </div> <div class="col-10 d-md-block"> <ol class="breadcrumb" style="margin:0; padding:0;"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/">Home</a></li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/" class="">English</a></li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/" class="">Grammar</a></li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/" class="">Southern Dialect Grammar</a></li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/" class="">Word Formation</a></li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/strategies-to-create-new-words/" class="">Strategies to Create New Words</a></li> </ol> </div> </div> </div> </header> <main id="main" class="main container-fluid"> <section class="row" id="container"> <div id="sidenav" class="d-none d-md-block col-8 col-md-4 col-lg-3 "> <div class=" sidebar " id="sidebarnav"> <div class="card d-block"> <div class="card-header" style="font-size: 2em"> <img style="max-height: 80px" class=" rounded-circle" src="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/wp-content/themes/eastcree_twentytwenty/images/grammar.jpg"> Grammar </div> <ul class="list-group list-group-flush"><li class="page_item list-item page-item-13855"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/east-cree-dialects/">East Cree dialects</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-86 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/">Northern Dialect Grammar</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-93 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/nouns/">Nouns</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-101"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/nouns/inflections-number/">Number Inflection</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-105"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/nouns/inflections-gender/">Gender Inflection</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-3761 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/nouns/inflections-obviative/">Obviative Inflection</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-4412"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/nouns/inflections-obviative/story-analysis/">Story Analysis</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-119"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/nouns/inflections-locative/">Locative Inflection</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-124"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/nouns/inflections-person/">Inflections: Person</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-4797"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/nouns/inflections-person-extended/">Inflections: Person-extended</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-4778"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/nouns/inflections-person-dependent/">Inflections: Person-Dependent</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-130"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/nouns/inflections-diminutive/">Diminutive Inflection</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-210"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/nouns/simulative/">Simulative Inflection</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-127"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/nouns/inflections-vocative/">Vocative Inflection</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-206"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/nouns/noun-paradigms/">Noun Paradigms</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-212 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/nouns/noun-stems/">Noun Stems</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-4200"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/nouns/noun-stems/noun-stems-vowel-u/">vowel + u</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-220"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/nouns/noun-stems/noun-stems-vowel-i/">vowel + i</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-218"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/nouns/noun-stems/noun-stems-consonant-w/">consonant + w</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-222"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/nouns/noun-stems/noun-stems-s/">-s</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-95 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/">Verbs</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-14039"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-northern-verb-conjugation-applet-legend/">Cree Northern Verb Conjugation Applet Legend</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-228 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verbs/">Cree Verbs</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-231"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verbs/transitivity/">Transitivity</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-233"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verbs/gender/">Gender</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-235 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-classes/">Cree Verb Classes</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-240"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-classes/vii/">VII</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-242"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-classes/vti/">VTI</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-244 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-classes/vta/">VTA</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-250"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-classes/vta/vta-person-prefix/">VTA Person Prefix</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-252"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-classes/vta/vta-theme-suffix/">VTA Theme Suffix</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-238"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-classes/vta/vta-additional/">Additional VTA Verb Classes</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-246 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-classes/vai/">VAI</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-254"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-classes/vai/vai-explicit/">VAI with Explicit Goals</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-256"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-classes/vai/vai-implicit/">VAI with Implicit Goals</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-10817"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-classes/vai-o/">VAI + O</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-248"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-classes/participles/">Participles (nominalizations)</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-258 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-inflection/">Cree Verb Inflection</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-262"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-inflection/initial-change/">Initial Change</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-267 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-inflection/orders/">Orders</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-271 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-inflection/orders/orders-independent/">Independent Orders</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-277"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-inflection/orders/orders-independent/orders-01/">01: Independent Indicative Neutral</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-275"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-inflection/orders/orders-independent/orders-02/">02: Independent Indicative Neutral – Subjective</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-279"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-inflection/orders/orders-independent/orders-03/">03: Independent Indicative Preterit</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-281"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-inflection/orders/orders-independent/orders-05/">05: Independent Indirect</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-283"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-inflection/orders/orders-independent/orders-06/">06: Independent Indirect Subjective</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-285"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-inflection/orders/orders-independent/orders-09/">09: Independent Dubitative Neutral</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-287"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-inflection/orders/orders-independent/orders-10/">10: Independent Dubitative Preterit</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-273 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-inflection/orders/orders-conjunct/">Conjunct Orders</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-289"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-inflection/orders/orders-conjunct/orders-11/">11: Conjunct Indicative Neutral</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-293"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-inflection/orders/orders-conjunct/orders-12a/">12a: Conjunct Indicative Neutral- Subjunctive</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-291"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-inflection/orders/orders-conjunct/orders-12b/">12b: Conjunct Indicative Neutral – Habitual/Iterative</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-295"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-inflection/orders/orders-conjunct/orders-14/">14: Conjunct Dubitative Neutral</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-297"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-inflection/orders/orders-conjunct/orders-15/">15: Conjunct Dubitative Preterit</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-269"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-inflection/orders/orders-imperative/">Imperative Order</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-9919"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-inflection/person-inflection/">Person Inflection</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-299 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-stems/">Cree Verb Stems</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-304"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-stems/vii/">VII</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-306"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-stems/vti/">VTI</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-308"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-stems/vta/">VTA</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-310"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-stems/vai/">VAI</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-301"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/preverbs/">Preverbs</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-98 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/pronouns/">Pronouns</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-312"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/pronouns/personal-emphatic/">Personal Emphatic</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-314"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/pronouns/personal-prefixes/">Personal: Prefixes</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-318"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/pronouns/personal-inclusive/">Personal: Inclusive</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-316"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/pronouns/alternative/">Alternative Pronouns</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-325"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/pronouns/indefinite/">Indefinite Pronouns</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-327"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/pronouns/interrogative/">Interrogative</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-2907"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/pronouns/interrogative-place-2/">Interrogative: Place or selection</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-331"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/pronouns/dubitative/">Dubitative</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-335"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/pronouns/dubitative-selection/">Dubitative: Selection</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-333"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/pronouns/dubitative-animate/">Dubitative: aawiichaa</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-337"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/pronouns/demonstrative/">Demonstrative Pronouns</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-339"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/pronouns/absentative/">Absentative Pronouns</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-341"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/pronouns/hesitation/">Hesitation Pronouns</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-343"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/pronouns/focus/">Focus Pronouns</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-345"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/pronouns/identification/">Identification Pronouns</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-2961"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/particles/">Particles</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-5826 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/word-formation/">Word Formation</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-5886"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/word-formation/strategies-to-create-new-words/">Strategies to Create New Words</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-5883"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/word-formation/word-structure/">Word Structure</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-5925 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/word-formation/noun-structure/">Noun Structure</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-5929"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/word-formation/noun-structure/primary-noun-stems/">Primary Noun Stems</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-6018"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/word-formation/noun-structure/short-forms-of-animal-nouns-acting-as-finals-a5/">Stems with Two Elements: Animal Nouns</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-6038"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/word-formation/noun-structure/nouns-made-from-verbs-b2/">Nouns Ending in -kin</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-5998"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/word-formation/noun-structure/compound-nouns-a4/">Noun + Noun final (concrete, body part)</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-6031"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/word-formation/noun-structure/nouns-made-from-verbs-b1/">Nouns Ending in -win</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-5933"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/word-formation/noun-structure/compound-nouns-a1/">Noun Stem + Noun Stem</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-5977"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/word-formation/noun-structure/compound-nouns-a3/">Verb Stem + Noun Stem</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-5948"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/word-formation/noun-structure/compound-nouns-a2/">Preform + Noun Stem</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-6064"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/word-formation/noun-structure/nouns-ending-in-siu/">Nouns Ending in -siu</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-6076 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/">Verb Structure</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-6075"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/stem-with-one-element/">Stem with one element</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-6084"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/compound-verbs-c1/">Verb + Verb</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-6092"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/compound-verbs-c2/">Verb Stem + Final</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-6098"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/compound-verbs-c3/">Preform / Preverb + Verb Final</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-6104"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/compound-verbs-c4/">Verbs of Appearance</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-6110"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/compound-verbs-c5/">Noun + Verb</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-5529"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/compound-verbs-c6/">Initial + Verb Final</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-6126"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/compound-verbs-c7/">Initial + Medial + Final</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-6133"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/compound-verbs-c8/">Preform / Preverb + Verb</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-6152"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/making-a-verb-from-a-noun-d1/">Verbs of Possession</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-6158"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/verbs-of-being/">Verbs of Being</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-6163"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/verbs-of-creation/">Verbs of Creation</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-6173"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/making-a-verb-from-a-noun-d4/">Verbs of Abundance</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-6179"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/making-a-verb-from-a-particle-e/">Making a Verb From a Particle</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-6185"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/making-a-verb-into-a-new-verb-f1/">Causative Verbs</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-7467"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/reciprocal-verbs-secondary-derived-verbs-f2-2/">Reciprocal Verbs</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-6193"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/making-a-verb-into-a-new-verb-f2/">Reflexive Verbs</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-6199"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/making-a-verb-into-a-new-verb-f3/">Applicative Verbs</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-6211"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/verbs-of-general-action/">Verbs of General Action</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-6021"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/word-formation/complex-particles-a6/">Particle Structure</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-9249"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/word-formation/reduplication/">Reduplication</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-89 page_item list-item_has_children current_page_ancestor"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/">Southern Dialect Grammar</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-143 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/nouns/">Nouns</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-145"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/nouns/inflections-number/">Number Inflection</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-151"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/nouns/inflections-gender/">Gender Inflection</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-166 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/nouns/inflections-obviative/">Obviative Inflection</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-4299"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/nouns/inflections-obviative/story-analysis/">Story Analysis</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-154"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/nouns/inflections-locative/">Locative Inflection</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-168"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/nouns/inflections-person/">Inflections: Person</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-4780"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/nouns/inflections-person-extended/">Inflections: Person-Extended</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-4786"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/nouns/inflections-person-dependent/">Inflections: Person-Dependent</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-170"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/nouns/inflections-vocative/">Vocative Inflection</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-172"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/nouns/inflections-diminutive/">Diminutive Inflection</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-174"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/nouns/simulative/">Simulative Inflection</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-176"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/nouns/noun-paradigms/">Noun Paradigms</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-2675 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/nouns/stem/">Noun Stems</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-4354"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/nouns/stem/noun-stems-vowel-u/">vowel + u</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-4388"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/nouns/stem/noun-stems-vowel-i/">vowel + i</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-4382"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/nouns/stem/noun-stems-consonant-w/">consonant + w</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-2673"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/nouns/stem/noun-stems-s/">-s/-sh</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-736 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/">Verbs</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-14041"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-southern-verb-conjugation-applet-legend/">Cree Southern Verb Conjugation Applet Legend</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-5985"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/preverbs/">Preverbs</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-738 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-verbs/">Cree Verbs</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-740"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-verbs/transitivity/">Transitivity</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-742"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-verbs/gender/">Gender</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-744 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-classes/">Cree Verb Classes</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-746"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-classes/vii/">VII</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-748"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-classes/vti/">VTI</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-750 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-classes/vta/">VTA</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-774"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-classes/vta/vta-person-prefix/">VTA Person Prefix</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-776"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-classes/vta/vta-theme-suffix/">VTA Theme Suffix</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-778"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-classes/vta/vta-additional/">Additional VTA Verb Classes</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-752 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-classes/vai/">VAI</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-754"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-classes/vai/vai-explicit/">VAI with Explicit Goals</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-756"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-classes/vai/vai-implicit/">VAI with Implicit Goals</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-10810"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-classes/vai-o/">VAI + O</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-758"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-classes/participles/">Participles (nominalizations)</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-7660 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-inflection/">Cree Verb Inflection</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-7838"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-inflection/initial-change/">Initial Change</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-7667 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-inflection/orders/">Orders</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-7671 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-inflection/orders/orders-independent/">Independent Orders</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-7676"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-inflection/orders/orders-independent/orders-01/">01: Independent Indicative Neutral</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-7688"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-inflection/orders/orders-independent/orders-02/">02: Independent Indicative Neutral – Subjective</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-7748"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-inflection/orders/orders-independent/orders-09/">09: Independent Dubitative Neutral</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-7805"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-inflection/orders/orders-independent/orders-10/">10: Independent Dubitative Preterit</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-7812 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-inflection/orders/orders-conjunct/">Conjunct Orders</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-7824"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-inflection/orders/orders-conjunct/orders-11/">11: Conjunct Indicative Neutral</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-7835"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-inflection/orders/orders-conjunct/orders-12a/">12a: Conjunct Indicative Neutral-Subjunctive</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-7842"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-inflection/orders/orders-conjunct/orders-12b/">12b: Conjunct Indicative Neutral – Habitual/Iterative</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-7849"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-inflection/orders/orders-conjunct/orders-14/">14: Conjunct Dubitative Neutral</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-7854"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-inflection/orders/orders-conjunct/orders-15/">15: Conjunct Dubitative Preterit</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-7864"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-inflection/orders/orders-imperative/">Imperative Order</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-9920"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-inflection/person-inflection/">Person Inflection</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-8260 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-stems/">Cree Verb Stems</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-8286"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-stems/vii/">VII</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-8359"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-stems/vta/">VTA</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-8348"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-stems/vti/">VTI</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-8319"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-stems/vai/">VAI</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-2831 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/pronouns/">Pronouns</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-2842"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/pronouns/personal-emphatic/">Personal-Emphatic</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-2853"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/pronouns/personal-prefixes/">Personal-Prefixes</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-2833"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/pronouns/personal-inclusive/">Personal Inclusive</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-2840"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/pronouns/alternative/">Alternative Pronouns</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-2861"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/pronouns/indefinite/">Indefinite Pronouns</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-2851"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/pronouns/interrogative/">Interrogative</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-2859"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/pronouns/interrogative-place/">Interrogative-Place</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-2865"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/pronouns/interrogative-selection/">Interrogative-Selection</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-2835"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/pronouns/dubitative/">Dubitative</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-2857"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/pronouns/dubitative-place/">Dubitative-Place</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-2848"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/pronouns/demonstrative/">Demonstrative Pronouns</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-2855"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/pronouns/absentative/">Absentative Pronouns</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-9156"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/pronouns/hesitation/">Hesitation Pronouns</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-2845"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/pronouns/focus/">Focus Pronouns</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-6331"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/particles/">Particles</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-4806 page_item list-item_has_children current_page_ancestor current_page_parent"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/">Word Formation</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-4809 current_page_item active list-item"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/strategies-to-create-new-words/" aria-current="page">Strategies to Create New Words</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-4830"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/word-structure/">Word Structure</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-4851 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/noun-structure/">Noun Structure</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-4865"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/noun-structure/primary-noun-stems/">Primary Noun Stems</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-5011"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/noun-structure/short-forms-of-animal-nouns-acting-as-finals-a5/">Stems with Two Elements – Animal Nouns</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-5187"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/noun-structure/nouns-made-from-verbs-b2/">Nouns Ending in -kan</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-4970"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/noun-structure/compound-nouns-a4-not-published/">Noun + Noun final (concrete, body part)</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-5164"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/noun-structure/verb-stem-win/">Nouns Ending in -win</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-5254"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/noun-structure/nouns-made-from-verbs-b4/">Nouns Ending in -suu</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-5535"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/noun-structure/nouns-made-from-verbs-b3/">Participles or Nominalizations</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-4898"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/noun-structure/compound-nouns-a1/">Noun Stem + Noun Stem</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-4957"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/noun-structure/verb-noun/">Verb Stem + Noun Stem</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-4923"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/noun-structure/preform-noun/">Preform + Noun Stem</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-4858 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/">Verb Structure</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-5400"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/stem-one-element/">Stem with one element</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-5408"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/compound-verbs-c1/">Verb + Verb</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-5427"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/verb-stem-final-secondary-derivation-c2/">Verb Stem + Final</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-5502"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/compound-verbs-c3/">Preform + Verb Final</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-5515"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/verbs-of-appearance-derived-verbs-c4/">Verbs of Appearance</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-5525"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/compound-verbs-c5/">Noun + Verb</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-6121"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/initial-verb-final-primary-derived-verbs-c6/">Initial + Verb Final</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-5561"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/initial-medial-final-primary-derived-verb-c7/">Initial + Medial + Final</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-5567"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/compound-verbs-c8/">Preverb + Verb</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-5575"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/verbs-of-possession-secondary-derived-verbs-d1/">Verbs of Possession</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-5599"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/verbs-of-being-secondary-derived-verbs-d2/">Verbs of Being</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-5615"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/verbs-of-creation-secondary-derived-verbs-d3/">Verbs of Creation</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-5626"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/verbs-of-abundance-secondary-derived-verbs-d4/">Verbs of Abundance</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-5639"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/making-a-verb-from-a-particle-primary-derived-verbs-e/">Making a Verb From a Particle</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-5662"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/making-a-verb-into-a-new-verb-f1/">Causative Verbs</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-6553"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/reciprocal-verbs-secondary-derived-verbs-f2-2/">Reciprocal Verbs</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-5689"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/reflexive-verbs-secondary-derived-verbs-f2-1/">Reflexive Verbs</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-5700"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/applicative-verbs-secondary-derived-verbs-f3/">Applicative Verbs</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-5707"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/verbs-of-general-action-secondary-derived-verbs-f4/">Verbs of General Action</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-5125"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/complex-particles-a6/">Particle Structure</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-5290"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/reduplication-south/">Reduplication</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11457 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/">Spelling East Cree</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11469 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/northern/">Spelling Northern East Cree</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11770"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/northern/dialect-differences/">Dialect Differences</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11771"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/northern/use-of-dots/">The Use of Dots</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11772 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/northern/syllabic-finals/">Syllabic Finals</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11809"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/northern/syllabic-finals/end-of-word/">Small syllabic symbols at the end of a word</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11810"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/northern/syllabic-finals/middle-of-word/">No ᒻ or ᓐ in the middle of a word</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11811"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/northern/syllabic-finals/k-kw-end-of-word/">ᒃ and ᒄ at the end of a word</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11812"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/northern/syllabic-finals/ending-added/">How the syllabic finals change when an ending is added.</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11813"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/northern/syllabic-finals/sa-sha/">ᔅ and ᔥ</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11814 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/northern/syllabic-finals/use-of-h-final/">The use of the ᐦ (h) final</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11825"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/northern/syllabic-finals/use-of-h-final/h-middle/">ᐦ in the middle of a word</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11826"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/northern/syllabic-finals/use-of-h-final/h-end/">ᐦ at the end of a word</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11827"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/northern/syllabic-finals/use-of-h-final/locative-suffix/">Locative suffix</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11828"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/northern/syllabic-finals/use-of-h-final/verb-suffix/">ᐦ (h) in Verb Suffixes</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11773"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/northern/i-ii-ya/">ᐃ, ᐄ and ᔨ</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11774"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/northern/not-forget-write/">Syllabic symbols not to forget to write</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11775"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/northern/double-consonants/">Double consonants</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11776"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/northern/noun-endings/">Adding endings to nouns</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11777"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/northern/siu-sii-end-word/">ᓯᐤ and ᓲ at the end of a word</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11778 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/northern/boundaries/">Boundaries</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11798"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/northern/boundaries/personal-prefix/">Adding a personal prefix</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11799"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/northern/boundaries/preverbs/">Using preverbs</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11800"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/northern/boundaries/compound-words/">Making compound words</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11779"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/northern/punctuation/">Punctuation</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11803"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/northern/writing-names/">Writing Names</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11804"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/northern/sro/">Standard Roman Orthography (SRO)</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11470 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/southern/">Spelling Southern East Cree</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11472"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/southern/dialect-differences/">Dialect Differences</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11502"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/southern/use-of-dots/">The Use of Dots</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11532 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/southern/syllabic-finals/">Syllabic Finals</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11538"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/southern/syllabic-finals/end-of-word/">Small syllabic symbols at the end of a word</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11539"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/southern/syllabic-finals/middle-of-word/">No ᒻ or ᓐ in the middle of a word</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11540"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/southern/syllabic-finals/k-kw-end-of-word/">ᒃ and ᒄ at the end of a word</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11541"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/southern/syllabic-finals/ending-added/">How the small syllabic symbols change when an ending is added</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11542"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/southern/syllabic-finals/sa-sha/">ᔅ and ᔥ</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11543 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/southern/syllabic-finals/use-of-h-final/">The use of the ᐦ (h) final</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11555"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/southern/syllabic-finals/use-of-h-final/h-middle/">ᐦ (h) in the middle of a word</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11556"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/southern/syllabic-finals/use-of-h-final/h-final/">ᐦ at the end of a word</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11557"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/southern/syllabic-finals/use-of-h-final/locative-suffix/">ᐦ (h) in the locative suffix</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11558"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/southern/syllabic-finals/use-of-h-final/verb-suffix/">ᐦ (h) in verb suffixes</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11544"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/southern/syllabic-finals/large-syllabic-symbols-that-sound-like-finals/">Large syllabic symbols that sound like finals</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11573 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/southern/i-ii-ya/">ᐃ, ᐄ and ᔨ</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11581"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/southern/i-ii-ya/i-ya-end-word/">ᐃ or ᔨ at the end of words</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11582"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/southern/i-ii-ya/ii-i-middle-word/">ᐄ and ᐃ in the middle of a word</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11583"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/southern/i-ii-ya/using-ya/">Using ᔨ</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11584"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/southern/i-ii-ya/new-spelling/">New spelling for ᑖᐤ and ᑕᑯᓐ, ᑐᑕᒻ and ᑐᑕᐧᐁᐤ</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11574"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/southern/not-forget-write/">Syllabic symbols not to forget to write</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11575"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/southern/noun-endings/">Adding endings to nouns and verbs</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11576 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/southern/boundaries/">Boundaries</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11612"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/southern/boundaries/personal-prefix/">Adding a personal prefix</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11613"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/southern/boundaries/preverbs/">Using a preverb</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11614"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/southern/boundaries/compound-words/">Making compound words</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11577"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/southern/new-spellings-2015/">New spellings as of summer 2015</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11578"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/southern/punctuation/">Punctuation</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11579"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/southern/writing-names/">Writing Names</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-12324"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/southern/sro/">Standard Roman Orthography (SRO)</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-91 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/sounds-east-cree/">The Sounds of East Cree</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-1377"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/sounds-east-cree/site-map-for-the-sounds-of-east-cree/">Site Map for the Sounds of East Cree</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-928"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/sounds-east-cree/methodology/">Methodology</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-393 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/sounds-east-cree/orthography/">Orthography</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-395 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/sounds-east-cree/orthography/roman/">Roman</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-2789"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/sounds-east-cree/orthography/roman/glottal-stops/">Glottal Stops</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-397"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/sounds-east-cree/orthography/rationale/">Rationale</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-950 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/sounds-east-cree/sounds/">Sounds</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-2302"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/sounds-east-cree/sounds/syllabification/">Syllabification</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-401 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/sounds-east-cree/sounds/consonants/">Consonants</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-403 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/sounds-east-cree/sounds/consonants/plosives/">Plosives</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-405"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/sounds-east-cree/sounds/consonants/plosives/about-plosives/">About Plosives</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-1052"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/sounds-east-cree/sounds/consonants/plosives/voicing-3/">Voicing</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-932"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/sounds-east-cree/sounds/consonants/affricates/">Affricates</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-407 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/sounds-east-cree/sounds/consonants/fricatives/">Fricatives</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-1084"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/sounds-east-cree/sounds/consonants/fricatives/h-sounds2/">H-sounds</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-409 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/sounds-east-cree/sounds/consonants/nasals/">Nasals</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-4761"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/sounds-east-cree/sounds/consonants/nasals/mi-ni/">MI / NI</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-411"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/sounds-east-cree/sounds/consonants/glides/">Glides</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-413 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/sounds-east-cree/sounds/vowels/">Vowels</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-415 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/sounds-east-cree/sounds/vowels/about-vowels/">About Vowels</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-973"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/sounds-east-cree/sounds/vowels/about-vowels/long-short/">long-short</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-417"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/sounds-east-cree/sounds/vowels/tense-vowels/">Tense Vowels</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-419"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/sounds-east-cree/sounds/vowels/lax-vowels/">Lax Vowels</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-421"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/sounds-east-cree/sounds/vowels/diphthongs/">Diphthongs</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-975 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/sounds-east-cree/sounds/vowels/silent-vowels/">Silent Vowels</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-1195 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/sounds-east-cree/sounds/vowels/silent-vowels/silent-letter-spelling/">Silent Letter Spelling</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-1207"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/sounds-east-cree/sounds/vowels/silent-vowels/silent-letter-spelling/final-u/">Final U</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-425"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/sounds-east-cree/sounds/vowels/vowel-listening-practice/">Vowel Listening Practice</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-427 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/sounds-east-cree/sounds/consonant-clusters/">Consonant Clusters</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-429"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/sounds-east-cree/sounds/consonant-clusters/s-or-sh-clusters/">S or SH Clusters</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-431"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/sounds-east-cree/sounds/consonant-clusters/h-clusters/">H Clusters</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-433"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/sounds-east-cree/sounds/consonant-clusters/vowel-deletion/">Vowel Deletion</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-435"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/sounds-east-cree/sounds/consonant-clusters/w-clusters/">W Clusters</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-437 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/sounds-east-cree/sounds/accent/">Accent</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-439"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/sounds-east-cree/sounds/accent/hearing-accent/">Hearing Accent</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="card d-block mt-3 border "><div 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ul > li").addClass('list-item '); $(".sidebar .current-cat").addClass('active '); } </script> </div> <div class="col col-lg-9 " id="content"> <a id="topOfPage"></a> <div class="row"> <div class="col"> <article id="post-4809" class="post-4809 page type-page status-publish hentry"> <div class="entry-content"> <h1 class="pg-title"><a name="top"></a>Strategies to Create New Words</h1> All human languages use certain common strategies to create new words: <ul><li><a href="#borrowing">borrowing</a> from another language</li> <li>giving a <a href="#meaning">new meaning</a> to existing words</li> <li>creating new words using <a href="#rules">the rules of the language</a></li> </ul><h3 class="head"><a name="borrowing"></a>Strategy One: Borrowing</h3> <h4>1. Borrowing a word from another language</h4> Using or borrowing a word from another language is a common way of finding new words when a language needs them. The words are usually borrowed from the language and culture which introduces the new item or idea. In Cree, the words which have been borrowed are mainly nouns which are names for things, often items of food and clothing or new technology. Older borrowed words are integrated into the language and have a very Cree pronunciation. New or recently borrowed words have a more English or French pronunciation and include verbs as well as nouns. All borrowed words take Cree inflection. For example: <table class="clear"><tbody><tr><td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right;">ᓂᑲᒻᐱᔫᑎᕆᒥᔥ</td> <td style="width: 18px;"><img class="clickable" title="Click here to hear this word" data-sound-url="/snd/grammar/SWF/ni-computer-imish.mp3" src="/img/speak.gif" alt="Click here to hear this word"></td> <td class="crex">ni-computer-imish</td> <td>my laptop (lit. my little computer)</td> </tr></tbody></table><table class="clear med-table"><caption>Words borrowed from English</caption> <tbody><tr><td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right;">ᔔᑳᐤ</td> <td style="width: 18px;"><img class="clickable" title="Click here to hear this word" data-sound-url="/snd/grammar/SWF/shuukaau.mp3" src="/img/speak.gif" alt="Click here to hear this word"></td> <td class="crex">shuukaau</td> <td class="gloss">sugar</td> </tr><tr><td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right;">ᑏ</td> <td style="width: 18px;"><img class="clickable" title="Click here to hear this word" data-sound-url="/snd/grammar/SWF/tii.mp3" src="/img/speak.gif" alt="Click here to hear this word"></td> <td class="crex">tii</td> <td class="gloss">tea</td> </tr><tr><td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right;">ᑏᐧᐹᑦ</td> <td style="width: 18px;"><img class="clickable" title="Click here to hear this word" data-sound-url="/snd/grammar/SWF/tiipwaat.mp3" src="/img/speak.gif" alt="Click here to hear this word"></td> <td class="crex">tiipwaat</td> <td class="gloss">teapot</td> </tr><tr><td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right;">ᒫᒌᔅ</td> <td style="width: 18px;"><img class="clickable" title="Click here to hear this word" data-sound-url="/snd/grammar/SWF/maachiis.mp3" src="/img/speak.gif" alt="Click here to hear this word"></td> <td class="crex">maachiis</td> <td class="gloss">matches</td> </tr><tr><td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right;">ᐧᑳᐲ</td> <td style="width: 18px;"><img class="clickable" title="Click here to hear this word" data-sound-url="/snd/grammar/SWF/kwaapii.mp3" src="/img/speak.gif" alt="Click here to hear this word"></td> <td class="crex">kwaapii</td> <td class="gloss">coffee</td> </tr><tr><td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right;">ᐯᐹᐤ</td> <td style="width: 18px;"><img class="clickable" title="Click here to hear this word" data-sound-url="/snd/grammar/SWF/pepaau.mp3" src="/img/speak.gif" alt="Click here to hear this word"></td> <td class="crex">pepaau</td> <td class="gloss">pepper</td> </tr><tr><td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right;">ᐸᑦ</td> <td style="width: 18px;"><img class="clickable" title="Click here to hear this word" data-sound-url="/snd/grammar/SWF/pat.mp3" src="/img/speak.gif" alt="Click here to hear this word"></td> <td class="crex">pat</td> <td class="gloss">butter</td> </tr><tr><td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right;">ᑲᐸᑦ</td> <td style="width: 18px;"><img class="clickable" title="Click here to hear this word" data-sound-url="/snd/grammar/SWF/kapat.mp3" src="/img/speak.gif" alt="Click here to hear this word"></td> <td class="crex">kapat</td> <td class="gloss">cupboard</td> </tr><tr><td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right;">ᐸᑌᑎᔅ</td> <td style="width: 18px;"><img class="clickable" title="Click here to hear this word" data-sound-url="/snd/grammar/SWF/patetis.mp3" src="/img/speak.gif" alt="Click here to hear this word"></td> <td class="crex">patetis</td> <td class="gloss">potatoes (patates)</td> </tr><tr><td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right;">ᐧᐹᑲᑦ</td> <td style="width: 18px;"><img class="clickable" title="Click here to hear this word" data-sound-url="/snd/grammar/SWF/pwaakit.mp3" src="/img/speak.gif" alt="Click here to hear this word"></td> <td class="crex">pwaakat</td> <td class="gloss">pocket</td> </tr><tr><td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right;">ᐯᑎᑯᑦ</td> <td style="width: 18px;"><img class="clickable" title="Click here to hear this word" data-sound-url="/snd/grammar/SWF/petikut.mp3" src="/img/speak.gif" alt="Click here to hear this word"></td> <td class="crex">petikut</td> <td class="gloss">petticoat</td> </tr><tr><td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right;">ᒉᑲᑦ</td> <td style="width: 18px;"><img class="clickable" title="Click here to hear this word" data-sound-url="/snd/grammar/SWF/chekat.mp3" src="/img/speak.gif" alt="Click here to hear this word"></td> <td class="crex">chekat</td> <td class="gloss">jacket</td> </tr><tr><td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right;">ᒪᓛᔅ</td> <td style="width: 18px;"><img class="clickable" title="Click here to hear this word" data-sound-url="/snd/grammar/SWF/malaasis.mp3" src="/img/speak.gif" alt="Click here to hear this word"></td> <td class="crex">malaasis</td> <td class="gloss">molasses</td> </tr><tr><td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right;">ᒥᓂᑯᔥ</td> <td style="width: 18px;"><img class="clickable" title="Click here to hear this word" data-sound-url="/snd/grammar/SWF/minikush.mp3" src="/img/speak.gif" alt="Click here to hear this word"></td> <td class="crex">minikush</td> <td class="gloss">minute</td> </tr><tr><td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right;">ᒫᐦᑮ</td> <td style="width: 18px;"><img class="clickable" title="Click here to hear this word" data-sound-url="/snd/grammar/SWF/maahkii.mp3" src="/img/speak.gif" alt="Click here to hear this word"></td> <td class="crex">maahkii</td> <td class="gloss">marquee</td> </tr><tr><td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right;">ᐸᐧᓛᒡ</td> <td style="width: 18px;"><img class="clickable" title="Click here to hear this word" data-sound-url="/snd/grammar/SWF/palwaach.mp3" src="/img/speak.gif" alt="Click here to hear this word"></td> <td class="crex">palwaach</td> <td class="gloss">badge</td> </tr><tr><td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right;">ᓕᐱᓐ</td> <td style="width: 18px;"><img class="clickable" title="Click here to hear this word" data-sound-url="/snd/grammar/SWF/lipin.mp3" src="/img/speak.gif" alt="Click here to hear this word"></td> <td class="crex">lipin</td> <td class="gloss">ribbon</td> </tr><tr><td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right;">ᓓᔅ</td> <td style="width: 18px;"><img class="clickable" title="Click here to hear this word" data-sound-url="/snd/grammar/SWF/les.mp3" src="/img/speak.gif" alt="Click here to hear this word"></td> <td class="crex">les</td> <td class="gloss">lace</td> </tr><tr><td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right;">ᑭᒋᓐ</td> <td style="width: 18px;"><img class="clickable" title="Click here to hear this word" data-sound-url="/snd/grammar/SWF/kichin.mp3" src="/img/speak.gif" alt="Click here to hear this word"></td> <td class="crex">kichin</td> <td class="gloss">kitchen</td> </tr><tr><td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right;">ᐲᓐᑰ</td> <td style="width: 18px;"><img class="clickable" title="Click here to hear this word" data-sound-url="/snd/grammar/SWF/piinkuu.mp3" src="/img/speak.gif" alt="Click here to hear this word"></td> <td class="crex">piinkuu</td> <td class="gloss">bingo</td> </tr><tr><td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right;">ᐲᓂᓴᒡ</td> <td style="width: 18px;"><img class="clickable" title="Click here to hear this word" data-sound-url="/snd/grammar/SWF/piinisach.mp3" src="/img/speak.gif" alt="Click here to hear this word"></td> <td class="crex">piinisach</td> <td class="gloss">beans</td> </tr><tr><td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right;">ᐴᑎᓐ</td> <td style="width: 18px;"><img class="clickable" title="Click here to hear this word" data-sound-url="/snd/grammar/SWF/puutin.mp3" src="/img/speak.gif" alt="Click here to hear this word"></td> <td class="crex">puutin</td> <td class="gloss">pudding</td> </tr><tr><td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right;">ᐧᐋᒡ</td> <td style="width: 18px;"><img class="clickable" title="Click here to hear this word" data-sound-url="/snd/grammar/SWF/waach.mp3" src="/img/speak.gif" alt="Click here to hear this word"></td> <td class="crex">waach</td> <td class="gloss">watch</td> </tr><tr><td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right;">ᐧᑳᑦ</td> <td style="width: 18px;"><img class="clickable" title="Click here to hear this word" data-sound-url="/snd/grammar/SWF/kwaat.mp3" src="/img/speak.gif" alt="Click here to hear this word"></td> <td class="crex">kwaat</td> <td class="gloss">coat</td> </tr><tr><td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right;">ᐧᐹᐦᒡ</td> <td style="width: 18px;"><img class="clickable" title="Click here to hear this word" data-sound-url="/snd/grammar/SWF/pwaach.mp3" src="/img/speak.gif" alt="Click here to hear this word"></td> <td class="crex">pwaahch</td> <td class="gloss">porch</td> </tr><tr><td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right;">ᐹᓂᑮᒃ</td> <td style="width: 18px;"><img class="clickable" title="Click here to hear this word" data-sound-url="/snd/grammar/SWF/paanikiik.mp3" src="/img/speak.gif" alt="Click here to hear this word"></td> <td class="crex">paanikiik</td> <td class="gloss">pancake</td> </tr><tr><td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right;">ᐧᔖᓪ / ᐧᔖᓐ</td> <td style="width: 18px;"><img class="clickable" title="Click here to hear this word" data-sound-url="/snd/grammar/SWF/shwaan.mp3" src="/img/speak.gif" alt="Click here to hear this word"></td> <td class="crex">shwaan</td> <td class="gloss">shawl</td> </tr><tr><td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right;">ᐋᐦᐋᔅ</td> <td style="width: 18px;"><img class="clickable" title="Click here to hear this word" data-sound-url="/snd/grammar/SWF/aahaas.mp3" src="/img/speak.gif" alt="Click here to hear this word"></td> <td class="crex">aahaas</td> <td class="gloss">horse</td> </tr><tr><td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right;">ᒑᒻ</td> <td style="width: 18px;"><img class="clickable" title="Click here to hear this word" data-sound-url="/snd/grammar/SWF/chaam.mp3" src="/img/speak.gif" alt="Click here to hear this word"></td> <td class="crex">chaam</td> <td class="gloss">jam</td> </tr><tr><td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right;">ᐧᒑᑲᓚᑦ</td> <td style="width: 18px;"><img class="clickable" title="Click here to hear this word" data-sound-url="/snd/grammar/SWF/chwaakalit.mp3" src="/img/speak.gif" alt="Click here to hear this word"></td> <td class="crex">chwaakalat</td> <td class="gloss">chocolate</td> </tr><tr><td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right;">ᓰᐅᑏᔅ</td> <td style="width: 18px;"><img class="clickable" title="Click here to hear this word" data-sound-url="/snd/grammar/SWF/siiutiis.mp3" src="/img/speak.gif" alt="Click here to hear this word"></td> <td class="crex">siiutiis</td> <td class="gloss">sweets</td> </tr><tr><td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right;">ᔅᐯᑦ</td> <td style="width: 18px;"><img class="clickable" title="Click here to hear this word" data-sound-url="/snd/grammar/SWF/spet.mp3" src="/img/speak.gif" alt="Click here to hear this word"></td> <td class="crex">spet</td> <td class="gloss">spade</td> </tr><tr><td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right;">ᐁᓐᒋᓪ</td> <td style="width: 18px;"><img class="clickable" title="Click here to hear this word" data-sound-url="/snd/grammar/SWF/anchil.mp3" src="/img/speak.gif" alt="Click here to hear this word"></td> <td class="crex">enchil</td> <td class="gloss">angel</td> </tr><tr><td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right;">ᔅᑮᑑ</td> <td style="width: 18px;"><img class="clickable" title="Click here to hear this word" data-sound-url="/snd/grammar/SWF/skiituu.mp3" src="/img/speak.gif" alt="Click here to hear this word"></td> <td class="crex">skiituu</td> <td class="gloss">skidoo</td> </tr><tr><td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right;">ᔅᑯᓪ</td> <td style="width: 18px;"><img class="clickable" title="Click here to hear this word" data-sound-url="/snd/grammar/SWF/skuul.mp3" src="/img/speak.gif" alt="Click here to hear this word"></td> <td class="crex">skuul</td> <td class="gloss">school</td> </tr></tbody></table><table class="clear med-table"><caption>Words borrowed from French</caption> <tbody><tr><td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right;">ᓰᐹᐃ</td> <td style="width: 18px;"><img class="clickable" title="Click here to hear this word" data-sound-url="/snd/grammar/SWF/shiipaai.mp3" src="/img/speak.gif" alt="Click here to hear this word"></td> <td class="crex">shiipaai</td> <td>cipaille</td> <td class="gloss">dumpling</td> </tr><tr><td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right;">ᒦᓅᔥ</td> <td style="width: 18px;"><img class="clickable" title="Click here to hear this word" data-sound-url="/snd/grammar/SWF/miinuush.mp3" src="/img/speak.gif" alt="Click here to hear this word"></td> <td class="crex">miinuush</td> <td>minouche</td> <td class="gloss">cat</td> </tr><tr><td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right;">ᑳᓘ</td> <td style="width: 18px;"><img class="clickable" title="Click here to hear this word" data-sound-url="/snd/grammar/SWF/kaalu.mp3" src="/img/speak.gif" alt="Click here to hear this word"></td> <td class="crex">kaaluu</td> <td>carreaux</td> <td class="gloss">card</td> </tr><tr><td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right;">ᐴᑕᐃ</td> <td style="width: 18px;"><img class="clickable" title="Click here to hear this word" data-sound-url="/snd/grammar/SWF/puutai.mp3" src="/img/speak.gif" alt="Click here to hear this word"></td> <td class="crex">puutai</td> <td>bouteille</td> <td class="gloss">bottle</td> </tr><tr><td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right;">ᑑᐲᔅ</td> <td style="width: 18px;"><img class="clickable" title="Click here to hear this word" data-sound-url="/snd/grammar/SWF/tuupiis.mp3" src="/img/speak.gif" alt="Click here to hear this word"></td> <td class="crex">tuupiis</td> <td>autobus</td> <td class="gloss">bus</td> </tr><tr><td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right;">ᑌᑲᓓᑉ</td> <td style="width: 18px;"><img class="clickable" title="Click here to hear this word" data-sound-url="/snd/grammar/SWF/tekalep.mp3" src="/img/speak.gif" alt="Click here to hear this word"></td> <td class="crex">tekalep</td> <td>des crêpes</td> <td class="gloss">pancake, crepe</td> </tr></tbody></table>The pronunciation of new borrowed words is closer to the original English or French pronunciation because people now are bilingual or trilingual. This is especially true of names for people which are borrowed from English and French with their English and French pronunciation, even if they are being written in syllabics. Certain classes of words are commonly used with the English pronunciation while speaking Cree. These are the words for numbers, expressions of time (days, months) and colours. <h4>2. Borrowing the Translation only</h4> Another way of borrowing is to use the ideas in the dominant language but translate them literally into Cree, as for example when chairman is translated as *ᑌᐦᑕᐳᐧᐃᓈᐯᐤ *tehtapuwinaapeu chair+man or as ᑌᐦᑕᐳᐧᐃᓅᒋᒫᐤ tehtapuwinuuchimaau chair+boss, instead of using the Cree word, ᑳᓃᑳᓇᐱᔥᑕᐦᒃ kaaniikaanapishtahk. Literally translated words exist because of language contact and bilingualism. This is not considered a good way to make new Cree words. <h3 class="head"><a name="meaning"></a>Strategy Two: Giving a New Meaning to an Existing Word</h3> This process is found in all languages of the world. There is usually an element of meaning that is common to the old usage and the new usage of the word. For example, apui the paddle and apui the propeller have in common a certain shape (the shape of a paddle) and a function (moving something forward). When a word has two meanings which have a common element we speak of polysemy. <table class="clear"><tbody><tr><td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>Original Meaning</td> <td>New Meaning</td> </tr><tr><td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right;">ᐊᐳᐃ</td> <td style="width: 18px;"><img class="clickable" title="Click here to hear this word" data-sound-url="/snd/grammar/SWF/apui.mp3" src="/img/speak.gif" alt="Click here to hear this word"></td> <td class="crex">apui</td> <td class="gloss">paddle</td> <td class="gloss">propeller</td> </tr><tr><td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right;">ᐃᔥᑯᑌᐤ</td> <td style="width: 18px;"><img class="clickable" title="Click here to hear this word" data-sound-url="/snd/grammar/SWF/ishkuteu.mp3" src="/img/speak.gif" alt="Click here to hear this word"></td> <td class="crex">ishkuteu</td> <td>fire (ni)</td> <td>battery (na), sparkplugs</td> </tr><tr><td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right;">ᒫᑎᔅ</td> <td style="width: 18px;"><img class="clickable" title="Click here to hear this word" data-sound-url="/snd/grammar/SWF/maatis.mp3" src="/img/speak.gif" alt="Click here to hear this word"></td> <td class="crex">maatis</td> <td class="gloss">flint</td> <td>sparkplug (na, Waswanipi)</td> </tr><tr><td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right;">ᐅᔥᑲᔒ</td> <td style="width: 18px;"><img class="clickable" title="Click here to hear this word" data-sound-url="/snd/grammar/SWF/ushkashii.mp3" src="/img/speak.gif" alt="Click here to hear this word"></td> <td class="crex">ushkashii</td> <td class="gloss">nail, claw</td> <td class="gloss">skidoo track</td> </tr><tr><td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right;">ᐊᐦᐄᐲ</td> <td style="width: 18px;"><img class="clickable" title="Click here to hear this word" data-sound-url="/snd/grammar/SWF/ahiipii.mp3" src="/img/speak.gif" alt="Click here to hear this word"></td> <td class="crex">ahiipii</td> <td class="gloss">net</td> <td>net for hockey, basketball and other games, lamp mantle (Waskaganish)</td> </tr><tr><td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right;">ᐅᑕᒋᔒ</td> <td style="width: 18px;"><img class="clickable" title="Click here to hear this word" data-sound-url="/snd/grammar/SWF/utachishii.mp3" src="/img/speak.gif" alt="Click here to hear this word"></td> <td class="crex">utachishii</td> <td class="gloss">guts</td> <td class="gloss">hose, extension cord</td> </tr></tbody></table><h3 class="head"><a name="rules"></a>Strategy Three: Using the Rules of the Language</h3> Neologism is the art of making new words using the rules of the language. Words live and die. Words to talk about bush life are dying today in Cree because less people live in this reality. On the other hand, words that reflect the modern life are created everyday by Cree speakers. Add examples or link to terminology forum <table class="clear"><tbody><tr><td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right;">ᒀᔥᒀᔥᑫᐸᔨᐦᐆᐙᑲᓐ</td> <td style="width: 18px;"><img class="clickable" title="Click here to hear this word" data-sound-url="/snd/grammar/SWF/kwaashkwaashkwepayihuuwaakan.mp3" src="/img/speak.gif" alt="Click here to hear this word"></td> <td style="text-align: left;">kwaashkwaashkwepayihuuwaakan (ni)</td> <td class="gloss" style="text-align: left;">jolly jumper</td> </tr><tr><td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right;">ᑳᐧᑳᔥᐧᑳᐧᑫᐸᐦᑖᑦ</td> <td style="width: 18px;"><img class="clickable" title="Click here to hear this word" data-sound-url="/snd/grammar/SWF/kaakwaashkwaashkwepahtaat.mp3" src="/img/speak.gif" alt="Click here to hear this word"></td> <td style="text-align: left;">kaakwaashkwaashkwepahtaat (nap)</td> <td class="gloss" style="text-align: left;">kangaroo</td> </tr></tbody></table>In Cree, a word is made up of many small parts and it is important to understand what these parts are and how they combine to understand how new word creation can happen in Cree. See: <a href="../word-structure/">Structure of Cree words</a>. The parts of a word: ᐄᑖᐯᑲᒨ iitaapekamuu it (string-like) stretches from here to there. <table><tbody><tr><td class="crex" style="text-align: center;">iit</td> <td class="crex" style="text-align: center;">aapek</td> <td class="crex bright" style="text-align: center;">amu</td> <td class="crex" style="text-align: center;">-u</td> </tr><tr><td class="gloss" style="text-align: center;">so</td> <td class="gloss" style="text-align: center;">string-like</td> <td class="gloss bright" style="text-align: center;">stretch</td> <td style="text-align: center;">3rd persons/he</td> </tr><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/word-structure/#structure-initial">INITIAL</a></td> <td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/word-structure/#structure-medial">MEDIAL</a></td> <td class="bright" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/word-structure/#structure-final">FINAL</a></td> <td style="text-align: center;">Personal suffix</td> </tr><tr><td class="btop bright" style="text-align: center;" colspan="3">STEM</td> <td class="btop" style="text-align: center;">INFLECTION</td> </tr></tbody></table><div id="cite" style="z-index: 2000000; display: none; position: fixed; top: 0; right: 0; left: 0; bottom: 0;"> <div style="z-index: 2000000; position: fixed; background: rgba(0,0,0,0.5); top: 0; right: 0; left: 0; bottom: 0;" onclick="document.getElementById('cite').style.display='none';"></div> <div style="z-index: 5000000; position: relative; margin: 10% auto; width: 800px; min-height: 200px; max-height:600px; background-color: white; border-radius: 1em; padding: 1em 2em;"> <button class="closeButton close" title="close" style="float:right; max-height: 14px;" onclick="document.getElementById('cite').style.display='none';"></button> <table style="max-width: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td style="font-weight: bold;">APA:</td> <td>Junker, M.-O., & MacKenzie, M. (2013). East Cree Word Formation (Southern Dialect). In The Interactive East Cree Reference Grammar. Retrieved from [URL]</td> </tr><tr><td> </td> <td> </td> </tr><tr><td style="font-weight: bold;">MLA:</td> <td>Marie-Odile Junker and Marguerite MacKenzie. East Cree Word Formation (Southern Dialect). In The Interactive East Cree Reference Grammar. 2013. Web. [date]</td> </tr></tbody></table> [URL] = website address, beginning with “http://” [Date] = the date you accessed the page, styled as follows: 13 Dec. 2015 </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="col-2 hidden-sm hidden-md d-none d-lg-block d-xl-block d-print-none"> <nav id="page-navigator" class="nav flex-column"> </nav> </div> </div>  <section class="mt-3" style="border-top: 1px solid #eee"> <nav> <ul class="nav flex-column"> </ul> </nav> </section> <a href="#topOfPage" id="topOfPageLink" style="" class="btn btn-outline-primary" title="top of page"> </a> </div> </section> </main> <footer id="footer" class="footer d-print-none" style=""> <div class=" container-fluid"> <div class="row"> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="pull-right"> Last modified: July 17, 2017 </div> <div class="pull-left" style="color: #d3d3d3"> </div> <div class="center-block"> ©2000-2024 www.eastcree.org </div> </div> <div class="row"> <script type='text/javascript' src='https://www.eastcree.org/cree/wp-content/themes/eastcree_twentytwenty/js/bootstrap.min.js?ver=20170520' id='eastcree_twentytwenty-script-bootstrap-js'></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='https://www.eastcree.org/cree/wp-content/themes/eastcree_twentytwenty/js/all.js?ver=20170520' id='eastcree_twentytwenty-script-fontawesome-js'></script> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col col-xs-6 text-danger"> Data-mining and scraping strictly prohibited. </div> <div class="col col-xs-6 text-right text-danger"> L’extraction des données est strictement interdite </div> </div> </div> </footer> <script type="text/javascript"> </script>  <script type="text/javascript"> var _paq = _paq || []; _paq.push(['trackPageView']); _paq.push(['enableLinkTracking']); (function() { var u="//webstats.atlas-ling.ca/"; _paq.push(['setTrackerUrl', u+'piwik.php']); _paq.push(['setSiteId', 1]); var d=document, g=d.createElement('script'), s=d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; g.type='text/javascript'; g.async=true; g.defer=true; g.src=u+'piwik.js'; s.parentNode.insertBefore(g,s); })(); </script> <noscript><img src="https://webstats.atlas-ling.ca/piwik.php?idsite=1" style="border:0;" alt="" /></noscript>  <script type="text/javascript"> var images = ['https://www.eastcree.org/cree/wp-content/themes/eastcree_twentytwenty/images/banner1.jpg', 'https://www.eastcree.org/cree/wp-content/themes/eastcree_twentytwenty/images/banner2.jpg', 'https://www.eastcree.org/cree/wp-content/themes/eastcree_twentytwenty/images/banner3.jpg', 'https://www.eastcree.org/cree/wp-content/themes/eastcree_twentytwenty/images/banner4.jpg', 'https://www.eastcree.org/cree/wp-content/themes/eastcree_twentytwenty/images/banner5.jpg', 'https://www.eastcree.org/cree/wp-content/themes/eastcree_twentytwenty/images/banner6.jpg', 'https://www.eastcree.org/cree/wp-content/themes/eastcree_twentytwenty/images/banner7.jpg', 'https://www.eastcree.org/cree/wp-content/themes/eastcree_twentytwenty/images/banner8.jpg', 'https://www.eastcree.org/cree/wp-content/themes/eastcree_twentytwenty/images/banner9.jpg', 'https://www.eastcree.org/cree/wp-content/themes/eastcree_twentytwenty/images/banner10.jpg', 'https://www.eastcree.org/cree/wp-content/themes/eastcree_twentytwenty/images/banner11.jpg', 'https://www.eastcree.org/cree/wp-content/themes/eastcree_twentytwenty/images/banner12.jpg', 'https://www.eastcree.org/cree/wp-content/themes/eastcree_twentytwenty/images/banner13.jpg', ]; var imagesQueue =[]; var imageTimer=false; var deg =0; $( function () { try{ adjustMenu(); }catch(err){ console.log(err); } try{ adjustSidebar(); } catch (err) { console.log(err); } try { imageTimer = setInterval(function () { if (imagesQueue.length < 1) imagesQueue = images.slice(0); var index = imagesQueue.length > 1 ? 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