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class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>"Ahab of Israel"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Ahab_of_Israel"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scribal_errors_and_disputes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scribal_errors_and_disputes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Scribal errors and disputes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scribal_errors_and_disputes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> 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href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mon%C3%B2lit_de_Kurkh" title="Monòlit de Kurkh – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Monòlit de Kurkh" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurkh-Monolith" title="Kurkh-Monolith – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kurkh-Monolith" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monolito_de_Kurkh" title="Monolito de Kurkh – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Monolito de Kurkh" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monolithe_de_Kurkh" title="Monolithe de Kurkh – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Monolithe de Kurkh" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prasasti_Kurkh" title="Prasasti Kurkh – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Prasasti Kurkh" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stele_di_Kurkh" title="Stele di Kurkh – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Stele di Kurkh" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%97" title="המונולית מכורח – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המונולית מכורח" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurkh-monolitten" title="Kurkh-monolitten – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kurkh-monolitten" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stela_Salmanasara_III" title="Stela Salmanasara III – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Stela Salmanasara III" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mon%C3%B3lito_de_Curque" title="Monólito de Curque – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Monólito de Curque" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kur%C5%A1ki_steli" title="Kurški steli – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kurški steli" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monolit_iz_Kurkha" title="Monolit iz Kurkha – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Monolit iz Kurkha" 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.latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kurkh_Monoliths&params=37.825_N_40.54_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°49′30″N</span> <span class="longitude">40°32′24″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.825°N 40.54°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.825; 40.54</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Assyrian stelae</div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kurkh_Monoliths&params=37.825_N_40.54_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°49′30″N</span> <span class="longitude">40°32′24″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.825°N 40.54°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.825; 40.54</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Kurkh Monoliths</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Karkar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Karkar.jpg/150px-Karkar.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/Karkar.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="173" data-file-height="383" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The Monolith stele of <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_III" title="Shalmaneser III">Shalmaneser III</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;">Material</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">Limestone</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;">Size</th><td class="infobox-data">2.2m & 1.93m</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;">Writing</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian cuneiform</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;">Created</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 852 BC</span> & 879 BC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;">Discovered</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%C3%9C%C3%A7tepe_H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Üçtepe Höyük">Üçtepe Höyük</a>, 1861</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;">Present location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;">Identification</th><td class="infobox-data">ME 118883 and ME 118884</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Kurkh Monoliths</b> are two <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> <a href="/wiki/Stelae" class="mw-redirect" title="Stelae">stelae</a> of <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 852 BC</span> and 879 BC that contain a description of the reigns of <a href="/wiki/Ashurnasirpal_II" title="Ashurnasirpal II">Ashurnasirpal II</a> and his son <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_III" title="Shalmaneser III">Shalmaneser III</a>. The Monoliths were discovered in 1861 by a British archaeologist <a href="/wiki/John_George_Taylor" title="John George Taylor">John George Taylor</a>, who was the British Consul-General stationed in the Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Eyalet_of_Kurdistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Eyalet of Kurdistan">Eyalet of Kurdistan</a>, at a site called Kurkh, which is now known as <a href="/wiki/%C3%9C%C3%A7tepe_H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Üçtepe Höyük">Üçtepe Höyük</a>, in the district of <a href="/wiki/Bismil" title="Bismil">Bismil</a>, in the province of <a href="/wiki/Diyarbak%C4%B1r_Province" title="Diyarbakır Province">Diyarbakir</a> of Turkey. Both stelae were donated by Taylor to the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a> in 1863.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_III" title="Shalmaneser III">Shalmaneser III</a> monolith contains a description of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Qarqar" title="Battle of Qarqar">Battle of Qarqar</a> at the end. This description contains the name "A-ha-ab-bu Sir-ila-a-a" which is generally accepted to be a reference to <a href="/wiki/Ahab" title="Ahab">Ahab</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Israel</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Greenspahn_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenspahn-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Golden_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Golden-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although this is the only reference to the term "Israel" in Assyrian and Babylonian records, which usually refer to the Northern Kingdom as the "House of Omri" in reference to its ruling dynasty—a fact brought up by some scholars who dispute the proposed translation.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.co.uk_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.co.uk-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelle2002642_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelle2002642-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also one of four known contemporary inscriptions containing the name of Israel, the others being the <a href="/wiki/Merneptah_Stele" title="Merneptah Stele">Merneptah Stele</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tel_Dan_Stele" class="mw-redirect" title="Tel Dan Stele">Tel Dan Stele</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Mesha_Stele" title="Mesha Stele">Mesha Stele</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELemche199846,_62_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELemche199846,_62-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This description is also the oldest document that mentions the <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the inscription Ahab committed a force of 2,000 chariots and 10,000 foot soldiers to the coalition against Assyria.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discovery">Discovery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurkh_Monoliths&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Discovery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kurkh_stele_of_Ashurnasirpal_II._From_Diyarbak%C4%B1r,_southern_Turkey._British_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Kurkh_stele_of_Ashurnasirpal_II._From_Diyarbak%C4%B1r%2C_southern_Turkey._British_Museum.jpg/220px-Kurkh_stele_of_Ashurnasirpal_II._From_Diyarbak%C4%B1r%2C_southern_Turkey._British_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Kurkh_stele_of_Ashurnasirpal_II._From_Diyarbak%C4%B1r%2C_southern_Turkey._British_Museum.jpg/330px-Kurkh_stele_of_Ashurnasirpal_II._From_Diyarbak%C4%B1r%2C_southern_Turkey._British_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Kurkh_stele_of_Ashurnasirpal_II._From_Diyarbak%C4%B1r%2C_southern_Turkey._British_Museum.jpg/440px-Kurkh_stele_of_Ashurnasirpal_II._From_Diyarbak%C4%B1r%2C_southern_Turkey._British_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4016" data-file-height="6016" /></a><figcaption>Kurkh stele of Ashurnasirpal II</figcaption></figure> <p>The location of the discovery at the town called "Kurkh" was described as </p> <blockquote> <p>about 14 miles from <a href="/wiki/Diyarbakir" class="mw-redirect" title="Diyarbakir">Diyarbakir</a> ... situated at the eastern end of an elevated platform ... on the right bank of the <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a>, and close to the angle formed by the junction of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_tributaries_of_the_Tigris" title="List of tributaries of the Tigris">Giuk Su</a> with the former, which receives also the waters of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_tributaries_of_the_Tigris" title="List of tributaries of the Tigris">Ambar Su</a>, on the left bank opposite, </p> </blockquote> <p>then in the Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Eyalet_of_Kurdistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Eyalet of Kurdistan">Eyalet of Kurdistan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Al-Jazira,_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Jazira, Mesopotamia">Al-Jazira</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1865_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1865-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The location was also known as Kerh or Kerh-i Dicle and is now known as Üçtepe (in Kurdish: Kerx/Kerkh or Kerxa Kîkan<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), in the district of <a href="/wiki/Bismil" title="Bismil">Bismil</a>, in the province of <a href="/wiki/Diyarbak%C4%B1r_Province" title="Diyarbakır Province">Diyarbakir</a> of Turkey.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 117">: 117 </span></sup> </p><p>Kurkh was initially identified by <a href="/wiki/Sir_Henry_Rawlinson,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Henry Rawlinson, 1st Baronet">Henry Rawlinson</a> as the ancient city of <a href="/wiki/Tushhan" title="Tushhan">Tushhan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1865_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1865-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This identification was challenged by Karlheinz Kessler in 1980, who proposed ancient Tidu.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Taylor described his find as follows: </p> <blockquote><p>I had the good fortune to discover a stone slab bearing the effigy of an Assyrian king, and covered on both sides with long inscriptions in the cuneiform character, to within 2 feet of its base, which had purposely been left bare to admit of its being sunk erect in the ground, as a trophy commemorative of its capture by the king, and at the point probably where his legions effected their forced entry into the city. Some little way below it, on the slope of the mound, and nearly entirely concealed by debris, I exhumed another perfect relic of the same description.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1865_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1865-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurkh_Monoliths&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:298px;max-width:298px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:142px;max-width:142px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kurkh_Ashurnasirpal_II_Inscription.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Kurkh_Ashurnasirpal_II_Inscription.jpg/140px-Kurkh_Ashurnasirpal_II_Inscription.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Kurkh_Ashurnasirpal_II_Inscription.jpg/210px-Kurkh_Ashurnasirpal_II_Inscription.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Kurkh_Ashurnasirpal_II_Inscription.jpg/280px-Kurkh_Ashurnasirpal_II_Inscription.jpg 2x" data-file-width="806" data-file-height="1354" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Ashurnasirpal II</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kurkh_Shalmaneser_III_Inscription.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Kurkh_Shalmaneser_III_Inscription.jpg/150px-Kurkh_Shalmaneser_III_Inscription.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Kurkh_Shalmaneser_III_Inscription.jpg/225px-Kurkh_Shalmaneser_III_Inscription.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Kurkh_Shalmaneser_III_Inscription.jpg/300px-Kurkh_Shalmaneser_III_Inscription.jpg 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="1342" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Shalmaneser III</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">First published transcriptions, by <a href="/wiki/George_Smith_(assyriologist)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Smith (assyriologist)">George Smith (assyriologist)</a></div></div></div></div> <p>The stela depicting Shalmaneser III is made of limestone with a round top. It is 221 centimetres (87 in) tall, 87 centimetres (34 in) wide, and 23 centimetres (9.1 in) deep.<sup id="cite_ref-BM-SIII_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BM-SIII-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The British Museum describes the image as follows: </p> <blockquote><p>The king, Shalmaneser III, stands before four divine emblems: (1) the winged disk, the symbol of the god Ashur, or, as some hold, of Shamash; (2) the six-pointed star of Ishtar, goddess of the morning and evening star; (3) the crown of the sky-god Anu, in this instance with three horns, in profile; (4) the disk and crescent of the god Sin as the new and the full moon. On his collar the king wears as amulets (1) the fork, the symbol of the weather-god, Adad; (2) a segment of a circle, of uncertain meaning; (3) an eight-pointed star in a disk, here probably the symbol of Shamash, the sun-god; (4) a winged disk, again of the god Ashur. The gesture of the right hand has been much discussed and variously interpreted, either as the end of the action of throwing a kiss as an act of worship, or as resulting from cracking the fingers with the thumb, as a ritual act which is attributed to the Assyrians by later Greek writers, or as being simply a gesture of authority suitable to the king, with no reference to a particular religious significance. It seems fairly clear that the gesture is described in the phrase 'uban damiqti taraṣu', 'to stretch out a favourable finger', a blessing which corresponds to the reverse action, in which the index finger is not stretched out. There is a cuneiform inscription written across the face and base and around the sides of the stela.<sup id="cite_ref-BM-SIII_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BM-SIII-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The inscription "describes the military campaigns of his (Shalmaneser III's) reign down to 853 BC."<sup id="cite_ref-BM-SIII-2_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BM-SIII-2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The stela depicting Ashurnasirpal II is made of limestone with a round top. It is 193 centimetres (76 in) tall, 93 centimetres (37 in) wide, and 27 centimetres (11 in) deep. According to the British Museum, the stela "shows Ashurnasirpal II in an attitude of worship, raising his right hand to symbols of the gods" and its inscription "describes the campaign of 879 when Assyrians attacked the lands of the upper Tigris, in the Diyabakir region."<sup id="cite_ref-BM-AII_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BM-AII-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shalmaneser_III_Stela_inscription">Shalmaneser III Stela inscription</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurkh_Monoliths&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Shalmaneser III Stela inscription"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:440px;max-width:440px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:215px;max-width:215px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kurkh_stele_of_Shalmaneser_III._From_Diyarbak%C4%B1r,_southern_Turkey._British_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Kurkh_stele_of_Shalmaneser_III._From_Diyarbak%C4%B1r%2C_southern_Turkey._British_Museum.jpg/213px-Kurkh_stele_of_Shalmaneser_III._From_Diyarbak%C4%B1r%2C_southern_Turkey._British_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="213" height="347" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Kurkh_stele_of_Shalmaneser_III._From_Diyarbak%C4%B1r%2C_southern_Turkey._British_Museum.jpg/320px-Kurkh_stele_of_Shalmaneser_III._From_Diyarbak%C4%B1r%2C_southern_Turkey._British_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Kurkh_stele_of_Shalmaneser_III._From_Diyarbak%C4%B1r%2C_southern_Turkey._British_Museum.jpg/426px-Kurkh_stele_of_Shalmaneser_III._From_Diyarbak%C4%B1r%2C_southern_Turkey._British_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3530" data-file-height="5758" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Kurkh stele of Shalmaneser III, frontal aspect</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:221px;max-width:221px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Back_view,_Kurkh_stele_of_Shalmaneser_III._From_Diyarbak%C4%B1r,_southern_Turkey._British_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Back_view%2C_Kurkh_stele_of_Shalmaneser_III._From_Diyarbak%C4%B1r%2C_southern_Turkey._British_Museum.jpg/219px-Back_view%2C_Kurkh_stele_of_Shalmaneser_III._From_Diyarbak%C4%B1r%2C_southern_Turkey._British_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="219" height="346" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Back_view%2C_Kurkh_stele_of_Shalmaneser_III._From_Diyarbak%C4%B1r%2C_southern_Turkey._British_Museum.jpg/329px-Back_view%2C_Kurkh_stele_of_Shalmaneser_III._From_Diyarbak%C4%B1r%2C_southern_Turkey._British_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Back_view%2C_Kurkh_stele_of_Shalmaneser_III._From_Diyarbak%C4%B1r%2C_southern_Turkey._British_Museum.jpg/438px-Back_view%2C_Kurkh_stele_of_Shalmaneser_III._From_Diyarbak%C4%B1r%2C_southern_Turkey._British_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3807" data-file-height="6016" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Kurkh stele of Shalmaneser III, cuneiform inscription on the back and side</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The inscription on the Shalmaneser III Stela deals with campaigns Shalmaneser made in western <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, fighting extensively with the countries of <a href="/wiki/Bit_Adini" title="Bit Adini">Bit Adini</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carchemish" title="Carchemish">Carchemish</a>. At the end of the Monolith comes the account of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Qarqar" title="Battle of Qarqar">Battle of Qarqar</a>, where an alliance of <a href="/wiki/Twelve_kings" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve kings">twelve kings</a> fought against Shalmaneser at the Syrian city of <a href="/wiki/Qarqar" title="Qarqar">Qarqar</a>. This alliance, comprising eleven kings, was led by <a href="/wiki/Irhuleni" title="Irhuleni">Irhuleni</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hamath" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamath">Hamath</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hadadezer" title="Hadadezer">Hadadezer</a> of <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, describing also a large force<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> led by King <a href="/wiki/Ahab" title="Ahab">Ahab</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Israel</a>. </p><p>The English translation of the end of the Shalmaneser III monolith is as follows: </p> <blockquote><p>Year 6 (Col. ll, 78-I02) </p></blockquote> <blockquote><p>610. In the year of Dâian-Assur, in the month of <i>Airu</i>, the fourteenth day, I departed from Nineveh, crossed the Tigris, and drew near to the cities of Giammu, (near) the Balih(?) River. At the fearfulness of my sovereignty, the terror of my frightful weapons, they became afraid; with their own weapons his nobles killed Giammu. Into Kitlala and Til-sha-mâr-ahi, I entered. I had my gods brought into his palaces. In his palaces I spread a banquet. His treasury I opened. I saw his wealth. His goods, his property, I carried off and brought to my city Assur. From Kitlala I departed. To Kâr-Shalmaneser I drew near. In (goat)-skin boats I crossed the Euphrates the second time, at its flood. The tribute of the kings on that side of the Euphrates,---of Sangara of Carchemish, of Kundashpi of Kumuhu (Commagene), of Arame son of Gûzi, of Lalli the Milidean, of Haiani son of Gahari, of Kalparoda of Hattina, of Kalparuda of Gurgum, - silver, gold, lead, copper, vessels of copper, at Ina-Assur-uttir-asbat, on that side of the Euphrates, on the river Sagur, which the people of Hatti call Pitru, there I received (it). From the Euphrates I departed, I drew near to Halman (Aleppo). They were afraid to fight with (me), they seized my feet. Silver, gold, as their tribute I received. I offered sacrifices before the god Adad of Halman. From Halman I departed. To the cities of Irhulêni, the Hamathite, I drew near. The cities of Adennu, Bargâ, Arganâ, his royal cities, I captured. His spoil, his property, the goods of his palaces, I brought out. I set fire to his palaces. From Argana I departed. To Karkar I drew near. </p></blockquote> <blockquote><p>611. Karkar, his royal city, I destroyed, I devastated, I burned with fire. 1,200 chariots, I,200 cavalry, 20,000 soldiers, of <a href="/wiki/Hadadezer" title="Hadadezer">Hadad-ezer</a>, of Aram (? Damascus); 700 chariots, 700 cavalry, 10,000* soldiers of Irhulêni of Hamath, 2,000 chariots, 10,000 soldiers of Ahab, the Israelite, 500 soldiers of the Gueans, 1,000 soldiers of the Musreans, 10 chariots, 10,000 soldiers of the Irkanateans, 200 soldiers of Matinuba'il, the Arvadite, 200 soldiers of the Usanateans, 30 chariots, [ ],000 soldiers of Adunu-ba'il, the Shianean, 1,000 camels of <a href="/wiki/Gindibu" title="Gindibu">Gindibu'</a>, the Arabian, [ ],000 soldiers [of] <a href="/wiki/Baasha_of_Ammon" title="Baasha of Ammon">Ba'sa</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Ruhubi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruhubi">Ruhubi</a>, the Ammonite, - these twelve kings he brought to his support; to offer battle and fight, they came against me. (Trusting) in the exalted might which Assur, the lord, had given (me), in the mighty weapons, which Nergal, who goes before me, had presented (to me), I battled with them. From Karkar, as far as the city of Gilzau, I routed them. 14,000 of their warriors I slew with the sword. Like Adad, I rained destruction upon them. I scattered their corpses far and wide, (and) covered (<i>lit.</i>., filled) the face of the desolate plain with their widespreading armies. With (my) weapons I made their blood to flow down the valleys(?) of the land. The plain was too small to let their bodies fall, the wide countryside was used up in burying them. With their bodies I spanned the <a href="/wiki/Orontes_River" title="Orontes River">Arantu</a>) as with a bridge(?). In that battle I took from them their chariots, their cavalry, their horses, broken to the yoke. (*Possibly 20,000).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Ahab_of_Israel""><span id=".22Ahab_of_Israel.22"></span>"Ahab of Israel"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurkh_Monoliths&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: "Ahab of Israel""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The identification of "A-ha-ab-bu Sir-ila-a-a" with "Ahab of Israel" was first proposed<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by <a href="/wiki/Julius_Oppert" title="Julius Oppert">Julius Oppert</a> in his 1865 <i>Histoire des Empires de Chaldée et d'Assyrie</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Eberhard_Schrader" title="Eberhard Schrader">Eberhard Schrader</a> dealt with parts of the inscription on the Shalmaneser III Monolith in 1872, in his <i>Die Keilinschriften und das Alte Testament</i> ("Cuneiform inscriptions and the Old Testament").<sup id="cite_ref-Schrader_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schrader-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first full translation of the Shalmaneser III Monolith was provided by James Alexander Craig in 1887.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Schrader wrote that the name "Israel" ("Sir-ila-a-a") was unique among Assyrian inscriptions, as the usual Assyrian terms for the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Kingdom_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Kingdom of Israel">Northern Kingdom of Israel</a> were "The Land of Omri" or Samaria. This fact has been brought up by some scholars who dispute the proposed translation.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.co.uk_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.co.uk-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelle2002642a_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelle2002642a-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Shigeo Yamada, the designation of a state by two alternative names is not unusual in the inscription of Shalmaneser. </p><p>Schrader also noted that whilst Assyriologists such as <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Hommel" title="Fritz Hommel">Fritz Hommel</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHommel1885609_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHommel1885609-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> had disputed whether the name was "Israel" or "Jezreel",<sup id="cite_ref-Schrader_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schrader-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because the first character is the phonetic "sir" and the place-determinative "mat". Schrader described the rationale for the reading "Israel", which became the scholarly consensus, as: </p> <blockquote><p>"the fact that here Ahab Sir'lit, and <a href="/wiki/Hadadezer" title="Hadadezer">Ben-hadad of Damascus</a> appear next to each other, and that in an inscription of this same king [Shalmaneser]'s <a href="/wiki/Black_Obelisk_of_Shalmaneser_III" title="Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III">Nimrud obelisk</a> appears Jehu, son of Omri, and commemorates the descendant <a href="/wiki/Hazael" title="Hazael">Hazael of Damascus</a>, leaves no doubt that this Ahab Sir'lit is the biblical Ahab of Israel. That Ahab appears in cahoots with Damascus is quite in keeping with the biblical accounts, which Ahab concluded after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aphek" title="Battle of Aphek">Battle of Aphek</a> an alliance with Benhadad against their hereditary enemy Assyria."<sup id="cite_ref-Schrader_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schrader-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The identification was challenged by other contemporary scholars such as <a href="/wiki/George_Smith_(Assyriologist)" title="George Smith (Assyriologist)">George Smith</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Henry_Haigh" title="Daniel Henry Haigh">Daniel Henry Haigh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The identification as Ahab of Israel has been challenged in more recent years by Werner Gugler and Adam van der Woude, who believe that "Achab from the monolith-inscription should be construed as a king from Northwestern Syria".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckingKorpel199911_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckingKorpel199911-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the inscription, Ahab committed a force of 10,000 foot soldiers and 2,000 chariots to an Assyrian-led war coalition. The size of Ahab's contribution indicates that the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Kingdom of Israel</a> was a major military power in the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> during the first half of the 9th century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the size of Ahab's army, which was presented as extraordinarily large for ancient times, the translation raised polemics among scholars. Nadav Na'aman proposed a scribal error in regard to the size of Ahab's army and suggested that the army consisted of 200 instead of 2,000 chariots. </p><p>Summarizing scholarly works on this subject, Kelle suggests that the evidence "allows one to say that the inscription contains the first designation for the Northern Kingdom. Moreover, the designation "Israel" seems to have represented an entity that included several vassal states." The latter may have included Moab, Edom and Judah.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelle2002_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelle2002-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scribal_errors_and_disputes">Scribal errors and disputes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurkh_Monoliths&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Scribal errors and disputes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are a number of issues surrounding the written words contained in the Monolith, mostly surrounding the text of the Battle of Qarqar. For example, the scribe lists one city as <i>Gu-a-a</i>, which some scholars believe refers to <a href="/wiki/Quw%C3%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="Quwê">Que</a>. However, H. Tadmor believes that this is actually a mistake, with <i>Gu-a-a</i> being an incorrect spelling for <i>Gu-bal-a-a</i>, that is, Byblos. Other scholars have also pointed out that it would be more logical if Shalmaneser fought Byblos instead of Que, because it would make better geographic sense—since the other kings of the area are polities to the south and west of Assyria, it might be expected that another city-state in that area—Byblos—would fight at Qarqar, rather than Que, which is in <a href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilicia</a>. </p><p>Another issue with regard to spelling is the term <i>musri</i>, which is <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> for "march". Tadmor says that the actual Musri people had been conquered by the Assyrians in the 11th century BC, and thus believes that this reference to <i>Musri</i> must be "<a href="/wiki/Mizraim" title="Mizraim">Egypt</a>", although some scholars dispute this. </p><p>Another major error in the text is the assertion that Assyria fought "twelve kings". Casual readers will note that the Monolith in fact lists eleven, but some scholars have attempted to explain that there really is a missing king, stemming from the description of "Ba'sa the man of Bit-Ruhubi, the Ammonite". One scholar suggests that the two entities be split into "Bit-Ruhubi" <a href="/w/index.php?title=Beth-Rehob&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beth-Rehob (page does not exist)">Beth-Rehob</a>, a state in southern <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> and "<a href="/wiki/Ammon" title="Ammon">Ammon</a>", a state in <a href="/wiki/Transjordan_(region)" title="Transjordan (region)">Trans-Jordan</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurkh_Monoliths&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Obelisk_of_Shalmaneser_III" title="Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III">Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">Books of Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artifacts_significant_to_the_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="List of artifacts significant to the Bible">List of artifacts significant to the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stela_of_Ashurnasirpal_II" title="Stela of Ashurnasirpal II">Stela of Ashurnasirpal II</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurkh_Monoliths&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKelle2002" class="citation cs2">Kelle, Brad (2002), "What's in a Name? Neo-Assyrian Designations for the Northern Kingdom and Their Implications for Israelite History and Biblical Interpretation", <i>Journal of Biblical Literature</i>, <b>121</b> (4): 639–666, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3268575">10.2307/3268575</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3268575">3268575</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.atitle=What%27s+in+a+Name%3F+Neo-Assyrian+Designations+for+the+Northern+Kingdom+and+Their+Implications+for+Israelite+History+and+Biblical+Interpretation&rft.volume=121&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=639-666&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3268575&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3268575%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kelle&rft.aufirst=Brad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurkh+Monoliths" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1865" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/John_George_Taylor" title="John George Taylor">Taylor, John George</a> (1865), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jstor-3698077">"Travels in Kurdistan, with Notices of the Sources of the Eastern and Western Tigris, and Ancient Ruins in Their Neighbourhood"</a>, <i>Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Geographical+Society+of+London&rft.atitle=Travels+in+Kurdistan%2C+with+Notices+of+the+Sources+of+the+Eastern+and+Western+Tigris%2C+and+Ancient+Ruins+in+Their+Neighbourhood&rft.date=1865&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=John+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjstor-3698077&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurkh+Monoliths" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchrader1872" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Eberhard_Schrader" title="Eberhard Schrader">Schrader, Eberhard</a> (1872), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/MN41886ucmf_6"><i>Die Keilinschriften und das Alte Testament (Cuneiform inscriptions and the Old Testament)</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Keilinschriften+und+das+Alte+Testament+%28Cuneiform+inscriptions+and+the+Old+Testament%29&rft.date=1872&rft.aulast=Schrader&rft.aufirst=Eberhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FMN41886ucmf_6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurkh+Monoliths" class="Z3988"></span> (<a href="/wiki/Editio_princeps" title="Editio princeps">editio princeps</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHommel1885" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Hommel" title="Fritz Hommel">Hommel, Fritz</a> (1885), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/geschichtebabylo00hommuoft#page/609/mode/1up"><i>Geschichte Babyloniens und Assyriens (History of Babylonia and Assyria)</i></a>, Berlin, Grote, p. 609</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geschichte+Babyloniens+und+Assyriens+%28History+of+Babylonia+and+Assyria%29&rft.pages=609&rft.pub=Berlin%2C+Grote&rft.date=1885&rft.aulast=Hommel&rft.aufirst=Fritz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fgeschichtebabylo00hommuoft%23page%2F609%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurkh+Monoliths" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckingKorpel1999" class="citation cs2">Becking, Bob; Korpel, Marjo Christina Annette (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lak_YWjCjDMC&pg=PA11"><i>The crisis of Israelite religion: transformation of religious tradition in exilic and post-exilic times</i></a>, BRILL, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004114968" title="Special:BookSources/9789004114968"><bdi>9789004114968</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+crisis+of+Israelite+religion%3A+transformation+of+religious+tradition+in+exilic+and+post-exilic+times&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9789004114968&rft.aulast=Becking&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft.au=Korpel%2C+Marjo+Christina+Annette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlak_YWjCjDMC%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurkh+Monoliths" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Gugler, Werner, <i>Jehu und seine Revolution</i>, Kampen, 1996, pages 67–80</li> <li><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_van_der_Woude" class="extiw" title="nl:Adam van der Woude">A.S. van der Woude</a>, <i>Zacharia</i>, G.F. Callenbach, Prediking van het Oude Testament, 325 pages, 9026607407</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLemche1998" class="citation book cs1">Lemche, Niels Peter (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JIoY7PagAOAC"><i>The Israelites in History and Tradition</i></a>. Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780664227272" title="Special:BookSources/9780664227272"><bdi>9780664227272</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Israelites+in+History+and+Tradition&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780664227272&rft.aulast=Lemche&rft.aufirst=Niels+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJIoY7PagAOAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurkh+Monoliths" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurkh_Monoliths&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/search.aspx?place=33556&plaA=33556-3-1">British Museum Collection</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenspahn-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Greenspahn_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Hebrew Bible: New Insights and Scholarship edited by Frederick E. Greenspahn, NYU Press, 2008 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=inRKaf_To5sC&pg=PT29">P.11</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Golden-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Golden_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ancient Canaan and Israel: New Perspectives By Jonathan Michael Golden, <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>, 2004, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yTMzJAKowyEC&pg=PA275">P.275</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.co.uk-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.co.uk_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.co.uk_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pLqoAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA56">Israel in Transition 2: From Late Bronze II to Iron IIA, edited by Lester L. Grabbe</a>, p56, quote "The single case where "Israel" is mentioned is Shalmaneser's account of his battle with the coalition at Qarqar"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelle2002642-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelle2002642_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKelle2002">Kelle 2002</a>, p. 642: "The question of the identity of a-ha-ab-bu involves the fact that the other Assyrian inscriptions for 853-852 do not mention this person as a leader or participant in the coalition. They mention only <a href="/wiki/Hadadezer" title="Hadadezer">Adad-idri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irhuleni" title="Irhuleni">Irhuleni</a> (see Bull Inscription and Black Obelisk). This lack of any further references leads some writers to assert that one should not equate the reference on the Monolith Inscription with Ahab of Israel. For example, W. Gugler supports A. S. van der Woude's thesis that tile inscription simply refers to an unknown northwest Syrian ruler. [Footnote:] W. Gugler, Jehu und seine Revolution (Kampen: Kok Pharos, 1996), 70-77. Some earlier readings also suggested "Ahab of Jezreel" (see Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia [ed. H. Rawlinson; 5 vols.: London: British Museum, 1861-1909], 3:6). However, this no longer appears to be considered, and the mot recent studies do not mention it (e.g., Grayson, Assyrian Rulers, 11-24)."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELemche199846,_62-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELemche199846,_62_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLemche1998">Lemche 1998</a>, pp. 46, 62: "No other inscription from Palestine, or from Transjordan in the Iron Age, has so far provided any specific reference to Israel. ... The name of Israel was found in only a very limited number of inscriptions, one from Egypt, another separated by at least 250 years from the first, in Transjordan. A third reference is found in the stele from Tel Dan—if it is genuine, a question not yet settled. The Assyrian and Mesopotamian sources only once mentioned a king of Israel, Ahab, in a spurious rendering of the name."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaeir" class="citation journal cs1">Maeir, Aren. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/2501888">"Maeir, A. M. 2013. Israel and Judah. Pp. 3523–27 in The Encyclopedia of Ancient History. New York: Blackwell"</a>. <q>The earliest certain mention of the ethnonym Israel occurs in a victory inscription of the Egyptian king MERENPTAH, his well-known "Israel Stela" (ca. 1210 BCE); recently, a possible earlier reference has been identified in a text from the reign of Rameses II (see RAMESES I–XI). Thereafter, no reference to either Judah or Israel appears until the ninth century. The pharaoh Sheshonq I (biblical Shishak; see SHESHONQ I–VI) mentions neither entity by name in the inscription recording his campaign in the southern Levant during the late tenth century. In the ninth century, Israelite kings, and possibly a Judaean king, are mentioned in several sources: the Aramaean stele from Tel Dan, inscriptions of SHALMANESER III of Assyria, and the stela of Mesha of Moab. From the early eighth century onward, the kingdoms of Israel and Judah are both mentioned somewhat regularly in Assyrian and subsequently Babylonian sources, and from this point on there is relatively good agreement between the biblical accounts on the one hand and the archaeological evidence and extra-biblical texts on the other.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Maeir%2C+A.+M.+2013.+Israel+and+Judah.+Pp.+3523%E2%80%9327+in+The+Encyclopedia+of+Ancient+History.+New+York%3A+Blackwell&rft.aulast=Maeir&rft.aufirst=Aren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F2501888&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurkh+Monoliths" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFLEMING1998" class="citation journal cs1">FLEMING, DANIEL E. (1998-01-01). "Mari and the Possibilities of Biblical Memory". <i>Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale</i>. <b>92</b> (1): 41–78. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23282083">23282083</a>. <q>The Assyrian royal annals, along with the Mesha and Dan inscriptions, show a thriving northern state called Israël in the mid—9th century, and the continuity of settlement back to the early Iron Age suggests that the establishment of a sedentary identity should be associated with this population, whatever their origin. In the mid—14th century, the Amarna letters mention no Israël, nor any of the biblical tribes, while the Merneptah stele places someone called Israël in hill-country Palestine toward the end of the Late Bronze Age. The language and material culture of emergent Israël show strong local continuity, in contrast to the distinctly foreign character of early Philistine material culture.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+d%27Assyriologie+et+d%27arch%C3%A9ologie+orientale&rft.atitle=Mari+and+the+Possibilities+of+Biblical+Memory&rft.volume=92&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=41-78&rft.date=1998-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23282083%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=FLEMING&rft.aufirst=DANIEL+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurkh+Monoliths" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2-QO9Noo-ygC&dq=Gindibu&pg=PA76"><i>The Ancient Arabs: Nomads on the Borders of the Fertile Crescent, 9th–5th Centuries B.C.</i></a>, p. 75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Assyrian Reliefs from the Palace of Ashurnasirpal II: A Cultural Biography edited by Ada Cohen, Steven E. Kangas P:126</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1865-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1865_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1865_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1865_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1865">Taylor 1865</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bismilhaber.com/nexseya-bismil-nawi-gunda-7171h.htm">A list of villages in Bismil</a> Site accessed: 8.12.2020</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ancient Locations <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ancientlocations.net/?sp=3570">Tidu? Kurkh</a> Site accessed July 5, 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aynur Özfırat. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/2536056/Ozfirat_A._Uctepe_and_Diyarbakir_Area_During_the_Early-Middle_Bronze_Ages_Workshop_on_Looking_North_The_Socio-economic_Dynamics_of_the_Northern_Mesopotamian_and_Anatolian_Regions_during_the_Late_Third_and_Early_Second_Millenium_BC_">"Üçtepe and Diyarbakır Area During the Early-Middle Bronze Ages"</a>, pages 117-126 in Workshop on Looking North: The Socio-economic Dynamics of the Northern Mesopotamian and Anatolian Regions during the Late Third and Early Second Millenium BC. 6th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East (Rome, 5–10 May 2008), eds N. Laneri, P. Pfälzner and S. Valentini, 117-126, Wiesbaden 2012: Harrassowitz Verlag, Studien zur Urbanisierung Nordmesopotamiens Supplementa.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karlheinz Kessler, Untersuchungen zur historischen Topographie Nordmesopotamiens, 1980, pp117-120</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nadav Na'aman, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1RgRPAkLqLUC&pg=PA2"><i>Ancient Israel and Its Neighbors: Interaction and Counteraction : Collected Essays</i></a>, Eisenbrauns, 2005. p. 2 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1575061082" title="Special:BookSources/1575061082">1575061082</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BM-SIII-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BM-SIII_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BM-SIII_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">British Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=367117&partId=1&people=92929&object=20160&page=1">The Kurkh Stela: Shalmaneser III</a> Accessed July 5, 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BM-SIII-2-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BM-SIII-2_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">British Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bmimages.com/preview.asp?image=00150815001">Stela of Shalmaneser III</a> Accessed July 5, 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BM-AII-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BM-AII_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">British Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?assetId=29426&objectId=367118&partId=1">The Kurkh Stela: Ashurnasirpal II</a> Accessed July 5, 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Huffmon, Herbert B. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1Lvh29qOHHoC&dq=%22kurkh+monolith%22&pg=PA276">"Jezebel - the 'Corrosive' Queen"</a> in Joyce Rilett Wood, John E. Harvey, Mark Leuchter, eds. <i>From Babel to Babylon: Essays on Biblical History And Literature in Honor of Brian Peckham</i>, T&T Clark, 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-02892-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-02892-1">978-0-567-02892-1</a> p. 276</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Daniel David Luckenbill Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylonia (Chicago, 1926) Entire book is available online and to download <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rbedrosian.com/Classic/Luck/arabtoc.html">here</a>. Quoted text begins <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rbedrosian.com/Classic/Luck/arab222.htm">here</a>. This is the English translation cited by the British Museum webpage on the Shalmaneser III stela <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=367117&partId=1&people=92929&object=20160&page=1">here</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/assyrianeponymca00smitiala#page/189/mode/1up">Assyrian Eponym Canon</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Smith_(Assyriologist)" title="George Smith (Assyriologist)">George Smith</a>, 1875, page 188-189, "The first one is called Ahab of Zirhala; and Professor Oppert, who discovered the name, reads Ahab the Israelite; but some ingenious remarks have been made on the name Zirhala by the Rev. D. H. Haigh, who has pointed out that Zir is not the usual reading of the first character, and that the name should be Suhala; and he suggests that the geographical name Samhala, or Savhala, a kingdom near Damascus, is intended in this place, and not the kingdom of Israel. The hypothesis of the Rev. D. H. Haigh may be correct; certainly he is right as to the usual phonetic value of the first character of this geographical name; but on the other hand, we find it certainly used sometimes for the syllable zir. Even if the view of the Rev. D. H. Haigh has to be given up, and if the reading, Ahab the Israelite, has to be accepted, it would be possible that this was not the Ahab of Scripture. The time when this battle took place, BC 854, was, according to the chronology here suggested, during the reign of Jehoahaz, king of Israel, BC 857 to 840; and at this time part of the territory of Israel had been conquered, and was held by the kingdom of Damascus: it is quite possible that the part of the country under the dominion of Damascus a ruler named Ahab may have reigned, and that he may have assisted Ben-hadad with his forces against the Assyrians. It does not seem likely that the Biblical Ahab, who was the foe of the king of Damascus, sent any troops to his aid, at least, such a circumstance is never hinted at in the Bible, and is contrary to the description of his conduct and reign. Under these circumstances I have given up the identification of the Ahab who assisted Ben-hadad at the battle of Qarqar, B.C. 854, with the Ahab, king of Israel, who died, I believe, forty-five years earlier, in BC 899."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/histoiredesempi00oppegoog#page/n144/mode/1up">Histoire des Empires de Chaldée et d'Assyrie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julius_Oppert" title="Julius Oppert">Julius Oppert</a>, 1865, p.140, "La grande importance de ce texte réside dans la citation du roi célèbre par son impiété, et du nom d'Israël. On se souvient que le roi d'Assyrie cite juste sur l'obélisque, parmi ses tributaires, Jéhu, l'un des successeurs d'Achab, et contemporain de Hazaël qui paraît pour la première fois à la 18e campagne, tandis qu'à la 14e nous lisons encore le nom de son prédécesseur Benhadad."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schrader-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schrader_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schrader_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schrader_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/MN41886ucmf_6">Eberhard Schrader, Die Keilinschriften und das Alte Testament, 1872</a> Quotes in German:<br />p58-59 "Der Name "Israel" selber findet sich und zwar als Name für das "Reich Israel" nur einmal in den Inschriften, nämlich auf dem neuentdeckten Stein Salmanassar's II, wo Ahab von Israel als Sir-'-lai d. i. als "der von Israel" bezeichnet wird (s. die Stelle in der Glosse zu 1 Kon. 16, 29). Es ist nun allerdings unter den Assyriologen Streit darüber, ob dieser Name wirklich mit hebr. ישראל und nicht vielmehr mit יזרעאל d. i. "Jezreel" zu identificiren sei, dieses deshalb, weil das erste Zeichen sonst den Lautwerth "sir" hat. Indess da das Adjectiv das Land-determinativ ("mat") vor sich hat, Jezreel aber kein "Land", denn vielmehr eine "Stadt" war, so wird schon deshalb die letztere Vermuthung aufzugeben sein. Dazu wird gerade bei zusammengesetzten, mit Zischlauten beginnenden Sylben ein so strenger Unterschied in den verschiedenen Zischlauten nicht gemacht, wie denn z. B. mit Bar-zi-pa in den Inschriften auch Bar-sip wechselt, obgleich sonst dem letzten Zeichen sip der andere "sip" fur gewohnlich nicht zukommt."<br />p99-100 "Der Umstand, dass hier Ahab, der Sir'lit, und Benhadad von Damaskus neben einander erscheinen, sowie dass dieser selbe König in der später redigirten Inschrift des Nimrudobelisk's des Jehu, Sohnes des Omri, sowie anderseits des Hazael von Damask gedenkt, lässt darüber keinen Zweifel, dass unter diesem Ahab, dem Sir'liten, der biblische Ahab von Israel gemeint ist. Dass aber Ahab im Bunde mit Damask erscheint; ist durchaus in Uebereinstimmung mit dem biblischen Berichte; wonach Ahab nach der Schlacht bei Aphek mit Benhadad ein Bündniss schloss, selbstverständlich gegen den Erbfeind von Damaskus , gegen Assyrien."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jstor-527096">The Monolith Inscription of Salmaneser II, (July 1, 1887), James A. Craig, Hebraica Volume: 3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelle2002642a-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelle2002642a_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKelle2002">Kelle 2002</a>, p. 642a.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHommel1885609-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHommel1885609_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHommel1885">Hommel 1885</a>, p. 609: "[beziehungsweise] Jesreel als seiner Residenz" ("or Jezreel as his residence")</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_Eastern_Texts_Relating_to_the_Old_Testament" title="Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament">Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament</a>, p278-279</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckingKorpel199911-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckingKorpel199911_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeckingKorpel1999">Becking & Korpel 1999</a>, p. 11: "No clear evidence then occurs for several centuries until the time of Shalmaneser III (9th century) who refers to 'Ahab of Israel'. This identification has been widely accepted, but it has recently been challenged. The arguments against the identification with the biblical Ahab are well presented and understandable, but is it reasonable that in the mid-9th century there was an 'Ahab' in Syria from a country whose name was very similar to 'Israel', yet he had no connection with the Ahab of the Bible? It is always possible, but common sense says it is not likely. [Footnote:] W. Gugler, Jehu und seine Revolution, Kampen 1996, 67-80. Gugler cites A.S. van der Woude, Zacharia (PredOT), Nijkerk 1984, 167, as the originator of the thesis, that the Achab from the monolith-inscription should be construed as a king from Northwestern Syria."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reliefs from the Palace of Ashurnasirpal II: A Cultural Biography edited by Ada Cohen, Steven E. Kangas P:127</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelle2002-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelle2002_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKelle2002">Kelle 2002</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/British_Museum_Department_of_Africa,_Oceania_and_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="British Museum Department of Africa, Oceania and the Americas">Africa, Oceania<br />and Americas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akan_Drum" title="Akan Drum">Akan Drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aubin_Codex" title="Aubin Codex">Aubin Codex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin_Bronzes" title="Benin Bronzes">Benin Bronzes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Briggs_Enigma" title="Briggs Enigma">Briggs Enigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Head_from_Ife" title="Bronze Head from Ife">Bronze Head from Ife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Kingsborough" title="Codex Kingsborough">Codex Kingsborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double-headed_serpent" title="Double-headed serpent">Double-headed serpent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoa_Hakananai%27a" title="Hoa Hakananai'a">Hoa Hakananai'a</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Throne_of_Weapons" title="Throne of Weapons">Throne of Weapons</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayung_totem_pole" title="Kayung totem pole">Kayung totem pole</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tree_of_Life_(Kester)" title="Tree of Life (Kester)">Tree of Life</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaxchilan_Lintel_24" title="Yaxchilan Lintel 24">Yaxchilan Lintel 24</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/British_Museum_Department_of_Ancient_Egypt_and_Sudan" title="British Museum Department of Ancient Egypt and Sudan">Ancient Egypt<br />and Sudan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battlefield_Palette" title="Battlefield Palette">Battlefield Palette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colossal_quartzite_statue_of_Amenhotep_III" title="Colossal quartzite statue of Amenhotep III">Colossal quartzite statue of Amenhotep III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colossal_red_granite_statue_of_Amenhotep_III" title="Colossal red granite statue of Amenhotep III">Colossal head of Amenhotep III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El-Amra_clay_model_of_cattle" title="El-Amra clay model of cattle">El-Amra clay model of cattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gebelein_predynastic_mummies" title="Gebelein predynastic mummies">Gebelein predynastic mummies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenfield_papyrus" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenfield papyrus">Greenfield papyrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornedjitef" title="Hornedjitef">Hornedjitef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunters_Palette" title="Hunters Palette">Hunters Palette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacGregor_plaque" title="MacGregor plaque">MacGregor plaque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Palette" title="Min Palette">Min Palette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_of_Ani" title="Papyrus of Ani">Papyrus of Ani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prudhoe_Lions" title="Prudhoe Lions">Prudhoe Lions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhind_Mathematical_Papyrus" title="Rhind Mathematical Papyrus">Rhind Mathematical Papyrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_Stone" title="Rosetta Stone">Rosetta Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphinx_of_Taharqo" title="Sphinx of Taharqo">Sphinx of Taharqo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statues_of_Amun_in_the_form_of_a_ram_protecting_King_Taharqa" title="Statues of Amun in the form of a ram protecting King Taharqa">Amun in the form of a ram protecting King Taharqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Younger_Memnon" title="Younger Memnon">Younger Memnon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/British_Museum_Department_of_Asia" title="British Museum Department of Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Admonitions_Scroll" title="Admonitions Scroll">Admonitions Scroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphsad_inscription_of_%C4%80dityasena" title="Aphsad inscription of Ādityasena">Aphsad inscription of Ādityasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amaravati_Marbles" title="Amaravati Marbles">Amaravati Marbles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambika_Statue_from_Dhar" title="Ambika Statue from Dhar">Ambika Statue from Dhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha_Buddha_from_Hancui" title="Amitābha Buddha from Hancui">Amitābha Buddha from Hancui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimaran_casket" title="Bimaran casket">Bimaran casket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhapad_Hoard" title="Buddhapad Hoard">Buddhapad Hoard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogao_Christian_painting" title="Mogao Christian painting">Mogao Christian painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Vases" title="David Vases">David Vases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhaneswar_Khera_Buddha_image_inscription" title="Dhaneswar Khera Buddha image inscription">Dhaneswar Khera Buddha image inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hephthalite_silver_bowl" title="Hephthalite silver bowl">Hephthalite silver bowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huixian_Bronze_Hu" title="Huixian Bronze Hu">Huixian Bronze Hu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jade_terrapin_from_Allahabad" title="Jade terrapin from Allahabad">Jade terrapin from Allahabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakiemon_elephants_(British_Museum)" title="Kakiemon elephants (British Museum)">Kakiemon elephants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kang_Hou_gui" title="Kang Hou gui">Kang Hou gui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanishka_casket" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanishka casket">Kanishka casket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klang_Bell" title="Klang Bell">Klang Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulu_Vase" title="Kulu Vase">Kulu Vase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathura_lion_capital" title="Mathura lion capital">Mathura lion capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percival_David_Foundation_of_Chinese_Art" title="Percival David Foundation of Chinese Art">Percival David Foundation of Chinese Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seated_Buddha_from_Gandhara" title="Seated Buddha from Gandhara">Seated Buddha from Gandhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_seal_(BM_119999)" title="Stamp seal (BM 119999)">Stamp seal (BM 119999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Tara" title="Statue of Tara">Statue of Tara</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Wave_off_Kanagawa" title="The Great Wave off Kanagawa">The Great Wave off Kanagawa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Nicolo_Seal" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishnu Nicolo Seal">Vishnu Nicolo Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wardak_Vase" title="Wardak Vase">Wardak Vase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/British_Museum_Department_of_Greece_and_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="British Museum Department of Greece and Rome">Greece<br />and Rome</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegina_Treasure" title="Aegina Treasure">Aegina Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aineta_aryballos" title="Aineta aryballos">Aineta aryballos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_of_Cyrene" title="Apollo of Cyrene">Apollo of Cyrene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archangel_ivory" title="Archangel ivory">Archangel ivory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcisate_Treasure" title="Arcisate Treasure">Arcisate Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armento_Rider" title="Armento Rider">Armento Rider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arundel_Head" title="Arundel Head">Arundel Head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asclepius_of_Milos" title="Asclepius of Milos">Asclepius of Milos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barber_Cup_and_Crawford_Cup" title="Barber Cup and Crawford Cup">Barber Cup and Crawford Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassae_Frieze" title="Bassae Frieze">Bassae Frieze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaurains_Treasure" title="Beaurains Treasure">Beaurains Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blacas_Cameo" title="Blacas Cameo">Blacas Cameo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boscoreale_Treasure" title="Boscoreale Treasure">Boscoreale Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boy_with_Thorn" title="Boy with Thorn">Boy with Thorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braganza_Brooch" title="Braganza Brooch">Braganza Brooch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Head_of_Hypnos_from_Civitella_d%27Arna" title="Bronze Head of Hypnos from Civitella d'Arna">Bronze head of Hypnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgon_vase" title="Burgon vase">Burgon vase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bursa_Treasure" title="Bursa Treasure">Bursa Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campo_Iemini_Venus" title="Campo Iemini Venus">Campo Iemini Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthage_Treasure" title="Carthage Treasure">Carthage Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caubiac_Treasure" title="Caubiac Treasure">Caubiac Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaourse_Treasure" title="Chaourse Treasure">Chaourse Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatsworth_Head" title="Chatsworth Head">Chatsworth Head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatuzange_Treasure" title="Chatuzange Treasure">Chatuzange Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choiseul-Gouffier_Apollo" title="Choiseul-Gouffier Apollo">Choiseul-Gouffier Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demeter_of_Knidos" title="Demeter of Knidos">Demeter of Knidos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysus_Sardanapalus" title="Dionysus Sardanapalus">Dionysus Sardanapalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elgin_Amphora" title="Elgin Amphora">Elgin Amphora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elgin_Marbles" title="Elgin Marbles">Elgin Marbles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esquiline_Treasure" title="Esquiline Treasure">Esquiline Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphorbos_plate" title="Euphorbos plate">Euphorbos plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farnese_Diadumenos" title="Farnese Diadumenos">Farnese Diadumenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guilford_Puteal" title="Guilford Puteal">Guilford Puteal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpy_Tomb" title="Harpy Tomb">Harpy Tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herculean_Sarcophagus_of_Genzano" title="Herculean Sarcophagus of Genzano">Herculean Sarcophagus of Genzano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isis_Tomb,_Vulci" title="Isis Tomb, Vulci">Isis Tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennings_Dog" title="Jennings Dog">Jennings Dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_of_Knidos" title="Lion of Knidos">Lion of Knidos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycurgus_Cup" title="Lycurgus Cup">Lycurgus Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macmillan_aryballos" title="Macmillan aryballos">Macmillan aryballos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A2con_Treasure" title="Mâcon Treasure">Mâcon Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainz_Gladius" title="Mainz Gladius">Mainz Gladius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mero%C3%AB_Head" title="Meroë Head">Meroë Head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_Bull-leaper" title="Minoan Bull-leaper">Minoan Bull-leaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nereid_Monument" title="Nereid Monument">Nereid Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscan_Tablet" title="Oscan Tablet">Oscan Tablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxyrhynchus_Papyri" title="Oxyrhynchus Papyri">Papyri of Oxyrhynchus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Oxyrhynchus_84" title="Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 84">84</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Oxyrhynchus_85" title="Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 85">85</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Oxyrhynchus_102" title="Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 102">102</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Oxyrhynchus_103" title="Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 103">103</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramythia_Hoard" title="Paramythia Hoard">Paramythia Hoard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pericles_with_the_Corinthian_helmet" title="Pericles with the Corinthian helmet">Pericles bust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petelia_Gold_Tablet" title="Petelia Gold Tablet">Petelia Gold Tablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piranesi_Vase" title="Piranesi Vase">Piranesi Vase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portland_Vase" title="Portland Vase">Portland Vase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priene_inscription_of_Alexander_the_Great" title="Priene inscription of Alexander the Great">Priene dedicatory inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great%27s_edict_to_Priene" title="Alexander the Great's edict to Priene">Priene edict inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Sosti_Axe-Head" title="San Sosti Axe-Head">San Sosti Axe-Head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Angelo_Muxaro_Patera" title="Sant'Angelo Muxaro Patera">Sant'Angelo Muxaro Patera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarcophagus_of_Seianti_Hanunia_Tlesnasa" title="Sarcophagus of Seianti Hanunia Tlesnasa">Sarcophagus of Seianti Hanunia Tlesnasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satala_Aphrodite" title="Satala Aphrodite">Satala Aphrodite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stony_Stratford_Hoard" class="mw-redirect" title="Stony Stratford Hoard">Stony Stratford Hoard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strangford_Apollo" title="Strangford Apollo">Strangford Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Payava" title="Tomb of Payava">Tomb of Payava</a></li> <li>Townley collection <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Townley_Antinous" title="Townley Antinous">Antinous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townley_Caryatid" title="Townley Caryatid">Caryatid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townley_Discobolus" class="mw-redirect" title="Townley Discobolus">Discobolus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townley_Hadrian" title="Townley Hadrian">Hadrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townley_Vase" title="Townley Vase">Vase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townley_Venus" title="Townley Venus">Venus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uerdingen_Hoard" title="Uerdingen Hoard">Uerdingen Hoard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaison_Diadumenos" title="Vaison Diadumenos">Vaison Diadumenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Cup" title="Warren Cup">Warren Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xanten_Horse-Phalerae" title="Xanten Horse-Phalerae">Xanten Horse-Phalerae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/British_Museum_Department_of_the_Middle_East" title="British Museum Department of the Middle East">Middle East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ain_Sakhri_figurine" title="Ain Sakhri figurine">Ain Sakhri figurine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_lion_weights" title="Assyrian lion weights">Assyrian lion weights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balawat_Gates" title="Balawat Gates">Balawat Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blacas_ewer" title="Blacas ewer">Blacas ewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruk_Trough" title="Uruk Trough">Uruk Trough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blau_Monuments" title="Blau Monuments">Blau Monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmer_Cup" title="Palmer Cup">Palmer Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_Ur" title="Standard of Ur">Standard of Ur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_in_a_Thicket" title="Ram in a Thicket">Ram in a Thicket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyres_of_Ur" title="Lyres of Ur">Lyres of Ur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_al-%27Ubaid_Copper_Lintel" title="Tell al-'Ubaid Copper Lintel">Tell al-'Ubaid Copper Lintel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Obelisk" title="White Obelisk">White Obelisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Obelisk_of_Shalmaneser_III" title="Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III">Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kition_Necropolis_Phoenician_inscriptions" title="Kition Necropolis Phoenician inscriptions">Kition Necropolis Phoenician inscriptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burney_Relief" title="Burney Relief">Burney Relief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complaint_tablet_to_Ea-n%C4%81%E1%B9%A3ir" title="Complaint tablet to Ea-nāṣir">Complaint tablet to Ea-nāṣir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tablet_of_Shamash" title="Tablet of Shamash">Tablet of Shamash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Idrimi" title="Statue of Idrimi">Statue of Idrimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Map_of_the_World" title="Babylonian Map of the World">Babylonian Map of the World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rassam_cylinder" title="Rassam cylinder">Rassam cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cylinders_of_Nabonidus" title="Cylinders of Nabonidus">Cylinders of Nabonidus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Cylinder" title="Cyrus Cylinder">Cyrus Cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh_flood_myth" title="Gilgamesh flood myth">Flood tablet (Gilgamesh)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jar_of_Xerxes_I" title="Jar of Xerxes I">Jar of Xerxes I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Ashurbanipal" title="Library of Ashurbanipal">Library of Ashurbanipal</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lion_Hunt_of_Ashurbanipal" title="Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal">Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxus_Treasure" title="Oxus Treasure">Oxus Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sennacherib%27s_Annals" title="Sennacherib's Annals">Taylor Prism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachish_reliefs" title="Lachish reliefs">Lachish reliefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Chronicles" title="Babylonian Chronicles">Babylonian Chronicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ur_Box_inscription" title="Ur Box inscription">Ur Box inscription</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kurkh Monoliths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_cylinder" title="Antiochus cylinder">Antiochus cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimrud_ivories" title="Nimrud ivories">Nimrud ivories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_metal_bowls" title="Phoenician metal bowls">Phoenician metal bowls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/British_Museum_Department_of_Prehistory_and_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="British Museum Department of Prehistory and Europe">Prehistory<br />and Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portable_altar_(WB.232)" class="mw-redirect" title="Portable altar (WB.232)">Boxwood altar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franks_Casket" title="Franks Casket">Franks Casket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Thorn_Reliquary" title="Holy Thorn Reliquary">Holy Thorn Reliquary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoxne_Hoard" title="Hoxne Hoard">Hoxne Hoard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_chessmen" title="Lewis chessmen">Lewis chessmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindow_Man" title="Lindow Man">Lindow Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mildenhall_Treasure" title="Mildenhall Treasure">Mildenhall Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringlemere_Cup" title="Ringlemere Cup">Ringlemere Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Gold_Cup" title="Royal Gold Cup">Royal Gold Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seax_of_Beagnoth" title="Seax of Beagnoth">Seax of Beagnoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutton_Hoo" title="Sutton Hoo">Sutton Hoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutton_Hoo_helmet" title="Sutton Hoo helmet">Sutton Hoo helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutton_Hoo_purse-lid" title="Sutton Hoo purse-lid">Sutton Hoo purse-lid</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Swimming_Reindeer" title="Swimming Reindeer">Swimming Reindeer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedwig_glass" title="Hedwig glass">Hedwig glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vindolanda_tablets" title="Vindolanda tablets">Vindolanda Tablets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampsacus_Treasure" title="Lampsacus Treasure">Lampsacus Treasure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/British_Museum_Department_of_Prints_and_Drawings" class="mw-redirect" title="British Museum Department of Prints and Drawings">Prints and<br />Drawings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCrer%27s_Rhinoceros" title="Dürer's Rhinoceros">Dürer's Rhinoceros</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epifania_(Michelangelo_drawing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epifania (Michelangelo drawing)">Epifania</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/I_Modi" title="I Modi">I Modi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Isabella_Brant_(drawing)" title="Isabella Brant (drawing)">Isabella Brant</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ancient_of_Days" title="The Ancient of Days">The Ancient of Days</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Disasters_of_War" title="The Disasters of War">The Disasters of War</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tale_of_The_Flopsy_Bunnies#Illustrations" class="mw-redirect" title="The Tale of The Flopsy Bunnies">The Tale of the Flopsy Bunnies</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Triumphal_Arch_(woodcut)" title="Triumphal Arch (woodcut)">Triumphal Arch</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Museum_Department_of_Coins_and_Medals" title="British Museum Department of Coins and Medals">Coins and Medals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Museum_Department_of_Conservation_and_Scientific_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="British Museum Department of Conservation and Scientific Research">Conservation and Scientific Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Museum_Department_of_Libraries_and_Archives" class="mw-redirect" title="British Museum Department of Libraries and Archives">Libraries and Archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portable_Antiquities_Scheme" title="Portable Antiquities Scheme">Portable Antiquities and Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rondanini_Faun" title="Rondanini Faun">Rondanini Faun</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_the_World_in_100_Objects" title="A History of the World in 100 Objects">A History of the World in 100 Objects</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blythe_House" title="Blythe House">Blythe House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Museum_Act" title="British Museum Act">British Museum Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dingwall_Beloe_Lecture_Series" title="Dingwall Beloe Lecture Series">Dingwall Beloe Lectures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_shot_at_the_British_Museum" title="List of films shot at the British Museum">Films shot at the British Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_Case" title="Private Case">Private Case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Museum#Contested_artefacts" title="British Museum">Repatriation controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretum_(British_Museum)" title="Secretum (British Museum)">Secretum</a></li> <li>Staff <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_directors_of_the_British_Museum" title="List of directors of the British Museum">Directors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_British_Museum_Friends" title="The British Museum Friends">Friends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_keepers_of_the_British_Museum" title="List of keepers of the British Museum">Keepers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_the_British_Museum" title="Royal Commission on the British Museum">Royal Commission on the British Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trustees_of_the_British_Museum" title="List of trustees of the British Museum">Trustees</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:British_Museum" title="Category:British Museum">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div style="padding-left: 1.6em;"><i>This article is about an item held in the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>. The object reference is <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/search_the_collection_database/search_object_details.aspx?objectid=367117&partid=1">EA 118884</a>.</i></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kurkh_Monoliths&oldid=1259085470">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kurkh_Monoliths&oldid=1259085470</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:9th-century_BC_steles" title="Category:9th-century BC steles">9th-century BC steles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1861_archaeological_discoveries" title="Category:1861 archaeological discoveries">1861 archaeological discoveries</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battles_involving_Assyria" title="Category:Battles involving Assyria">Battles involving Assyria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Akkadian_inscriptions" title="Category:Akkadian inscriptions">Akkadian inscriptions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="Category:Ancient Israel and Judah">Ancient Israel and Judah</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wars_of_ancient_Israel" title="Category:Wars of ancient Israel">Wars of ancient Israel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Assyrian_stelas" title="Category:Assyrian stelas">Assyrian stelas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Near_East_steles" title="Category:Ancient Near East steles">Ancient Near East steles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Middle_Eastern_sculptures_in_the_British_Museum" title="Category:Middle Eastern sculptures in the British Museum">Middle Eastern sculptures in the British Museum</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Category:Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Aram-Damascus" title="Category:Aram-Damascus">Aram-Damascus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Findings_in_Turkey_outside_Turkey" title="Category:Findings in Turkey outside Turkey">Findings in Turkey outside Turkey</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_missing_periodical" title="Category:CS1 errors: missing periodical">CS1 errors: missing periodical</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Coordinates on Wikidata">Coordinates on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 23 November 2024, at 07:49<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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