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class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>General and cited references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Voluntary Human Extinction Movement</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movimientu_pola_Estinci%C3%B3n_Humana_Voluntaria" title="Movimientu pola Estinción Humana Voluntaria – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Movimientu pola Estinción Humana Voluntaria" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C9%99%C5%9F%C9%99riyy%C9%99tin_k%C3%B6n%C3%BCll%C3%BC_yox_olmas%C4%B1_%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCn_h%C9%99r%C9%99kat" title="Bəşəriyyətin könüllü yox olması üçün hərəkat – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bəşəriyyətin könüllü yox olması üçün hərəkat" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%85_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Рух за адвольнае выміранне чалавецтва – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рух за адвольнае выміранне чалавецтва" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moviment_per_l%27Extinci%C3%B3_Humana_Volunt%C3%A0ria" title="Moviment per l'Extinció Humana Voluntària – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Moviment per l'Extinció Humana Voluntària" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hnut%C3%AD_za_dobrovoln%C3%A9_vyhynut%C3%AD_lidstva" title="Hnutí za dobrovolné vyhynutí lidstva – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hnutí za dobrovolné vyhynutí lidstva" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voluntary_Human_Extinction_Movement" title="Voluntary Human Extinction Movement – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Voluntary Human Extinction Movement" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movimiento_por_la_Extinci%C3%B3n_Humana_Voluntaria" title="Movimiento por la Extinción Humana Voluntaria – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Movimiento por la Extinción Humana Voluntaria" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movado_por_la_libervola_formorto_de_la_homaro" title="Movado por la libervola formorto de la homaro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Movado por la libervola formorto de la homaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B4_%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B6_%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جنبش انقراض اختیاری انسان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنبش انقراض اختیاری انسان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouvement_pour_l%27extinction_volontaire_de_l%27humanit%C3%A9" title="Mouvement pour l'extinction volontaire de l'humanité – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mouvement pour l'extinction volontaire de l'humanité" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EB%B0%9C%EC%A0%81_%EC%9D%B8%EB%A5%98%EC%A0%88%EB%A9%B8_%EC%9A%B4%EB%8F%99" title="자발적 인류절멸 운동 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="자발적 인류절멸 운동" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80_%D5%A2%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BB%D5%B6%D5%BB%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B7%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AA%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Մարդկության կամավոր բնաջնջման շարժում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մարդկության կամավոր բնաջնջման շարժում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerakan_Kepunahan_Manusia_Sukarela" title="Gerakan Kepunahan Manusia Sukarela – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gerakan Kepunahan Manusia Sukarela" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movimento_per_l%27estinzione_umana_volontaria" title="Movimento per l'estinzione umana volontaria – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Movimento per l'estinzione umana volontaria" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%94_%D7%9C%D7%94%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%97%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%AA" title="התנועה להיכחדות מרצון של האנושות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="התנועה להיכחדות מרצון של האנושות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motus_voluntariae_exstinctionis_generis_humani" title="Motus voluntariae exstinctionis generis humani – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Motus voluntariae exstinctionis generis humani" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savanori%C5%A1ko_%C5%BEmoni%C5%B3_i%C5%A1nykimo_jud%C4%97jimas" title="Savanoriško žmonių išnykimo judėjimas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Savanoriško žmonių išnykimo judėjimas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beweging_ter_Vrijwillig_Uitsterven_van_de_Mensheid" title="Beweging ter Vrijwillig Uitsterven van de Mensheid – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Beweging ter Vrijwillig Uitsterven van de Mensheid" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E4%B8%BB%E7%9A%84%E3%81%AA%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E7%B5%B6%E6%BB%85%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" title="自主的な人類絶滅運動 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="自主的な人類絶滅運動" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voluntary_Human_Extinction_Movement" title="Voluntary Human Extinction Movement – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Voluntary Human Extinction Movement" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHEMT" title="VHEMT – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="VHEMT" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voluntary_Human_Extinction_Movement" title="Voluntary Human Extinction Movement – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Voluntary Human Extinction Movement" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movimento_pela_Extin%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Humana_Volunt%C3%A1ria" title="Movimento pela Extinção Humana Voluntária – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Movimento pela Extinção Humana Voluntária" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Движение за добровольное вымирание человечества – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Движение за добровольное вымирание человечества" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voluntary_Human_Extinction_Movement" title="Voluntary Human Extinction Movement – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Voluntary Human Extinction Movement" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapaaehtoinen_liike_ihmiskunnan_lopettamiseksi" title="Vapaaehtoinen liike ihmiskunnan lopettamiseksi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vapaaehtoinen liike ihmiskunnan lopettamiseksi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voluntary_Human_Extinction_Movement" title="Voluntary Human Extinction Movement – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Voluntary Human Extinction Movement" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%85_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Рух за добровільне вимирання людства – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Рух за добровільне вимирання людства" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phong_tr%C3%A0o_tuy%E1%BB%87t_ch%E1%BB%A7ng_lo%C3%A0i_ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_t%E1%BB%B1_gi%C3%A1c" title="Phong trào tuyệt chủng loài người tự giác – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phong trào tuyệt chủng loài người tự giác" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li 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.infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Voluntary Human Extinction Movement</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Voluntary_Human_Extinction_Movement_logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Voluntary_Human_Extinction_Movement_logo.png/220px-Voluntary_Human_Extinction_Movement_logo.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Voluntary_Human_Extinction_Movement_logo.png 1.5x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="230" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data note">1991</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">NGO</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Founder</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Les U. Knight</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vhemt.org">vhemt<wbr />.org</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Voluntary Human Extinction Movement</b> (<b>VHEMT</b><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>A<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is an <a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement" title="Environmental movement">environmental movement</a> that calls for all people to <a href="/wiki/Voluntary_childlessness" title="Voluntary childlessness">abstain from reproduction</a> in order to cause the gradual voluntary <a href="/wiki/Human_extinction" title="Human extinction">extinction of humankind</a>. VHEMT supports human extinction primarily because it would prevent <a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">environmental degradation</a>. The group states that a decrease in the human population would <a href="/wiki/Suffering-focused_ethics" title="Suffering-focused ethics">prevent a significant amount of human-caused suffering</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Extinction#Modern_extinctions" title="Extinction">extinctions of non-human species</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Scarcity" title="Scarcity">scarcity</a> of <a href="/wiki/Resources" class="mw-redirect" title="Resources">resources</a> caused by humans are frequently cited by the group as evidence of the harm caused by <a href="/wiki/Human_overpopulation" title="Human overpopulation">human overpopulation</a>. </p><p>VHEMT was founded in 1991 by Les U. Knight, an American activist who became involved in the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental movement in the United States">American environmental movement in the 1970s</a> and thereafter concluded that human extinction was the best solution to the problems facing the Earth's <a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">biosphere</a> and humanity. Knight publishes the group's newsletter and serves as its spokesman. Although the group is promoted by a website and represented at some environmental events, it relies heavily on coverage from outside media to spread its message. Many commentators view its platform as unacceptably extreme, while endorsing the logic of reducing the rate of human reproduction. In response to VHEMT, some journalists and academics have argued that humans can develop <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_living" title="Sustainable living">sustainable lifestyles</a> or can <a href="/wiki/Human_population_planning" title="Human population planning">reduce their population</a> to sustainable levels. Others maintain that whatever the merits of the idea, the human reproductive drive will prevent humankind from ever voluntarily seeking extinction. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voluntary_Human_Extinction_Movement&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Voluntary Human Extinction Movement was founded by Les U. Knight,<sup id="cite_ref-te_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-te-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ti_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ti-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>B<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a graduate of <a href="/wiki/Western_Oregon_University" title="Western Oregon University">Western Oregon University</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and high school substitute teacher living in <a href="/wiki/Portland,_Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland, Oregon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-te_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-te-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After becoming involved in the environmental movement as a college student in the 1970s, Knight attributed most of the dangers faced by the planet to human overpopulation.<sup id="cite_ref-te_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-te-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sfc_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sfc-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He joined the <a href="/wiki/Zero_Population_Growth" class="mw-redirect" title="Zero Population Growth">Zero Population Growth</a> organization,<sup id="cite_ref-te_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-te-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and chose to be <a href="/wiki/Vasectomy" title="Vasectomy">vasectomized</a> at age 25.<sup id="cite_ref-sfc_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sfc-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He later concluded that the extinction of humanity would be the best solution to the Earth's environmental problems.<sup id="cite_ref-te_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-te-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He believes that this idea has also been held by some people throughout human history.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrmrod2011142_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrmrod2011142-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Voluntary_Human_Extinction_Movement2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Voluntary_Human_Extinction_Movement2.jpg/220px-Voluntary_Human_Extinction_Movement2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Voluntary_Human_Extinction_Movement2.jpg/330px-Voluntary_Human_Extinction_Movement2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Voluntary_Human_Extinction_Movement2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="286" /></a><figcaption>Voluntary Human Extinction Movement cartoon by <a href="/wiki/Nina_Paley" title="Nina Paley">Nina Paley</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1991, Knight began publishing VHEMT's <a href="/wiki/Newsletter" title="Newsletter">newsletter</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-te_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-te-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> known as <i>These Exit Times</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-ti_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ti-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the newsletter, he asked readers to further human extinction by not procreating.<sup id="cite_ref-te_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-te-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> VHEMT has also published cartoons,<sup id="cite_ref-ta_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ta-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including a comic strip titled <i>Bonobo Baby</i>, featuring a woman who forgoes childbearing in favor of adopting a <a href="/wiki/Bonobo" title="Bonobo">bonobo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ti_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ti-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1996, Knight created a website for VHEMT;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrmrod2011143_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrmrod2011143-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was available in 11 languages by 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeisman2010310_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeisman2010310-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> VHEMT's logo features the letter "V" (for voluntary) and a picture of the Earth with north at the bottom.<sup id="cite_ref-vhemtlogo_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vhemtlogo-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>C<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization_and_promotion">Organization and promotion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voluntary_Human_Extinction_Movement&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Organization and promotion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>VHEMT functions as a loose network rather than a formal organization,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrmrod2011142–3_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrmrod2011142–3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and does not compile a list of members. Daniel Metz of <a href="/wiki/Willamette_University" title="Willamette University">Willamette University</a> stated in 1995 that VHEMT's mailing list had just under 400 subscribers.<sup id="cite_ref-te_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-te-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Six years later, <a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a> said the list had only 230 subscribers.<sup id="cite_ref-fox_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fox-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Knight says that anyone who agrees with his ideology is a member of the movement;<sup id="cite_ref-te_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-te-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that this includes "millions of people".<sup id="cite_ref-aboutvhemt_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aboutvhemt-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>D<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Knight serves as the spokesman for VHEMT.<sup id="cite_ref-te_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-te-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He attends environmental conferences and events, where he publicizes information about population growth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeisman2010310_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeisman2010310-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> VHEMT's views have, however, primarily been spread through coverage by media outlets, rather than events and its newsletter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrmrod2011143_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrmrod2011143-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> VHEMT sells buttons and T-shirts,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrmrod2011143_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrmrod2011143-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as <a href="/wiki/Bumper_sticker" title="Bumper sticker">bumper stickers</a> that read "Thank you for not breeding".<sup id="cite_ref-ti_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ti-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ideology">Ideology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voluntary_Human_Extinction_Movement&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ideology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Knight argues that the <a href="/wiki/Human_population" class="mw-redirect" title="Human population">human population</a> is far greater than the Earth can handle, and that the best thing for Earth's biosphere is for humans to voluntarily cease reproducing.<sup id="cite_ref-CNN_Technology_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNN_Technology-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He says that humans are "incompatible with the biosphere"<sup id="cite_ref-ti_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ti-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that human existence is causing environmental damage which will eventually bring about the extinction of humans (as well as other organisms).<sup id="cite_ref-cbc_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbc-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Knight, the vast majority of human societies have not lived <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_living" title="Sustainable living">sustainable lifestyles</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-sfc_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sfc-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and attempts to live environmentally friendly lifestyles do not change the fact that human existence has ultimately been destructive to the Earth and many of its non-human organisms.<sup id="cite_ref-ti_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ti-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Voluntary human extinction is promoted on the grounds that it will prevent human suffering and the <a href="/wiki/Extinction#Modern_extinctions" title="Extinction">extinction of other species</a>; Knight says that many species are threatened by the increasing human population.<sup id="cite_ref-te_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-te-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fox_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fox-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CNN_Technology_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNN_Technology-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>James Ormrod, a psychologist who profiled the group in the journal <i>Psychoanalysis, Culture & Society</i>, notes that the "most fundamental belief" of VHEMT is that "human beings should stop reproducing", and that some people consider themselves members of the group but do not actually support human extinction.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrmrod2011143_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrmrod2011143-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Knight, however, believes that even if humans become more environmentally friendly, they could still return to environmentally destructive lifestyles and hence should eliminate themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-sfc_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sfc-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Residents of <a href="/wiki/First_World" title="First World">First World</a> countries bear the most responsibility to change, according to Knight, as they consume the largest proportion of resources.<sup id="cite_ref-og_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-og-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Knight believes that Earth's non-human organisms have a higher overall value than humans and their accomplishments, such as art: "The plays of Shakespeare and the work of Einstein can't hold a candle to a tiger".<sup id="cite_ref-ti_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ti-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He argues that species higher in the <a href="/wiki/Food_chain" title="Food chain">food chain</a> are less important than lower species.<sup id="cite_ref-ti_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ti-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His ideology is drawn in part from <a href="/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">deep ecology</a>, and he sometimes refers to the Earth as <a href="/wiki/Gaianism" title="Gaianism">Gaia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrmrod2011158_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrmrod2011158-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He notes that human extinction is unavoidable, and that it is better to become extinct soon to avoid causing the extinction of other animals.<sup id="cite_ref-CNN_Technology_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNN_Technology-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The potential for evolution of other organisms is also cited as a benefit.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrmrod2011143_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrmrod2011143-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Knight sees abstinence from reproduction as an <a href="/wiki/Altruism" title="Altruism">altruistic</a> choice<sup id="cite_ref-sfc_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sfc-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – a way to prevent involuntary human suffering<sup id="cite_ref-newsci_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newsci-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – and cites the deaths of children from preventable causes as an example of needless suffering.<sup id="cite_ref-sfc_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sfc-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Knight claims that non-reproduction would eventually allow humans to lead idyllic lifestyles in an environment comparable to the <a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Garden of Eden</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-maclean_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maclean-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and maintains that the last remaining humans would be proud of their accomplishment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeisman2010312_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeisman2010312-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other benefits of ceasing human reproduction that he cites include the end of abortion, war, and starvation.<sup id="cite_ref-maclean_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maclean-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Knight argues that "procreation today is de facto child abuse".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrmrod2011158_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrmrod2011158-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He maintains that the standard of human life will worsen if resources are consumed by a growing population rather than spent solving existing issues.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrmrod2011158_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrmrod2011158-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He speculates that if people ceased to reproduce, they would use their energy for other pursuits,<sup id="cite_ref-ti_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ti-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and suggests adoption and foster care as outlets for people who desire children.<sup id="cite_ref-sfc_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sfc-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>VHEMT rejects government-mandated <a href="/wiki/Human_population_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Human population control">human population control</a> programs in favor of voluntary population reduction,<sup id="cite_ref-te_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-te-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> supporting only the use of <a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">birth control</a> and willpower to prevent pregnancies.<sup id="cite_ref-ti_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ti-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Knight states that coercive tactics are unlikely to permanently lower the human population, citing the fact that humanity has survived catastrophic wars, famines, and viruses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeisman2010310_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeisman2010310-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though their newsletter's name recalls the suicide manual <i><a href="/wiki/Final_Exit" title="Final Exit">Final Exit</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-cbc_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbc-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the idea of mass suicide is rejected,<sup id="cite_ref-og_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-og-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and they have adopted the slogan "May we live long and die out".<sup id="cite_ref-sfc_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sfc-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 1995 survey of VHEMT members found that a majority of them felt a strong moral obligation to protect the Earth, distrusted the ability of political processes to prevent harm to the environment, and were willing to surrender some of their rights for their cause. VHEMT members who strongly believed that "Civilization [is] headed for collapse" were most likely to embrace these views.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllis1998267_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllis1998267-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, VHEMT does not take any overt political stances.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrmrod2011143_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrmrod2011143-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>VHEMT promotes a more extreme ideology than <a href="/wiki/Population_Action_International" title="Population Action International">Population Action International</a>, which argues for population reduction but not extinction. However, the VHEMT platform is more moderate and serious than the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Euthanasia" title="Church of Euthanasia">Church of Euthanasia</a>, which advocates population reduction by suicide and cannibalism.<sup id="cite_ref-fox_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fox-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-maclean_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maclean-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1995 survey found that 36% considered themselves members of <a href="/wiki/Earth_First!" title="Earth First!">Earth First!</a> or had donated to the group in the last five years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllis1998382–3_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllis1998382–3-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voluntary_Human_Extinction_Movement&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Knight states his group's ideology runs counter to contemporary society's <a href="/wiki/Natalism" title="Natalism">natalism</a>. He believes this pressure has stopped many people from supporting, or even discussing, population control.<sup id="cite_ref-sfc_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sfc-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He admits that his group is unlikely to succeed, but contends that attempting to reduce the Earth's population is the only moral option.<sup id="cite_ref-ti_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ti-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Writing in the <i><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle" title="San Francisco Chronicle">San Francisco Chronicle</a></i>, Gregory Dicum states that there is an "undeniable logic" to VHEMT's arguments, but he doubts whether Knight's ideas can succeed, arguing that many people desire to have children and cannot be dissuaded.<sup id="cite_ref-sfc_8-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sfc-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stephen Jarvis echoes this skepticism in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i>, noting that VHEMT faces great difficulty owing to the basic human reproductive drive.<sup id="cite_ref-ti_4-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ti-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s website, Guy Dammann applauds the movement's aim as "in many ways laudable", but argues that it is absurd to believe that humans will voluntarily seek extinction.<sup id="cite_ref-gd_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gd-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Freelance writer Abby O'Reilly writes that since having children is frequently viewed as a measure of success, VHEMT's goal is difficult to attain.<sup id="cite_ref-tg02_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tg02-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Knight contends in response to these arguments that though <a href="/wiki/Sexual_desire" title="Sexual desire">sexual desire</a> is natural, human desire for children is a product of <a href="/wiki/Enculturation" title="Enculturation">enculturation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ti_4-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ti-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_New_York" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York">Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York</a> has criticized Knight's platform, arguing that the existence of humanity is "divinely ordained".<sup id="cite_ref-fox_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fox-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ormrod writes that Knight "arguably abandons <a href="/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">deep ecology</a> in favor of straightforward <a href="/wiki/Misanthropy" title="Misanthropy">misanthropy</a>". He notes that Knight's claim that the last humans in an extinction scenario would have an abundance of resources promotes his cause based on "benefits accruing to humans". Ormrod sees this type of argument as counter-intuitive, arguing that it borrows the language of "late-modern consumer societies". He faults Knight for what he sees as a failure to develop a consistent and unambiguous ideology.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrmrod2011158_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrmrod2011158-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i> characterizes Knight's claim that voluntary human extinction is advisable due to limited resources as "Malthusian bosh". The paper further states that compassion for the planet does not necessarily require the pursuit of human extinction.<sup id="cite_ref-te_2-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-te-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sociologist <a href="/wiki/Frank_Furedi" title="Frank Furedi">Frank Furedi</a> also deems VHEMT to be a <a href="/wiki/Malthusian" class="mw-redirect" title="Malthusian">Malthusian</a> group, classifying them as a type of environmental organization that "[thinks] the worst about the human species".<sup id="cite_ref-spike_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spike-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Writing in <i><a href="/wiki/Spiked_(magazine)" title="Spiked (magazine)">Spiked</a></i>, Josie Appleton argues that the group is indifferent to humanity, rather than "anti-human".<sup id="cite_ref-spiked1_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spiked1-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brian Bethune writes in <i><a href="/wiki/Maclean%27s" title="Maclean's">Maclean's</a></i> that Knight's logic is "as absurd as it's unassailable". However, he doubts Knight's claim that the last survivors of the human race would have pleasant lives and suspects that a "collective loss of the will to live" would prevail.<sup id="cite_ref-maclean_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maclean-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to Knight's platform, journalist Sheldon Richman argues that humans are "active agents" and can change their behavior. He contends that people are capable of solving the problems facing Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-CNN_Technology_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNN_Technology-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alan_Weisman" title="Alan Weisman">Alan Weisman</a>, author of <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_Without_Us" title="The World Without Us">The World Without Us</a></i>, suggests a limit of one child per family as a preferable alternative to abstinence from reproduction.<sup id="cite_ref-maclean_25-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maclean-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Katharine_Mieszkowski" title="Katharine Mieszkowski">Katharine Mieszkowski</a> of <a href="/wiki/Salon.com" title="Salon.com">Salon.com</a> recommends that childless people adopt VHEMT's arguments when facing "probing questions" about their childlessness.<sup id="cite_ref-sdc_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sdc-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Knight's organization has been featured in a book titled <i><a href="/wiki/Donna_Kossy#Kooks_(1994)" title="Donna Kossy">Kooks: A Guide to the Outer Limits of Human Belief</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-te_2-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-te-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The Guardian</i> journalist <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Burkeman" title="Oliver Burkeman">Oliver Burkeman</a> said that in a phone conversation Knight seemed "rather sane and self-deprecating".<sup id="cite_ref-tg_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tg-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weisman echoes this sentiment, characterizing Knight as "thoughtful, soft-spoken, articulate, and quite serious".<sup id="cite_ref-spiked1_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spiked1-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Philosophers <a href="/wiki/Steven_Best" title="Steven Best">Steven Best</a> and <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Kellner" title="Douglas Kellner">Douglas Kellner</a> view VHEMT's stance as extreme, but they note that the movement formed in response to extreme stances found in "modern <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">humanism</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBestKellner2001268–9_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBestKellner2001268–9-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voluntary_Human_Extinction_Movement&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antinatalism" title="Antinatalism">Antinatalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrying_capacity" title="Carrying capacity">Carrying capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childfree" class="mw-redirect" title="Childfree">Childfree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_Population_Growth" title="Negative Population Growth">Negative Population Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_ontology" title="Object-oriented ontology">Object-oriented ontology</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voluntary_Human_Extinction_Movement&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-upper-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">VHEMT is pronounced "vehement",<sup id="cite_ref-npr_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npr-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because, according to Knight, that is what they are.<sup id="cite_ref-te_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-te-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knight denies that he is the founder, saying that "I'm not the founder of VHEMT, I just gave it a name".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">VHEMT states that the inverted Earth represents the radical shift in human direction the movement seeks, and notes that upside down emblems are often used as symbols of distress.<sup id="cite_ref-vhemtlogo_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vhemtlogo-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">On its website, VHEMT characterizes the participants in its movement as "volunteer", "supporter", or "undecided", each of whom share an interest in a reduction in the rate of human births.<sup id="cite_ref-Join_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Join-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voluntary_Human_Extinction_Movement&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-npr-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-npr_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPesca2006" class="citation news cs1">Pesca, Mike (May 12, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5401422">"All Choked Up"</a>. <i>NPR</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 7,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Sui+genocide&rft.date=1998-12-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnode%2F179963&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoluntary+Human+Extinction+Movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ti-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ti_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ti_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ti_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ti_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ti_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ti_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ti_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ti_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ti_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ti_4-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ti_4-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ti_4-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ti_4-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJarvis1994" class="citation news cs1">Jarvis, Stephen (April 24, 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/live-long-and-die-out-stephen-jarvis-encounters-the-voluntary-human-extinction-movement-1372200.html">"Live long and die out: Stephen Jarvis encounters the Voluntary Human Extinction Movement"</a>. <i>The Independent</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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The Voluntary Human Extinction Movement<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 23,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Personal+information+about+Les+U.+Knight&rft.pub=The+Voluntary+Human+Extinction+Movement&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vhemt.org%2Fles.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoluntary+Human+Extinction+Movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forumofthefuture.com/en/participants/les-u-knight-voluntary-human-extinction-movement/">"Forum of the Future"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Forum+of+the+Future&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forumofthefuture.com%2Fen%2Fparticipants%2Fles-u-knight-voluntary-human-extinction-movement%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoluntary+Human+Extinction+Movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sfc-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sfc_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sfc_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sfc_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sfc_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sfc_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sfc_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sfc_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sfc_8-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sfc_8-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sfc_8-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDicum2005" class="citation news cs1">Dicum, Gregory (November 16, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/g/a/2005/11/16/gree.DTL">"Maybe None"</a>. <i>San Francisco Chronicle</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 7,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=San+Francisco+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Maybe+None&rft.date=2005-11-16&rft.aulast=Dicum&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfgate.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Farticle.cgi%3Ff%3D%2Fg%2Fa%2F2005%2F11%2F16%2Fgree.DTL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoluntary+Human+Extinction+Movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrmrod2011142-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrmrod2011142_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOrmrod2011">Ormrod 2011</a>, p. 142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ta-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ta_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131019235441/http://www.timesargus.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20061022%2FNEWS%2F610220322%2F1016%2FFEATURES07">"Sites answer 300 million questions"</a>. <i>Barre Montpelier Times Argus</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 19,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fox+News&rft.atitle=Anti-People+Group+Pushes+for+Man%27s+Extinction&rft.date=2001-07-29&rft.aulast=Park&rft.aufirst=Michael+Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fstory%2Fanti-people-group-pushes-for-mans-extinction%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoluntary+Human+Extinction+Movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aboutvhemt-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-aboutvhemt_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vhemt.org/aboutvhemt.htm">"About The Movement — When and how did VHEMT start?"</a>. The Voluntary Human Extinction Movement<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 7,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Climate+change%3A+calling+planet+birth&rft.date=2010-02-12&rft.aulast=Burkeman&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2010%2Ffeb%2F13%2Fclimate-change-family-size-babies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoluntary+Human+Extinction+Movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBestKellner2001268–9-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBestKellner2001268–9_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBestKellner2001">Best & Kellner 2001</a>, p. 268–9.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_and_cited_references">General and cited references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voluntary_Human_Extinction_Movement&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: General and cited references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBestKellner2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Best" title="Steven Best">Best, Steven</a>; <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Kellner" title="Douglas Kellner">Kellner, Douglas</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Iygi8QBVUzsC"><i>The Postmodern Adventure: Science, Technology, and Cultural Studies at the Third Millennium</i></a>. Guilford Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57230-665-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57230-665-3"><bdi>978-1-57230-665-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Postmodern+Adventure%3A+Science%2C+Technology%2C+and+Cultural+Studies+at+the+Third+Millennium&rft.pub=Guilford+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-57230-665-3&rft.aulast=Best&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft.au=Kellner%2C+Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIygi8QBVUzsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoluntary+Human+Extinction+Movement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis1998" class="citation book cs1">Ellis, Richard J. (1998). <i>The Dark Side of the Left: Illiberal Egalitarianism in America</i>. University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1030-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1030-3"><bdi>978-0-7006-1030-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dark+Side+of+the+Left%3A+Illiberal+Egalitarianism+in+America&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-1030-3&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoluntary+Human+Extinction+Movement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrmrod2011" class="citation journal cs1">Ormrod, James S. (2011). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Making room for the tigers and the polar bears': Biography, phantasy and ideology in the Voluntary Human Extinction Movement". <i>Psychoanalysis, Culture & Society</i>. <b>16</b> (2): 142–61. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2Fpcs.2009.30">10.1057/pcs.2009.30</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143980680">143980680</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychoanalysis%2C+Culture+%26+Society&rft.atitle=%27Making+room+for+the+tigers+and+the+polar+bears%27%3A+Biography%2C+phantasy+and+ideology+in+the+Voluntary+Human+Extinction+Movement&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=142-61&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2Fpcs.2009.30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143980680%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ormrod&rft.aufirst=James+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoluntary+Human+Extinction+Movement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeisman2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Weisman" title="Alan Weisman">Weisman, Alan</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QCeTe12ipFMC"><i>The World Without Us</i></a>. HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4434-0008-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4434-0008-4"><bdi>978-1-4434-0008-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+Without+Us&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4434-0008-4&rft.aulast=Weisman&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQCeTe12ipFMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoluntary+Human+Extinction+Movement" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voluntary_Human_Extinction_Movement&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams2007" class="citation news cs1">Adams, Guy (April 19, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/green-living/how-to-save-the-planet-5332887.html">"How to save the planet: According to some eco-extremists, the only way to really make a difference is to stop breeding and let the human race die out"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=How+to+save+the+planet%3A+According+to+some+eco-extremists%2C+the+only+way+to+really+make+a+difference+is+to+stop+breeding+and+let+the+human+race+die+out.&rft.date=2007-04-19&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Guy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fenvironment%2Fgreen-living%2Fhow-to-save-the-planet-5332887.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoluntary+Human+Extinction+Movement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHymas2010" class="citation magazine cs1">Hymas, Lisa (July 19, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://grist.org/article/2010-07-15-want-to-join-the-voluntary-human-extinction-movement/">"Want to join the Voluntary Human Extinction Movement?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Grist_(magazine)" title="Grist (magazine)">Grist</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Grist&rft.atitle=Want+to+join+the+Voluntary+Human+Extinction+Movement%3F&rft.date=2010-07-19&rft.aulast=Hymas&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgrist.org%2Farticle%2F2010-07-15-want-to-join-the-voluntary-human-extinction-movement%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoluntary+Human+Extinction+Movement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacCormack2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patricia_MacCormack" title="Patricia MacCormack">MacCormack, Patricia</a> (2020). <i>The Ahuman Manifesto: Activism for the End of the Anthropocene</i>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Academic</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1350081093" title="Special:BookSources/978-1350081093"><bdi>978-1350081093</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ahuman+Manifesto%3A+Activism+for+the+End+of+the+Anthropocene&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1350081093&rft.aulast=MacCormack&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoluntary+Human+Extinction+Movement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130517032408/http://www.foxnews.com/story/2001/07/29/anti-people-group-pushes-for-man-extinction/">"Anti-People Group Pushes for Man's Extinction"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a>. July 29, 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/story/anti-people-group-pushes-for-mans-extinction">the original</a> on 2013-05-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-12-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anti-People+Group+Pushes+for+Man%27s+Extinction&rft.pub=Fox+News&rft.date=2001-07-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fstory%2Fanti-people-group-pushes-for-mans-extinction&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoluntary+Human+Extinction+Movement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2020/jan/10/i-campaign-for-the-extinction-of-the-human-race-les-knight">"Experience: I campaign for the extinction of the human race"</a>. Les Knight for <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. January 10, 2020.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voluntary_Human_Extinction_Movement&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235611614">.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);margin:0.5em 0;padding:0.2em;line-height:1.5em;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-header{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-listen-to{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-files{text-align:center;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-icon{float:left;margin-left:5px;margin-top:10px}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer{margin-left:60px;margin-top:10px;font-size:95%;line-height:1.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-footer{margin-top:10px;text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{width:20em;float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="spoken-wikipedia noprint haudio"><div class="spoken-wikipedia-header"><span class="spoken-wikipedia-listen-to">Listen to this article</span> (<span class="duration"><span class="min">15</span> minutes</span>)</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-files"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="200" style="width:200px;" data-durationhint="871" data-mwtitle="Voluntary_Human_Extinction_Movement.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Voluntary_Human_Extinction_Movement.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/67/Voluntary_Human_Extinction_Movement.ogg/Voluntary_Human_Extinction_Movement.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-icon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Spoken Wikipedia"><img alt="Spoken Wikipedia icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/45px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/68px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/90px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></span></span></div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer"><a href="/wiki/File:Voluntary_Human_Extinction_Movement.ogg" title="File:Voluntary Human Extinction Movement.ogg">This audio file</a> was created from a revision of this article dated 6 April 2012<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2012-04-06</span>)</span>, and does not reflect subsequent edits.</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-footer">(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Media help">Audio help</a> · <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Spoken_articles" title="Wikipedia:Spoken articles">More spoken articles</a>)</div></div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vhemt.org">Official website</a></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lesuknight.blogspot.com/">Voluntary Human Extinction Movement blog (U.S.)</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vhemtindia.blogspot.in/">(India)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blogger.com/profile/00371361874224786005">Les U. Knight's profile at Blogger.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm5679612/">Les U. Knight</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna10339030">"Taking on the Voluntary Human Extinction Movement"</a>—<a href="/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC News</a> (5 December 2005)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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class="mw-redirect" title="Projections of population growth">Projections of population growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">World population</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Population_biology" title="Population biology">Population<br />biology</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Population_decline" title="Population decline">Population decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_density" title="Population density">Population density</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Physiological_density" title="Physiological density">Physiological density</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_dynamics" title="Population dynamics">Population dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_model" title="Population model">Population model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_pyramid" title="Population pyramid">Population pyramid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Population_ecology" title="Population ecology">Population<br />ecology</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biocapacity" title="Biocapacity">Biocapacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrying_capacity" title="Carrying capacity">Carrying capacity</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/I_%3D_PAT" title="I = PAT">I = P × A × T</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaya_identity" title="Kaya identity">Kaya identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malthusian_growth_model" title="Malthusian growth model">Malthusian growth model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overshoot_(population)" title="Overshoot (population)">Overshoot (population)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World3" title="World3">World3 model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society and<br /> population</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysgenics" title="Dysgenics"><i>Dys</i>genics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_overpopulation" title="Human overpopulation">Human overpopulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malthusianism" title="Malthusianism">Malthusian catastrophe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_population_planning" title="Human population planning">Human population planning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">Compulsory sterilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">Family planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-child_policy" title="One-child policy">One-child policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-child_policy" title="Two-child policy">Two-child policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overconsumption_(economics)" title="Overconsumption (economics)">Overconsumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_demography" title="Political demography">Political demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_ethics" title="Population ethics">Population ethics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antinatalism" title="Antinatalism">Antinatalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mere_addition_paradox" title="Mere addition paradox">Mere addition paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalism" title="Natalism">Natalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-identity_problem" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-identity problem">Non-identity problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">Reproductive rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_population" title="Sustainable population">Sustainable population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_population_growth" title="Zero population growth">Zero population growth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Population_and_Environment" title="Population and Environment">Population and Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_and_Development_Review" title="Population and Development Review">Population and Development Review</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Population_and_housing_censuses_by_country" title="Population and housing censuses by country">Population and housing censuses by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities" title="List of largest cities">Largest cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_population_milestones" title="World population milestones">World population milestones</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Six_Billion" title="Day of Six Billion">6 billion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Seven_Billion" title="Day of Seven Billion">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Eight_Billion" title="Day of Eight Billion">8</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_population_concern_organizations" title="List of population concern organizations">Population concern organizations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Events and<br />organizations</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/7_Billion_Actions" title="7 Billion Actions">7 Billion Actions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Euthanasia" title="Church of Euthanasia">Church of Euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_on_Population_and_Development" title="International Conference on Population and Development">International Conference on Population and Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_Action_International" title="Population Action International">Population Action International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_Connection" title="Population Connection">Population Connection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_Matters" title="Population Matters">Population Matters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Population_Fund" title="United Nations Population Fund">United Nations Population Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_world_population_conferences" title="United Nations world population conferences">United Nations world population conferences</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Voluntary Human Extinction Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Population_Conference" title="World Population Conference">World Population Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Population_Day" title="World Population Day">World Population Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Population_Foundation" title="World Population Foundation">World Population Foundation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bennett%27s_law" title="Bennett's law">Bennett's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact on the environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_migration" title="Human migration">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Human_populations" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Human populations">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Population" title="Category:Population">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Extinction" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Extinction" title="Template:Extinction"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Extinction" title="Template talk:Extinction"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Extinction" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Extinction"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Extinction" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">Extinction</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phenomena</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Background_extinction_rate" title="Background extinction rate">Background extinction rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coextinction" title="Coextinction">Coextinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De-extinction" title="De-extinction">De-extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_extinction" title="Ecological extinction">Ecological extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinct_in_the_wild" title="Extinct in the wild">Extinct in the wild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_extinction" title="Functional extinction">Functional extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_pollution" title="Genetic pollution">Genetic pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_taxon" title="Lazarus taxon">Lazarus taxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_extinction" title="Local extinction">Local extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoextinction" title="Pseudoextinction">Pseudoextinction</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Golden_toad" title="Golden toad"><img alt="The species Bufo periglenes (Golden Toad) was last reported in 1989" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Bufo_periglenes2_cropped.jpg/140px-Bufo_periglenes2_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Bufo_periglenes2_cropped.jpg/210px-Bufo_periglenes2_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Bufo_periglenes2_cropped.jpg/280px-Bufo_periglenes2_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2509" data-file-height="1986" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_vortex" title="Extinction vortex">Extinction vortex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Causes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_variability_and_change" title="Climate variability and change">Climate variability and change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_erosion" title="Genetic erosion">Genetic erosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">Habitat destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact on the environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muller%27s_ratchet" title="Muller's ratchet">Muller's ratchet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutational_meltdown" title="Mutational meltdown">Mutational meltdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overabundant_species" title="Overabundant species">Overabundant species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overexploitation" title="Overexploitation">Overexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overshoot_(population)" title="Overshoot (population)">Overshoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradox_of_enrichment" title="Paradox of enrichment">Paradox of enrichment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories<br />and concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_debt" title="Extinction debt">Extinction debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_risk_from_climate_change" title="Extinction risk from climate change">Extinction risk from climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_threshold" title="Extinction threshold">Extinction threshold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_of_Bullets" class="mw-redirect" title="Field of Bullets">Field of Bullets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothetical_species" title="Hypothetical species">Hypothetical species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latent_extinction_risk" title="Latent extinction risk">Latent extinction risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_fossil" title="Living fossil">Living fossil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extinction_event" title="Extinction event">Extinction events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Ordovician_mass_extinction" title="Late Ordovician mass extinction">Ordovician–Silurian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Devonian_extinction" title="Late Devonian extinction">Late Devonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permian%E2%80%93Triassic_extinction_event" title="Permian–Triassic extinction event">Permian–Triassic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triassic%E2%80%93Jurassic_extinction_event" title="Triassic–Jurassic extinction event">Triassic–Jurassic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous%E2%80%93Paleogene_extinction_event" title="Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event">Cretaceous–Paleogene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">Holocene</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_extinctions_in_the_Holocene" title="Timeline of extinctions in the Holocene">Timeline</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Oxidation_Event" title="Great Oxidation Event">Great Oxidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End-Ediacaran_extinction" title="End-Ediacaran extinction">End-Ediacaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End-Botomian_mass_extinction" title="End-Botomian mass extinction">End-Botomian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dresbachian" title="Dresbachian">Dresbachian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambrian%E2%80%93Ordovician_extinction_event" title="Cambrian–Ordovician extinction event">Cambrian–Ordovician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireviken_event" title="Ireviken event">Ireviken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulde_event" title="Mulde event">Mulde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lau_event" title="Lau event">Lau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous_rainforest_collapse" title="Carboniferous rainforest collapse">Carboniferous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olson%27s_Extinction" title="Olson's Extinction">Olson's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emeishan_Traps" title="Emeishan Traps">End-Capitanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnian_pluvial_episode" title="Carnian pluvial episode">Carnian Pluvial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toarcian_turnover" class="mw-redirect" title="Toarcian turnover">Toarcian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">End-Jurassic or Tithonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aptian_extinction" title="Aptian extinction">Aptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenomanian-Turonian_boundary_event" title="Cenomanian-Turonian boundary event">Cenomanian-Turonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eocene%E2%80%93Oligocene_extinction_event" title="Eocene–Oligocene extinction event">Eocene–Oligocene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Miocene_disruption" title="Middle Miocene disruption">Middle Miocene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliocene#Supernovae" title="Pliocene">Pliocene–Pleistocene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaternary_extinction_event" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaternary extinction event">Quaternary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Extinct_species" title="Category:Extinct species">Extinct species</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_extinct_species" title="Lists of extinct species">Lists of extinct species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:IUCN_Red_List_extinct_species" title="Category:IUCN Red List extinct species">IUCN Red List extinct species</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature" title="International Union for Conservation of Nature">International Union for Conservation of Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Species_Survival_Commission" title="IUCN Species Survival Commission">IUCN Species Survival Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_Rebellion" title="Extinction Rebellion">Extinction Rebellion</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Voluntary Human Extinction Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropocene" title="Anthropocene">Anthropocene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_in_amphibian_populations" title="Decline in amphibian populations">Decline in amphibian populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_in_insect_populations" title="Decline in insect populations">Decline in insect populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_symbol" title="Extinction symbol">Extinction symbol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_extinction" title="Human extinction">Human extinction</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sixth_Extinction:_An_Unnatural_History" title="The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History">The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Extinction" title="Category:Extinction">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Extinction" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Extinction">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: 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