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Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86" title="تطبيق القانون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تطبيق القانون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCquq-m%C3%BChafiz%C9%99_q%C3%BCvv%C9%99l%C9%99ri" title="Hüquq-mühafizə qüvvələri – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hüquq-mühafizə qüvvələri" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97" title="আইন প্রয়োগ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আইন প্রয়োগ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%89_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Правоприлагащ орган – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Правоприлагащ орган" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B2%C4%95%C3%A7-%D0%B8%D1%80%C4%95%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%C4%95%D1%88_%C4%95%C3%A7" title="Тивĕç-ирĕке килтерĕш ĕç – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Тивĕç-ирĕке килтерĕш ĕç" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korrakaitse" title="Korrakaitse – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Korrakaitse" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aplicaci%C3%B3n_de_la_ley" title="Aplicación de la ley – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Aplicación de la ley" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86" title="اجرای قانون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اجرای قانون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%95%EC%A7%91%ED%96%89" title="법집행 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="법집행" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8" title="कानून प्रवर्तन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कानून प्रवर्तन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penegakan_hukum" title="Penegakan hukum – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penegakan hukum" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukuphoqelelwa_komthetho" title="Ukuphoqelelwa komthetho – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Ukuphoqelelwa komthetho" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A7" title="אכיפת החוק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אכיפת החוק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguatkuasaan_undang-undang" title="Penguatkuasaan undang-undang – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Penguatkuasaan undang-undang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rechtshandhaving" title="Rechtshandhaving – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rechtshandhaving" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aplica%C3%A7%C3%A3o_da_lei" title="Aplicação da lei – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Aplicação da lei" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Правоприменение – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Правоприменение" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbatimi_i_ligjit" title="Zbatimi i ligjit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Zbatimi i ligjit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B8" title="නීතිය ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="නීතිය ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Law enforcement" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazenski_pregon" title="Kazenski pregon – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kazenski pregon" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%8E%D8%B2%DB%8C_%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="ھێزی یاسایی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھێزی یاسایی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordningsmakt" title="Ordningsmakt – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ordningsmakt" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagpapatupad_ng_batas" title="Pagpapatupad ng batas – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pagpapatupad ng batas" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolluk_kuvveti" title="Kolluk kuvveti – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kolluk kuvveti" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Правозастосування – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Правозастосування" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86_%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D9%86%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B0" title="قانون کا نفاذ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="قانون کا نفاذ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thi_h%C3%A0nh_ph%C3%A1p_lu%E1%BA%ADt" title="Thi hành pháp luật – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thi hành pháp luật" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%B7%E6%B3%95" title="執法 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="執法" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%B7%E6%B3%95" title="執法 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="執法" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q44554#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit 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searchaux" style="display:none">Enforcement of the law by some members of society</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:5.29.10NYPDByLuigiNovi6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/5.29.10NYPDByLuigiNovi6.jpg/220px-5.29.10NYPDByLuigiNovi6.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/5.29.10NYPDByLuigiNovi6.jpg/330px-5.29.10NYPDByLuigiNovi6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/5.29.10NYPDByLuigiNovi6.jpg/440px-5.29.10NYPDByLuigiNovi6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Police_Department" title="New York City Police Department">New York City Police Department</a> lieutenant debriefing police officers at <a href="/wiki/Times_Square" title="Times Square">Times Square</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Law enforcement</b> is the activity of some members of the government or other social institutions who act in an organized manner to enforce the law by investigating, deterring, rehabilitating, or punishing people who violate the rules and norms governing that society.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term encompasses police, courts and corrections. These three components of the criminal justice system may operate independently of each other or collectively through the use of record sharing and cooperation. Throughout the world, law enforcement are also associated with protecting the public, life, property, and keeping the peace in society.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The concept of law enforcement dates back to ancient times, and forms of law enforcement and police have existed in various forms across many human societies. Modern state legal codes use the term law enforcement officer or peace officer to include every person vested by the legislating state with police power or authority; traditionally, anyone sworn or badged who can arrest any person for a violation of criminal law is included under the umbrella term of law enforcement. </p><p>Although law enforcement may be most concerned with the prevention and punishment of crimes, organizations exist to discourage a wide variety of non-criminal violations of rules and norms, effected through the imposition of less severe consequences such as probation. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Law_enforcement" title="Special:EditPage/Law enforcement">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Police#History" title="Police">Police § History</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_criminal_justice" title="History of criminal justice">History of criminal justice</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TorontoPolice19thCentury.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/TorontoPolice19thCentury.jpg/248px-TorontoPolice19thCentury.jpg" decoding="async" width="248" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/TorontoPolice19thCentury.jpg/372px-TorontoPolice19thCentury.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/TorontoPolice19thCentury.jpg/496px-TorontoPolice19thCentury.jpg 2x" data-file-width="634" data-file-height="477" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Police_Service" title="Toronto Police Service">Toronto Police Service</a> officers in 1883</figcaption></figure> <p>Law enforcement organizations existed in ancient times, such as prefects in <a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">ancient China</a>, <i>paqūdus</i> in <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a>, <i>curaca</i> in the <a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca Empire</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Vigiles" title="Vigiles">vigiles</a></i> in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Medjay" title="Medjay">Medjay</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a>. Who law enforcers were and reported to depended on the civilization and often changed over time, but they were typically <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery"> enslaved people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soldier" title="Soldier">soldiers</a>, officers of a <a href="/wiki/Judge" title="Judge">judge</a>, or hired by settlements and households. Aside from their duties to enforce laws, many ancient law enforcers also served as <a href="/wiki/Slave_catcher" title="Slave catcher">slave catchers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Firefighter" title="Firefighter">firefighters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Watchman_(law_enforcement)" title="Watchman (law enforcement)">watchmen</a>, <a href="/wiki/City_guard" title="City guard">city guards</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bodyguard" title="Bodyguard">bodyguards</a>. </p><p>By the <a href="/wiki/Post-classical_history" title="Post-classical history">post-classical period</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, forces such as the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Hermandad" title="Santa Hermandad">Santa Hermandades</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Shurta" title="Shurta">s<i>hurta</i></a>, and the <i><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%A9chauss%C3%A9e" title="Maréchaussée">Maréchaussée</a></i> provided services ranging from law enforcement and personal protection to customs enforcement and waste collection. In <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, a complex law enforcement system emerged, where <a href="/wiki/Tithing" title="Tithing">tithings</a>, groups of ten families, were responsible for ensuring good behavior and apprehending criminals; groups of ten tithings ("hundreds") were overseen by a <a href="/wiki/Reeve_(England)" title="Reeve (England)">reeve</a>; hundreds were governed by administrative divisions known as <a href="/wiki/Shire" title="Shire">shires</a>; and shires were overseen by <a href="/wiki/Sheriff" title="Sheriff">shire-reeves</a>. In <a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan" title="History of Japan">feudal Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">samurai</a> were responsible for enforcing laws. </p><p>The concept of police as the primary law enforcement organization originated in Europe in the <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern period</a>; the first statutory police force was the <a href="/wiki/High_Constables_of_Edinburgh" title="High Constables of Edinburgh">High Constables of Edinburgh</a> in 1611, while the first organized police force was the <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> <i>lieutenant général de police</i> in 1667. Until the 18th century, law enforcement in England was mostly the responsibility of private citizens and <a href="/wiki/Thief-taker" title="Thief-taker">thief-takers</a>, albeit also including constables and watchmen. This system gradually shifted to government control following the 1749 establishment of the <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> <a href="/wiki/Bow_Street_Runners" title="Bow Street Runners">Bow Street Runners</a>, the first formal police force in Britain. In 1800, <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> reorganized French law enforcement to form the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Police_Prefecture" title="Paris Police Prefecture">Paris Police Prefecture</a>; the British government passed the <a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Police_Act_1800" title="Glasgow Police Act 1800">Glasgow Police Act</a>, establishing the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Glasgow_Police" title="City of Glasgow Police">City of Glasgow Police</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/Thames_River_Police" title="Thames River Police">Thames River Police</a> was formed in England to combat theft on the <a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">River Thames</a>. In September 1829, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Robert Peel</a> merged the Bow Street Runners and the Thames River Police to form the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Police" title="Metropolitan Police">Metropolitan Police</a>. The title of the "first modern police force" has still been claimed by the modern successors to these organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Following <a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">European colonization of the Americas</a>, the first law enforcement agencies in the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a> were the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Sheriff%27s_Office" title="New York City Sheriff's Office">New York Sheriff's Office</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Albany_County,_New_York#Law_enforcement" title="Albany County, New York">Albany County Sheriff's Department</a>, both formed in the 1660s in the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_York" title="Province of New York">Province of New York</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Carolina" title="Province of Carolina">Province of Carolina</a> established slave-catcher patrols in the 1700s, and by 1785, the <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston</a> Guard and Watch was reported to have the duties and organization of a modern police force. The first <a href="/wiki/Municipal_police" title="Municipal police">municipal police</a> department in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> was the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Police_Department" title="Philadelphia Police Department">Philadelphia Police Department</a>, while the first American <a href="/wiki/State_police" title="State police">state police</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federal_police" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal police">federal law enforcement agency</a> was the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marshals_Service" title="United States Marshals Service">United States Marshals Service</a>, both formed in 1789. In the <a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a>, law enforcement was the responsibility of <a href="/wiki/County_sheriff" class="mw-redirect" title="County sheriff">county sheriffs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ranger_(disambiguation)#Law_enforcement/paramilitary" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Ranger (disambiguation)">rangers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constables" class="mw-redirect" title="Constables">constables</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marshals" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshals">marshals</a>. The first law enforcement agency in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> was the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Newfoundland_Constabulary" title="Royal Newfoundland Constabulary">Royal Newfoundland Constabulary</a>, established in 1729, while the first Canadian national law enforcement agency was the <a href="/wiki/Dominion_Police" title="Dominion Police">Dominion Police</a>, established in 1868.</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Polisi_patroli.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Polisi_patroli.jpg/220px-Polisi_patroli.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Polisi_patroli.jpg/330px-Polisi_patroli.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Polisi_patroli.jpg/440px-Polisi_patroli.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1005" data-file-height="1159" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Police" title="Indonesian National Police">Indonesian National Police</a> officers conducting a foot patrol</figcaption></figure><p> By the 19th century, improvements in technology, greater global connections, and changes in the sociopolitical order led to the establishment of police forces worldwide. National, regional, and municipal civilian law enforcement agencies exist in practically all countries; to promote their international cooperation, the <a href="/wiki/Interpol" title="Interpol">International Criminal Police Organization</a>, also known as Interpol, was formed in September 1923. Technology has made an immense impact on law enforcement, leading to the development and regular use of <a href="/wiki/Police_car" title="Police car">police cars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Police_radio" title="Police radio">police radio</a> systems, <a href="/wiki/Police_aviation" title="Police aviation">police aviation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Police_tactical_unit" title="Police tactical unit">police tactical units</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Police_body_camera" title="Police body camera">police body cameras</a>. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Law_enforcement_agencies">Law enforcement agencies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Law enforcement agencies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_law_enforcement_agencies" title="List of law enforcement agencies">List of law enforcement agencies</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2009-04-06_Scotts_Valley_Chase_07.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/2009-04-06_Scotts_Valley_Chase_07.jpg/220px-2009-04-06_Scotts_Valley_Chase_07.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/2009-04-06_Scotts_Valley_Chase_07.jpg/330px-2009-04-06_Scotts_Valley_Chase_07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/2009-04-06_Scotts_Valley_Chase_07.jpg/440px-2009-04-06_Scotts_Valley_Chase_07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3002" data-file-height="2002" /></a><figcaption>Municipal police officers, county sheriff's deputies, and state highway patrol officers at the scene of a <a href="/wiki/Car_chase" title="Car chase">pursuit</a> termination in <a href="/wiki/Scotts_Valley,_California" title="Scotts Valley, California">Scotts Valley, California</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Most law enforcement is conducted by some <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_agency" title="Law enforcement agency">law enforcement agency</a>, typically a <a href="/wiki/Police" title="Police">police</a> force. Civilians generally staff police agencies, which are typically not a <a href="/wiki/Military_branch" title="Military branch">military branch</a>. However, some militaries do have branches that enforce laws among the civilian populace, often called <a href="/wiki/Gendarmerie" title="Gendarmerie">gendarmerie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Security_forces" title="Security forces">security forces</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Internal_Troops" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal Troops">internal troops</a>. Social investment in enforcement through such organizations can be massive in terms of the resources invested in the activity and the number of people professionally engaged to perform those functions.<sup id="cite_ref-ILE_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ILE-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Law enforcement agencies are limited to operating within a specified <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">jurisdiction</a>. These are typically organized into three basic levels: national, regional, and municipal. However, depending on certain factors, there may be more or less levels, or they may be merged: in the United States, there are <a href="/wiki/Federal_police" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal police">federal</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_police" title="State police">state</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Local_police" class="mw-redirect" title="Local police">local police</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sheriff" title="Sheriff">sheriff</a> agencies; in Canada, some territories may only have national-level law enforcement, while some provinces have national, provincial, and municipal; in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, there is a national police agency, which supervises the police agencies for each individual <a href="/wiki/Prefectures_of_Japan" title="Prefectures of Japan">prefecture</a>; and in <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>, there is a national police for urban areas and a gendarmerie for rural areas, both technically national-level. In some cases, there may be multiple agencies at the same level but with different focuses: for example, in the United States, the <a href="/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration" title="Drug Enforcement Administration">Drug Enforcement Administration</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Alcohol,_Tobacco,_Firearms_and_Explosives" title="Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives">Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives</a> are both national-level federal law enforcement agencies, but the DEA focuses on <a href="/wiki/Narcotic" title="Narcotic">narcotics</a> crimes, while the ATF focuses on <a href="/wiki/Gun_control" title="Gun control">weapon regulation</a> violations. </p><p>Various segments of society may have their own <a href="/wiki/Specialist_law_enforcement_agency" title="Specialist law enforcement agency">specialist law enforcement agency</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">military</a> having <a href="/wiki/Military_police" title="Military police">military police</a>, <a href="/wiki/School" title="School">schools</a> having <a href="/wiki/School_resource_officer" title="School resource officer">school police</a> or <a href="/wiki/Campus_police" class="mw-redirect" title="Campus police">campus police</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Airport" title="Airport">airports</a> having <a href="/wiki/Airport_police" title="Airport police">airport police</a>. <a href="/wiki/Private_police" title="Private police">Private police</a> may exist in some jurisdictions, often to provide dedicated law enforcement for privately-owned property or infrastructure, such as <a href="/wiki/Railroad_police" title="Railroad police">railroad police</a> for <a href="/wiki/Private_railway" title="Private railway">private railways</a> or hospital police for privately-owned <a href="/wiki/Hospital" title="Hospital">hospital</a> campuses. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zurich_police_riot_control.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Zurich_police_riot_control.jpg/220px-Zurich_police_riot_control.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Zurich_police_riot_control.jpg/330px-Zurich_police_riot_control.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Zurich_police_riot_control.jpg/440px-Zurich_police_riot_control.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Riot_police" title="Riot police">Riot police</a> in Zurich</figcaption></figure> <p>Depending on various factors, such as whether an agency is autonomous or dependent on other organizations for its operations, the governing body that funds and oversees the agency may decide to dissolve or consolidate its operations. Dissolution of an agency may occur when the governing body or the agent itself decides to end operations. This can occur due to multiple reasons, including <a href="/wiki/Criminal_justice_reform" title="Criminal justice reform">criminal justice reform</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a lack of population in the jurisdiction, mass <a href="/wiki/Resignation" title="Resignation">resignations</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> efforts to deter <a href="/wiki/Police_corruption" title="Police corruption">corruption</a>, or the governing body contracting with a different agency that renders the original agency redundant or obsolete. According to the <a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Chiefs_of_Police" title="International Association of Chiefs of Police">International Association of Chiefs of Police</a>, agency consolidation can occur to improve efficiency, consolidate resources, or when forming a new type of government.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_law_enforcement" title="Outline of law enforcement">Outline of law enforcement</a> – structured list of topics related to law enforcement, organized by subject area</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_by_country" title="Law enforcement by country">Law enforcement by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigilantism" title="Vigilantism">Vigilantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_law" title="Criminal law">Criminal law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parking_enforcement_officer" title="Parking enforcement officer">Parking enforcement officer</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">New Law Journal - Volume 123, Part 1 - Page 358, 1974</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theiacp.org/resources/law-enforcement-code-of-ethics">"Law Enforcement Code of Ethics"</a>. <i>IACP</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IACP&rft.atitle=Law+Enforcement+Code+of+Ethics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theiacp.org%2Fresources%2Flaw-enforcement-code-of-ethics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff" class="citation news cs1">Staff, Home. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/metropolitan-polices-proud-boast-sets-off-police-alarm-in-glasgow-778vg9pfw93">"Metropolitan Police's proud boast sets off police alarm in Glasgow"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0140-0460">0140-0460</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Metropolitan+Police%27s+proud+boast+sets+off+police+alarm+in+Glasgow&rft.issn=0140-0460&rft.aulast=Staff&rft.aufirst=Home&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fmetropolitan-polices-proud-boast-sets-off-police-alarm-in-glasgow-778vg9pfw93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080506215949/http://www.prefecture-police-paris.interieur.gouv.fr/documentation/bicentenaire/theme_expo4.htm">"Bicentenaire : theme_expo4"</a>. 2008-05-06. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prefecture-police-paris.interieur.gouv.fr/documentation/bicentenaire/theme_expo4.htm">the original</a> on 2008-05-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bicentenaire+%3A+theme_expo4&rft.date=2008-05-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prefecture-police-paris.interieur.gouv.fr%2Fdocumentation%2Fbicentenaire%2Ftheme_expo4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ILE-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ILE_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kären M. Hess, Christine Hess Orthmann, <i>Introduction to Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice</i> (2008), p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL.Ergan" class="citation web cs1">L., Katherine; Ergan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2020/06/12/camden-policing-reforms-313750">"The City that Really Did Abolish the Police"</a>. <i>Politico</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KCRA&rft.atitle=Rio+Vista+dissolving+its+police+department&rft.date=2020-01-24&rft.aulast=Cummings&rft.aufirst=Brandi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kcra.com%2Farticle%2Frio-vista-dissolving-its-police-department%2F30648847&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bja.ojp.gov/sites/g/files/xyckuh186/files/media/document/iacp_consolidating_police_services.pdf">"Consolidating Police Services"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Department of Justice - USA</i>. 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Law_enforcement_in_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Africa_topic" title="Template:Africa topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Africa_topic" title="Template talk:Africa topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Africa_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Africa topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Law_enforcement_in_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Law enforcement in Africa</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Algeria" title="Law enforcement in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Angola" title="Law enforcement in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Benin" title="Law enforcement in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Botswana" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Law enforcement in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Burundi" title="Law enforcement in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Cameroon" title="Law enforcement in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Cape_Verde" title="Law enforcement in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Law enforcement in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Chad" title="Law enforcement in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_Comoros&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law enforcement in the Comoros (page does not exist)">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Law enforcement in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Law enforcement in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Djibouti" title="Law enforcement in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_Equatorial_Guinea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law enforcement in Equatorial Guinea (page does not exist)">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Eritrea" title="Law enforcement in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Eswatini" title="Law enforcement in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Ethiopia" title="Law enforcement in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Gabon" title="Law enforcement in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_Gambia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law enforcement in the Gambia (page does not exist)">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Ghana" title="Law enforcement in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_Guinea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law enforcement in Guinea (page does not exist)">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_Guinea-Bissau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law enforcement in Guinea-Bissau (page does not exist)">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_Ivory_Coast&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law enforcement in Ivory Coast (page does not exist)">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Kenya" title="Law enforcement in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_Lesotho&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law enforcement in Lesotho (page does not exist)">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Liberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_Libya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law enforcement in Libya (page does not exist)">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Madagascar" title="Law enforcement in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_Malawi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law enforcement in Malawi (page does not exist)">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Mali" title="Law enforcement in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Mauritania" title="Law enforcement in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Mauritius" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_Mozambique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law enforcement in Mozambique (page does not exist)">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Namibia" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Niger" title="Law enforcement in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Rwanda" title="Law enforcement in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law enforcement in São Tomé and Príncipe (page does not exist)">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Senegal" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_Seychelles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law enforcement in Seychelles (page does not exist)">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Sierra_Leone" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_South_Africa" title="Law enforcement in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_South_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Sudan" title="Law enforcement in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Tanzania" title="Law enforcement in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Togo" title="Law enforcement in Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_Tunisia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law enforcement in Tunisia (page does not exist)">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Uganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_Zambia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law enforcement in Zambia (page does not exist)">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Zimbabwe" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">States with limited<br />recognition</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Somaliland" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_Canary_Islands" title="Law enforcement in the Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_Ceuta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law enforcement in Ceuta (page does not exist)">Ceuta</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_Melilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law enforcement in Melilla (page does not exist)">Melilla</a>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(Spain)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Madeira" title="Law enforcement in Madeira">Madeira</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Portugal)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_Mayotte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law enforcement in Mayotte (page does not exist)">Mayotte</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_R%C3%A9union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law enforcement in Réunion (page does not exist)">Réunion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(France)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Saint_Helena" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a> / <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Ascension_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a> / <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Tristan_da_Cunha" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(United Kingdom)</span></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Law_enforcement_in_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Law_enforcement_in_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Law enforcement in Asia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Afghanistan" title="Law enforcement in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Azerbaijan" title="Law enforcement in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Bangladesh" title="Law enforcement in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Bhutan" title="Law enforcement in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Cambodia" title="Law enforcement in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_China" title="Law enforcement in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Law enforcement in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_India" title="Law enforcement in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Indonesia" title="Law enforcement in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Iraq" title="Law enforcement in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Japan" title="Law enforcement in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Jordan" title="Law enforcement in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Kazakhstan" title="Law enforcement in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_North_Korea" title="Law enforcement in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_South_Korea" title="Law enforcement in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Law enforcement in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Laos" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Malaysia" title="Law enforcement in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_Maldives" title="Law enforcement in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Mongolia" title="Law enforcement in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Myanmar" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Nepal" title="Law enforcement in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Pakistan" title="Law enforcement in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Qatar" title="Law enforcement in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Russia" title="Law enforcement in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Singapore" title="Law enforcement in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Law enforcement in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Syria" title="Law enforcement in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Tajikistan" title="Law enforcement in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Turkey" title="Law enforcement in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Turkmenistan" title="Law enforcement in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Law enforcement in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Uzbekistan" title="Law enforcement in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Vietnam" title="Law enforcement in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Yemen" title="Law enforcement in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Abkhazia" title="Law enforcement in Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Law enforcement in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law enforcement in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Taiwan" title="Law enforcement in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law enforcement in the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Hong_Kong" title="Law enforcement in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Macau" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Law_enforcement_in_North_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:North_America_topic" title="Template:North America topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:North_America_topic" title="Template talk:North America topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:North_America_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:North America topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Law_enforcement_in_North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Law enforcement in North America</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Barbados" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Belize" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Canada" title="Law enforcement in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Costa_Rica" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_Dominica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law enforcement in Dominica (page does not exist)">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_Dominican_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_El_Salvador" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Grenada" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Guatemala" title="Law enforcement in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Haiti" title="Law enforcement in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Honduras" title="Law enforcement in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Mexico" title="Law enforcement in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Nicaragua" title="Law enforcement in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Panama" title="Law enforcement in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Saint_Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_United_States" title="Law enforcement in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Anguilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Aruba" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Bermuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Bonaire" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Bonaire">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_Cayman_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_Cura%C3%A7ao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law enforcement in Curaçao (page does not exist)">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Greenland" title="Law enforcement in Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_Guadeloupe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law enforcement in Guadeloupe (page does not exist)">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_Martinique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law enforcement in Martinique (page does not exist)">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_Montserrat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law enforcement in Montserrat (page does not exist)">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Law enforcement in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law enforcement in Saint Barthélemy (page does not exist)">Saint Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law enforcement in the Collectivity of Saint Martin (page does not exist)">Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Law enforcement in Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Saba_(island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Saba (island)">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Sint_Eustatius" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_Sint_Maarten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law enforcement in Sint Maarten (page does not exist)">Sint Maarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in the Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in the United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Law_enforcement_in_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Europe_topic" title="Template:Europe topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Europe_topic" title="Template talk:Europe topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Europe_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Europe topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Law_enforcement_in_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Europe">Law enforcement in Europe </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Albania" title="Law enforcement in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Andorra" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Austria" title="Law enforcement in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Azerbaijan" title="Law enforcement in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Belarus" title="Law enforcement in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Belgium" title="Law enforcement in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Law enforcement in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Bulgaria" title="Law enforcement in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Croatia" title="Law enforcement in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Law enforcement in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Denmark" title="Law enforcement in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Finland" title="Law enforcement in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_France" title="Law enforcement in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Law enforcement in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Germany" title="Law enforcement in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Hungary" title="Law enforcement in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Iceland" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Law enforcement in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Italy" title="Law enforcement in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Kazakhstan" title="Law enforcement in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Latvia" title="Law enforcement in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Liechtenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Malta" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_North_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Poland" title="Law enforcement in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Portugal" title="Law enforcement in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Russia" title="Law enforcement in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_San_Marino" title="Law enforcement in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Slovakia" title="Law enforcement in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Spain" title="Law enforcement in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Sweden" title="Law enforcement in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Switzerland" title="Law enforcement in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Turkey" title="Law enforcement in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Law enforcement in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Vatican_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Abkhazia" title="Law enforcement in Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Law enforcement in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law enforcement in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Transnistria" title="Law enforcement in Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_%C3%85land" title="Law enforcement in Åland">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_Faroe_Islands" title="Law enforcement in the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_Isle_of_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Jersey" title="Law enforcement in Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Svalbard" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Svalbard">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in the European Union">European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Law_enforcement_in_South_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:South_America_topic" title="Template:South America topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:South_America_topic" title="Template talk:South America topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:South_America_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:South America topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Law_enforcement_in_South_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Law enforcement in South America</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Argentina" title="Law enforcement in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Bolivia" title="Law enforcement in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Brazil" title="Law enforcement in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Ecuador" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_Guyana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law enforcement in Guyana (page does not exist)">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Paraguay" title="Law enforcement in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Peru" title="Law enforcement in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Suriname" title="Law enforcement in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Uruguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Venezuela" title="Law enforcement in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_Falkland_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in the Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_French_Guiana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law enforcement in French Guiana (page does not exist)">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law enforcement in South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (page does not exist)"><span style="white-space:normal;">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Law" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Law" title="Template:Law"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Law" title="Template talk:Law"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Law" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Law"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Law" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Core subjects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_law" title="Administrative law">Administrative law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_civil_law_(common_law)" title="Outline of civil law (common law)">Civil law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_law" title="Constitutional law">Constitutional law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract" title="Contract">Contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_law" title="Criminal law">Criminal law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime" title="Crime">Crime</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deed" title="Deed">Deed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_doctrine" title="Legal doctrine">Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equity_(law)" title="Equity (law)">Equity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence_(law)" title="Evidence (law)">Evidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">International law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_obligations" title="Law of obligations">Law of obligations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_law" title="Private law">Private law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procedural_law" title="Procedural law">Procedure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_procedure" title="Civil procedure">Civil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_procedure" title="Criminal procedure">Criminal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_law" title="Property law">Property law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_law" title="Public law">Public law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punishment" title="Punishment">Punishment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporal_punishment" title="Corporal punishment">Corporal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restitution_and_unjust_enrichment" title="Restitution and unjust enrichment">Restitution and unjust enrichment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statutory_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Statutory law">Statutory law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tort" title="Tort">Tort</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Disciplines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_law" title="Abortion law">Abortion law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_law" title="Agricultural law">Agricultural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_law" title="Aviation law">Aviation law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amnesty_law" title="Amnesty law">Amnesty law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_regulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bank regulation">Banking law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankruptcy" title="Bankruptcy">Bankruptcy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_law" title="Commercial law">Commercial law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competition_law" title="Competition law">Competition law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_laws" title="Conflict of laws">Conflict of laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_law" title="Construction law">Construction law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_protection" title="Consumer protection">Consumer protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_law" title="Corporate law">Corporate law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IT_law" class="mw-redirect" title="IT law">Cyberlaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy" title="Drug policy">Drugs law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_law" title="Election law">Election law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_law" title="Energy law">Energy law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment_law" title="Entertainment law">Entertainment law</a> (Media law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_law" title="Environmental law">Environmental law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_law" title="Family law">Family law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_law" title="Financial law">Financial law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_regulation" title="Financial regulation">Financial regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_law" title="Health law">Health law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_law" title="Immigration law">Immigration law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">Intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_criminal_law" title="International criminal law">International criminal law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_human_rights_law" title="International human rights law">International human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_international_law" title="Slavery in international law">International slavery laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_trade_law" title="International trade law">International trade law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurimetrics" title="Jurimetrics">Jurimetrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_law" title="Labour law">Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landlord%E2%80%93tenant_law" title="Landlord–tenant law">Landlord–tenant law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_war" title="Law of war">Law of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_archaeology" title="Legal archaeology">Legal archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_fiction" title="Legal fiction">Legal fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_law" title="Admiralty law">Maritime law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_law" title="Marriage law">Marriage law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_justice" title="Military justice">Military law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationality_law" title="Nationality law">Nationality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probate" title="Probate">Probate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estate_(law)" title="Estate (law)">Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_and_testament" title="Will and testament">Will and testament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_liability" title="Product liability">Product liability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">Public international law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugee_law" title="Refugee law">Refugee law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reparation_(legal)" title="Reparation (legal)">Reparations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_law" title="Space law">Space law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_law_in_the_United_States" title="Sports law in the United States">Sports law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency" title="State of emergency">State of emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_law" title="Tax law">Tax law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_law" title="Transport law">Transport law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trust_(law)" title="Trust (law)">Trust law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unenforced_law" title="Unenforced law">Unenforced law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sources_of_law" title="Sources of law">Sources of law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charter" title="Charter">Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_law" title="Code of law">Legal code</a> / <a href="/wiki/Statutory_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Statutory law">Statutory law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">Custom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Divine right</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divine_law" title="Divine law">Divine law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letters_patent" title="Letters patent">Letters patent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rights_and_legal_rights" title="Natural rights and legal rights">Natural and legal rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_law" title="Case law">Case law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Precedent" title="Precedent">Precedent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_report" title="Law report">Law reports</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_treatise" title="Legal treatise">Legal treatise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation" title="Regulation">Regulations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lawmaking" title="Lawmaking">Law making</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">Ballot measure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codification_(law)" title="Codification (law)">Codification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decree" title="Decree">Decree</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edict" title="Edict">Edict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_order_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Executive order (disambiguation)">Executive order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation" title="Proclamation">Proclamation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislation" title="Legislation">Legislation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_and_secondary_legislation" title="Primary and secondary legislation">Delegated legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation" title="Regulation">Regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rulemaking" title="Rulemaking">Rulemaking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promulgation" title="Promulgation">Promulgation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratification" title="Ratification">Ratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repeal" title="Repeal">Repeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">Treaty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concordat" title="Concordat">Concordat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statutory_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Statutory law">Statutory law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statute" title="Statute">Statute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Act_of_parliament" title="Act of parliament">Act of parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress" title="Act of Congress">Act of Congress</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_structure_doctrine" title="Basic structure doctrine">Basic structure doctrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_legal_systems" title="List of national legal systems">Legal systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">Civil law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">Common law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_law" title="Chinese law">Chinese law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_pluralism" title="Legal pluralism">Legal pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_law" title="Religious law">Religious law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">Canon law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Canon law of the Catholic Church">Catholic canon law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_law" title="Hindu law">Hindu law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_law" title="Jain law">Jain law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Jewish law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsi_law" title="Parsi law">Parsi law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Roman law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_law" title="Byzantine law">Byzantine law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_law" title="Socialist law">Socialist law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statutory_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Statutory law">Statutory law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xeer" title="Xeer">Xeer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yassa" title="Yassa">Yassa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Legal theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_law" title="Anarchist law">Anarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract_theory" title="Contract theory">Contract theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_law" title="Comparative law">Comparative law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressive_function_of_law" title="Expressive function of law">Expressive function</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_legal_theory" title="Feminist legal theory">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_economics" title="Law and economics">Law and economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_formalism" title="Legal formalism">Legal formalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_history" title="Legal history">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_theories_of_law" title="Libertarian theories of law">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_legal_theories" title="International legal theories">International legal theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality" title="Legality">Principle of legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principle_of_typicality" title="Principle of typicality">Principle of typicality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudolaw" title="Pseudolaw">Pseudolaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_man" title="Rule of man">Rule of man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_law" title="Sociology of law">Sociology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">Jurisprudence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adjudication" title="Adjudication">Adjudication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administration_of_justice" title="Administration of justice">Administration of justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_justice" title="Criminal justice">Criminal justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court-martial" title="Court-martial">Court-martial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispute_resolution" title="Dispute resolution">Dispute resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Fiqh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawsuit" title="Lawsuit">Lawsuit/Litigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_opinion" title="Legal opinion">Legal opinion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_remedy" title="Legal remedy">Legal remedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judge" title="Judge">Judge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Justice_of_the_peace" title="Justice of the peace">Justice of the peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magistrate" title="Magistrate">Magistrate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judgment_(law)" title="Judgment (law)">Judgment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_review" title="Judicial review">Judicial review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">Jurisdiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jury" title="Jury">Jury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practice_of_law" title="Practice of law">Practice of law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attorney_at_law" title="Attorney at law">Attorney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrister" title="Barrister">Barrister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counsel" title="Counsel">Counsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawyer" title="Lawyer">Lawyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_(legal)" title="Defense (legal)">Legal representation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosecutor" title="Prosecutor">Prosecutor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solicitor" title="Solicitor">Solicitor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Question_of_law#Question_of_fact" title="Question of law">Question of fact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Question_of_law" title="Question of law">Question of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial" title="Trial">Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_advocacy" title="Trial advocacy">Trial advocacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trier_of_fact" title="Trier of fact">Trier of fact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verdict" title="Verdict">Verdict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Legal institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barristers%27_chambers" title="Barristers' chambers">Barristers' chambers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_(law)" title="Bar (law)">The bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bench_(law)" title="Bench (law)">The bench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_society" title="Civil society">Civil society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court" title="Court">Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_equity" title="Court of equity">Court of equity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_commission" title="Election commission">Election commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">Executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_agency" title="Law enforcement agency">Agency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_education" title="Legal education">Legal education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_school" title="Law school">Law school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">Legislature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police" title="Police">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">Political party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribunal" title="Tribunal">Tribunal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_legal_profession" title="History of the legal profession">History of the legal profession</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_American_legal_profession" title="History of the American legal profession">History of the American legal profession</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_law" title="Women in law">Women in law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a 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