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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Costa_Rica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Costa Rica </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Costa_Rica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Croatia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Croatia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 Croatia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Croatia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eritrea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eritrea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8 Eritrea </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eritrea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.9 France </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boucle_h%C3%A9lico%C3%AFdale" title="Boucle hélicoïdale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Boucle hélicoïdale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A3%A8%ED%94%84%EC%84%A0" title="루프선 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="루프선" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2_(%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97)" title="सर्पिल (रेलमार्ग) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" 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.hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the engineering term applying to railway track geometry, see <a href="/wiki/Track_transition_curve" title="Track transition curve">Track transition curve</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Railway layout for steep climbs</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RhB_ABe_4-4_III_Kreisviadukt_Brusio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/RhB_ABe_4-4_III_Kreisviadukt_Brusio.jpg/260px-RhB_ABe_4-4_III_Kreisviadukt_Brusio.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/RhB_ABe_4-4_III_Kreisviadukt_Brusio.jpg/390px-RhB_ABe_4-4_III_Kreisviadukt_Brusio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/RhB_ABe_4-4_III_Kreisviadukt_Brusio.jpg/520px-RhB_ABe_4-4_III_Kreisviadukt_Brusio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5263" data-file-height="3249" /></a><figcaption>Spiral viaduct of the <a href="/wiki/Bernina_Express" title="Bernina Express">Bernina Express</a> near Brusio, Switzerland.</figcaption></figure> A spiral (sometimes called a spiral loop or just loop) is a technique employed by <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">railways</a> to ascend steep hills. A railway spiral rises on a steady curve until it has completed a loop, passing over itself as it gains height, allowing the railway to gain vertical elevation in a relatively short horizontal distance. It is an alternative to a <a href="/wiki/Zig_zag_(railway)" title="Zig zag (railway)">zig-zag</a>, and avoids the need for the trains to stop and reverse direction while ascending. If the train is longer than the length of each loop it may be possible to view it looping above itself.<a href="#cite_note-Wolmar2014-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nachsch1972-2">[2]</a> The term "loop" is also often used for a railway that curves sharply and goes back on itself: if the railway crosses itself, then it forms a spiral or <a href="/wiki/Helix" title="Helix">helix</a>; otherwise, it forms the much more common <a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_curve" title="Horseshoe curve">horseshoe curve or bend</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hay1982-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Harter2005-4">[4]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1044870489">@media all and (max-width:720px){body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .tocright{display:none}.mw-parser-output .tocright{width:100%!important}}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tocright{float:right;clear:right;width:auto;margin:0 0 0.5em 1em}.mw-parser-output .tocright-clear-left{clear:left}.mw-parser-output .tocright-clear-both{clear:both}.mw-parser-output .tocright-clear-none{clear:none}}</style><div class="tocright"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_spirals">List of spirals</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spiral_(railway)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: List of spirals">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Argentina">Argentina</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spiral_(railway)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Argentina">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Two spirals between Tacuara and Meseta at <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=24.4361_S_65.8412_W_">24°26′10″S 65°50′28″W / 24.4361°S 65.8412°W / -24.4361; -65.8412</a> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=24.3881_S_65.8502_W_">24°23′17″S 65°51′01″W / 24.3881°S 65.8502°W / -24.3881; -65.8502</a> on the heritage <a href="/wiki/Tren_a_las_Nubes" title="Tren a las Nubes">Tren a las Nubes</a> section of the <a href="/wiki/Salta%E2%80%93Antofagasta_railway" title="Salta–Antofagasta railway">Salta–Antofagasta railway</a> part of the <a href="/wiki/General_Manuel_Belgrano_Railway" title="General Manuel Belgrano Railway">General Manuel Belgrano Railway</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hollingsworth1982-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-BorsdorfStadel2015-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spiral_(railway)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Australia">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Spiral on the uphill track at <a href="/wiki/Bethungra_Spiral" title="Bethungra Spiral">Bethungra</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=34.7545838_S_147.8703011_E_">34°45′17″S 147°52′13″E / 34.7545838°S 147.8703011°E / -34.7545838; 147.8703011</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Main_Southern_railway_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Main Southern railway line">Main Southern railway line</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>. The downhill track remains on the original steep plain 1 in 40 gradient.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></li> <li>Spiral on the single track at <a href="/wiki/Cougal_Spiral" title="Cougal Spiral">Cougal</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=28.35439_S_152.964038_E_">28°21′16″S 152°57′51″E / 28.35439°S 152.964038°E / -28.35439; 152.964038</a> on the <a href="/wiki/North_Coast_railway_line,_New_South_Wales" title="North Coast railway line, New South Wales">North Coast railway line, New South Wales</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SHR-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bayley1973-11">[11]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spiral_(railway)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Bulgaria">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Four Spirals on the <a href="/wiki/Rhodope_Mountains" title="Rhodope Mountains">Rhodope</a> Mountain Line between <a href="/wiki/Septemvri-Dobrinishte_narrow_gauge_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Septemvri-Dobrinishte narrow gauge line">Septemvri to Dobrinishte railway</a> between <a href="/wiki/Velingrad" title="Velingrad">Velingrad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cherna_Mesta" title="Cherna Mesta">Cherna Mesta</a> at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=42.04329_N_23.85336_E_">42°02′36″N 23°51′12″E / 42.04329°N 23.85336°E / 42.04329; 23.85336</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=42.04074_N_23.84169_E_">42°02′27″N 23°50′30″E / 42.04074°N 23.84169°E / 42.04074; 23.84169</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=42.03728_N_23.74671_E_">42°02′14″N 23°44′48″E / 42.03728°N 23.74671°E / 42.03728; 23.74671</a> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=42.04814_N_23.73606_E_">42°02′53″N 23°44′10″E / 42.04814°N 23.73606°E / 42.04814; 23.73606</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hollingsworth1982-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-TCMap2011-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bulgaria2017-13">[13]</a>: 247 </li> <li>Spiral just outside <a href="/wiki/Klisura_(Bulgaria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Klisura (Bulgaria)">Klisura</a> at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=42.700687_N_24.459643_E_">42°42′02″N 24°27′35″E / 42.700687°N 24.459643°E / 42.700687; 24.459643</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a> to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tulovo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tulovo (page does not exist)">Tulovo</a> railway.<a href="#cite_note-Ball2016-14">[14]</a>: 110 <a href="#cite_note-Bulgaria2017-13">[13]</a>: 244 <a href="#cite_note-datamap-15">[15]</a></li> <li>Spiral just outside <a href="/wiki/Radevtsi" title="Radevtsi">Radevtsi</a> at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=42.796201_N_25.544000_E_">42°47′46″N 25°32′38″E / 42.796201°N 25.544000°E / 42.796201; 25.544000</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Ruse,_Bulgaria" title="Ruse, Bulgaria">Ruse</a> to <a href="/wiki/Dimitrovgrad,_Bulgaria" title="Dimitrovgrad, Bulgaria">Dimitrovgrad</a> railway.<a href="#cite_note-Ball2016-14">[14]</a>: 110 <a href="#cite_note-Bulgaria2017-13">[13]</a>: 244 <a href="#cite_note-datamap-15">[15]</a></li> <li>Spiral and horseshoe bends just outside <a href="/w/index.php?title=Raduntsi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raduntsi (page does not exist)">Raduntsi</a> at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=42.677007_N_25.594618_E_">42°40′37″N 25°35′41″E / 42.677007°N 25.594618°E / 42.677007; 25.594618</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Ruse,_Bulgaria" title="Ruse, Bulgaria">Ruse</a> to <a href="/wiki/Dimitrovgrad,_Bulgaria" title="Dimitrovgrad, Bulgaria">Dimitrovgrad</a> railway.<a href="#cite_note-TCMap2011-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ball2016-14">[14]</a>: 110 <a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bulgaria2017-13">[13]</a>: 244 <a href="#cite_note-datamap-15">[15]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spiral_(railway)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Canada">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Double spiral at <a href="/wiki/Big_Hill#The_Spiral_Tunnels" title="Big Hill">Big Hill</a> at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=51.4245778_N_116.42142_W_">51°25′28″N 116°25′17″W / 51.4245778°N 116.42142°W / 51.4245778; -116.42142</a> on the approach to <a href="/wiki/Kicking_Horse_Pass" title="Kicking Horse Pass">Kicking Horse Pass</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Railway" title="Canadian Pacific Railway">Canadian Pacific Railway</a> route.<a href="#cite_note-Pole1995-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stewart2004-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cross2014-19">[19]</a></li> <li>There used to be a spiral at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=48.3657_N_53.3958_W_">48°21′57″N 53°23′45″W / 48.3657°N 53.3958°W / 48.3657; -53.3958</a> at <a href="/wiki/Trinity,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Trinity, Newfoundland and Labrador">Trinity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland</a> on the former <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_Railway" title="Newfoundland Railway">Newfoundland Railway</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Harding2008-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></li> <li>There used to be a spiral at <a href="/wiki/Rogers_Pass_(British_Columbia)#Railway" title="Rogers Pass (British Columbia)">Rogers Pass</a> at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=51.301389_N_117.7913966_W_">51°18′05″N 117°47′29″W / 51.301389°N 117.7913966°W / 51.301389; -117.7913966</a> that was superseded when the <a href="/wiki/Connaught_Tunnel_(British_Columbia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Connaught Tunnel (British Columbia)">Connaught Tunnel (British Columbia)</a> was built.<a href="#cite_note-Downs1985-23">[23]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spiral_(railway)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: China">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%B7%A1%E9%81%93%E5%B7%A5%E5%87%BA%E5%93%81_photo_by_Xundaogong%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E5%85%B3%E8%A7%92B%E9%97%A8_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/%E5%B7%A1%E9%81%93%E5%B7%A5%E5%87%BA%E5%93%81_photo_by_Xundaogong%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E5%85%B3%E8%A7%92B%E9%97%A8_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-%E5%B7%A1%E9%81%93%E5%B7%A5%E5%87%BA%E5%93%81_photo_by_Xundaogong%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E5%85%B3%E8%A7%92B%E9%97%A8_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/%E5%B7%A1%E9%81%93%E5%B7%A5%E5%87%BA%E5%93%81_photo_by_Xundaogong%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E5%85%B3%E8%A7%92B%E9%97%A8_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-%E5%B7%A1%E9%81%93%E5%B7%A5%E5%87%BA%E5%93%81_photo_by_Xundaogong%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E5%85%B3%E8%A7%92B%E9%97%A8_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/%E5%B7%A1%E9%81%93%E5%B7%A5%E5%87%BA%E5%93%81_photo_by_Xundaogong%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E5%85%B3%E8%A7%92B%E9%97%A8_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-%E5%B7%A1%E9%81%93%E5%B7%A5%E5%87%BA%E5%93%81_photo_by_Xundaogong%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E5%85%B3%E8%A7%92B%E9%97%A8_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1335" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Guanjiao Spiral on <a href="/wiki/Qinghai%E2%80%93Tibet_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Qinghai–Tibet Railway">Qinghai–Tibet Railway</a> at night. The route containing the spiral was replaced by <a href="/wiki/New_Guanjiao_Tunnel" title="New Guanjiao Tunnel">a 32-km long tunnel</a> (at the time of completion the <a href="/wiki/List_of_longest_railway_tunnels" title="List of longest railway tunnels">longest</a> in China) in 2014.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>There used to be a spiral at Guanjiao at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=37.08442_N_98.873591_E_">37°05′04″N 98°52′25″E / 37.08442°N 98.873591°E / 37.08442; 98.873591</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Qinghai%E2%80%93Tibet_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Qinghai–Tibet Railway">Qinghai–Tibet Railway</a>; it was replaced by a <a href="/wiki/New_Guanjiao_Tunnel" title="New Guanjiao Tunnel">tunnel</a> in 2014. (see photo).<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></li> <li>Spiral between Qingshiya and Guanyinshan at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=34.2787_N_106.9867_E_">34°16′43″N 106°59′12″E / 34.2787°N 106.9867°E / 34.2787; 106.9867</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Baoji%E2%80%93Chengdu_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Baoji–Chengdu Railway">Baoji–Chengdu Railway</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></li> <li>Six spirals on the <a href="/wiki/Chengdu%E2%80%93Kunming_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Chengdu–Kunming Railway">Chengdu–Kunming Railway</a> at: <ul><li>South of Baishiyan at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=28.768_N_102.5737_E_">28°46′05″N 102°34′25″E / 28.7680°N 102.5737°E / 28.7680; 102.5737</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Quail2008-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></li> <li>Lewu at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=28.2977_N_102.6226_E_">28°17′52″N 102°37′21″E / 28.2977°N 102.6226°E / 28.2977; 102.6226</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Quail2008-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></li> <li>Wazu at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=28.1983_N_102.5662_E_">28°11′54″N 102°33′58″E / 28.1983°N 102.5662°E / 28.1983; 102.5662</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Quail2008-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></li> <li>Tiekou at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=28.2304_N_102.5318_E_">28°13′49″N 102°31′54″E / 28.2304°N 102.5318°E / 28.2304; 102.5318</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Quail2008-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></li> <li>Ananzhuang at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=25.4481_N_101.8211_E_">25°26′53″N 101°49′16″E / 25.4481°N 101.8211°E / 25.4481; 101.8211</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></li> <li>Longgudian at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=25.4248_N_101.7761_E_">25°25′29″N 101°46′34″E / 25.4248°N 101.7761°E / 25.4248; 101.7761</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></li></ul></li> <li>Spiral at Shangshali at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=48.7934_N_121.7274_E_">48°47′36″N 121°43′39″E / 48.7934°N 121.7274°E / 48.7934; 121.7274</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Harbin%E2%80%93Manzhouli_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Harbin–Manzhouli Railway">Harbin–Manzhouli Railway</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Quail2008-26">[26]</a></li> <li>Spiral at Daheba at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=28.3283_N_106.8385_E_">28°19′42″N 106°50′19″E / 28.3283°N 106.8385°E / 28.3283; 106.8385</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Sichuan%E2%80%93Guizhou_railway" title="Sichuan–Guizhou railway">Sichuan–Guizhou railway</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></li> <li>Three spirals on the <a href="/wiki/Liupanshui%E2%80%93Baiguo_railway" title="Liupanshui–Baiguo railway">Liupanshui–Hongguo Railway</a> at: <ul><li>Maocaoping at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=26.2103_N_104.717_E_">26°12′37″N 104°43′01″E / 26.2103°N 104.7170°E / 26.2103; 104.7170</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></li> <li>Duchuanzhai at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=26.1722_N_104.7308_E_">26°10′20″N 104°43′51″E / 26.1722°N 104.7308°E / 26.1722; 104.7308</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></li> <li>Sanjiazhai at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=26.1593_N_104.7246_E_">26°09′33″N 104°43′29″E / 26.1593°N 104.7246°E / 26.1593; 104.7246</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></li></ul></li> <li>There are four spirals on the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Xinjiang_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Xinjiang Railway">Southern Xinjiang Railway</a> at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=42.8596_N_87.531_E_">42°51′35″N 87°31′52″E / 42.8596°N 87.5310°E / 42.8596; 87.5310</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=42.8346_N_87.2871_E_">42°50′05″N 87°17′14″E / 42.8346°N 87.2871°E / 42.8346; 87.2871</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=42.8828_N_86.5431_E_">42°52′58″N 86°32′35″E / 42.8828°N 86.5431°E / 42.8828; 86.5431</a> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=42.8604_N_86.4619_E_">42°51′37″N 86°27′43″E / 42.8604°N 86.4619°E / 42.8604; 86.4619</a> on a by-passed section between Yu'ergou and Hejing that is now freight only. This line was rebuilt on a shorter route in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-XJDaily20141229-37">[37]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Costa_Rica">Costa Rica</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spiral_(railway)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Costa Rica">edit</a>]</div> Replica of the Brusio Spiral Viaduct at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=10.479_N_84.82374_W_">10°28′44″N 84°49′25″W / 10.47900°N 84.82374°W / 10.47900; -84.82374</a> on the Tren Turistico Arenal, 10 km east of Nuevo Arenal, Guanacaste.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Croatia">Croatia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spiral_(railway)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Croatia">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Spiral between <a href="/wiki/Rijeka" title="Rijeka">Rijeka-Brajdica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Su%C5%A1ak,_Rijeka" title="Sušak, Rijeka">Sušak-Pećine</a> at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=45.3241_N_14.4625_E_">45°19′27″N 14°27′45″E / 45.3241°N 14.4625°E / 45.3241; 14.4625</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Rijeka" title="Rijeka">Rijeka</a>–<a href="/wiki/Karlovac" title="Karlovac">Karlovac</a> railway, part of International corridor V. The spiral is mainly in a 1838 m long tunnel.<a href="#cite_note-Balkans2017-40">[40]</a>: 215 </li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eritrea">Eritrea</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spiral_(railway)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Eritrea">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Spiral between <a href="/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara">Asmara</a> and Arbaroba at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=15.35475_N_38.98535_E_">15°21′17″N 38°59′07″E / 15.35475°N 38.98535°E / 15.35475; 38.98535</a> on <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Railway" title="Eritrean Railway">Eritrean Railways</a>. This spiral pushes the definition of a spiral as the line crosses itself but then immediately crosses back, and it does this in a tunnel.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spiral_(railway)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: France">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Three spirals on the <a href="/wiki/Col_de_Tende" title="Col de Tende">Col de Tende</a> line between <a href="/wiki/Ventimiglia" title="Ventimiglia">Ventimiglia</a> to <a href="/wiki/Cuneo" title="Cuneo">Cuneo</a> as it passes through France, a further spiral on this line is in Italy.<a href="#cite_note-TravellersMap2013-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ballitaly2016-42">[42]</a>: 155 <a href="#cite_note-Braun-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-Michelin2011-44">[44]</a> <ul><li>Just north of <a href="/wiki/Fontan_(village)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fontan (village)">Fontan</a> at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=44.016_N_7.566_E_">44°00′58″N 7°33′58″E / 44.016°N 7.566°E / 44.016; 7.566</a>.</li> <li>Saint Dalmas-de-Tende at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=44.0577_N_7.5938_E_">44°03′28″N 7°35′38″E / 44.0577°N 7.5938°E / 44.0577; 7.5938</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tende" title="Tende">Tende</a> at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=44.0987_N_7.5955_E_">44°05′55″N 7°35′44″E / 44.0987°N 7.5955°E / 44.0987; 7.5955</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>Spiral at <a href="/wiki/Mo%C3%BBtiers" title="Moûtiers">Moûtiers</a> at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=45.485628_N_6.540444_E_region:FR_type:landmark_source:Google">45°29′08″N 6°32′26″E / 45.485628°N 6.540444°E / 45.485628; 6.540444</a> between <a href="/wiki/Albertville" title="Albertville">Albertville</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bourg-Saint-Maurice" title="Bourg-Saint-Maurice">Bourg-Saint-Maurice</a> used by <a href="/wiki/TGV" title="TGV">TGV</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Michelin2011-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></li> <li>Spiral partly in a tunnel at <a href="/wiki/Claveisolles" title="Claveisolles">Claveisolles</a> at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=46.0888_N_4.4853_E_">46°05′20″N 4°29′07″E / 46.0888°N 4.4853°E / 46.0888; 4.4853</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Paray-le-Monial" title="Paray-le-Monial">Paray-le-Monial</a> to <a href="/wiki/Lozanne" title="Lozanne">Lozanne</a> line (between <a href="/wiki/Saint-Nizier-d%27Azergues" title="Saint-Nizier-d'Azergues">Saint-Nizier-d'Azergues</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poule-les-%C3%89charmeaux" title="Poule-les-Écharmeaux">Poule-les-Écharmeaux</a>).<a href="#cite_note-IanAllan2015-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></li> <li>Spiral north of L'Hospitalet près l'Andorre at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=42.605_N_1.8153_E_">42°36′18″N 1°48′55″E / 42.605°N 1.8153°E / 42.605; 1.8153</a> on the line between <a href="/wiki/Latour-de-Carol" title="Latour-de-Carol">Latour-de-Carol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ax-les-Thermes" title="Ax-les-Thermes">Ax-les-Thermes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Spain2019-49">[49]</a>: 51 <a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></li> <li>There used to be a spiral in the Sayerce tunnel at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=42.8483_N_0.546_W_">42°50′54″N 0°32′46″W / 42.8483°N 0.546°W / 42.8483; -0.546</a> on the former <a href="/wiki/Pau%E2%80%93Canfranc_railway" title="Pau–Canfranc railway">Pau–Canfranc railway</a> line between <a href="/wiki/Pau,_Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es-Atlantiques" title="Pau, Pyrénées-Atlantiques">Pau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zaragoza" title="Zaragoza">Zaragoza</a> (Spain) in the Pyrenees. This spiral is now a footpath.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-Michelin2011-44">[44]</a></li> <li>The proposed spirals between The Gravenne and Montpezat at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=44.695047_N_4.21797_E_">44°41′42″N 4°13′05″E / 44.695047°N 4.21797°E / 44.695047; 4.21797</a> on the partly completed <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcevenole_line" class="extiw" title="fr:Transcevenole line">Transcevenole line</a> between <a href="/wiki/Le_Puy-en-Velay" title="Le Puy-en-Velay">Le Puy-en-Velay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lalevade-d%27Ard%C3%A8che" title="Lalevade-d'Ardèche">Lalevade-d'Ardèche</a> in the Cévennes were never constructed.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spiral_(railway)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Germany">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Spiral, known as the <a href="/wiki/Rendsburg_Loop" title="Rendsburg Loop">Rendsburg Loop</a>, on the northern approach to the <a href="/wiki/Rendsburg_High_Bridge" title="Rendsburg High Bridge">Rendsburg High Bridge</a>, a railway viaduct and <a href="/wiki/Transporter_bridge" title="Transporter bridge">transporter bridge</a> crossing the <a href="/wiki/Kiel_Canal" title="Kiel Canal">Kiel Canal</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rendsburg" title="Rendsburg">Rendsburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a> at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=54.2995046_N_9.6769807_E_">54°17′58″N 9°40′37″E / 54.2995046°N 9.6769807°E / 54.2995046; 9.6769807</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ball2016-14">[14]</a>: 43 <a href="#cite_note-HarlinghausenMerleker1986-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a>: 95 </li> <li>Spiral on the <a href="/wiki/Wutach_Valley_Railway" title="Wutach Valley Railway">Wutach Valley Railway</a> at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=47.7916136_N_8.5019723_E_">47°47′30″N 8°30′07″E / 47.7916136°N 8.5019723°E / 47.7916136; 8.5019723</a>. The line was built partly for strategic reasons and had to be built to a reasonable gradient in order to haul heavy military trains over it. The alternative, shorter <a href="/wiki/Singen" title="Singen">Singen</a>–<a href="/wiki/Waldshut-Tiengen" title="Waldshut-Tiengen">Waldshut</a> route was not available for this traffic, since it crossed Swiss territory. The line is now a heritage railway.<a href="#cite_note-Ball2016-14">[14]</a>: 58 <a href="#cite_note-Division1945-54">[54]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spiral_(railway)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: India">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Agony_point_1921.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Agony_point_1921.jpg/220px-Agony_point_1921.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Agony_point_1921.jpg/330px-Agony_point_1921.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Agony_point_1921.jpg/440px-Agony_point_1921.jpg 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="352" /></a><figcaption>Loop (Agony Point) on the DHR, India</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>There are currently three spirals on the <a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_Himalayan_Railway" title="Darjeeling Himalayan Railway">Darjeeling Himalayan Railway</a>: <ul><li>Chunbati Loop at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=26.8416944_N_88.3410351_E_">26°50′30″N 88°20′28″E / 26.8416944°N 88.3410351°E / 26.8416944; 88.3410351</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Martin2006-55">[55]</a></li> <li>Agony Point at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=26.8576792_N_88.3277078_E_">26°51′28″N 88°19′40″E / 26.8576792°N 88.3277078°E / 26.8576792; 88.3277078</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Martin2006-55">[55]</a></li> <li>Batasia Loop at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=27.0167882_N_88.2471805_E_">27°01′00″N 88°14′50″E / 27.0167882°N 88.2471805°E / 27.0167882; 88.2471805</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Martin2006-55">[55]</a></li></ul></li></ul> The <a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_Himalayan_Railway" title="Darjeeling Himalayan Railway">Darjeeling Himalayan Railway</a> originally had five or six spirals but only five in operation at any one time. The line also has six reverses or <a href="/wiki/Zig_zag_(railway)" title="Zig zag (railway)">zig-zags</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <ul><li>There used to be a spiral at <a href="/wiki/Dhulghat_Spiral" title="Dhulghat Spiral">Dhulghat</a> at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=21.2827_N_76.7615_E_">21°16′58″N 76°45′41″E / 21.2827°N 76.7615°E / 21.2827; 76.7615</a> between <a href="/wiki/Khandwa" title="Khandwa">Khandwa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hingoli" title="Hingoli">Hingoli</a> on the metre gauge railway, the spiral was apparently removed[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] when the track was upgraded to broad gauge.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a>: 41 </li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iran">Iran</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spiral_(railway)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Iran">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Spirals near Dowgal station at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=35.8762337_N_52.9554674_E_">35°52′34″N 52°57′20″E / 35.8762337°N 52.9554674°E / 35.8762337; 52.9554674</a> and extensive <a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_curve" title="Horseshoe curve">horseshoe curves</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Alborz" title="Alborz">Alborz</a> Mountains on the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Iranian_Railway" title="Trans-Iranian Railway">Trans-Iranian Railway</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hollingsworth1982-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hughes1981-59">[59]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ireland">Ireland</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spiral_(railway)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Ireland">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Guinness_Brewery" title="Guinness Brewery">St. James's Gate Brewery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a> formerly had an internal 1 ft 10 in (559 mm) gauge railway with a loop in a tunnel to gain height between buildings.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spiral_(railway)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Italy">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Spiral at <a href="/wiki/Bortigiadas" title="Bortigiadas">Bortigiadas</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=40.8918324_N_9.0563916_E_">40°53′31″N 9°03′23″E / 40.8918324°N 9.0563916°E / 40.8918324; 9.0563916</a> on the Sassari-Palau railway on Sardinia.<a href="#cite_note-italy2009-62">[62]</a>: 179 <a href="#cite_note-Organ2013-63">[63]</a></li> <li>Spiral near <a href="/wiki/Lanusei" title="Lanusei">Lanusei</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=39.872545_N_9.540812_E_">39°52′21″N 9°32′27″E / 39.872545°N 9.540812°E / 39.872545; 9.540812</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Mandas" title="Mandas">Mandas</a>–<a href="/wiki/Gairo,_Sardinia" title="Gairo, Sardinia">Gairo</a>–<a href="/wiki/Arbatax" title="Arbatax">Arbatax</a> railway on Sardinia.<a href="#cite_note-italy2009-62">[62]</a>: 190 <a href="#cite_note-Organ2013-63">[63]</a></li> <li>Varzo Spiral Tunnel near <a href="/wiki/Iselle_di_Trasquera_railway_station" title="Iselle di Trasquera railway station">Iselle di Trasquera</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=46.2125_N_8.2270_E_">46°12′45″N 8°13′37″E / 46.2125°N 8.2270°E / 46.2125; 8.2270</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Federal_Railways" title="Swiss Federal Railways">Swiss Federal Railways</a> just south of the Southern Portal of the <a href="/wiki/Simplon_Tunnel" title="Simplon Tunnel">Simplon Tunnel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TCMap2011-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-TravellersMap2013-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-italy2009-62">[62]</a>: 9 <a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a></li> <li>Spiral near <a href="/wiki/Vernante" title="Vernante">Vernante</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=44.2368_N_7.5404_E_">44°14′12″N 7°32′25″E / 44.2368°N 7.5404°E / 44.2368; 7.5404</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Col_de_Tende" title="Col de Tende">Col de Tende</a> railway from <a href="/wiki/Ventimiglia" title="Ventimiglia">Ventimiglia</a> to <a href="/wiki/Cuneo" title="Cuneo">Cuneo</a>. There are a further three spirals on this line in French territory.<a href="#cite_note-italy2009-62">[62]</a>: 60 <a href="#cite_note-Ballitaly2016-42">[42]</a>: 155 <a href="#cite_note-Braun-43">[43]</a></li> <li>Spiral close to <a href="/wiki/Savona" title="Savona">Savona</a> at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=44.3293_N_8.4476_E_">44°19′45″N 8°26′51″E / 44.3293°N 8.4476°E / 44.3293; 8.4476</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Savona" title="Savona">Savona</a>–<a href="/wiki/Altare" title="Altare">Altare</a> line.<a href="#cite_note-Kalla-Bishop1967-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-italy2009-62">[62]</a>: 62 <a href="#cite_note-Ballitaly2016-42">[42]</a>: 155 </li> <li>Spiral just north of <a href="/wiki/Salerno" title="Salerno">Salerno</a> at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=40.6957_N_14.7665_E_">40°41′45″N 14°45′59″E / 40.6957°N 14.7665°E / 40.6957; 14.7665</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Salerno" title="Salerno">Salerno</a>–<a href="/wiki/Mercato_San_Severino" title="Mercato San Severino">Mercato San Severino</a> railway.<a href="#cite_note-Ball2016-14">[14]</a>: 86 <a href="#cite_note-italy2009-62">[62]</a>: 129 <a href="#cite_note-Ballitaly2016-42">[42]</a>: 164 </li> <li>Spiral at <a href="/wiki/Ragusa,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ragusa, Italy">Ragusa</a> at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=36.9198_N_14.7368_E_">36°55′11″N 14°44′12″E / 36.9198°N 14.7368°E / 36.9198; 14.7368</a> on the approach to <a href="/wiki/Ragusa,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ragusa, Italy">Ragusa</a> from <a href="/wiki/Modica" title="Modica">Modica</a> on Sicily.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ballitaly2016-42">[42]</a>: 168 </li> <li>Spiral between Medaglie d'Oro and Salvator Rosa at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=40.8478_N_14.2312_E_">40°50′52″N 14°13′52″E / 40.8478°N 14.2312°E / 40.8478; 14.2312</a> on Line 1 of <a href="/wiki/Naples_Metro" title="Naples Metro">Naples Metro</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vanvitelli_(Naples_Metro)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanvitelli (Naples Metro)">Vanvitelli</a> and Quattro Giornale stations are on the loop itself.<a href="#cite_note-transit2007-67">[67]</a>: 112 <a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a></li> <li>Spiral at <a href="/wiki/Casole_Bruzio" title="Casole Bruzio">Casole Bruzio</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=39.278195_N_16.339308_E_">39°16′42″N 16°20′22″E / 39.278195°N 16.339308°E / 39.278195; 16.339308</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Cosenza" title="Cosenza">Cosenza</a> to <a href="/wiki/San_Giovanni_in_Fiore" title="San Giovanni in Fiore">San Giovanni in Fiore</a> line (line exists but is not in service).<a href="#cite_note-Ball2016-14">[14]</a>: 87 </li> <li>There were three spirals at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=42.7413_N_12.7828_E_">42°44′29″N 12°46′58″E / 42.7413°N 12.7828°E / 42.7413; 12.7828</a> Caprareccia and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=42.7415_N_12.8199_E_">42°44′29″N 12°49′12″E / 42.7415°N 12.8199°E / 42.7415; 12.8199</a> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=42.7458_N_12.8204_E_">42°44′45″N 12°49′13″E / 42.7458°N 12.8204°E / 42.7458; 12.8204</a> near <a href="/wiki/San_Martino_Agelli" class="mw-redirect" title="San Martino Agelli">San Martino</a> on the former <a href="/wiki/Spoleto" title="Spoleto">Spoleto</a>–<a href="/wiki/Norcia" title="Norcia">Norcia</a> line.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spiral_(railway)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Japan">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Okoba_spiral_and_zig_zag_aerial_photography_1976-001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Okoba_spiral_and_zig_zag_aerial_photography_1976-001.jpg/220px-Okoba_spiral_and_zig_zag_aerial_photography_1976-001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Okoba_spiral_and_zig_zag_aerial_photography_1976-001.jpg/330px-Okoba_spiral_and_zig_zag_aerial_photography_1976-001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Okoba_spiral_and_zig_zag_aerial_photography_1976-001.jpg/440px-Okoba_spiral_and_zig_zag_aerial_photography_1976-001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="853" data-file-height="678" /></a><figcaption>Okoba spiral and <a href="/wiki/Zig_zag_(railway)" title="Zig zag (railway)">zig zag</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hisatsu_Line" title="Hisatsu Line">Hisatsu Line</a>, Japan </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3_Chome_Kaigan,_Minato-ku,_T%C5%8Dky%C5%8D-to_105-0022,_Japan_-_panoramio_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/3_Chome_Kaigan%2C_Minato-ku%2C_T%C5%8Dky%C5%8D-to_105-0022%2C_Japan_-_panoramio_%283%29.jpg/220px-3_Chome_Kaigan%2C_Minato-ku%2C_T%C5%8Dky%C5%8D-to_105-0022%2C_Japan_-_panoramio_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/3_Chome_Kaigan%2C_Minato-ku%2C_T%C5%8Dky%C5%8D-to_105-0022%2C_Japan_-_panoramio_%283%29.jpg/330px-3_Chome_Kaigan%2C_Minato-ku%2C_T%C5%8Dky%C5%8D-to_105-0022%2C_Japan_-_panoramio_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/3_Chome_Kaigan%2C_Minato-ku%2C_T%C5%8Dky%C5%8D-to_105-0022%2C_Japan_-_panoramio_%283%29.jpg/440px-3_Chome_Kaigan%2C_Minato-ku%2C_T%C5%8Dky%C5%8D-to_105-0022%2C_Japan_-_panoramio_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3723" data-file-height="2097" /></a><figcaption>Spiral loop, west of <a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Bridge_(Tokyo)" title="Rainbow Bridge (Tokyo)">Rainbow Bridge</a> in Tokyo, Japan.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Spiral South of Echigo-Nakazato at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=36.896908_N_138.8356393_E_">36°53′49″N 138°50′08″E / 36.896908°N 138.8356393°E / 36.896908; 138.8356393</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a> bound <a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Detsu_Line" title="Jōetsu Line">Jōetsu Line</a>.<a href="#cite_note-JapanHistory-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-JapanMap-71">[71]</a>: 53 <a href="#cite_note-NDTA-72">[72]</a></li> <li>Spiral at <a href="/wiki/Shimizu_Tunnel" title="Shimizu Tunnel">Shimizu Tunnel</a> at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=36.805837_N_138.9923663_E_">36°48′21″N 138°59′33″E / 36.805837°N 138.9923663°E / 36.805837; 138.9923663</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>-bound <a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Detsu_Line" title="Jōetsu Line">Jōetsu Line</a>.<a href="#cite_note-JapanHistory-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-JapanMap-71">[71]</a>: 53 <a href="#cite_note-NDTA-72">[72]</a></li> <li>Spiral South of <a href="/wiki/Tsuruga_Station" title="Tsuruga Station">Tsuruga Station</a> at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=35.6118281_N_136.07083_E_">35°36′43″N 136°04′15″E / 35.6118281°N 136.07083°E / 35.6118281; 136.07083</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Hokuriku_Main_Line" title="Hokuriku Main Line">Hokuriku Main Line</a> to <a href="/wiki/Shin-Hikida_Station" title="Shin-Hikida Station">Shin-Hikida Station</a>.<a href="#cite_note-JapanHistory-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-JapanMap-71">[71]</a>: 73 </li> <li>Spiral at <a href="/wiki/Okoba_Station" title="Okoba Station">Okoba Station</a> at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=32.165707_N_130.7810953_E_">32°09′57″N 130°46′52″E / 32.165707°N 130.7810953°E / 32.165707; 130.7810953</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Hisatsu_Line" title="Hisatsu Line">Hisatsu Line</a>. Okoba Station is situated on a zig zag part way around the loop.<a href="#cite_note-JapanMap-71">[71]</a>: 131 </li> <li>Spiral on the <a href="/wiki/Nakamura_Line" title="Nakamura Line">Nakamura Line</a> just after its junction with the <a href="/wiki/Yodo_Line" title="Yodo Line">Yodo Line</a> at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=33.159697_N_133.0907083_E_">33°09′35″N 133°05′27″E / 33.159697°N 133.0907083°E / 33.159697; 133.0907083</a>.<a href="#cite_note-JapanMap-71">[71]</a>: 122 </li> <li>Spiral on the western approach to the <a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Bridge_(Tokyo)" title="Rainbow Bridge (Tokyo)">Rainbow Bridge</a> at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=35.637366_N_139.7541263_E_">35°38′15″N 139°45′15″E / 35.637366°N 139.7541263°E / 35.637366; 139.7541263</a> on <a href="/wiki/Yurikamome" title="Yurikamome">New Transit Yurikamome</a> automated transit service in Tokyo.<a href="#cite_note-transit2007-67">[67]</a>: 43 <a href="#cite_note-JapanMap-71">[71]</a>: 149 </li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kenya">Kenya</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spiral_(railway)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Kenya">edit</a>]</div> There are three spirals on the 1,000 mm (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) <a href="/wiki/Metre_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Metre gauge">gauge</a> railway line from <a href="/wiki/Uganda_Railway" title="Uganda Railway">Kenya to Uganda</a>. This railway has been superseded by the <a href="/wiki/Mombasa%E2%80%93Nairobi_Standard_Gauge_Railway" title="Mombasa–Nairobi Standard Gauge Railway">Mombasa–Nairobi Standard Gauge Railway</a>, which has removed the need for spirals by constructing tunnels and bridges.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> <ul><li>Spiral South of <a href="/wiki/Mazeras" title="Mazeras">Mazeras</a> at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=3.995608_S_39.5441203_E_">3°59′44″S 39°32′39″E / 3.995608°S 39.5441203°E / -3.995608; 39.5441203</a> near Mombasa.</li> <li>Spiral near Makutano station at : <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=0.043457_S_35.641461_E_">0°02′36″S 35°38′29″E / 0.043457°S 35.641461°E / -0.043457; 35.641461</a>.</li> <li>Spiral near Equator station at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=0.007183_S_35.551033_E_">0°00′26″S 35°33′04″E / 0.007183°S 35.551033°E / -0.007183; 35.551033</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Madagascar">Madagascar</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spiral_(railway)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Madagascar">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Spiral at Anjiro at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=18.8657_S_47.9668_E_">18°51′57″S 47°58′00″E / 18.8657°S 47.9668°E / -18.8657; 47.9668</a> on the main line from <a href="/wiki/Antananarivo" title="Antananarivo">Antananarivo</a> to <a href="/wiki/Toamasina" title="Toamasina">Toamasina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mexico">Mexico</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spiral_(railway)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Mexico">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Spiral between <a href="/wiki/Creel,_Chihuahua" title="Creel, Chihuahua">Creel</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=San_Rafael,_Chihuahua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="San Rafael, Chihuahua (page does not exist)">San Rafael</a> at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=27.6548_N_107.7391_W_">27°39′17″N 107°44′21″W / 27.6548°N 107.7391°W / 27.6548; -107.7391</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Ferrocarril_Chihuahua_al_Pac%C3%ADfico" title="Ferrocarril Chihuahua al Pacífico">Ferrocarril Chihuahua al Pacífico</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wampler1969-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-Planet2014-80">[80]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Myanmar">Myanmar</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spiral_(railway)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Myanmar">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taunggyi_line,_Myanmar_(Burma).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Taunggyi_line%2C_Myanmar_%28Burma%29.jpg/220px-Taunggyi_line%2C_Myanmar_%28Burma%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Taunggyi_line%2C_Myanmar_%28Burma%29.jpg/330px-Taunggyi_line%2C_Myanmar_%28Burma%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Taunggyi_line%2C_Myanmar_%28Burma%29.jpg/440px-Taunggyi_line%2C_Myanmar_%28Burma%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Spiral in <a href="/wiki/Thazi,_Meiktila,_Mandalay_Region" title="Thazi, Meiktila, Mandalay Region">Thazi</a> – <a href="/wiki/Taunggyi" title="Taunggyi">Taunggyi</a> line, <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Myanmar</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>One spiral on the <a href="/wiki/Burma_Mines_Railway" title="Burma Mines Railway">Burma Mines Railway</a> at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=23.10354_N_97.323176_E_">23°06′13″N 97°19′23″E / 23.103540°N 97.323176°E / 23.103540; 97.323176</a>.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a></li> <li>One spiral close to <a href="/wiki/Shwenyaung" title="Shwenyaung">Shwenyaung</a> at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=20.7349_N_96.8633113_E_">20°44′06″N 96°51′48″E / 20.7349°N 96.8633113°E / 20.7349; 96.8633113</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Thazi,_Meiktila,_Mandalay_Region" title="Thazi, Meiktila, Mandalay Region">Thazi</a>-<a href="/wiki/Taunggyi" title="Taunggyi">Taunggyi</a> line.<a href="#cite_note-Enriquez1935-84">[84]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spiral_(railway)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: New Zealand">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raurimu_Spiral" title="Raurimu Spiral">Raurimu Spiral</a> at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=39.120337_S_175.4010443_E_">39°07′13″S 175°24′04″E / 39.120337°S 175.4010443°E / -39.120337; 175.4010443</a> on the <a href="/wiki/North_Island_Main_Trunk" title="North Island Main Trunk">North Island Main Trunk</a>. The line is single track and involves two short tunnels around a suitable hill.<a href="#cite_note-Pierre1981-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nock1978-86">[86]</a></li> <li>Spiral on the <a href="/wiki/Driving_Creek_Railway" title="Driving Creek Railway">Driving Creek Railway</a> at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=36.73535_S_175.50551_E_">36°44′07″S 175°30′20″E / 36.73535°S 175.50551°E / -36.73535; 175.50551</a>. This railway also has several reverses or zig-zags.<a href="#cite_note-WATERWORLD-87">[87]</a></li> <li>There used to be a spiral at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=38.70687_S_175.365488_E_">38°42′25″S 175°21′56″E / 38.706870°S 175.365488°E / -38.706870; 175.365488</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Ellis_and_Burnand_Tramway,_Ongarue" title="Ellis and Burnand Tramway, Ongarue">Ellis and Burnand Tramway, Ongarue</a>, which closed in 1958 and is now part of the <a href="/wiki/Timber_Trail#Southern_section" title="Timber Trail">Timber Trail</a>.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Norway">Norway</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spiral_(railway)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Norway">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Spiral on the <a href="/wiki/Fl%C3%A5m_Line" title="Flåm Line">Flåm Line</a> between <a href="/wiki/Myrdal" title="Myrdal">Myrdal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fl%C3%A5m" title="Flåm">Flåm</a> at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=60.744_N_7.1315_E_">60°44′38″N 7°07′53″E / 60.744°N 7.1315°E / 60.744; 7.1315</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IanAllan2015-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a></li> <li>Spiral on the <a href="/wiki/Vestfold_Line" title="Vestfold Line">Vestfold Line</a> around the town of <a href="/wiki/T%C3%B8nsberg" title="Tønsberg">Tønsberg</a> at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=59.2787_N_10.4082_E_">59°16′43″N 10°24′30″E / 59.2787°N 10.4082°E / 59.2787; 10.4082</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peru">Peru</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spiral_(railway)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Peru">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Spiral between San Bartolome and Matucana at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=11.8669_S_76.4207_W_">11°52′01″S 76°25′15″W / 11.8669°S 76.4207°W / -11.8669; -76.4207</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Ferrocarril_Central_Andino" title="Ferrocarril Central Andino">Central Railway</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia">Russia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spiral_(railway)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Russia">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Spiral just north of Indyuk at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=44.2466227_N_39.2422978_E_">44°14′48″N 39°14′32″E / 44.2466227°N 39.2422978°E / 44.2466227; 39.2422978</a> on the <a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus_Railway" title="North Caucasus Railway">North Caucasus Railway</a> route from <a href="/wiki/Tuapse" title="Tuapse">Tuapse</a> (Tуапсе) through Gornyy to <a href="/wiki/Belorechensk,_Krasnodar_Krai" title="Belorechensk, Krasnodar Krai">Belorechensk</a> (Белореченск).<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a></li> <li>There used to be a spiral at "Devil's Bridge", <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=46.9871792_N_142.1150693_E_">46°59′14″N 142°06′54″E / 46.9871792°N 142.1150693°E / 46.9871792; 142.1150693</a> on the now abandoned line from <a href="/wiki/Kholmsk" title="Kholmsk">Kholmsk</a> to <a href="/wiki/Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk_railway_station" title="Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk railway station">Yushno-Sakhalinsk</a> on <a href="/wiki/Sakhalin" title="Sakhalin">Sakhalin Island</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Serbia">Serbia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spiral_(railway)&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Serbia">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Spiral at Jatare at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=43.800867_N_19.5198113_E_">43°48′03″N 19°31′11″E / 43.800867°N 19.5198113°E / 43.800867; 19.5198113</a> on the <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0argan_Eight" title="Šargan Eight">Šargan Eight Heritage Railway</a> in Western Serbia between from <a href="/wiki/Mokra_Gora" title="Mokra Gora">Mokra Gora</a> and Šargan Vitasi.<a href="#cite_note-IanAllan2015-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-Balkans2017-40">[40]</a>: 222 </li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slovakia">Slovakia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spiral_(railway)&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Slovakia">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Spiral at <a href="/wiki/Telg%C3%A1rt" title="Telgárt">Telgártska slučka</a> at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=48.855024_N_20.1912296_E_">48°51′18″N 20°11′28″E / 48.855024°N 20.1912296°E / 48.855024; 20.1912296</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Brezno" title="Brezno">Brezno</a> to <a href="/wiki/Gelnica" title="Gelnica">Gelnica</a> Line. The spiral is constructed of two viaducts and a 1,200m tunnel.<a href="#cite_note-IanAllan2015-47">[47]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spiral_(railway)&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: South Africa">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Spiral near <a href="/wiki/Komga" title="Komga">Komga</a> at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=32.5343497_S_27.9921599_E_">32°32′04″S 27°59′32″E / 32.5343497°S 27.9921599°E / -32.5343497; 27.9921599</a> on the branch line to <a href="/wiki/Mthatha" title="Mthatha">Mthatha</a> as it descends to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Kei_River" title="Great Kei River">Great Kei River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AfricaBoard1947-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a></li> <li>Spiral at <a href="/wiki/Van_Reenen" title="Van Reenen">Van Reenen</a>'s Pass at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=28.3707_S_29.3881_E_">28°22′15″S 29°23′17″E / 28.3707°S 29.3881°E / -28.3707; 29.3881</a> on the line from <a href="/wiki/Harrismith" title="Harrismith">Harrismith</a> to <a href="/wiki/Ladysmith,_KwaZulu-Natal" title="Ladysmith, KwaZulu-Natal">Ladysmith</a>.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-ShortenCouncil1970-98">[98]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Korea">South Korea</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spiral_(railway)&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: South Korea">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jungang_Line_-_Geumdae_2nd_Tunnel_060606.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Jungang_Line_-_Geumdae_2nd_Tunnel_060606.JPG/220px-Jungang_Line_-_Geumdae_2nd_Tunnel_060606.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Jungang_Line_-_Geumdae_2nd_Tunnel_060606.JPG/330px-Jungang_Line_-_Geumdae_2nd_Tunnel_060606.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Jungang_Line_-_Geumdae_2nd_Tunnel_060606.JPG/440px-Jungang_Line_-_Geumdae_2nd_Tunnel_060606.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Geumdae 2nd Tunnel in <a href="/wiki/Jungang_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Jungang Line">Jungang Line</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> </figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Spiral at Hambaek 1st Tunnel at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=37.2219_N_128.7027_E_">37°13′19″N 128°42′10″E / 37.2219°N 128.7027°E / 37.2219; 128.7027</a> between Hambaek station and Jodong station on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hambaek_Line&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hambaek Line (page does not exist)">Hambaek Line</a>;– one loop, single track.<a href="#cite_note-Quail1996-99">[99]</a></li> <li>Spiral at Solan Tunnel at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=37.1585_N_129.0308_E_">37°09′31″N 129°01′51″E / 37.1585°N 129.0308°E / 37.1585; 129.0308</a> between East Baeksan station and Dogye station on the <a href="/wiki/Yeongdong_Line" title="Yeongdong Line">Yeongdong Line</a>. There is one loop on a single track railway but double track is installed in the middle of the tunnel to enable trains from opposing directions to pass each other.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a></li> <li>There used to be a spiral at Daegang Tunnel at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=36.9209_N_128.3795_E_">36°55′15″N 128°22′46″E / 36.9209°N 128.3795°E / 36.9209; 128.3795</a> between Danseong station and Jungnyeong station on the <a href="/wiki/Jungang_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Jungang Line">Jungang Line</a>;– one loop, single track.<a href="#cite_note-Quail1996-99">[99]</a> A new double track tunnel has opened which by-passes the line with the spiral, which has since closed.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>There used to be a spiral at Ddwari Tunnel at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=37.2738_N_128.0216_E_">37°16′26″N 128°01′18″E / 37.2738°N 128.0216°E / 37.2738; 128.0216</a> between Geumgyo station and Chiak station on <a href="/wiki/Jungang_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Jungang Line">Jungang Line</a>. A new double track tunnel has opened which by-passes the line with the spiral, which has since closed.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spain">Spain</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spiral_(railway)&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Spain">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Spiral near <a href="/wiki/Toses" title="Toses">Toses</a> at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=42.3252_N_2.0307_E_">42°19′31″N 2°01′51″E / 42.3252°N 2.0307°E / 42.3252; 2.0307</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Ripoll" title="Ripoll">Ripoll</a> to <a href="/wiki/Latour-de-Carol" title="Latour-de-Carol">Latour-de-Carol</a>, France line.<a href="#cite_note-TCMap2011-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-spain2003-103">[103]</a>: 30 </li> <li>Spiral at La Granja de San Vicente at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=42.605_N_6.2883_W_">42°36′18″N 6°17′18″W / 42.605°N 6.2883°W / 42.605; -6.2883</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Palencia" title="Palencia">Palencia</a> to <a href="/wiki/A_Coru%C3%B1a" title="A Coruña">A Coruña</a> line.<a href="#cite_note-spain2003-103">[103]</a>: 18 <a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sri_Lanka">Sri Lanka</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spiral_(railway)&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Sri Lanka">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Spiral at <a href="/wiki/Demodara_railway_station" title="Demodara railway station">Demodara railway station</a> at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=6.902874_N_81.062919_E_">6°54′10″N 81°03′47″E / 6.902874°N 81.062919°E / 6.902874; 81.062919</a> on the line from <a href="/wiki/Bandarawela" title="Bandarawela">Bandarawela</a> to <a href="/wiki/Badulla" title="Badulla">Badulla</a>. <a href="/wiki/Demodara_railway_station" title="Demodara railway station">Demodara railway station</a> is located above the spiral tunnel.<a href="#cite_note-Cumaranatunga2009-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Switzerland">Switzerland</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spiral_(railway)&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Switzerland">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albulabahn01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Albulabahn01.jpg/220px-Albulabahn01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Albulabahn01.jpg/330px-Albulabahn01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Albulabahn01.jpg/440px-Albulabahn01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Toua spiral tunnel on the <a href="/wiki/Rhaetian_Railway" title="Rhaetian Railway">RhB</a> <a href="/wiki/Albula_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Albula Railway">Albulabahn</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Gotthard_railway" title="Gotthard railway">Gotthard railway</a> has spirals and <a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_curve" title="Horseshoe curve"> horseshoe curves or bends</a> mostly in tunnels on its <a href="/wiki/Standard_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard gauge">standard gauge</a>, double track line. The spirals are: <ul><li>North of Wassen at Pfaffensprung on the Northern approach at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=46.722034_N_8.6095033_E_">46°43′19″N 8°36′34″E / 46.722034°N 8.6095033°E / 46.722034; 8.6095033</a>, this loop is followed by two horseshoe bends around <a href="/wiki/Wassen" title="Wassen">Wassen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nock1978-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-Swiss2016-107">[107]</a>: 143 </li> <li>Piottino spirals on the Southern approach at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=46.494787_N_8.7370045_E_">46°29′41″N 8°44′13″E / 46.494787°N 8.7370045°E / 46.494787; 8.7370045</a> and at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=46.486278_N_8.7688043_E_">46°29′11″N 8°46′08″E / 46.486278°N 8.7688043°E / 46.486278; 8.7688043</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nock1978-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-Swiss2016-107">[107]</a>: 143 </li> <li>Biaschina double spiral near <a href="/wiki/Anzonico" title="Anzonico">Anzonico</a> at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=46.423613_N_8.861917_E_">46°25′25″N 8°51′43″E / 46.423613°N 8.861917°E / 46.423613; 8.861917</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nock1978-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-Swiss2016-107">[107]</a>: 149 </li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhaetian_Railway" title="Rhaetian Railway">RhB</a> <a href="/wiki/Albula_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Albula Railway">Albulabahn</a> has four spirals, mainly in tunnels, on its <a href="/wiki/Metre_gauge_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Metre gauge railway">metre gauge</a> single track. The spirals are at: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filisur" title="Filisur">Filisur</a> at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=46.675145_N_9.6851513_E_">46°40′31″N 9°41′07″E / 46.675145°N 9.6851513°E / 46.675145; 9.6851513</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nock1978-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-Swiss2016-107">[107]</a>: 144 <a href="#cite_note-Westwood2009-108">[108]</a></li> <li>South of <a href="/wiki/Berg%C3%BCn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bergün">Bergün</a> at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=46.603132_N_9.7176171_E_">46°36′11″N 9°43′03″E / 46.603132°N 9.7176171°E / 46.603132; 9.7176171</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nock1978-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-Swiss2016-107">[107]</a>: 144 <a href="#cite_note-Westwood2009-108">[108]</a></li> <li>Double spiral North of <a href="/wiki/Preda" title="Preda">Preda</a> at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=46.596291_N_9.7425725_E_">46°35′47″N 9°44′33″E / 46.596291°N 9.7425725°E / 46.596291; 9.7425725</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nock1978-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-Swiss2016-107">[107]</a>: 144 <a href="#cite_note-Westwood2009-108">[108]</a></li> <li>It could also be argued that the horseshoe curves immediately South of <a href="/wiki/Berg%C3%BCn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bergün">Bergün</a> at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=46.621283_N_9.7524213_E_">46°37′17″N 9°45′09″E / 46.621283°N 9.7524213°E / 46.621283; 9.7524213</a> also form a spiral as it appears that one curve overlaps the other.<a href="#cite_note-Nock1978-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-Swiss2016-107">[107]</a>: 144 <a href="#cite_note-Westwood2009-108">[108]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brusio_spiral_viaduct" title="Brusio spiral viaduct">Brusio spiral viaduct</a> at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=46.251333_N_10.1209571_E_">46°15′05″N 10°07′15″E / 46.251333°N 10.1209571°E / 46.251333; 10.1209571</a> on <a href="/wiki/Rhaetian_Railway" title="Rhaetian Railway">RhB</a> <a href="/wiki/Bernina_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernina railway">Berninabahn</a>. This is a fine example of an open spiral mainly on the <a href="/wiki/Brusio_spiral_viaduct" title="Brusio spiral viaduct">Brusio spiral viaduct</a> on a metre gauge single track railway.<a href="#cite_note-Swiss2016-107">[107]</a>: 145 </li> <li>Spiral South of <a href="/wiki/Gletsch" title="Gletsch">Gletsch</a> at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=46.5577_N_8.3550773_E_">46°33′28″N 8°21′18″E / 46.5577°N 8.3550773°E / 46.5577; 8.3550773</a> on the former <a href="/wiki/Furka_Oberalp_Bahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Furka Oberalp Bahn">Furka Oberalp Bahn</a>, now <a href="/wiki/Furka_Cogwheel_Steam_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Furka Cogwheel Steam Railway">Dampfbahn Furka-Bergstrecke</a> Heritage Railway. This is a single track partial <a href="/wiki/Rack_railway" title="Rack railway">rack railway</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Overhead_line" title="Overhead line">catenary</a> equipment removed.<a href="#cite_note-Lambert2005-109">[109]</a></li> <li>Spiral East of <a href="/wiki/Grengiols" title="Grengiols">Grengiols</a> at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=46.378156_N_8.0948933_E_">46°22′41″N 8°05′42″E / 46.378156°N 8.0948933°E / 46.378156; 8.0948933</a> on the former <a href="/wiki/Furka_Oberalp_Bahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Furka Oberalp Bahn">Furka Oberalp Bahn</a>, now <a href="/wiki/Matterhorn_Gotthard_Bahn" title="Matterhorn Gotthard Bahn">Matterhorn Gotthard Bahn</a>, between <a href="/wiki/Grengiols" title="Grengiols">Grengiols</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lax,_Switzerland" title="Lax, Switzerland">Lax</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Swiss2016-107">[107]</a>: 148 </li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taiwan">Taiwan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spiral_(railway)&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Taiwan">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tunnel114.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Tunnel114.jpg/220px-Tunnel114.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Tunnel114.jpg/330px-Tunnel114.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Tunnel114.jpg/440px-Tunnel114.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1051" data-file-height="985" /></a><figcaption>Triple spiral loop on the <a href="/wiki/Alishan_Forest_Railway" title="Alishan Forest Railway">Alishan Forest Railway</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Triple spiral at Dulishan at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=23.5363374_N_120.6019135_E_">23°32′11″N 120°36′07″E / 23.5363374°N 120.6019135°E / 23.5363374; 120.6019135</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Alishan_Forest_Railway" title="Alishan Forest Railway">Alishan Forest Railway</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Company1993-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uganda">Uganda</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spiral_(railway)&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Uganda">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>There used to be a spiral at Circle Hill <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=0.1902_N_30.3634_E_">0°11′25″N 30°21′48″E / 0.1902°N 30.3634°E / 0.1902; 30.3634</a> on the Western Uganda Extension of the <a href="/wiki/Uganda_Railway" title="Uganda Railway">Kenya to Uganda Railway Line</a> to <a href="/wiki/Kasese" title="Kasese">Kasese</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AminMatheson1986-112">[112]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spiral_(railway)&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: United Kingdom">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dduallt_spiral_simkins.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Dduallt_spiral_simkins.jpg/220px-Dduallt_spiral_simkins.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Dduallt_spiral_simkins.jpg/330px-Dduallt_spiral_simkins.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Dduallt_spiral_simkins.jpg/440px-Dduallt_spiral_simkins.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>The bridge on the spiral loop at <a href="/wiki/Dduallt_railway_station" title="Dduallt railway station">Dduallt</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Ffestiniog_Railway" title="Ffestiniog Railway">Ffestiniog Railway</a>, Wales.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Spiral around <a href="/wiki/Dduallt_railway_station" title="Dduallt railway station">Dduallt railway station</a> at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=52.9602_N_3.9686_W_region:GB">52°57′37″N 3°58′07″W / 52.9602°N 3.9686°W / 52.9602; -3.9686</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Ffestiniog_Railway" title="Ffestiniog Railway">Ffestiniog Railway</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Heavyside1980-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-Westwood2009-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-Baker2010-114">[114]</a></li> <li>The line at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=50.4451597_N_4.4768321_W_region:GB">50°26′43″N 4°28′37″W / 50.4451597°N 4.4768321°W / 50.4451597; -4.4768321</a> from Moorswater cement terminal, through <a href="/wiki/Coombe_Junction_Halt_railway_station" title="Coombe Junction Halt railway station">Coombe Junction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liskeard_railway_station" title="Liskeard railway station">Liskeard</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Looe_Valley_Line" title="Looe Valley Line">Looe Valley Line</a> and on over <a href="/wiki/Cornwall_Railway_viaducts#Moorswater" title="Cornwall Railway viaducts">Moorswater Viaduct</a> forms a complete spiral, climbing up to join the main line at Liskeard. Not all parts are used by passenger trains.<a href="#cite_note-Publishing1982-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-Baker2010-114">[114]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spiral_(railway)&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tehachapi_Loop_USGS_closeup.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Tehachapi_Loop_USGS_closeup.jpg/220px-Tehachapi_Loop_USGS_closeup.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Tehachapi_Loop_USGS_closeup.jpg/330px-Tehachapi_Loop_USGS_closeup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Tehachapi_Loop_USGS_closeup.jpg/440px-Tehachapi_Loop_USGS_closeup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tehachapi_Loop" title="Tehachapi Loop">Tehachapi Loop</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Union_Pacific_Railroad" title="Union Pacific Railroad">Union Pacific Railroad</a>, California, United States, viewed from the air.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Riflesight_Notch_1903.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Riflesight_Notch_1903.PNG/220px-Riflesight_Notch_1903.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Riflesight_Notch_1903.PNG/330px-Riflesight_Notch_1903.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Riflesight_Notch_1903.PNG/440px-Riflesight_Notch_1903.PNG 2x" data-file-width="511" data-file-height="317" /></a><figcaption>1903 view of Riflesight Notch loop, near <a href="/wiki/Rollins_Pass" title="Rollins Pass">Rollins Pass</a> in Colorado</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tehachapi_Loop" title="Tehachapi Loop">Tehachapi Loop</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Tehachapi,_California" title="Tehachapi, California">Tehachapi, California</a> at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=35.200833_N_118.536944_W_">35°12′03″N 118°32′13″W / 35.200833°N 118.536944°W / 35.200833; -118.536944</a> on the former <a href="/wiki/Southern_Pacific_Transportation_Company" title="Southern Pacific Transportation Company">Southern Pacific</a> Railroad, now part of <a href="/wiki/Union_Pacific_Railroad" title="Union Pacific Railroad">Union Pacific Railroad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Griswold1992-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ingles2001-117">[117]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williams_Loop" title="Williams Loop">Williams Loop</a>, east of <a href="/wiki/East_Quincy,_California" title="East Quincy, California">East Quincy, California</a> at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=39.910131_N_120.807949_W_">39°54′36″N 120°48′29″W / 39.910131°N 120.807949°W / 39.910131; -120.807949</a> on the former <a href="/wiki/Western_Pacific_Railroad" title="Western Pacific Railroad">Western Pacific Railroad</a> now part of <a href="/wiki/Union_Pacific_Railroad" title="Union Pacific Railroad">Union Pacific Railroad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Solomon-118">[118]</a></li> <li>Hiwassee Loop, also known as the Hook and Eye; 2 miles NNE of <a href="/wiki/Farner,_Tennessee" title="Farner, Tennessee">Farner, Tennessee</a> at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=35.181257_N_84.299707_W_">35°10′53″N 84°17′59″W / 35.181257°N 84.299707°W / 35.181257; -84.299707</a> on the former <a href="/wiki/Atlanta,_Knoxville_and_Northern_Railway" title="Atlanta, Knoxville and Northern Railway">Atlanta, Knoxville and Northern Railway</a> now operated as a <a href="/wiki/Heritage_railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Heritage railroad">heritage railroad</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Railroad_Museum" title="Tennessee Valley Railroad Museum">Tennessee Valley Railroad Museum</a>, which operates excursion trains from <a href="/wiki/Etowah,_Tennessee" title="Etowah, Tennessee">Etowah, Tennessee</a> to <a href="/wiki/Copperhill,_Tennessee" title="Copperhill, Tennessee">Copperhill, Tennessee</a> via the loop, as well as trains just to the loop and back from Etowah.<a href="#cite_note-Klein1972-119">[119]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgetown_Loop_Railroad" title="Georgetown Loop Railroad">Georgetown Loop</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Georgetown,_Colorado" title="Georgetown, Colorado">Georgetown, Colorado</a> at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=39.7005794_N_105.7087871_W_">39°42′02″N 105°42′32″W / 39.7005794°N 105.7087871°W / 39.7005794; -105.7087871</a> on the former <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Central_Railroad" title="Colorado Central Railroad">Colorado Central Railroad</a>. The spiral was completed in 1884, abandoned and dismantled in 1939, rebuilt between 1972 and 1984 and is now owned by <a href="/wiki/History_Colorado" title="History Colorado">History Colorado</a> and operated as the <a href="/wiki/Georgetown_Loop_Railroad" title="Georgetown Loop Railroad">Georgetown Loop Railroad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GriswoldGriswold1988-120">[120]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/MAX_Red_Line" title="MAX Red Line">MAX Red Line</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Light_rail" title="Light rail">light rail</a> line in <a href="/wiki/Portland,_Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland, Oregon</a>, loops over itself at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=45.5307_N_122.5636_W_">45°31′51″N 122°33′49″W / 45.5307°N 122.5636°W / 45.5307; -122.5636</a> in the vicinity of the <a href="/wiki/Gateway_Transit_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Gateway Transit Center">Gateway Transit Center</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MAX-121">[121]</a></li> <li>In the Loop District of the <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Railroad" title="Alaska Railroad">Alaska Railroad</a> at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=60.660062_N_149.041251_W_">60°39′36″N 149°02′29″W / 60.660062°N 149.041251°W / 60.660062; -149.041251</a> between <a href="/wiki/Milepost" class="mw-redirect" title="Milepost">mileposts</a> 48 and 51 northeast of <a href="/wiki/Seward,_Alaska" title="Seward, Alaska">Seward, Alaska</a>, there was a spiral and a <a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_curve" title="Horseshoe curve">horseshoe curve</a> both on an extensive range of timber <a href="/wiki/Trestle_bridge" title="Trestle bridge">trestles</a> up to 106 feet high. Track relocation in 1951 removed all of this but added a new horseshoe at milepost 48. <a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a></li> <li>Abandoned spiral at Riflesight Notch Loop at <a href="/wiki/Rollinsville,_Colorado" title="Rollinsville, Colorado">Rollinsville, Colorado</a> at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=39.9001_N_105.713_W_">39°54′00″N 105°42′47″W / 39.9001°N 105.7130°W / 39.9001; -105.7130</a> on the former <a href="/wiki/Denver_and_Salt_Lake_Railway" title="Denver and Salt Lake Railway">Denver and Salt Lake Railway</a> route over <a href="/wiki/Rollins_Pass" title="Rollins Pass">Rollins Pass</a>. The spiral was bypassed by the <a href="/wiki/Moffat_Tunnel" title="Moffat Tunnel">Moffat Tunnel</a> built in 1928, and was dismantled in 1935.<a href="#cite_note-LeMassena1984-123">[123]</a></li> <li>Abandoned spiral called Double Circle, or Double Loop, or The Golden Circle, at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=39.985246_N_112.044138_W_">39°59′07″N 112°02′39″W / 39.985246°N 112.044138°W / 39.985246; -112.044138</a> east of <a href="/wiki/Eureka,_Utah" title="Eureka, Utah">Eureka, Utah</a> on the former Tintic branch of the <a href="/wiki/Denver_and_Rio_Grande_Western_Railroad" title="Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad">Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad</a>. It was bypassed in 1940 and the branch removed in 1943.<a href="#cite_note-drgnet-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-utrails1-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-utrails2-126">[126]</a></li> <li>Abandoned spiral on the <a href="/wiki/Roaring_Camp_and_Big_Trees_Narrow_Gauge_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Roaring Camp and Big Trees Narrow Gauge Railroad">Roaring Camp and Big Trees Railroad</a> at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spiral_(railway)&params=37.0426_N_122.0649_W_">37°02′33″N 122°03′54″W / 37.0426°N 122.0649°W / 37.0426; -122.0649</a>. The spiral was completed in 1963. The spiral was bypassed by two <a href="/wiki/Zig_zag_(railway)" title="Zig zag (railway)">switchbacks</a> after a trestle fire in 1976.<a href="#cite_note-KifleGoodman2013-127">[127]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spiral_(railway)&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spiral_bridge" title="Spiral bridge">Spiral bridge</a> - road equivalent</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hairpin_turn" title="Hairpin turn">Hairpin turn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_steepest_gradients_on_adhesion_railways" title="List of steepest gradients on adhesion railways">List of steepest gradients on adhesion railways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zig_zag_(railway)" title="Zig zag (railway)">Zig Zag Railways</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spiral_(railway)&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Wolmar2014-1"><a href="#cite_ref-Wolmar2014_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFChristian_Wolmar2014" class="citation book cs1">Christian Wolmar (1 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_htpAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT170">The Iron Road: The Illustrated History of Railways</a>. Dorling Kindersley Limited. pp. 170–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-18186-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-18186-7"><bdi>978-0-241-18186-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Iron+Road%3A+The+Illustrated+History+of+Railways&rft.pages=170-&rft.pub=Dorling+Kindersley+Limited&rft.date=2014-05-01&rft.isbn=978-0-241-18186-7&rft.au=Christian+Wolmar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_htpAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiral+%28railway%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nachsch1972-2"><a href="#cite_ref-Nachsch1972_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS._M._Yameen_Nachsch1972" class="citation book cs1">S. M. Yameen Nachsch (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rpd1b5JsAlgC">Railway Engineering</a>. Caravan Book House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Railway+Engineering&rft.pub=Caravan+Book+House&rft.date=1972&rft.au=S.+M.+Yameen+Nachsch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Drpd1b5JsAlgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiral+%28railway%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hay1982-3"><a href="#cite_ref-Hay1982_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_W._Hay1982" class="citation book cs1">William W. Hay (16 June 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ygKio-Ks0doC&pg=PA231">Railroad Engineering</a>. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 231–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-36400-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-36400-9"><bdi>978-0-471-36400-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Railroad+Engineering&rft.pages=231-&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=1982-06-16&rft.isbn=978-0-471-36400-9&rft.au=William+W.+Hay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DygKio-Ks0doC%26pg%3DPA231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiral+%28railway%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harter2005-4"><a href="#cite_ref-Harter2005_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJim_Harter2005" class="citation book cs1">Jim Harter (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ESnBiR7vLPQC">World Railways of the Nineteenth Century: A Pictorial History in Victorian Engravings</a>. JHU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8089-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8089-6"><bdi>978-0-8018-8089-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Railways+of+the+Nineteenth+Century%3A+A+Pictorial+History+in+Victorian+Engravings&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-8089-6&rft.au=Jim+Harter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DESnBiR7vLPQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiral+%28railway%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hollingsworth1982-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hollingsworth1982_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hollingsworth1982_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hollingsworth1982_5-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Brian_Hollingsworth1982" class="citation book cs1">John Brian Hollingsworth (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YvHtAAAAMAAJ">Atlas of the world's railways</a>. Bison. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780811904681" title="Special:BookSources/9780811904681"><bdi>9780811904681</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlas+of+the+world%27s+railways&rft.pub=Bison&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=9780811904681&rft.au=John+Brian+Hollingsworth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYvHtAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiral+%28railway%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BorsdorfStadel2015-6"><a href="#cite_ref-BorsdorfStadel2015_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAxel_BorsdorfChristoph_Stadel2015" class="citation book cs1">Axel Borsdorf; Christoph Stadel (12 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lgEyBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA273">The Andes: A Geographical Portrait</a>. Springer. pp. 273–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-03530-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-03530-7"><bdi>978-3-319-03530-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Andes%3A+A+Geographical+Portrait&rft.pages=273-&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2015-03-12&rft.isbn=978-3-319-03530-7&rft.au=Axel+Borsdorf&rft.au=Christoph+Stadel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlgEyBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA273&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiral+%28railway%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPons" class="citation web cs1">Pons, Mónica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.welcomeargentina.com/salta/train-to-the-clouds.html">"The Train to the Clouds, Salta"</a>. 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Michigan State University Press. 1958.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Australian+encyclopaedia&rft.pub=Michigan+State+University+Press&rft.date=1958&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPlUhAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiral+%28railway%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/heritageapp/visit/ViewAttractionDetail.aspx?ID=5011929">"Bethungra Spiral"</a>. 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Retrieved 25 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+South+Wales+State+Heritage+Register&rft.atitle=Cougal+To+Border+Loop%2C+Railway+Spiral+and+Landscape&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hms.heritage.nsw.gov.au%2FApp%2FItem%2FViewItem%3FitemId%3D4280245&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiral+%28railway%29" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/File:CC_BY_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/50px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/75px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/100px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="88" data-file-height="31" /></a> Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) under <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">CC BY 4.0</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/help/copyright-disclaimer.htm">licence</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bayley1973-11"><a href="#cite_ref-Bayley1973_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Alan_Bayley1973" class="citation book cs1">William Alan Bayley (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Dg0JAQAAMAAJ">Standard Gauge Railway Across Australia</a>. 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Cross (21 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6S_hAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA93">High Peaks Engineering: Rocky Mountain Marvels</a>. Heritage House Publishing Co. pp. 93–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-927527-80-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-927527-80-1"><bdi>978-1-927527-80-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=High+Peaks+Engineering%3A+Rocky+Mountain+Marvels&rft.pages=93-&rft.pub=Heritage+House+Publishing+Co&rft.date=2014-07-21&rft.isbn=978-1-927527-80-1&rft.au=L.D.+Cross&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6S_hAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiral+%28railway%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harding2008-20"><a href="#cite_ref-Harding2008_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLes_Harding2008" class="citation book cs1">Les Harding (5 February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AhgHDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA86">The Newfoundland Railway, 1898-1969: A History</a>. McFarland. pp. 86–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-0839-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-0839-6"><bdi>978-1-4766-0839-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Newfoundland+Railway%2C+1898-1969%3A+A+History&rft.pages=86-&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2008-02-05&rft.isbn=978-1-4766-0839-6&rft.au=Les+Harding&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAhgHDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiral+%28railway%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeritage_Foundation_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador2011" class="citation web cs1">Heritage Foundation of Newfoundland and Labrador (January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heritage.nf.ca/articles/society/trinity-train-loop.php">"Trinity Train Loop"</a>. Retrieved 25 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trinity+Train+Loop&rft.date=2011-01&rft.au=Heritage+Foundation+of+Newfoundland+and+Labrador&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritage.nf.ca%2Farticles%2Fsociety%2Ftrinity-train-loop.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiral+%28railway%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeritage_Foundation_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" class="citation web cs1">Heritage Foundation of Newfoundland and Labrador. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://heritagefoundation.ca/property-search/property-details-page.aspx?id=157">"Trinity Train Loop Registered Heritage Structure"</a>. Retrieved 25 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trinity+Train+Loop+Registered+Heritage+Structure&rft.au=Heritage+Foundation+of+Newfoundland+and+Labrador&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fheritagefoundation.ca%2Fproperty-search%2Fproperty-details-page.aspx%3Fid%3D157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiral+%28railway%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Downs1985-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Downs1985_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArt_Downs1985" class="citation book cs1">Art Downs (1 May 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZY64jj0gQHQC&pg=PA27">Incredible Rogers Pass</a>. Heritage House Publishing Co. pp. 27–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-919214-08-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-919214-08-8"><bdi>978-0-919214-08-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Incredible+Rogers+Pass&rft.pages=27-&rft.pub=Heritage+House+Publishing+Co&rft.date=1985-05-01&rft.isbn=978-0-919214-08-8&rft.au=Art+Downs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZY64jj0gQHQC%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiral+%28railway%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eurotrib.com/story/2016/6/12/184015/726">"Long Tunnels"</a>. European Tribune. 12 June 2016. Retrieved 18 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Tribune&rft.atitle=Long+Tunnels&rft.date=2016-06-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurotrib.com%2Fstory%2F2016%2F6%2F12%2F184015%2F726&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiral+%28railway%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cnrail.geogv.org/enus/station/17770545">"Qingshiya station"</a>. China Railway Map. Retrieved 26 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=China+Railway+Map&rft.atitle=Qingshiya+station&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcnrail.geogv.org%2Fenus%2Fstation%2F17770545&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiral+%28railway%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Quail2008-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Quail2008_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Quail2008_26-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Quail2008_26-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Quail2008_26-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Quail2008_26-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuail_Map_Company2008" class="citation book cs1">Quail Map Company (2008). China Railway Atlas (third ed.). Quail Map Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-898319-82-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-898319-82-5"><bdi>978-1-898319-82-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+Railway+Atlas&rft.edition=third&rft.pub=Quail+Map+Company&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-898319-82-5&rft.au=Quail+Map+Company&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiral+%28railway%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cnrail.geogv.org/enus/station/13850327">"Baishiyan station"</a>. China Railway Map. Retrieved 26 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=China+Railway+Map&rft.atitle=Baishiyan+station&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcnrail.geogv.org%2Fenus%2Fstation%2F13850327&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiral+%28railway%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cnrail.geogv.org/enus/station/13940553">"Lewu station"</a>. China Railway Map. Retrieved 26 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=China+Railway+Map&rft.atitle=Lewu+station&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcnrail.geogv.org%2Fenus%2Fstation%2F13940553&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiral+%28railway%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cnrail.geogv.org/enus/station/13970673">"Wazu station"</a>. China Railway Map. Retrieved 26 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=China+Railway+Map&rft.atitle=Wazu+station&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcnrail.geogv.org%2Fenus%2Fstation%2F13970673&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiral+%28railway%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cnrail.geogv.org/enus/station/13980379">"Tiekou station"</a>. China Railway Map. Retrieved 26 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=China+Railway+Map&rft.atitle=Tiekou+station&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcnrail.geogv.org%2Fenus%2Fstation%2F13980379&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiral+%28railway%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cnrail.geogv.org/enus/station/14450174">"Ananzhuang station"</a>. China Railway Map. Retrieved 26 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=China+Railway+Map&rft.atitle=Ananzhuang+station&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcnrail.geogv.org%2Fenus%2Fstation%2F14450174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiral+%28railway%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cnrail.geogv.org/enus/station/14460307">"Longgudian station"</a>. China Railway Map. Retrieved 26 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=China+Railway+Map&rft.atitle=Longgudian+station&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcnrail.geogv.org%2Fenus%2Fstation%2F14460307&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiral+%28railway%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cnrail.geogv.org/enus/station/28010657">"Daheba station"</a>. China Railway Map. Retrieved 26 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=China+Railway+Map&rft.atitle=Daheba+station&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcnrail.geogv.org%2Fenus%2Fstation%2F28010657&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiral+%28railway%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cnrail.geogv.org/enus/station/39230620">"Maocaoping station"</a>. China Railway Map. Retrieved 26 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=China+Railway+Map&rft.atitle=Maocaoping+station&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcnrail.geogv.org%2Fenus%2Fstation%2F39230620&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiral+%28railway%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cnrail.geogv.org/enus/station/39240815">"Duchuanzhai station"</a>. China Railway Map. Retrieved 26 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=China+Railway+Map&rft.atitle=Duchuanzhai+station&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcnrail.geogv.org%2Fenus%2Fstation%2F39240815&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiral+%28railway%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cnrail.geogv.org/enus/station/39250289">"Sanjiazhai station"</a>. China Railway Map. Retrieved 26 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=China+Railway+Map&rft.atitle=Sanjiazhai+station&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcnrail.geogv.org%2Fenus%2Fstation%2F39250289&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiral+%28railway%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-XJDaily20141229-37"><a href="#cite_ref-XJDaily20141229_37-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYuan_Lei2014" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Yuan Lei (2014-12-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160822180702/http://www.xj.xinhuanet.com/2014-12/29/c_1113809777.htm">"袁蕾, 吐库二线正式开通运营南疆铁路进入电气化时代新疆日报"</a> [Yuan Lei, spit library second-tier official opening and operation of the Southern Xinjiang Railway electrification into the Xinjiang Daily Times (Machine generated)] (in Chinese). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xj.xinhuanet.com/2014-12/29/c_1113809777.htm">the original</a> on August 22, 2016. Retrieved 2016-07-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E8%A2%81%E8%95%BE%2C+%E5%90%90%E5%BA%93%E4%BA%8C%E7%BA%BF%E6%AD%A3%E5%BC%8F%E5%BC%80%E9%80%9A%E8%BF%90%E8%90%A5+%E5%8D%97%E7%96%86%E9%93%81%E8%B7%AF%E8%BF%9B%E5%85%A5%E7%94%B5%E6%B0%94%E5%8C%96%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3+%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86%E6%97%A5%E6%8A%A5&rft.date=2014-12-29&rft.au=Yuan+Lei&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xj.xinhuanet.com%2F2014-12%2F29%2Fc_1113809777.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiral+%28railway%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDevereux2017" class="citation journal cs1">Devereux, Nigel (September 2017). "Costa Rican rail variety". The Railway Magazine. Mortons Media Group Ltd.: 104.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Railway+Magazine&rft.atitle=Costa+Rican+rail+variety&rft.pages=104&rft.date=2017-09&rft.aulast=Devereux&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiral+%28railway%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ferrolatino.ch/en/reports/costarica/">"Friends of Latin American Railways"</a>. Retrieved 13 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Friends+of+Latin+American+Railways&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ferrolatino.ch%2Fen%2Freports%2Fcostarica%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiral+%28railway%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Balkans2017-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Balkans2017_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Balkans2017_40-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBall2017" class="citation book cs1">Ball, Mike (3 September 2017). European Railway Atlas Regional Series, The Balkans.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=European+Railway+Atlas+Regional+Series%2C+The+Balkans&rft.date=2017-09-03&rft.aulast=Ball&rft.aufirst=Mike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiral+%28railway%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TravellersMap2013-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TravellersMap2013_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TravellersMap2013_41-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenjaminse_Uitgeverij_BV2013" class="citation map cs1">Benjaminse Uitgeverij BV (2013). A Travellers' Railway map of Europe (Map) (3rd ed.). 1:3800000. Cartography by Carto Studio BV. Benjaminse Uitgeverij BV. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-77899-09-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-77899-09-0"><bdi>978-90-77899-09-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Travellers%27+Railway+map+of+Europe&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Benjaminse+Uitgeverij+BV&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-90-77899-09-0&rft.au=Benjaminse+Uitgeverij+BV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiral+%28railway%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ballitaly2016-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ballitaly2016_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ballitaly2016_42-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ballitaly2016_42-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ballitaly2016_42-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ballitaly2016_42-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBall2016" class="citation book cs1">Ball, Mike (15 July 2016). 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Sheffield, England: Platform 5 Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Today%27s+Railways+Europe&rft.atitle=The+Col+de+Tende+Line%3A+A+tortuous+route+and+history&rft.date=2017-04&rft.aulast=Braun&rft.aufirst=Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiral+%28railway%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Michelin2011-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Michelin2011_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Michelin2011_44-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Michelin2011_44-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Michelin Editions des Voyages. Michelin. 10 January 2011. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-06-715561-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-06-715561-9"><bdi>978-2-06-715561-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Michelin+Editions+des+Voyages&rft.pub=Michelin&rft.date=2011-01-10&rft.isbn=978-2-06-715561-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiral+%28railway%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://structurae.net/structures/la-boucle-loop-tunnel">"La Boucle Loop Tunnel"</a>. Structurae:International Database and Gallery of Structures. 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Ian Allan Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7110-3808-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7110-3808-0"><bdi>978-0-7110-3808-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rail+Atlas+Europe&rft.pub=Ian+Allan+Publishing&rft.date=2015-03-20&rft.isbn=978-0-7110-3808-0&rft.au=Ian+Allan+Publishing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmsSEoAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiral+%28railway%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tunnels-ferroviaires.org/tu69/69060.1.pdf">"Tunnel deVigue"</a> (PDF). Invetaire des tunnels ferroviaires de France. 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European Railway Atlas Regional Series, Spain & Portugal.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=European+Railway+Atlas+Regional+Series%2C+Spain+%26+Portugal&rft.date=2019-02-15&rft.aulast=Ball&rft.aufirst=Mike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiral+%28railway%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tunnels-ferroviaires.org/tu09/09139.1.pdf">"Tunnel de Saillens"</a> (PDF). Invetaire des tunnels ferroviaires de France. 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Nagel. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-8263-0761-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-8263-0761-7"><bdi>978-2-8263-0761-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germany+Federal+Republic&rft.pub=Nagel&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-2-8263-0761-7&rft.au=C.+Harald+Harlinghausen&rft.au=Hartmuth+Merleker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO4hzbuvRlBEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiral+%28railway%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW.J.K.Davies1965" class="citation book cs1">W.J.K.Davies (1965). Railway Holiday in Northern Germany. David and Charles.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Railway+Holiday+in+Northern+Germany&rft.pub=David+and+Charles&rft.date=1965&rft.au=W.J.K.Davies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiral+%28railway%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Division1945-54"><a href="#cite_ref-Division1945_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreat_Britain._Naval_Intelligence_Division1945" class="citation book cs1">Great Britain. Naval Intelligence Division (1945). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/germany0003grea">Germany: Ports and communications</a>. 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Martin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-900622-10-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-900622-10-3"><bdi>978-1-900622-10-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Iron+Sherpa%3A+The+Story+of+the+Darjeeling+Himalayan+Railway%2C+1879-2006&rft.pub=The+Iron+Sherpa+by+T.+Martin&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-900622-10-3&rft.au=Terry+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxt5oJ1Wqpc0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiral+%28railway%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Going Loopy. Darjeeling Himalayan Railway Society. 2005. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9541602-2-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-9541602-2-3"><bdi>0-9541602-2-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Going+Loopy&rft.pub=Darjeeling+Himalayan+Railway+Society&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-9541602-2-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiral+%28railway%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUNESCO_World_Heritage" class="citation web cs1">UNESCO World Heritage. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/944/">"Mountain Railways of India"</a>. Retrieved 7 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mountain+Railways+of+India&rft.au=UNESCO+World+Heritage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F944%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiral+%28railway%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">The Great Indian Railway Atlas. 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The Industrial Railway Society. pp. 337–347. Retrieved 8 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Industrial+Railway+Record&rft.atitle=Guinness+Brewery+Tramways&rft.pages=337-347&rft.date=1968-12&rft.aulast=Ellison&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irsociety.co.uk%2FArchives%2F22%2FGuinness.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiral+%28railway%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeaty1985" class="citation book cs1">Peaty, Ian P. (1985). Brewery Railways. 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Kelley. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780678056530" title="Special:BookSources/9780678056530"><bdi>9780678056530</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mediterranean+island+railways&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=A.+M.+Kelley&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=9780678056530&rft.au=P.+M.+Kalla-Bishop&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D48BaAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiral+%28railway%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-transit2007-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-transit2007_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-transit2007_67-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOvenden2007" class="citation book cs1">Ovenden, Mark (2007). Transit maps of the world. 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Daily Nation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Nation&rft.atitle=Last+ride+on+the+Lunatic+Express&rft.date=2017-05-08&rft.aulast=Ruthi&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nation.co.ke%2Flifestyle%2FDN2%2FLast-ride-on-the-kenya-Lunatic-Express%2F957860-3917650-vpvga7z%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiral+%28railway%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2014/01/06/business/end-of-the-line-kenya-railway/index.html">"End of the line for 'Lunatic Express?' Kenya begins multi-billion dollar railway"</a>. CNN News. 6 January 2014. 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Lonely Planet Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74360-593-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74360-593-6"><bdi>978-1-74360-593-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Journeys%3A+Travel+the+World%27s+Most+Spectacular+Routes&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet+Publications&rft.date=2014-08-01&rft.isbn=978-1-74360-593-6&rft.au=Lonely+Planet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQz1jBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiral+%28railway%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S88YAQAAIAAJ">"On Burma Corporation Ltd"</a>. Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy. Australasian Institute of Mining Engineers: 91. 1922. Retrieved 23 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australasian+Institute+of+Mining+and+Metallurgy&rft.atitle=On+Burma+Corporation+Ltd&rft.pages=91&rft.date=1922&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS88YAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiral+%28railway%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iGIjAQAAMAAJ">"Railway Gazette International"</a>. Railway Gazette International. 66. Reed Business Pub. 1937. Retrieved 23 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Railway+Gazette+International&rft.atitle=Railway+Gazette+International&rft.volume=66&rft.date=1937&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiGIjAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiral+%28railway%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickinson" class="citation web cs1">Dickinson, Rob. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.internationalsteam.co.uk/trains/bmines.htm">"The Burma Mines Railway 1999"</a>. The International Steam Pages. Retrieved 8 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+International+Steam+Pages&rft.atitle=The+Burma+Mines+Railway+1999&rft.aulast=Dickinson&rft.aufirst=Rob&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.internationalsteam.co.uk%2Ftrains%2Fbmines.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiral+%28railway%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Enriquez1935-84"><a href="#cite_ref-Enriquez1935_84-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColin_Metcalfe_Enriquez1935" class="citation book cs1">Colin Metcalfe Enriquez (1935). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yXpuAAAAMAAJ">Beautiful Burma</a>. Myanmahita Magazine.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beautiful+Burma&rft.pub=Myanmahita+Magazine&rft.date=1935&rft.au=Colin+Metcalfe+Enriquez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyXpuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiral+%28railway%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pierre1981-85"><a href="#cite_ref-Pierre1981_85-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBill_Pierre1981" class="citation book cs1">Bill Pierre (1 January 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yywSAQAAMAAJ">North Island Main Trunk: An Illustrated History</a>. A.H. & A.W. Reed. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-589-01316-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-589-01316-5"><bdi>978-0-589-01316-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=North+Island+Main+Trunk%3A+An+Illustrated+History&rft.pub=A.H.+%26+A.W.+Reed&rft.date=1981-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-589-01316-5&rft.au=Bill+Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyywSAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiral+%28railway%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nock1978-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nock1978_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nock1978_86-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nock1978_86-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nock1978_86-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nock1978_86-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nock1978_86-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nock1978_86-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nock1978_86-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNock_O.S.1978" class="citation book cs1">Nock O.S. (1978). World Atlas of Railways. Mitchell Beazley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86134-003-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-86134-003-5"><bdi>0-86134-003-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Atlas+of+Railways&rft.pub=Mitchell+Beazley&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-86134-003-5&rft.au=Nock+O.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiral+%28railway%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WATERWORLD-87"><a href="#cite_ref-WATERWORLD_87-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLang2009" class="citation news cs1">Lang, Sarah (7 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzherald.co.nz/travel/news/article.cfm?c_id=7&objectid=10576645">"Coromandel: Water world"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_Zealand_Herald" title="The New Zealand Herald">The New Zealand Herald</a>. Retrieved 13 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Zealand+Herald&rft.atitle=Coromandel%3A+Water+world&rft.date=2009-06-07&rft.aulast=Lang&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzherald.co.nz%2Ftravel%2Fnews%2Farticle.cfm%3Fc_id%3D7%26objectid%3D10576645&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiral+%28railway%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahoney2007" class="citation web cs1">Mahoney, Paul (24 Sep 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/bush-trams-and-other-log-transport/page-5">"Bush trams and other log transport - Curves, trestles and inclines"</a>. Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 13 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Te+Ara+-+the+Encyclopedia+of+New+Zealand&rft.atitle=Bush+trams+and+other+log+transport+-+Curves%2C+trestles+and+inclines&rft.date=2007-09-24&rft.aulast=Mahoney&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.TeAra.govt.nz%2Fen%2Fbush-trams-and-other-log-transport%2Fpage-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiral+%28railway%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwen1996" class="citation book cs1">Owen, Roy (1996). Norwegian railways : from Stephenson to high speed. Hitchin: Balholm Press. p. 159. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9528069-0-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-9528069-0-8"><bdi>0-9528069-0-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/43127416">43127416</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Norwegian+railways+%3A+from+Stephenson+to+high+speed&rft.place=Hitchin&rft.pages=159&rft.pub=Balholm+Press&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F43127416&rft.isbn=0-9528069-0-8&rft.aulast=Owen&rft.aufirst=Roy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiral+%28railway%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> Sigurd H. Unneberg, Sem og Slagen, en bygdebok Bind 2, Kulturhistorie, del 2 . Tønsberg: Høgskolen i Vestfold, 2001. Relevant chapter is online <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-bib.hive.no/tekster/sem_slagen/kulturhistorie2_2/samferdsel.html">here</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303230809/http://www-bib.hive.no/tekster/sem_slagen/kulturhistorie2_2/samferdsel.html">Archived</a> 2016-03-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (in Norwegian) </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPopov" class="citation web cs1">Popov, Yuri. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-personal.umich.edu/~yopopov/rrt/railroadmaps/06-05-06_sochi.gif">"Severo-Kavkazskaya Railroad, 06-05 Sochi"</a>. Railroad Maps. University of Michigan. Retrieved 23 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Railroad+Maps&rft.atitle=Severo-Kavkazskaya+Railroad%2C+06-05+Sochi&rft.aulast=Popov&rft.aufirst=Yuri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-personal.umich.edu%2F~yopopov%2Frrt%2Frailroadmaps%2F06-05-06_sochi.gif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiral+%28railway%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191121160459/http://www.bamts.ru/pro/madepro/petlevoi_big.php">"Большой петлевой тоннель [Large loop tunnel]"</a>. BAMTONNELSTROY (in Russian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bamts.ru/pro/madepro/petlevoi_big.php">the original</a> on 21 November 2019. Retrieved 7 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BAMTONNELSTROY&rft.atitle=%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C+%5BLarge+loop+tunnel%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bamts.ru%2Fpro%2Fmadepro%2Fpetlevoi_big.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiral+%28railway%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AfricaBoard1947-93"><a href="#cite_ref-AfricaBoard1947_93-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSouth_AfricaSouth_Africa._Railways_and_Harbours_Board1947" class="citation book cs1">South Africa; South Africa. Railways and Harbours Board (1947). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9YUwAAAAIAAJ">Their Majesties the King and Queen and Their Royal Highnesses the Princess Elizabeth and the Princess Margaret in the Union of South Africa: February-April 1947</a>. South African Railways.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Their+Majesties+the+King+and+Queen+and+Their+Royal+Highnesses+the+Princess+Elizabeth+and+the+Princess+Margaret+in+the+Union+of+South+Africa%3A+February-April+1947&rft.pub=South+African+Railways&rft.date=1947&rft.au=South+Africa&rft.au=South+Africa.+Railways+and+Harbours+Board&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9YUwAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiral+%28railway%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sJEKAQAAIAAJ">Guide to Southern Africa</a>. S. Low, Marston & Company. 1971.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guide+to+Southern+Africa&rft.pub=S.+Low%2C+Marston+%26+Company&rft.date=1971&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsJEKAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiral+%28railway%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/kei-rail-revival-will-support-regional-development.html?sword_list%5b%5d=kei&sword_list%5b%5d=rail&no_cache=1">"Kei Rail revival will support regional development"</a>. Railway Gazette International. 1 July 2008. 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Bradt Travel Guides. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84162-132-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84162-132-6"><bdi>978-1-84162-132-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Switzerland%3A+Rail%2C+Road%2C+Lake&rft.pub=Bradt+Travel+Guides&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-84162-132-6&rft.au=Anthony+J.+Lambert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxp29nKq6BTYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiral+%28railway%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Company1993-110"><a href="#cite_ref-Company1993_110-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuail_Map_Company1993" class="citation book cs1">Quail Map Company (1 January 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-3uMHQAACAAJ">China Railway Atlas</a> (first ed.). Quail Map Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-900609-94-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-900609-94-7"><bdi>978-0-900609-94-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+Railway+Atlas&rft.edition=first&rft.pub=Quail+Map+Company&rft.date=1993-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-900609-94-7&rft.au=Quail+Map+Company&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-3uMHQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiral+%28railway%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">The Taiwan Railway 1966-1970. Loren Aandahl. 2011. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-615-39162-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-615-39162-5"><bdi>978-0-615-39162-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Taiwan+Railway+1966-1970&rft.pub=Loren+Aandahl&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-615-39162-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiral+%28railway%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AminMatheson1986-112"><a href="#cite_ref-AminMatheson1986_112-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohamed_AminAlastair_MathesonDuncan_Willetts1986" class="citation book cs1">Mohamed Amin; Alastair Matheson; Duncan Willetts (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y8xdAAAAIAAJ">Railway across the Equator: the story of the East African line</a>. Bodley Head. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-370-30774-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-370-30774-9"><bdi>978-0-370-30774-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Railway+across+the+Equator%3A+the+story+of+the+East+African+line&rft.pub=Bodley+Head&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-370-30774-9&rft.au=Mohamed+Amin&rft.au=Alastair+Matheson&rft.au=Duncan+Willetts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY8xdAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiral+%28railway%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heavyside1980-113"><a href="#cite_ref-Heavyside1980_113-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFG._T._Heavyside1980" class="citation book cs1">G. T. 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David and Charles. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7153-7979-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7153-7979-0"><bdi>978-0-7153-7979-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Narrow+Gauge+Into+the+Eighties&rft.pub=David+and+Charles&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-7153-7979-0&rft.au=G.+T.+Heavyside&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9FpPAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiral+%28railway%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baker2010-114">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Baker2010_114-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baker2010_114-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS._K._Baker2010" class="citation book cs1">S. K. Baker (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=45KKQgAACAAJ">Rail Atlas Great Britain and Ireland</a>. Oxford Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86093-632-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86093-632-9"><bdi>978-0-86093-632-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rail+Atlas+Great+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.pub=Oxford+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-86093-632-9&rft.au=S.+K.+Baker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D45KKQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiral+%28railway%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Publishing1982-115"><a href="#cite_ref-Publishing1982_115-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIan_Allan_Publishing1982" class="citation book cs1">Ian Allan Publishing (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oBMMAAAAYAAJ">Pre-Grouping Railway Junction Diagrams 1914</a>. 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Kalmbach Publishing, Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89024-373-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89024-373-2"><bdi>978-0-89024-373-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guide+to+North+American+Railroad+Hot+Spots&rft.pub=Kalmbach+Publishing%2C+Co.&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-89024-373-2&rft.au=J.+David+Ingles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1pniJRlKXMQC%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiral+%28railway%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Solomon-118"><a href="#cite_ref-Solomon_118-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrian_Solomon2003" class="citation book cs1">Brian Solomon (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S2ktV7MzsE4C&pg=PA271">Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railway</a>. Voyageur Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61060-361-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61060-361-4"><bdi>978-1-61060-361-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Burlington+Northern+Santa+Fe+Railway&rft.pub=Voyageur+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-61060-361-4&rft.au=Brian+Solomon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS2ktV7MzsE4C%26pg%3DPA271&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiral+%28railway%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Klein1972-119"><a href="#cite_ref-Klein1972_119-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaury_Klein1972" class="citation book cs1">Maury Klein (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rCr24DyEDjgC&pg=PA309">History of the Louisville & Nashville Railroad</a>. University Press of Kentucky. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8131-2915-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8131-2915-X"><bdi>0-8131-2915-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Louisville+%26+Nashville+Railroad&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=0-8131-2915-X&rft.au=Maury+Klein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrCr24DyEDjgC%26pg%3DPA309&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiral+%28railway%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GriswoldGriswold1988-120"><a href="#cite_ref-GriswoldGriswold1988_120-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhelps_R._GriswoldBob_Griswold1988" class="citation book cs1">Phelps R. Griswold; Bob Griswold (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cprhvrhZK88C&pg=PA20">Railroads of Colorado: A Guide to Modern and Narrow Gauge Trains</a>. American Traveler Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55838-088-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55838-088-2"><bdi>978-1-55838-088-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Railroads+of+Colorado%3A+A+Guide+to+Modern+and+Narrow+Gauge+Trains&rft.pub=American+Traveler+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-1-55838-088-2&rft.au=Phelps+R.+Griswold&rft.au=Bob+Griswold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcprhvrhZK88C%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiral+%28railway%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MAX-121"><a href="#cite_ref-MAX_121-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_William_Howard2017" class="citation news cs1">John William Howard (October 26, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portlandtribune.com/pt/9-news/376668-262405-trimet-considering-expansion-of-max-red-line-to-county-fairgrounds">"TriMet considering expansion of MAX Red Line to county fairgrounds"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Portland_Tribune" title="Portland Tribune">Portland Tribune</a>. Retrieved 2018-01-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Portland+Tribune&rft.atitle=TriMet+considering+expansion+of+MAX+Red+Line+to+county+fairgrounds&rft.date=2017-10-26&rft.au=John+William+Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fportlandtribune.com%2Fpt%2F9-news%2F376668-262405-trimet-considering-expansion-of-max-red-line-to-county-fairgrounds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiral+%28railway%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> Prince, B.D.The Alaska Railroad in Pictures 1914-1964; Ken Wray's Print Shop, Anchorage, 1964 </li> <li id="cite_note-LeMassena1984-123"><a href="#cite_ref-LeMassena1984_123-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._A._LeMassena1984" class="citation book cs1">R. A. LeMassena (June 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1-S3AAAAIAAJ">Colorado's mountain railroads</a>. Smoking Stack Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colorado%27s+mountain+railroads&rft.pub=Smoking+Stack+Press&rft.date=1984-06&rft.au=R.+A.+LeMassena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1-S3AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiral+%28railway%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-drgnet-124"><a href="#cite_ref-drgnet_124-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.drgw.net/info/TinticBranch">"D&RGW Tintic Branch History"</a>. Retrieved 2016-09-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=D%26RGW+Tintic+Branch+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.drgw.net%2Finfo%2FTinticBranch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiral+%28railway%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-utrails1-125"><a href="#cite_ref-utrails1_125-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://utahrails.net/articles/tintic.php">"Railroads and Mining at Tintic"</a>. Retrieved 2016-09-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Railroads+and+Mining+at+Tintic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Futahrails.net%2Farticles%2Ftintic.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiral+%28railway%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-utrails2-126"><a href="#cite_ref-utrails2_126-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.expeditionutah.com/forum/showthread.php?t=5086">"Eureka Ghost Rail: Tintic Range Railroad"</a>. Retrieved 2016-09-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eureka+Ghost+Rail%3A+Tintic+Range+Railroad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.expeditionutah.com%2Fforum%2Fshowthread.php%3Ft%3D5086&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiral+%28railway%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KifleGoodman2013-127"><a href="#cite_ref-KifleGoodman2013_127-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeniam_KifleNathan_Goodman2013" class="citation book cs1">Beniam Kifle; Nathan Goodman (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x-mCwXEWwP8C&pg=PA69">Roaring Camp Railroads</a>. Arcadia Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4671-2996-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4671-2996-1"><bdi>978-1-4671-2996-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roaring+Camp+Railroads&rft.pub=Arcadia+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4671-2996-1&rft.au=Beniam+Kifle&rft.au=Nathan+Goodman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx-mCwXEWwP8C%26pg%3DPA69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiral+%28railway%29" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spiral_(railway)&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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railway">Single track</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passing_loop" title="Passing loop">Passing loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double-track_railway" title="Double-track railway">Double track</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadruple-track_railway" title="Quadruple-track railway">Quadruple track</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railroad_switch#Crossover" title="Railroad switch">Crossover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Siding_(rail)" title="Siding (rail)">Rail sidings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balloon_loop" title="Balloon loop">Balloon loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headshunt" title="Headshunt">Headshunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_track" title="Pocket track">Pocket track</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_siding" title="Refuge siding">Refuge siding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_yard" title="Rail yard">Rail yard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classification_yard" title="Classification yard">Classification yard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Junction_(rail)" title="Junction (rail)">Junctions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flying_junction" title="Flying junction">Flying junction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Level_junction" title="Level junction">Level junction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_junction" title="Double junction">Double junction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facing_and_trailing" title="Facing and trailing">Facing and trailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_union" title="Grand union">Grand union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tram_roundabout" title="Tram roundabout">Grand circle / roundabout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wye_(rail)" title="Wye (rail)">Wye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railroad_switch" title="Railroad switch">Switch / turnout / points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swingnose_crossing" title="Swingnose crossing">Swingnose crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Level_crossing" title="Level crossing">Level crossing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Train_station" title="Train station">Stations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Railway_platform" title="Railway platform">Railway platform</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bay_platform" title="Bay platform">Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island_platform" title="Island platform">Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side_platform" title="Side platform">Side</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_platform" title="Split platform">Split</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Terminal station">Terminal station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balloon_loop" title="Balloon loop">Balloon loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_solution" title="Spanish solution">Spanish solution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-platform_interchange" title="Cross-platform interchange">Cross-platform interchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interchange_station" title="Interchange station">Interchange station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infill_station" title="Infill station">Infill station</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hillclimbing_(railway)" title="Hillclimbing (railway)">Hillclimbing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_curve" title="Horseshoe curve">Horseshoe curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zig_zag_(railway)" title="Zig zag (railway)">Zig Zag / Switchback</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Spiral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Track_geometry" title="Track geometry">Track geometry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Track_gauge" title="Track gauge">Track gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruling_gradient" title="Ruling gradient">Ruling gradient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimum_railway_curve_radius" title="Minimum railway curve radius">Minimum curve radius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cant_(road/rail)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cant (road/rail)">Cant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cant_deficiency" title="Cant deficiency">Cant deficiency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: 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