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<span>Structure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Structure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Structure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Traditional_track_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_track_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Traditional track structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_track_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ballastless_track" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ballastless_track"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Ballastless track</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ballastless_track-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Continuous_longitudinally_supported_track" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Continuous_longitudinally_supported_track"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Continuous longitudinally supported track</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Continuous_longitudinally_supported_track-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Rail</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Rail-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Rail subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Rail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Iron-topped_wooden_rails" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iron-topped_wooden_rails"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Iron-topped wooden rails</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iron-topped_wooden_rails-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rail_classification_(weight)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rail_classification_(weight)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Rail classification (weight)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rail_classification_(weight)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rail_lengths" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rail_lengths"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Rail lengths</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Rail_lengths-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Rail lengths subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Rail_lengths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Timeline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Timeline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multiples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multiples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Multiples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multiples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boltholes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boltholes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Boltholes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boltholes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Joining_rails" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Joining_rails"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Joining rails</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Joining_rails-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Joining rails subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Joining_rails-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jointed_track" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jointed_track"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Jointed track</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jointed_track-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Insulated_joints" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Insulated_joints"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Insulated joints</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Insulated_joints-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Continuous_welded_rail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Continuous_welded_rail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Continuous welded rail</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Continuous_welded_rail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sleepers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sleepers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sleepers</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sleepers-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sleepers subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sleepers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fixing_rails_to_sleepers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fixing_rails_to_sleepers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Fixing rails to sleepers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fixing_rails_to_sleepers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portable_track" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portable_track"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Portable track</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portable_track-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Layout" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Layout"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Layout</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Layout-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Layout subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Layout-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gauge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gauge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Gauge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gauge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maintenance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maintenance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Maintenance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maintenance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bed_and_foundation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bed_and_foundation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bed and foundation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bed_and_foundation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bed and foundation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bed_and_foundation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Geosynthetic_reinforcement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geosynthetic_reinforcement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Geosynthetic reinforcement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geosynthetic_reinforcement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Buses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Railway track</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 75 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-75" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">75 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleis" title="Gleis – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Gleis" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B7_%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="خط سكة حديد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خط سكة حديد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADa_ferria" title="Vía ferria – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Vía ferria" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C9%99miryol_x%C9%99tti" title="Dəmiryol xətti – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dəmiryol xətti" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95" title="রেলওয়ে ট্র্যাক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রেলওয়ে ট্র্যাক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Чыгуначны пуць – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Чыгуначны пуць" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%BF%D1%8A%D1%82" title="Релсов път – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Релсов път" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDeljezni%C4%8Dka_pruga" title="Željeznička pruga – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Željeznička pruga" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Via_f%C3%A8rria" title="Via fèrria – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Via fèrria" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolej" title="Kolej – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kolej" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jernbanespor" title="Jernbanespor – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Jernbanespor" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleis" title="Gleis – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gleis" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADa_f%C3%A9rrea" title="Vía férrea – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vía férrea" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trenbide" title="Trenbide – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Trenbide" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A2%D9%87%D9%86" title="ریل راه‌آهن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ریل راه‌آهن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voie_ferr%C3%A9e" title="Voie ferrée – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Voie ferrée" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sine" title="Sine – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Sine" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADa_f%C3%A9rrea" title="Vía férrea – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Vía férrea" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%A0%EB%A1%9C" title="선로 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="선로" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDeljezni%C4%8Dka_pruga" title="Željeznička pruga – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Željeznička pruga" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferovoyo" title="Ferovoyo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ferovoyo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rel" title="Rel – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rel" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rel" title="Rel – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Rel" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A1rnbrautarteinar" title="Járnbrautarteinar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Járnbrautarteinar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binario_ferroviario" title="Binario ferroviario – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Binario ferroviario" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%AA_%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%91%D7%AA" title="מסילת רכבת – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מסילת רכבת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ril_sepur" title="Ril sepur – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Ril sepur" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%98" title="რკინიგზის ლიანდაგი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რკინიგზის ლიანდაგი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Njia_ya_reli" title="Njia ya reli – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Njia ya reli" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nzila_ya_lukalu" title="Nzila ya lukalu – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Nzila ya lukalu" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scina" title="Scina – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Scina" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%94%E0%BB%84%E0%BA%9F" title="ທາງລົດໄຟ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ທາງລົດໄຟ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astarium" title="Astarium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Astarium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slie%C5%BEu_ce%C4%BC%C5%A1" title="Sliežu ceļš – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sliežu ceļš" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleis" title="Gleis – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Gleis" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curissa" title="Curissa – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Curissa" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjpaorweeg" title="Sjpaorweeg – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Sjpaorweeg" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binari_ferroviari" title="Binari ferroviari – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Binari ferroviari" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vas%C3%BAti_p%C3%A1lya" title="Vasúti pálya – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vasúti pálya" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Пруга – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Пруга" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalamby" title="Lalamby – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Lalamby" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4" title="തീവണ്ടിപ്പാത – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തീവണ്ടിപ്പാത" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97" title="लोहमार्ग – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="लोहमार्ग" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landasan_kereta_api" title="Landasan kereta api – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Landasan kereta api" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rel" title="Rel – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Rel" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoorlijn" title="Spoorlijn – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Spoorlijn" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B7%9A%E8%B7%AF_(%E9%89%84%E9%81%93)" title="線路 (鉄道) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="線路 (鉄道)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jernbanespor" title="Jernbanespor – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jernbanespor" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D9%B9%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="ریل دی پٹری – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ریل دی پٹری" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droga_kolejowa" title="Droga kolejowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Droga kolejowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Штрека – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Штрека" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Железнодорожный путь – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Железнодорожный путь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Тимир суол – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Тимир суол" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_(rail_transport)" title="Track (rail transport) – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Track (rail transport)" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hekurudha" title="Hekurudha – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Hekurudha" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_track" title="Railway track – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Railway track" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C4%BEaj" title="Koľaj – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Koľaj" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDelezni%C5%A1ka_proga" title="Železniška proga – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Železniška proga" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Железничка пруга – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Железничка пруга" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDeljezni%C4%8Dka_pruga" title="Željeznička pruga – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Željeznička pruga" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9l" title="Rél – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Rél" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raide" title="Raide – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Raide" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A4rnv%C3%A4gssp%C3%A5r" title="Järnvägsspår – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Järnvägsspår" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%88" title="இருப்புப்பாதை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இருப்புப்பாதை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81_%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%82" title="రైలు మార్గం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="రైలు మార్గం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%96%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F" title="ทางรถไฟ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ทางรถไฟ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demiryolu_hatt%C4%B1" title="Demiryolu hattı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Demiryolu hattı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Залізнична колія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Залізнична колія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%84_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D9%B9%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="ریل کی پٹری – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ریل کی پٹری" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_ray" title="Đường ray – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đường ray" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%93%81%E8%B7%AF%E8%BD%A8%E9%81%93" title="铁路轨道 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="铁路轨道" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%99%D7%96%D7%A0%D7%91%D7%90%D7%9F_%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A2" title="אייזנבאן ליניע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אייזנבאן ליניע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E8%BB%8C" title="路軌 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="路軌" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%90%B5%E8%B7%AF%E8%BB%8C%E9%81%93" title="鐵路軌道 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="鐵路軌道" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundanan" title="Tundanan – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Tundanan" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Rail infrastructure</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Railroad track" and "Rail track" redirect here. For the song, see <a href="/wiki/Railroad_Track_(song)" title="Railroad Track (song)">Railroad Track (song)</a>. For the defunct British company, see <a href="/wiki/Railtrack" title="Railtrack">Railtrack</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Permanent way" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Permanent_way_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Permanent way (disambiguation)">Permanent way (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Feste_Fahrbahn_FFB%C3%B6gl.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Feste_Fahrbahn_FFB%C3%B6gl.jpg/220px-Feste_Fahrbahn_FFB%C3%B6gl.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Feste_Fahrbahn_FFB%C3%B6gl.jpg/330px-Feste_Fahrbahn_FFB%C3%B6gl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Feste_Fahrbahn_FFB%C3%B6gl.jpg/440px-Feste_Fahrbahn_FFB%C3%B6gl.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>New railway <a href="/wiki/Concrete_sleeper" title="Concrete sleeper">concrete sleeper</a></figcaption></figure> <style 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">Rail transport</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aiga_railtransportation_25.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Aiga_railtransportation_25.svg/65px-Aiga_railtransportation_25.svg.png" decoding="async" width="65" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Aiga_railtransportation_25.svg/98px-Aiga_railtransportation_25.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Aiga_railtransportation_25.svg/130px-Aiga_railtransportation_25.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="314" data-file-height="472" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport" title="History of rail transport">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_company" title="Rail transport company">Company types</a></li></ul> </div> <hr /></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Infrastructure</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Railway_infrastructure_manager" title="Railway infrastructure manager">Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_yard" title="Rail yard">Rail yard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Train_station" title="Train station">Railway station</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_railway_stations" title="List of railway stations">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Railway track</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Maintenance">Maintenance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_gauge" title="Track gauge">Track gauge</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Service and <a href="/wiki/Rolling_stock" title="Rolling stock">rolling stock</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bogie" title="Bogie">Bogie (truck)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_coupling" title="Railway coupling">Couplings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freight_rail_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Freight rail transport">Freight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locomotive" title="Locomotive">Locomotives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_unit" title="Multiple unit">Multiple units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passenger_train" title="Passenger train">Passenger train</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commuter_rail" title="Commuter rail">Commuter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail" title="High-speed rail">High-speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-city_rail" title="Inter-city rail">Inter-city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_rail" title="Regional rail">Regional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_subsidies" title="Rail subsidies">Rail subsidies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railroad_car" title="Railroad car">Railroad cars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_undertaking" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway undertaking">Operating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Train" title="Train">Trains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle_train" title="Shuttle train">Shuttle trains</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Special systems</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tram" title="Tram">Tram</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_trams" title="History of trams">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_rail" title="Light rail">Light rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interurban" title="Interurban">Interurban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">Rapid transit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rapid_transit" title="History of rapid transit">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maglev" title="Maglev">Maglev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_rail_transit" title="Urban rail transit">Urban</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Miscellanea</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_rail_accidents" title="Lists of rail accidents">Accidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Railroad_attractions" title="Category:Railroad attractions">Attractions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_by_country" title="Rail transport by country">By country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_railway_companies" title="List of railway companies">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_high-speed_trains" title="List of high-speed trains">List of high-speed trains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longest_train_services" title="Longest train services">Longest train services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_modelling" title="Rail transport modelling">Modelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_railway_museums" title="List of railway museums">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platform_screen_doors" title="Platform screen doors">Platform screen doors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_speed_record" title="Railway speed record">Railway speed record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_suicide" title="Rail suicide">Suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_rail_transport_terms" title="Glossary of rail transport terms">Terminology</a> (<a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Australian_railway_terms" title="Glossary of Australian railway terms">AU</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_North_American_railway_terms" title="Glossary of North American railway terms">NA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_New_Zealand_railway_terms" title="Glossary of New Zealand railway terms">NZ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_United_Kingdom_railway_terms" title="Glossary of United Kingdom railway terms">UK</a>)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#bebebe;"><a href="/wiki/Track_gauge" title="Track gauge">Track gauge</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddd;"> By transport mode</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit_track_gauge" title="Rapid transit track gauge">Rapid transit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tram_systems_by_gauge_and_electrification" title="List of tram systems by gauge and electrification">Tram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridable_miniature_railway" title="Ridable miniature railway">Miniature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_modelling_scales" title="Rail transport modelling scales">Scale model</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddd;"> By size (<a href="/wiki/List_of_track_gauges" title="List of track gauges">list</a>)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <table class="nowrap"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="4"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Track_gauge.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Graphic list of track gauges"><img alt="Graphic list of track gauges" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Track_gauge.svg/240px-Track_gauge.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Track_gauge.svg/360px-Track_gauge.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Track_gauge.svg/480px-Track_gauge.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2110" data-file-height="610" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"><hr /> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/Minimum-gauge_railway" title="Minimum-gauge railway">Minimum</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#b0b0b0;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Fifteen-inch_gauge_railway" title="Fifteen-inch gauge railway">Fifteen inch</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">381 mm</td> <td style="text-align:left;">(15 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"><hr /> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/Narrow-gauge_railway" title="Narrow-gauge railway">Narrow</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" style="background-color:#E5C4A1;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/2_ft_and_600_mm_gauge_railways" title="2 ft and 600 mm gauge railways">600 mm</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">600 mm</td> <td style="text-align:left;">(1 ft <span class="frac">11<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">5</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> in) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/2_ft_and_600_mm_gauge_railways" title="2 ft and 600 mm gauge railways">Two foot</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">610 mm</td> <td style="text-align:left;">(2 ft) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_2_ft_3_in_gauge_railways" title="List of 2 ft 3 in gauge railways">Two foot three inch</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">686 mm</td> <td style="text-align:left;">(2 ft 3 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" style="background-color:#ff8a37;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/750_mm_gauge_railways" title="750 mm gauge railways">750 mm</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">750 mm</td> <td style="text-align:left;">(2 ft <span class="frac">5<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bosnian-gauge_railways" title="Bosnian-gauge railways">Bosnian gauge</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">760 mm</td> <td style="text-align:left;">(2 ft <span class="frac">5<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">15</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span> in) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/2_ft_6_in_gauge_railways" title="2 ft 6 in gauge railways">Two foot six inch</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">762 mm</td> <td style="text-align:left;">(2 ft 6 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4" style="background-color:#e1392f;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Swedish_three_foot_gauge_railways" title="Swedish three foot gauge railways">Swedish three foot</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">891 mm</td> <td style="text-align:left;">(2 ft <span class="frac">11<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">32</span></span> in) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/900_mm_gauge_railways" title="900 mm gauge railways">900 mm</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">900 mm</td> <td style="text-align:left;">(2 ft <span class="frac">11<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">7</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span> in) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/3_ft_gauge_railways" title="3 ft gauge railways">Three foot</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">914 mm</td> <td style="text-align:left;">(3 ft) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Narrow-gauge_railways_in_Italy#Italian_metre-gauge_lines_(950_mm)" title="Narrow-gauge railways in Italy">Italian metre</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">950 mm</td> <td style="text-align:left;">(3 ft<span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">13</span>⁄<span class="den">32</span></span> in) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#c55e8d;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Metre-gauge_railway" title="Metre-gauge railway">Metre</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,000 mm</td> <td style="text-align:left;">(3 ft <span class="frac">3<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> in) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#6a51b7;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/3_ft_6_in_gauge_railways" title="3 ft 6 in gauge railways">Three foot six inch</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,067 mm</td> <td style="text-align:left;">(3 ft 6 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#6a51b7;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Narrow-gauge_railway#Around_4_ft_gauge" title="Narrow-gauge railway">Four foot</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,219 mm</td> <td style="text-align:left;">(4 ft) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#6a51b7;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/4_ft_6_in_gauge_railway" title="4 ft 6 in gauge railway">Four foot six inch</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,372 mm</td> <td style="text-align:left;">(4 ft 6 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#6a51b7;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Standard-gauge_railway#Modern_almost_standard_gauge_railways" title="Standard-gauge railway">1432 mm</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,432 mm</td> <td style="text-align:left;">(4 ft <span class="frac">8<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> in) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"><hr /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#568dd0; width:20px;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/Standard-gauge_railway" title="Standard-gauge railway">Standard</a></b></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,435 mm</td> <td style="text-align:left;">(4 ft <span class="frac">8<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"><hr /> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/Broad-gauge_railway" title="Broad-gauge railway">Broad</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:#335c33;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Track_gauge_in_Italy" title="Track gauge in Italy">Italian broad gauge</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,445 mm</td> <td style="text-align:left;">(4 ft <span class="frac">8<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">7</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> in) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Dresden" title="Trams in Dresden">Dresden gauge</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,450 mm</td> <td style="text-align:left;">(4 ft <span class="frac">9<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">32</span></span> in) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#335c33;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Leipzig" title="Trams in Leipzig">Leipzig gauge</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,458 mm</td> <td style="text-align:left;">(4 ft <span class="frac">9<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">13</span>⁄<span class="den">32</span></span> in) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#335c33;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Toronto-gauge_railways" title="Toronto-gauge railways">Toronto gauge</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,495 mm</td> <td style="text-align:left;">(4 ft <span class="frac">10<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">7</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> in) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:#335c33;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/5_ft_and_1520_mm_gauge_railways" title="5 ft and 1520 mm gauge railways">1520 mm</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,520 mm</td> <td style="text-align:left;">(4 ft <span class="frac">11<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">27</span>⁄<span class="den">32</span></span> in) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/5_ft_and_1520_mm_gauge_railways" title="5 ft and 1520 mm gauge railways">Five foot</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,524 mm</td> <td style="text-align:left;">(5 ft) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" style="background-color:#5abf56;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Track_gauge_in_the_United_States#Pennsylvania_trolley_gauges" title="Track gauge in the United States">Pennsylvania gauge</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,581 mm</td> <td style="text-align:left;">(5 ft <span class="frac">2<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> in) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">Pennsylvania gauge</td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,588 mm</td> <td style="text-align:left;">(5 ft <span class="frac">2<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/5_ft_3_in_gauge_railways" title="5 ft 3 in gauge railways">Five foot three inch</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,600 mm</td> <td style="text-align:left;">(5 ft 3 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#bbdf94;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_Streetcar_Museum#Streetcar_service" title="Baltimore Streetcar Museum">Baltimore gauge</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,638 mm</td> <td style="text-align:left;">(5 ft <span class="frac">4<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:#bbdf94;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Iberian-gauge_railways" title="Iberian-gauge railways">Iberian gauge</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,668 mm</td> <td style="text-align:left;">(5 ft <span class="frac">5<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">21</span>⁄<span class="den">32</span></span> in) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/5_ft_6_in_gauge_railway" title="5 ft 6 in gauge railway">Five foot six inch</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,676 mm</td> <td style="text-align:left;">(5 ft 6 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#dceba3;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Track_gauge_in_the_United_States#Broad_gauges" title="Track gauge in the United States">Six foot</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,829 mm</td> <td style="text-align:left;">(6 ft) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#dceba3;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Great_Western_Railway#Brunel's_7-foot_gauge_and_the_"gauge_war"" title="Great Western Railway">Brunel</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,140 mm</td> <td style="text-align:left;">(7 ft <span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> in) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#dceba3;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Breitspurbahn" title="Breitspurbahn">Breitspurbahn</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,000 mm</td> <td style="text-align:left;">(9 ft 10<span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> in) </td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddd;"> Change of gauge</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bogie_exchange" title="Bogie exchange">Bogie exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Break_of_gauge" title="Break of gauge">Break of gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_gauge" title="Dual gauge">Dual gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_gauge_conversion" title="Track gauge conversion">Conversion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gauge_conversions" title="List of gauge conversions">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_gauge" title="Variable gauge">Variable gauge</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddd;"> By location</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Track_gauge_in_North_America" title="Track gauge in North America">North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_gauge_in_South_America" title="Track gauge in South America">South America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_gauge_in_Europe" title="Track gauge in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_gauge_in_Australia" title="Rail gauge in Australia">Australia</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rail_gauge_world.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="World map, rail gauge by region"><img alt="World map, rail gauge by region" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Rail_gauge_world.svg/264px-Rail_gauge_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="264" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Rail_gauge_world.svg/396px-Rail_gauge_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Rail_gauge_world.svg/528px-Rail_gauge_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398" /></a></span></td> </tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>railway track</b> (<a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Railways" title="International Union of Railways">UIC terminology</a>) or <b>railroad track</b> (<a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>), also known as a <b>train track</b> or <b>permanent way</b> (often "<b>perway</b>"<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Australia or "<b>P Way</b>" in Britain<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and India), is the structure on a <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">railway or railroad</a> consisting of the <a href="/wiki/Rail_profile" title="Rail profile">rails</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rail_fastening_system" title="Rail fastening system">fasteners</a>, <a href="/wiki/Railroad_tie" title="Railroad tie">railroad ties</a> (sleepers, British English) and <a href="/wiki/Track_ballast" title="Track ballast">ballast</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Ballastless_track" title="Ballastless track">slab track</a>), plus the underlying <a href="/wiki/Subgrade" title="Subgrade">subgrade</a>. It enables <a href="/wiki/Train" title="Train">trains</a> to move by providing a dependable surface for their wheels to roll upon. Early tracks were constructed with wooden or cast iron rails, and wooden or stone sleepers; since the 1870s, rails have almost universally been made from steel. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_development">Historical development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Railway_track&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Historical development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_railway_track" title="History of the railway track">History of the railway track</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Wagonway" title="Wagonway">Wagonway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plateway" title="Plateway">Plateway</a></div> <p>The first railway in Britain was the <a href="/wiki/Wollaton_Wagonway" title="Wollaton Wagonway">Wollaton Wagonway</a>, built in 1603 between Wollaton and Strelley in Nottinghamshire. It used wooden rails and was the first of around 50 wooden-railed tramways built over the next 164 years.<sup id="cite_ref-Dow_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dow-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These early wooden tramways typically used rails of oak or beech, attached to wooden sleepers with iron or wooden nails. Gravel or small stones were packed around the sleepers to hold them in place and provide a walkway for the people or horses that moved wagons along the track. The rails were usually about 3 feet (0.91 m) long and were not joined - instead, adjacent rails were laid on a common sleeper. The straight rails could be angled at these joints to form primitive curved track.<sup id="cite_ref-Dow_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dow-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first iron rails laid in Britain were at the Darby Ironworks in <a href="/wiki/Coalbrookdale" title="Coalbrookdale">Coalbrookdale</a> in 1767.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/Steam_locomotive" title="Steam locomotive">steam locomotives</a> were introduced, starting in 1804, the track then in use proved too weak to carry the additional weight. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Trevithick" title="Richard Trevithick">Richard Trevithick</a>'s pioneering locomotive at <a href="/wiki/Richard_Trevithick#"Pen-y-Darren"_locomotive" title="Richard Trevithick">Pen-y-darren</a> broke the <a href="/wiki/Plateway" title="Plateway">plateway</a> track and had to be withdrawn. As locomotives became more widespread in the 1810s and 1820s, engineers built rigid track formations, with iron rails mounted on stone sleepers, and cast-iron chairs holding them in place. This proved to be a mistake, and was soon replaced with flexible track structures that allowed a degree of elastic movement as trains passed over them.<sup id="cite_ref-Dow_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dow-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Railway_track&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Section_through_railway_track_and_foundation.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Section_through_railway_track_and_foundation.png/290px-Section_through_railway_track_and_foundation.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Section_through_railway_track_and_foundation.png/435px-Section_through_railway_track_and_foundation.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Section_through_railway_track_and_foundation.png/580px-Section_through_railway_track_and_foundation.png 2x" data-file-width="1258" data-file-height="405" /></a><figcaption><small>Section through railway track and foundation showing the ballast and formation layers. The layers are slightly sloped to help drainage. <br /> Sometimes there is a layer of rubber matting (not shown) to improve drainage, and to dampen sound and vibration</small></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_track_structure">Traditional track structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Railway_track&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Traditional track structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Railway_track&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Traditionally, tracks are constructed using flat-bottomed steel rails laid on and spiked or screwed into timber or pre-stressed concrete sleepers (known as ties in North America), with crushed stone <a href="/wiki/Track_ballast" title="Track ballast">ballast</a> placed beneath and around the sleepers.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most modern railroads with heavy traffic use continuously welded rails that are attached to the sleepers with base plates that spread the load. When concrete sleepers are used, a plastic or rubber pad is usually placed between the rail and the tie plate. Rail is usually attached to the sleeper with resilient fastenings, although <a href="/wiki/Cut_spike" class="mw-redirect" title="Cut spike">cut spikes</a> are widely used in North America. For much of the 20th century, rail track used softwood timber sleepers and jointed rails, and a considerable amount of this track remains on secondary and tertiary routes. </p><p>In North America and Australia, <a href="/wiki/Rail_profile#Flat_bottomed_rail" title="Rail profile">flat-bottomed rails</a> were typically fastened to the sleepers with dog spikes through a flat tie plate. In Britain and Ireland, <a href="/wiki/Rail_profile#Bullhead_rail" title="Rail profile">bullhead rails</a> were carried in cast-iron chairs which were spiked to the sleepers. In 1936, the <a href="/wiki/London,_Midland_and_Scottish_Railway" title="London, Midland and Scottish Railway">London, Midland and Scottish Railway</a> pioneered the conversion to flat-bottomed rail in Britain, though earlier lines had made some use of it.<sup id="cite_ref-Dow_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dow-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jointed rails were used at first because contemporary technology did not offer any alternative. However, the intrinsic weakness in resisting vertical loading results in the ballast becoming depressed and a heavy maintenance workload is imposed to prevent unacceptable geometrical defects at the joints. The joints also needed to be lubricated, and wear at the fishplate (joint bar) mating surfaces needed to be rectified by shimming. For this reason jointed track is not financially appropriate for heavily operated railroads. </p><p>Timber sleepers are of many available timbers, and are often treated with <a href="/wiki/Creosote" title="Creosote">creosote</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chromated_copper_arsenate" title="Chromated copper arsenate">chromated copper arsenate</a>, or other wood preservatives. Pre-stressed concrete sleepers are often used where timber is scarce and where tonnage or speeds are high. Steel is used in some applications. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Track_ballast" title="Track ballast">track ballast</a> is customarily crushed stone, and the purpose of this is to support the sleepers and allow some adjustment of their position, while allowing free drainage. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed center centered" style="line-height:120%""> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 226px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 224px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Close-up_of_railway_track.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Traditional railway track showing ballast, part of sleeper and fixing mechanisms"><img alt="Traditional railway track showing ballast, part of sleeper and fixing mechanisms" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Close-up_of_railway_track.jpg/336px-Close-up_of_railway_track.jpg" decoding="async" width="224" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Close-up_of_railway_track.jpg/504px-Close-up_of_railway_track.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Close-up_of_railway_track.jpg/672px-Close-up_of_railway_track.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="3066" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Traditional railway track showing ballast, part of sleeper and fixing mechanisms</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Track_of_Singapore_LRT.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Track of Singapore LRT"><img alt="Track of Singapore LRT" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Track_of_Singapore_LRT.jpg/180px-Track_of_Singapore_LRT.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Track_of_Singapore_LRT.jpg/270px-Track_of_Singapore_LRT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Track_of_Singapore_LRT.jpg/360px-Track_of_Singapore_LRT.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3936" data-file-height="5248" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Track of <a href="/wiki/Singapore_LRT" class="mw-redirect" title="Singapore LRT">Singapore LRT</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ballastless_track">Ballastless track</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Railway_track&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ballastless track"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ballastless_track" title="Ballastless track">Ballastless track</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:China_high_speed_rail_ballastless_tracks.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/China_high_speed_rail_ballastless_tracks.JPG/220px-China_high_speed_rail_ballastless_tracks.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/China_high_speed_rail_ballastless_tracks.JPG/330px-China_high_speed_rail_ballastless_tracks.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/China_high_speed_rail_ballastless_tracks.JPG/440px-China_high_speed_rail_ballastless_tracks.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1462" data-file-height="1055" /></a><figcaption>Ballastless high-speed track in China</figcaption></figure> <p>A disadvantage of traditional track structures is the heavy demand for maintenance, particularly surfacing (tamping) and lining to restore the desired <a href="/wiki/Track_geometry" title="Track geometry">track geometry</a> and smoothness of vehicle running. Weakness of the subgrade and drainage deficiencies also lead to heavy maintenance costs. This can be overcome by using ballastless track. In its simplest form this consists of a continuous slab of concrete (like a highway structure) with the rails supported directly on its upper surface (using a resilient pad). </p><p>There are a number of proprietary systems; variations include a continuous reinforced concrete slab and the use of pre-cast pre-stressed concrete units laid on a base layer. Many permutations of design have been put forward. </p><p>However, ballastless track has a high initial cost, and in the case of existing railroads the upgrade to such requires closure of the route for a long period. Its whole-life cost can be lower because of the reduction in maintenance. Ballastless track is usually considered for new very high speed or very high loading routes, in short extensions that require additional strength (e.g. railway stations), or for localised replacement where there are exceptional maintenance difficulties, for example in tunnels. Most <a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">rapid transit</a> lines and <a href="/wiki/Rubber-tyred_metro" title="Rubber-tyred metro">rubber-tyred metro</a> systems use ballastless track.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Continuous_longitudinally_supported_track">Continuous longitudinally supported track</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Railway_track&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Continuous longitudinally supported track"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diagram_of_section_of_ladder_track_type_of_sleeper_on_Leeds_and_Selby_Railway.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Diagram_of_section_of_ladder_track_type_of_sleeper_on_Leeds_and_Selby_Railway.JPG/220px-Diagram_of_section_of_ladder_track_type_of_sleeper_on_Leeds_and_Selby_Railway.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Diagram_of_section_of_ladder_track_type_of_sleeper_on_Leeds_and_Selby_Railway.JPG/330px-Diagram_of_section_of_ladder_track_type_of_sleeper_on_Leeds_and_Selby_Railway.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Diagram_of_section_of_ladder_track_type_of_sleeper_on_Leeds_and_Selby_Railway.JPG/440px-Diagram_of_section_of_ladder_track_type_of_sleeper_on_Leeds_and_Selby_Railway.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1286" data-file-height="410" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of cross section of 1830s ladder type track used on the <a href="/wiki/Leeds_and_Selby_Railway" title="Leeds and Selby Railway">Leeds and Selby Railway</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FloatingLadder.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/FloatingLadder.JPG/220px-FloatingLadder.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/FloatingLadder.JPG/330px-FloatingLadder.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/FloatingLadder.JPG/440px-FloatingLadder.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="864" /></a><figcaption>Ladder track at <a href="/wiki/Shinagawa_Station" title="Shinagawa Station">Shinagawa Station</a>, Tokyo, Japan</figcaption></figure> <p>Early railways (c. 1840s) experimented with <i>continuous bearing</i> railtrack, in which the rail was supported along its length, with examples including Brunel's <a href="/wiki/Baulk_road" title="Baulk road">baulk road</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Great_Western_Railway" title="Great Western Railway">Great Western Railway</a>, as well as use on the <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_and_North_Shields_Railway" title="Newcastle and North Shields Railway">Newcastle and North Shields Railway</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on the <a href="/wiki/Lancashire_and_Yorkshire_Railway" title="Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway">Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway</a> to a design by <a href="/wiki/John_Hawkshaw" title="John Hawkshaw">John Hawkshaw</a>, and elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Continuous-bearing designs were also promoted by other engineers.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The system was tested on the <a href="/wiki/Baltimore_and_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltimore and Ohio">Baltimore and Ohio</a> railway in the 1840s, but was found to be more expensive to maintain than rail with <a href="/wiki/Railroad_tie" title="Railroad tie">cross sleepers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This type of track still exists on some bridges on Network Rail where the timber baulks are called waybeams or longitudinal timbers. Generally the speed over such structures is low.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later applications of continuously supported track include <a href="/wiki/Balfour_Beatty" title="Balfour Beatty">Balfour Beatty</a>'s 'embedded slab track', which uses a rounded rectangular rail profile (BB14072) embedded in a <a href="/wiki/Slipform" class="mw-redirect" title="Slipform">slipformed</a> (or pre-cast) concrete base (development 2000s).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 'embedded rail structure', used in the Netherlands since 1976, initially used a conventional UIC 54 rail embedded in concrete, and later developed (late 1990s) to use a 'mushroom' shaped SA42 rail profile; a version for light rail using a rail supported in an <a href="/wiki/Asphalt_concrete" title="Asphalt concrete">asphalt concrete</a>–filled steel trough has also been developed (2002).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern <a href="/wiki/Ladder_track" title="Ladder track">ladder track</a> can be considered a development of baulk road. Ladder track utilizes sleepers aligned along the same direction as the rails with rung-like gauge restraining cross members. Both ballasted and ballastless types exist. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rail">Rail</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Railway_track&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Rail"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rail_profile.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Rail_profile.svg/220px-Rail_profile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Rail_profile.svg/330px-Rail_profile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Rail_profile.svg/440px-Rail_profile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Cross-sections of <a href="/wiki/Rail_profile" title="Rail profile">flat-bottomed rail</a>, which can rest directly on the sleepers, and <a href="/wiki/Rail_profile" title="Rail profile">bullhead rail</a> which sits in a <a href="/wiki/Chair_(railway)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chair (railway)">chair</a> (not shown)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rail_profile" title="Rail profile">Rail profile</a></div> <p>Modern track typically uses <a href="/wiki/Hot_rolling" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot rolling">hot-rolled</a> steel with a <a href="/wiki/Profile_(engineering)" title="Profile (engineering)">profile</a> of an asymmetrical rounded <a href="/wiki/I-beam" title="I-beam">I-beam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike some other uses of <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> and <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a>, railway rails are subject to very high stresses and have to be made of very high-quality steel alloy. It took many decades to improve the quality of the materials, including the change from iron to steel. The stronger the rails and the rest of the trackwork, the heavier and faster the trains the track can carry. </p><p>Other profiles of rail include: <a href="/wiki/Bullhead_rail" class="mw-redirect" title="Bullhead rail">bullhead rail</a>; <a href="/wiki/Grooved_rail" class="mw-redirect" title="Grooved rail">grooved rail</a>; <a href="/wiki/Rail_profile#Flat_bottomed_rail" title="Rail profile">flat-bottomed rail</a> (Vignoles rail or flanged T-rail); <a href="/wiki/Rail_profile#Bridge_rail" title="Rail profile">bridge rail</a> (inverted U–shaped used in <a href="/wiki/Baulk_road" title="Baulk road">baulk road</a>); and <a href="/wiki/Barlow_rail" title="Barlow rail">Barlow rail</a> (inverted V). </p><p>North American railroads until the mid- to late-20th century used rails 39 feet (11.9 m) long so they could be carried in <a href="/wiki/Gondola_(rail)" title="Gondola (rail)">gondola cars</a> (<a href="/wiki/Open_wagons" class="mw-redirect" title="Open wagons">open wagons</a>), often 40 feet (12.2 m) long; as gondola sizes increased, so did rail lengths. </p><p>According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Railway_Gazette_International" title="Railway Gazette International">Railway Gazette International</a></i> the planned-but-cancelled 150-kilometre rail line for the <a href="/wiki/Baffinland_Iron_Mine" class="mw-redirect" title="Baffinland Iron Mine">Baffinland Iron Mine</a>, on <a href="/wiki/Baffin_Island" title="Baffin Island">Baffin Island</a>, would have used older <a href="/wiki/Carbon_steel" title="Carbon steel">carbon steel</a> alloys for its rails, instead of more modern, higher performance alloys, because modern alloy rails can become brittle at very low temperatures.<sup id="cite_ref-RailwayGazette20080724_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RailwayGazette20080724-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iron-topped_wooden_rails">Iron-topped wooden rails</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Railway_track&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Iron-topped wooden rails"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early North American railroads used iron on top of wooden rails as an economy measure but gave up this method of construction after the iron came loose, began to curl, and intruded into the floors of the coaches. The iron strap rail coming through the floors of the coaches came to be referred to as "snake heads" by early railroaders.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Deeside_Tramway" title="Deeside Tramway">Deeside Tramway</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_Wales" title="North Wales">North Wales</a> used this form of rail. It opened around 1870 and closed in 1947, with long sections still using these rails. It was one of the last uses of iron-topped wooden rails.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rail_classification_(weight)"><span id="Rail_classification_.28weight.29"></span>Rail classification (weight)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Railway_track&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Rail classification (weight)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rail_profile" title="Rail profile">Rail profile</a></div> <p>Rail is graded by its <a href="/wiki/Linear_density" title="Linear density">linear density</a>, that is, its mass over a standard length. Heavier rail can support greater axle loads and higher train speeds without sustaining damage than lighter rail, but at a greater cost. In North America and the United Kingdom, rail is graded in pounds per yard (usually shown as <i>pound</i> or <i>lb</i>), so <i>130-pound rail</i> would weigh 130 lb/yd (64 kg/m). The usual range is 115 to 141 lb/yd (57 to 70 kg/m). In Europe, rail is graded in kilograms per metre and the usual range is 40 to 60 kg/m (81 to 121 lb/yd). The heaviest mass-produced rail was 155 pounds per yard (77 kg/m), rolled for the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Railroad" title="Pennsylvania Railroad">Pennsylvania Railroad</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rail_lengths">Rail lengths</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Railway_track&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Rail lengths"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The rails used in <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">rail transport</a> are produced in sections of fixed length. Rail lengths are made as long as possible, as the joints between rails are a source of weakness. Throughout the history of rail production, lengths have increased as manufacturing processes have improved. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Timeline">Timeline</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Railway_track&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Timeline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following are lengths of single sections produced by <a href="/wiki/Steel_mill" title="Steel mill">steel mills</a>, without any <a href="/wiki/Thermite_welding" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermite welding">thermite welding</a>. Shorter rails may be welded with <a href="/wiki/Flash_welding" title="Flash welding">flashbutt welding</a>, but the following rail lengths are unwelded. </p> <ul><li>(1767) <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Reynolds_(ironmaster)" title="Richard Reynolds (ironmaster)">Richard Reynolds</a> laid the first iron rails at Coalbrookdale.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>(1825) <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> 15 feet (4.57 m) <a href="/wiki/Stockton_and_Darlington_Railway" title="Stockton and Darlington Railway">Stockton and Darlington Railway</a> 5.6 lb/yd (2.78 kg/m)</li> <li>(1830) <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> 15 feet (4.57 m) <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway" title="Liverpool and Manchester Railway">Liverpool and Manchester Railway</a>. Fish-belly rails at 35 lb/yd (17.4 kg/m), laid mostly on stone blocks</li> <li>(1831) <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> 15 feet (4.6 m) long and weighing 36 pounds per yard (17.9 kg/m), reached <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> the first use of the flanged T-rail in the United States</li> <li>(1880) <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281877%E2%80%931890%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281877%E2%80%931890%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281877%E2%80%931890%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281877%E2%80%931890%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281877%E2%80%931890%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281877%E2%80%931890%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> 39 feet (11.89 m) United States to suit 40-foot-long (12.19 m) <a href="/wiki/Gondola_(rail)" title="Gondola (rail)">gondola waggons</a></li> <li>(1928) <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> 45 and 60 feet (13.72 and 18.29 m) <a href="/wiki/London,_Midland_and_Scottish_Railway" title="London, Midland and Scottish Railway">London, Midland and Scottish Railway</a><sup id="cite_ref-LMS-PW-Drawings_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LMS-PW-Drawings-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>(1950) <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> 60 feet (18.29 m) <a href="/wiki/British_Rail" title="British Rail">British Rail</a></li> <li>(1900) <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> 71 ft (21.6 m) – steel works weighing machine for rails (<a href="/wiki/Steelyard_balance" title="Steelyard balance">steelyard balance</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>(1940s) <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> 78 feet (23.77 m) – double 39 ft<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>(1953) <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></span> 45 feet (13.72 m) Australia<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Welding of rails into longer lengths was first introduced around 1893, making train rides quieter and safer. With the introduction of thermite welding after 1899, the process became less labour-intensive, and ubiquitous.<sup id="cite_ref-Goldschmidt_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldschmidt-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>(1895) <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hans_Goldschmidt" title="Hans Goldschmidt">Hans Goldschmidt</a> developed <a href="/wiki/Exothermic_welding" title="Exothermic welding">exothermic welding</a></li> <li>(1899) <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> the <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Essen" title="Trams in Essen">Essen Tramway</a> became the first railway to use thermite welding; also suited <a href="/wiki/Track_circuit" title="Track circuit">track circuits</a></li> <li>(1904) <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> George Pellissier welded the <a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Street_Railway#Pioneering_thermite_rail_welding" title="Holyoke Street Railway">Holyoke Street Railway</a>, first to use the process in the Americas</li> <li>(1935) <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Cadwell" title="Charles Cadwell">Charles Cadwell</a> developed non-ferrous <a href="/wiki/Exothermic_welding" title="Exothermic welding">exothermic welding</a></li> <li>(1950) <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></span> 240 ft (73.2 m) welded – (4 x 60 feet or 18.3 metres)<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Modern production techniques allowed the production of longer unwelded segments. </p> <ul><li>(2007) <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> 108 metres (354.3 ft) Corus (now <a href="/wiki/British_Steel_(2016%E2%80%93present)" title="British Steel (2016–present)">British Steel (2016–present)</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li> <li>(2011) <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> 108 metres (354.3 ft) <a href="/wiki/Tata_Steel_Europe" title="Tata Steel Europe">Tata Steel Europe</a><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>(2011) <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria"><img alt="Austria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> 120 metres (393.7 ft) <a href="/wiki/Voestalpine" title="Voestalpine">Voestalpine</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>(2011) <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> 121 metres (397.0 ft) <a href="/wiki/Jindal_Steel_and_Power" title="Jindal Steel and Power">Jindal</a><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multiples">Multiples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Railway_track&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Multiples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Newer longer rails tend to be made as simple multiples of older shorter rails, so that old rails can be replaced without cutting. Some cutting would be needed as slightly longer rails are needed on the outside of sharp curves compared to the rails on the inside. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Boltholes">Boltholes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Railway_track&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Boltholes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rails can be supplied pre-drilled with boltholes for <a href="/wiki/Fishplates" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishplates">fishplates</a> or without where they will be welded into place. There are usually two or three boltholes at each end. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Joining_rails">Joining rails</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Railway_track&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Joining rails"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rails are produced in fixed lengths and need to be joined end-to-end to make a continuous surface on which trains may run. The traditional method of joining the rails is to bolt them together using metal <a href="/wiki/Fishplate" title="Fishplate">fishplates</a> (jointbars in the US), producing <i>jointed track</i>. For more modern usage, particularly where higher speeds are required, the lengths of rail may be welded together to form <i>continuous welded rail</i> (CWR). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jointed_track">Jointed track</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Railway_track&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Jointed track"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:THORN-155lb-PS-jointed-joint.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/THORN-155lb-PS-jointed-joint.jpg/220px-THORN-155lb-PS-jointed-joint.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/THORN-155lb-PS-jointed-joint.jpg/330px-THORN-155lb-PS-jointed-joint.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/THORN-155lb-PS-jointed-joint.jpg/440px-THORN-155lb-PS-jointed-joint.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1022" data-file-height="686" /></a><figcaption>Bonded main line 6-bolt rail joint on a segment of 155 lb/yd (76.9 kg/m) rail. The alternating bolt head orientation is to prevent complete separation of the joint in the event of being struck by a wheel during a derailment.</figcaption></figure> <p>Jointed track is made using lengths of rail, usually around 20 m (66 ft) long (in the UK) and 39 or 78 ft (12 or 24 m) long (in North America), bolted together using perforated steel plates known as <i>fishplates</i> (UK) or <i>joint bars</i> (North America). </p><p>Fishplates are usually 600 mm (2 ft) long, used in pairs either side of the rail ends and <a href="/wiki/Bolted_joint" title="Bolted joint">bolted</a> together (usually four, but sometimes six <a href="/wiki/Machine_screw" class="mw-redirect" title="Machine screw">bolts</a> per joint). The bolts have alternating orientations so that in the event of a <a href="/wiki/Derailment" title="Derailment">derailment</a> and a wheel <a href="/wiki/Flange" title="Flange">flange</a> striking the joint, only some of the bolts will be sheared, reducing the likelihood of the rails misaligning with each other and exacerbating the derailment. This technique is not applied universally; European practice being to have all the bolt heads on the same side of the rail. </p><p>Small gaps which function as <a href="/wiki/Expansion_joint" title="Expansion joint">expansion joints</a> are deliberately left between the rail ends to allow for expansion of the rails in hot weather. European practice was to have the rail joints on both rails adjacent to each other, while North American practice is to stagger them. Because of these small gaps, when trains pass over jointed tracks they make a "clickety-clack" sound. Unless it is well-maintained, jointed track does not have the ride quality of welded rail and is less desirable for <a href="/wiki/High_speed_train" class="mw-redirect" title="High speed train">high speed trains</a>. However, jointed track is still used in many countries on lower speed lines and <a href="/wiki/Siding_(rail)" title="Siding (rail)">sidings</a>, and is used extensively in poorer countries due to the lower construction cost and the simpler equipment required for its installation and maintenance. </p><p>A major problem of jointed track is cracking around the bolt holes, which can lead to breaking of the rail head (the running surface). This was the cause of the <a href="/wiki/Hither_Green_rail_crash" title="Hither Green rail crash">Hither Green rail crash</a> which caused <a href="/wiki/British_Rail" title="British Rail">British Railways</a> to begin converting much of its track to continuous welded rail. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Insulated_joints">Insulated joints</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Railway_track&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Insulated joints"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Where <a href="/wiki/Track_circuit" title="Track circuit">track circuits</a> exist for <a href="/wiki/Railway_signalling" title="Railway signalling">signalling</a> purposes, insulated block joints are required. These compound the weaknesses of ordinary joints. Specially-made glued joints, where all the gaps are filled with <a href="/wiki/Epoxy" title="Epoxy">epoxy resin</a>, increase the strength again. </p><p>As an alternative to the insulated joint, <a href="/wiki/Audio_frequency" title="Audio frequency">audio frequency</a> track circuits can be employed using a <a href="/wiki/LC_circuit" title="LC circuit">tuned loop</a> formed in approximately 20 m (66 ft) of the rail as part of the blocking circuit. Some insulated joints are unavoidable within turnouts. </p><p>Another alternative is an <a href="/wiki/Axle_counter" title="Axle counter">axle counter</a>, which can reduce the number of track circuits and thus the number of insulated rail joints required. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Continuous_welded_rail">Continuous welded rail</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Railway_track&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Continuous welded rail"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Geschweisster_schienenstoss.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Geschweisster_schienenstoss.jpeg/220px-Geschweisster_schienenstoss.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Geschweisster_schienenstoss.jpeg/330px-Geschweisster_schienenstoss.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Geschweisster_schienenstoss.jpeg/440px-Geschweisster_schienenstoss.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Welded rail joint</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LIRR-Winter-Flames.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/LIRR-Winter-Flames.jpg/220px-LIRR-Winter-Flames.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/LIRR-Winter-Flames.jpg/330px-LIRR-Winter-Flames.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/LIRR-Winter-Flames.jpg/440px-LIRR-Winter-Flames.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>A pull-apart on the <a href="/wiki/Long_Island_Rail_Road" title="Long Island Rail Road">Long Island Rail Road</a> <a href="/wiki/Babylon_Branch" title="Babylon Branch">Babylon Branch</a> being repaired by using flaming rope to expand the rail back to a point where it can be joined together</figcaption></figure> <p>Most modern railways use <i>continuous welded rail</i> (CWR), sometimes referred to as <i>ribbon rails</i> or <i>seamless rails</i>. In this form of track, the rails are <a href="/wiki/Welding" title="Welding">welded</a> together by utilising <a href="/wiki/Flash_welding" title="Flash welding">flash butt welding</a> to form one continuous rail that may be several kilometres long. Because there are few joints, this form of track is very strong, gives a smooth ride, and needs less maintenance; trains can travel on it at higher speeds and with less friction. Welded rails are more expensive to lay than jointed tracks, but have much lower maintenance costs. The first welded track was used in Germany in 1924.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has become common on <a href="/wiki/Main_line_(railway)" title="Main line (railway)">main lines</a> since the 1950s. </p><p>The preferred process of flash butt welding involves an automated track-laying machine running a strong <a href="/wiki/Electric_current" title="Electric current">electric current</a> through the touching ends of two unjoined rails. The ends become white hot due to electrical resistance and are then pressed together forming a strong weld. <a href="/wiki/Thermite_welding" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermite welding">Thermite welding</a> is used to repair or splice together existing CWR segments. This is a manual process requiring a reaction crucible and form to contain the molten iron. </p><p>North American practice is to weld <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span>-mile-long (400 m) segments of rail at a rail facility and load it on a special train to carry it to the job site. This train is designed to carry many segments of rail which are placed so they can slide off their racks to the rear of the train and be attached to the ties (sleepers) in a continuous operation.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If not restrained, rails would lengthen in hot weather and shrink in cold weather. To provide this restraint, the rail is prevented from moving in relation to the sleeper by use of clips or anchors. Attention needs to be paid to compacting the ballast effectively, including under, between, and at the ends of the sleepers, to prevent the sleepers from moving. Anchors are more common for wooden sleepers, whereas most concrete or steel sleepers are fastened to the rail by special clips that resist longitudinal movement of the rail. There is no theoretical limit to how long a welded rail can be. However, if longitudinal and lateral restraint are insufficient, the track could become distorted in hot weather and cause a derailment. Distortion due to heat expansion is known in North America as <a href="/wiki/Sun_kink" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun kink">sun kink</a>, and elsewhere as buckling. In extreme hot weather special inspections are required to monitor sections of track known to be problematic. In North American practice, extreme temperature conditions will trigger slow orders to allow for crews to react to buckling or "sun kinks" if encountered.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The German railway company <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bahn" title="Deutsche Bahn">Deutsche Bahn</a> is starting to paint rails white to lower the peak temperatures reached in summer days.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After new segments of rail are laid, or defective rails replaced (welded-in), the rails can be artificially stressed if the temperature of the rail during laying is cooler than what is desired. The <a href="/wiki/Rail_stressing" title="Rail stressing">stressing process</a> involves either heating the rails, causing them to expand,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or stretching the rails with <a href="/wiki/Hydraulics" title="Hydraulics">hydraulic</a> equipment. They are then fastened (clipped) to the sleepers in their expanded form. This process ensures that the rail will not expand much further in subsequent hot weather. In cold weather the rails try to contract, but because they are firmly fastened, cannot do so. In effect, stressed rails are a bit like a piece of stretched <a href="/wiki/Elastomer" title="Elastomer">elastic</a> firmly fastened down. In extremely cold weather, rails are heated to prevent "pull aparts".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>CWR is laid (including fastening) at a temperature roughly midway between the extremes experienced at that location. (This is known as the "rail neutral temperature".) This installation procedure is intended to prevent tracks from buckling in summer heat or pulling apart in the winter cold. In North America, because broken rails are typically detected by interruption of the current in the signaling system, they are seen as less of a potential hazard than undetected heat kinks. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Expansion_joint,_Hayle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Expansion_joint%2C_Hayle.jpg/220px-Expansion_joint%2C_Hayle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Expansion_joint%2C_Hayle.jpg/330px-Expansion_joint%2C_Hayle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Expansion_joint%2C_Hayle.jpg/440px-Expansion_joint%2C_Hayle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>An expansion joint on the <a href="/wiki/Cornish_Main_Line" title="Cornish Main Line">Cornish Main Line</a>, England</figcaption></figure> <p>Joints are used in the continuous welded rail when necessary, usually for signal circuit gaps. Instead of a joint that passes straight across the rail, the two rail ends are sometimes cut at an angle to give a smoother transition. In extreme cases, such as at the end of long bridges, a <a href="/wiki/Breather_switch" title="Breather switch">breather switch</a> (referred to in North America and Britain as an <i>expansion joint</i>) gives a smooth path for the wheels while allowing the end of one rail to expand relative to the next rail. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sleepers">Sleepers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Railway_track&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sleepers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Railroad_tie" title="Railroad tie">Railroad tie</a></div> <p>A sleeper (tie or crosstie) is a rectangular object on which the rails are supported and fixed. The sleeper has two main roles: to transfer the loads from the rails to the <a href="/wiki/Track_ballast" title="Track ballast">track ballast</a> and the ground underneath, and to hold the rails to the correct width apart (to maintain the <a href="/wiki/Rail_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail gauge">rail gauge</a>). They are generally laid transversely to the rails. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fixing_rails_to_sleepers">Fixing rails to sleepers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Railway_track&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Fixing rails to sleepers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rail_fastening_system" title="Rail fastening system">Rail fastening system</a></div> <p>Various methods exist for fixing the rail to the sleeper. Historically, spikes gave way to cast iron chairs fixed to the sleeper. More recently, springs (such as <i><a href="/wiki/Pandrol" title="Pandrol">Pandrol</a> clips</i>) are used to fix the rail to the sleeper chair. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Portable_track">Portable track</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Railway_track&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Portable track"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Panama_Canal_under_construction,_1907.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Panama_Canal_under_construction%2C_1907.jpg/200px-Panama_Canal_under_construction%2C_1907.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Panama_Canal_under_construction%2C_1907.jpg/300px-Panama_Canal_under_construction%2C_1907.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Panama_Canal_under_construction%2C_1907.jpg/400px-Panama_Canal_under_construction%2C_1907.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1612" data-file-height="1660" /></a><figcaption>Panama Canal construction track, 1907</figcaption></figure> <p>Sometimes rail tracks are designed to be portable and moved from one place to another as required. During construction of the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a>, tracks were moved around excavation works. These track gauge were <a href="/wiki/5_ft_and_1520_mm_gauge_railways" title="5 ft and 1520 mm gauge railways"><span class="nowrap">5 ft</span></a> (<span class="nowrap">1,524 mm</span>) and the rolling stock full size. Portable tracks have often been used in open pit mines. In 1880 in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, sections of heavy portable track (along with much other improvised technology) helped in the move of the <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra%27s_Needle_(New_York_City)" title="Cleopatra's Needle (New York City)">ancient obelisk in Central Park</a> to its final location from the dock where it was unloaded from the cargo ship <i><a href="/wiki/SS_Dessoug" title="SS Dessoug">SS Dessoug</a></i>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">Cane</a> railways often had permanent tracks for the main lines, with portable tracks serving the canefields themselves. These tracks were <a href="/wiki/Narrow_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Narrow gauge">narrow gauge</a> (for example, <a href="/wiki/2_ft_and_600_mm_gauge_railways" title="2 ft and 600 mm gauge railways"><span class="nowrap">2 ft</span></a> (<span class="nowrap">610 mm</span>)) and the portable track came in straights, curves, and turnouts, rather like on a model railway.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Decauville" title="Decauville">Decauville</a> was a source of many portable light rail tracks, also used for military purposes. <span class="anchor" id="A-temporary-way"></span> The <i>permanent way</i> is so called because <i>temporary way</i> tracks were often used in the construction of that permanent way.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Layout">Layout</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Railway_track&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Layout"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Track_geometry" title="Track geometry">Track geometry</a></div> <p>The geometry of the tracks is three-dimensional by nature, but the standards that express the speed limits and other regulations in the areas of track gauge, alignment, elevation, curvature and track surface are usually expressed in two separate layouts for <a href="/wiki/Horizontal_plane" class="mw-redirect" title="Horizontal plane">horizontal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vertical_direction" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertical direction">vertical</a>. </p><p>Horizontal layout is the track layout on the <a href="/wiki/Multiview_orthographic_projection#Plan" title="Multiview orthographic projection">horizontal plane</a>. This involves the layout of three main track types: <i>tangent track</i> (straight line), <i>curved track</i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Track_transition_curve" title="Track transition curve">track transition curve</a></i> (also called <i>transition spiral</i> or <i>spiral</i>) which connects between a tangent and a curved track. </p><p>Vertical layout is the track layout on the <a href="/wiki/Multiview_orthographic_projection#Elevation" title="Multiview orthographic projection">vertical plane</a> including the concepts such as crosslevel, <a href="/wiki/Cant_(road/rail)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cant (road/rail)">cant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grade_(slope)" title="Grade (slope)">gradient</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <i>sidetrack</i> is a railroad track other than <a href="/wiki/Siding_(rail)" title="Siding (rail)">siding</a> that is auxiliary to the main track. The word is also used as a verb (without object) to refer to the movement of trains and railcars from the main track to a siding, and in common parlance to refer to giving in to distractions apart from a main subject.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sidetracks are used by railroads to order and organise the flow of rail traffic. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gauge">Gauge</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Railway_track&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Gauge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Track_gauge" title="Track gauge">Track gauge</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_track_gauges" title="List of track gauges">List of track gauges</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_tram_track_gauges" class="mw-redirect" title="List of tram track gauges">List of tram track gauges</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gauge_EN.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Gauge_EN.svg/350px-Gauge_EN.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Gauge_EN.svg/525px-Gauge_EN.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Gauge_EN.svg/700px-Gauge_EN.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="886" data-file-height="319" /></a><figcaption>Measuring rail gauge</figcaption></figure> <p>During the early days of rail, there was considerable variation in the gauge used by different systems, and in the UK during the railway building boom of the 1840s Brunel's broad gauge of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><a href="/wiki/7-foot-%C2%BC-inch_gauge_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="7-foot-¼-inch gauge railway"><span class="nowrap">7 ft <span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> in</span></a> (<span class="nowrap">2,140 mm</span>) was in <a href="/wiki/British_Gauge_War" title="British Gauge War">competition</a> with what was referred to at the time as the 'narrow' gauge of <span class="nowrap">1,435 mm</span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="nowrap">4 ft <span class="frac">8<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in</span>). Eventually the <span class="nowrap">1,435 mm</span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="nowrap">4 ft <span class="frac">8<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in</span>) gauge won the battle, and became the standard gauge, with the term 'narrow gauge' henceforth used for gauges narrower than the new standard. As of 2017<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Railway_track&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, about 60% of the world's railways use a gauge of <span class="nowrap">1,435 mm</span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="nowrap">4 ft <span class="frac">8<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in</span>), known as <a href="/wiki/Standard_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard gauge">standard</a> or international gauge<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gauges wider than standard gauge are called <a href="/wiki/Broad_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Broad gauge">broad gauge</a>; narrower, <a href="/wiki/Narrow_gauge_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Narrow gauge railway">narrow gauge</a>. Some stretches of track are <a href="/wiki/Dual_gauge" title="Dual gauge">dual gauge</a>, with three (or sometimes four) parallel rails in place of the usual two, to allow trains of two different gauges to use the same track.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gauge can safely vary over a range. For example, U.S. federal safety standards allow standard gauge to vary from 4 ft 8 in (1,420 mm) to <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">4 ft <span class="frac">9<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in (1,460 mm) for operation up to 60 mph (97 km/h).<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Maintenance">Maintenance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Railway_track&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Maintenance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Maintenance_of_way" title="Maintenance of way">Maintenance of way</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Rail_inspection" title="Rail inspection">Rail inspection</a> and <a href="/wiki/Work_train" title="Work train">Work train</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Railroad_car#Non-revenue_cars" title="Railroad car">Railroad car § Non-revenue cars</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sectiongang_hungerford1917.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Sectiongang_hungerford1917.jpg/220px-Sectiongang_hungerford1917.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Sectiongang_hungerford1917.jpg/330px-Sectiongang_hungerford1917.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Sectiongang_hungerford1917.jpg/440px-Sectiongang_hungerford1917.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="387" /></a><figcaption>Circa 1917, American section gang (<a href="/wiki/Gandy_dancer" title="Gandy dancer">gandy dancers</a>) responsible for maintenance of a particular section of railway. One man is holding a lining bar (gandy), while others are using rail tongs to position a rail.</figcaption></figure> <p>Track needs regular maintenance to remain in good order, especially when high-speed trains are involved. Inadequate maintenance may lead to a "slow order" (North American terminology, or <a href="/wiki/Slow_zone#Speed_restrictions_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Slow zone">temporary speed restriction</a> in the United Kingdom) being imposed to avoid accidents (see <a href="/wiki/Slow_zone" title="Slow zone">Slow zone</a>). Track maintenance was at one time hard <a href="/wiki/Manual_labour" title="Manual labour">manual labour</a>, requiring teams of labourers, or trackmen (US: <a href="/wiki/Gandy_dancer" title="Gandy dancer">gandy dancers</a>; UK: <a href="/wiki/Platelayer" title="Platelayer">platelayers</a>; Australia: fettlers), who used lining bars to correct irregularities in horizontal alignment (line) of the track, and tamping and jacks to correct vertical irregularities (surface). Currently, maintenance is facilitated by a variety of specialised machines. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Track_Flange_Oiler.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Track_Flange_Oiler.JPG/220px-Track_Flange_Oiler.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Track_Flange_Oiler.JPG/330px-Track_Flange_Oiler.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Track_Flange_Oiler.JPG/440px-Track_Flange_Oiler.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="439" /></a><figcaption>Flange oilers lubricate wheel flanges to reduce rail wear in tight curves, <a href="/wiki/Middelburg,_Mpumalanga" title="Middelburg, Mpumalanga">Middelburg, Mpumalanga</a>, South Africa</figcaption></figure> <p>The surface of the head of each of the two rails can be maintained by using a <a href="/wiki/Railgrinder" title="Railgrinder">railgrinder</a>. </p><p>Common maintenance jobs include changing sleepers, lubricating and adjusting <a href="/wiki/Railroad_switch" title="Railroad switch">switches</a>, tightening loose track components, and surfacing and lining track to keep straight sections straight and curves within maintenance limits. The process of sleeper and rail replacement can be automated by using a <a href="/wiki/Track_renewal_train" title="Track renewal train">track renewal train</a>. </p><p>Spraying ballast with <a href="/wiki/Herbicide" title="Herbicide">herbicide</a> to prevent weeds growing through and redistributing the ballast is typically done with a special weed killing train. </p><p>Over time, ballast is crushed or moved by the weight of trains passing over it, periodically requiring relevelling ("tamping") and eventually to be cleaned or replaced. If this is not done, the tracks may become uneven, causing swaying, rough riding and possibly derailments. An alternative to tamping is to lift the rails and sleepers and reinsert the ballast beneath. For this, specialist "<a href="/wiki/Stoneblower" title="Stoneblower">stoneblower</a>" trains are used. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Rail_inspection" title="Rail inspection">Rail inspections</a> utilize <a href="/wiki/Nondestructive_testing" title="Nondestructive testing">nondestructive testing</a> methods to detect internal flaws in the rails. This is done by using specially equipped <a href="/wiki/Road-rail_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Road-rail vehicle">HiRail trucks</a>, inspection cars, or in some cases, handheld inspection devices. </p><p>Rails must be replaced before the railhead profile wears to a degree that may trigger a derailment. Worn mainline rails usually have sufficient life remaining to be used on a <a href="/wiki/Branch_line" title="Branch line">branch line</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siding_(rail)" title="Siding (rail)">siding</a> or <a href="/wiki/Railroad_terminology#S" class="mw-redirect" title="Railroad terminology">stub</a> afterwards and are "cascaded" to those applications. </p><p>The environmental conditions along railroad track create a unique <a href="/wiki/Railroad_ecology" title="Railroad ecology">railway ecosystem</a>. This is particularly so in the United Kingdom, where steam locomotives are only used on special services and vegetation has not been trimmed back so thoroughly. This creates a fire risk in prolonged dry weather. </p><p>In the UK, the <a href="/wiki/Cess_(rail_transport)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cess (rail transport)">cess</a> is used by track repair crews to walk to a work site, and as a safe place to stand when a train is passing. This helps when doing minor work, while needing to keep trains running, by not needing a Hi-railer or transport vehicle blocking the line to transport crew to get to the site. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Risanatrice.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Maintenance of way equipment in Italy"><img alt="Maintenance of way equipment in Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Risanatrice.jpg/271px-Risanatrice.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Risanatrice.jpg/407px-Risanatrice.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Risanatrice.jpg/543px-Risanatrice.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="531" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Maintenance of way equipment in Italy</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maintenance_of_way.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A track renewal train in Pennsylvania"><img alt="A track renewal train in Pennsylvania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Maintenance_of_way.jpg/240px-Maintenance_of_way.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Maintenance_of_way.jpg/360px-Maintenance_of_way.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Maintenance_of_way.jpg/480px-Maintenance_of_way.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Track_renewal_train" title="Track renewal train">track renewal train</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 181.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 179.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plasser_%26_Theurer_09-32_CSM_CFR.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Plasser & Theurer 09-32 CSM continuous action levelling, lining and tamping machine of the Romanian Railways"><img alt="Plasser & Theurer 09-32 CSM continuous action levelling, lining and tamping machine of the Romanian Railways" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Plasser_%26_Theurer_09-32_CSM_CFR.jpg/269px-Plasser_%26_Theurer_09-32_CSM_CFR.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Plasser_%26_Theurer_09-32_CSM_CFR.jpg/404px-Plasser_%26_Theurer_09-32_CSM_CFR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Plasser_%26_Theurer_09-32_CSM_CFR.jpg/539px-Plasser_%26_Theurer_09-32_CSM_CFR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2006" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="/wiki/Plasser_%26_Theurer" title="Plasser & Theurer">Plasser & Theurer</a> 09-32 CSM continuous action levelling, lining and tamping machine of the <a href="/wiki/C%C4%83ile_Ferate_Rom%C3%A2ne" title="Căile Ferate Române">Romanian Railways</a></div> </li> </ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bed_and_foundation">Bed and foundation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Railway_track&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Bed and foundation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ICE_TrainTrack.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/ICE_TrainTrack.JPG/220px-ICE_TrainTrack.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/ICE_TrainTrack.JPG/330px-ICE_TrainTrack.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/ICE_TrainTrack.JPG/440px-ICE_TrainTrack.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2888" data-file-height="2160" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Intercity-Express" class="mw-redirect" title="Intercity-Express">Intercity-Express</a> Track, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Toyohashi_Station_001.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Toyohashi_Station_001.JPG/220px-Toyohashi_Station_001.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Toyohashi_Station_001.JPG/330px-Toyohashi_Station_001.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Toyohashi_Station_001.JPG/440px-Toyohashi_Station_001.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>On this Japanese high-speed line, mats have been added to stabilize the ballast.</figcaption></figure> <p>Railway tracks are generally laid on a bed of stone <a href="/wiki/Track_ballast" title="Track ballast">track ballast</a> or <a href="/wiki/Track_bed" title="Track bed">track bed</a>, which in turn is supported by prepared earthworks known as the track formation. The formation comprises the <a href="/wiki/Land_grading" class="mw-redirect" title="Land grading">subgrade</a> and a layer of sand or stone dust (often sandwiched in impervious plastic), known as the blanket, which restricts the upward migration of wet clay or silt. There may also be layers of waterproof fabric to prevent water penetrating to the subgrade. The track and ballast form the <a href="/wiki/Permanent_way:_historical_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent way: historical development">permanent way</a>. The foundation may refer to the ballast and formation, i.e. all man-made structures below the tracks. </p><p>Some railroads are using asphalt pavement below the ballast in order to keep dirt and moisture from moving into the ballast and spoiling it. The fresh asphalt also serves to stabilize the ballast so it does not move around so easily.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additional measures are required where the track is laid over <a href="/wiki/Permafrost" title="Permafrost">permafrost</a>, such as on the <a href="/wiki/Qingzang_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Qingzang Railway">Qingzang Railway</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>. For example, transverse pipes through the subgrade allow cold air to penetrate the formation and prevent that subgrade from melting. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geosynthetic_reinforcement">Geosynthetic reinforcement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Railway_track&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Geosynthetic reinforcement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Geosynthetics" title="Geosynthetics">Geosynthetics</a> are used to reduce or replace traditional layers in trackbed construction and rehabilitation worldwide to improve track support and reduce track maintenance costs.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reinforcement geosynthetics, such as <a href="/wiki/Cellular_confinement" title="Cellular confinement">geocells</a><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (which rely on 3D soil confinement mechanisms) have demonstrated efficacy in stabilizing soft subgrade soils and reinforcing substructural layers to limit progressive track degradation. Reinforcement geosynthetics increase soil bearing capacity, limit ballast movement and degradation and reduce differential settlement that affects track geometry.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also reduce construction time and cost, while reducing environmental impact and carbon footprint.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The increased use of geosynthetic reinforcement solutions is supported by new high-performance geocell materials (e.g., NPA - <a href="/wiki/Novel_polymeric_alloy" title="Novel polymeric alloy">Novel Polymeric Alloy</a>), published research, case studies projects and international standards (ISO,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ASTM,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CROW/SBRCURnet<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </p><p>The hybrid use of high-performance geogrids at the subgrade and high-performance geocell in the upper subbase/subballast layer has been shown to increase the reinforcement factor greater than their separate sums, and is particularly effective in attenuating heaving of expansive subgrade clay soils.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A field test project on <a href="/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak">Amtrak</a>'s NE Corridor suffering clay mud-pumping demonstrated how the hybrid solution improved track quality index (TQI) significantly reduced track geometry degradation and lowered track surface maintenance by factor of 6.7x utilizing high-performance NPA geocell.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Geosynthetic reinforcement is also used to stabilize railway embankments, which must be robust enough to withstand repeated cyclical loading. Geocells can utilize recycled marginal or poorly graded granular material to create stable embankments, make railway construction more economical and sustainable.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Buses">Buses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Railway_track&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Buses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mercedes-Benz_O_305_on_guided_busway_in_Adelaide.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Mercedes-Benz_O_305_on_guided_busway_in_Adelaide.jpg/220px-Mercedes-Benz_O_305_on_guided_busway_in_Adelaide.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Mercedes-Benz_O_305_on_guided_busway_in_Adelaide.jpg/330px-Mercedes-Benz_O_305_on_guided_busway_in_Adelaide.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Mercedes-Benz_O_305_on_guided_busway_in_Adelaide.jpg/440px-Mercedes-Benz_O_305_on_guided_busway_in_Adelaide.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Buses driving on tracks, <a href="/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide">Adelaide</a>, Australia</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Guided_bus" title="Guided bus">Guided bus</a></div> <p>Some buses can use tracks. This concept came out of Germany and was called <a href="/wiki/O-Bahn" class="mw-redirect" title="O-Bahn">O-Bahn</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/O-Bahn" class="extiw" title="de:O-Bahn">de</a>]</span>. The first such track, the <a href="/wiki/O-Bahn_Busway" title="O-Bahn Busway">O-Bahn Busway</a>, was built in Adelaide, Australia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Railway_track&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_train.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e3/P_train.svg/31px-P_train.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e3/P_train.svg/47px-P_train.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e3/P_train.svg/62px-P_train.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Trains" title="Portal:Trains">Trains portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Degree_of_curvature" title="Degree of curvature">Degree of curvature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_train_and_tram_tracks" title="Comparison of train and tram tracks">Difference between train and tram rails</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exothermic_welding" title="Exothermic welding">Exothermic welding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauntlet_track" title="Gauntlet track">Gauntlet track</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_rail_terminology" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossary of rail terminology">Glossary of rail terminology</a><br /> (including US/UK and other<br /> regional/national differences)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_track" title="Green track">Green track</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maglev" title="Maglev">Maglev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimum_railway_curve_radius" title="Minimum railway curve radius">Minimum railway curve radius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monorail" title="Monorail">Monorail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_way_(history)" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent way (history)">Permanent way (history)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rack_railway" title="Rack railway">Rack railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_profile" title="Rail profile">Rail profile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roll_way" title="Roll way">Roll way</a>, part of the track of a rubber-tyred metro<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber-tyred_metro" title="Rubber-tyred metro">Rubber-tyred metro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_running" class="mw-redirect" title="Street running">Street running</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subgrade" title="Subgrade">Subgrade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tie_plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tie plate">Tie plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TGV_track_construction" class="mw-redirect" title="TGV track construction">TGV track construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tramway_(industrial)" title="Tramway (industrial)">Tramway (industrial)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tramway_track" title="Tramway track">Tramway track</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Railway_track&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFW._S._Ramson1988" class="citation book cs1">W. S. Ramson, ed. (1988). <i>The Australian National Dictionary</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 473. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195547365" title="Special:BookSources/0195547365"><bdi>0195547365</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Australian+National+Dictionary&rft.pages=473&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0195547365&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARailway+track" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIain_Ellis2010" class="citation book cs1">Iain Ellis, ed. (2010). <i>Ellis' British Railway Engineering Encyclopedia</i>. lulu.com. p. 291. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4461-8190-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4461-8190-4"><bdi>978-1-4461-8190-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ellis%27+British+Railway+Engineering+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=291&rft.pub=lulu.com&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4461-8190-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARailway+track" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dow-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dow_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dow_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dow_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dow_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDow2014" class="citation book cs1">Dow, Andrew (30 October 2014). <i>The Railway: British Track Since 1804</i>. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Transport. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781473822573" title="Special:BookSources/9781473822573"><bdi>9781473822573</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Railway%3A+British+Track+Since+1804&rft.place=Barnsley&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword+Transport&rft.date=2014-10-30&rft.isbn=9781473822573&rft.aulast=Dow&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARailway+track" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.quakersintheworld.org/quakers-in-action/286/Railways-in-Britain">"Railways in Britain"</a>. <i>Quakers in the World</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Quakers+in+the+World&rft.atitle=Railways+in+Britain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.quakersintheworld.org%2Fquakers-in-action%2F286%2FRailways-in-Britain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARailway+track" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnor2017" class="citation web cs1">Connor, Piers (10 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.railway-technical.com/archive/track-basics-v2.pdf">"Track Basics"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Railway Technical Website</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Railway+Technical+Website&rft.atitle=Track+Basics&rft.date=2017-05-10&rft.aulast=Connor&rft.aufirst=Piers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.railway-technical.com%2Farchive%2Ftrack-basics-v2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARailway+track" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDepartments_of_the_Army_and_the_Air_Force1991" class="citation book cs1">Departments of the Army and the Air Force (8 April 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/DR_pubs/DR_a/pdf/web/tm5_628.pdf"><i>Railroad Track Standards</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2008</span>. <q>Premium steel rails will not be used, because the material has an increased potential to fracture at very low temperatures. Regular carbon steel is preferred, with a very high premium on the cleanliness of the steel. 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Indianapolis, IN, USA, September.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPokharelBreault2021" class="citation journal cs1">Pokharel, Sarah; Breault, Marc (1 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geosyntheticsmagazine.com/2021/06/01/npa-geocell-for-railway-line-repair-in-permafrost-region/">"NPA Geocell for Railway Line Repair in Permafrost Region"</a>. <i>Geosynthetics Magazine Online</i>. Industrial Fabrics Association International. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0882-4983">0882-4983</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geosynthetics+Magazine+Online&rft.atitle=NPA+Geocell+for+Railway+Line+Repair+in+Permafrost+Region.&rft.date=2021-06-01&rft.issn=0882-4983&rft.aulast=Pokharel&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft.au=Breault%2C+Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeosyntheticsmagazine.com%2F2021%2F06%2F01%2Fnpa-geocell-for-railway-line-repair-in-permafrost-region%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARailway+track" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDas2016" class="citation journal cs1">Das, Braja M. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs41062-016-0017-8">"Use of geogrid in the construction of railroads"</a>. <i>Innovative Infrastructure Solutions</i>. <b>1</b> (1): 15. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016InnIS...1...15D">2016InnIS...1...15D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs41062-016-0017-8">10.1007/s41062-016-0017-8</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:114993446">114993446</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Innovative+Infrastructure+Solutions&rft.atitle=Use+of+geogrid+in+the+construction+of+railroads&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=15&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A114993446%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs41062-016-0017-8&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016InnIS...1...15D&rft.aulast=Das&rft.aufirst=Braja+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs41062-016-0017-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARailway+track" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Skok, D.M. and Russo, C. (2020) Embankment Foundation of Sant Martin Railway Viaduct, GeoAmericas 2020, October 26–29, Rio de Janeiro.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infovisual.info/05/050_en.html">"runway (roll way)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160616154008/http://infovisual.info/05/050_en.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=runway+%28roll+way%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infovisual.info%2F05%2F050_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARailway+track" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Railway_track&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Pike, J., (2001), <i>Track</i>, Sutton Publishing, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7509-2692-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7509-2692-9">0-7509-2692-9</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiruziaanvon_Estorff2002" class="citation conference cs1">Firuziaan, Mohammad; von Estorff, Otto (October 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-540-45476-2_21">"Simulation of the Dynamic Behavior of Bedding-Foundation-Soil in the Time Domain"</a>. <i>System Dynamics and Long-Term Behaviour of Railway Vehicles, Track and Subgrade</i>. Springer Verlag. pp. 357–376. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-540-45476-2_21">10.1007/978-3-540-45476-2_21</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-43892-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-43892-2"><bdi>978-3-540-43892-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Simulation+of+the+Dynamic+Behavior+of+Bedding-Foundation-Soil+in+the+Time+Domain&rft.btitle=System+Dynamics+and+Long-Term+Behaviour+of+Railway+Vehicles%2C+Track+and+Subgrade&rft.pages=357-376&rft.pub=Springer+Verlag&rft.date=2002-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-540-45476-2_21&rft.isbn=978-3-540-43892-2&rft.aulast=Firuziaan&rft.aufirst=Mohammad&rft.au=von+Estorff%2C+Otto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fchapter%2F10.1007%2F978-3-540-45476-2_21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARailway+track" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2009" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, A.M. (2009). <i>Fatigue in railway infrastructure</i>. Woodhead Publishing Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85573-740-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85573-740-2"><bdi>978-1-85573-740-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fatigue+in+railway+infrastructure&rft.pub=Woodhead+Publishing+Limited&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-85573-740-2&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=A.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARailway+track" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2009" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, R (2009). <i>Wheel/rail interface handbook</i>. Woodhead Publishing Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84569-412-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84569-412-8"><bdi>978-1-84569-412-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wheel%2Frail+interface+handbook&rft.pub=Woodhead+Publishing+Limited&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-84569-412-8&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARailway+track" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsveld2001" class="citation book cs1">Esveld, Coenraad (2001). <i>Modern Railway Track</i>. The Netherlands: MRT-Productions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-800324-3-3" title="Special:BookSources/90-800324-3-3"><bdi>90-800324-3-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Railway+Track&rft.place=The+Netherlands&rft.pub=MRT-Productions&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=90-800324-3-3&rft.aulast=Esveld&rft.aufirst=Coenraad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARailway+track" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Railway_track&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Rail_tracks" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Rail tracks">Rail tracks</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110707101912/http://www.akrailroad.com/tee-rail-sections-data">Table of North American tee rail (flat bottom) sections </a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719025055/http://www.oberbauhandbuch.de/en/oberbauhandbuch/oberbaustoffe/schienen/vignolschienen.html">ThyssenKrupp handbook, Vignoles rail</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719025121/http://www.oberbauhandbuch.de/en/oberbauhandbuch/oberbaustoffe/schienen/vignolschienen-feldbahnschienen.html">ThyssenKrupp handbook, Light Vignoles rail</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scalefour.org/resources/trackdetails02.htm">Track Details in photographs </a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qOIDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA886">"Drawing of England Track Laying in Sections at 200 yards an hour" <i>Popular Mechanics</i>, December 1930</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinchester1936" class="citation cs2">Winchester, Clarence, ed. (1936), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.railwaywondersoftheworld.com/permanent-way.html">"The permanent way"</a>, <i>Railway Wonders of the World</i>, pp. 331–338</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+permanent+way&rft.btitle=Railway+Wonders+of+the+World&rft.pages=331-338&rft.date=1936&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.railwaywondersoftheworld.com%2Fpermanent-way.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARailway+track" class="Z3988"></span> illustrated description of the construction and maintenance of the railway</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.railway-technical.com/track.shtml">Railway technical</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170503184450/http://railway-technical.com/track.shtml">Archived</a> 3 May 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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title="Template talk:Rail tracks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rail_tracks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rail tracks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rail_infrastructure" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Rail <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure#Transport_infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">infrastructure</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tracks</a><small> <a href="/wiki/Permanent_way_(history)" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent way (history)">(history)</a> </small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axe_ties" class="mw-redirect" title="Axe ties">Axe ties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_ballast" title="Track ballast">Ballast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baulk_road" title="Baulk road">Baulk road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breather_switch" title="Breather switch">Breather switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cant_(road/rail)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cant (road/rail)">Cant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clip_and_scotch" title="Clip and scotch">Clip and scotch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Date_nail" title="Date nail">Date nail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_fastening_system" title="Rail fastening system">Fastening system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishplate" title="Fishplate">Fishplate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladder_track" title="Ladder track">Ladder track</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimum_railway_curve_radius" title="Minimum railway curve radius">Minimum radius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_profile" title="Rail profile">Profile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railroad_tie" title="Railroad tie">Tie/Sleeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_transition_curve" title="Track transition curve">Transition curve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trackwork</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balloon_loop" title="Balloon loop">Balloon loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classification_yard" title="Classification yard">Classification yard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headshunt" title="Headshunt">Headshunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_track" title="Pocket track">Pocket track</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junction_(rail)" title="Junction (rail)">Junction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauntlet_track" title="Gauntlet track">Gauntlet track</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guide_bar" title="Guide bar">Guide bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passing_loop" title="Passing loop">Passing loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_gauge" title="Track gauge">Track gauge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dual_gauge" title="Dual gauge">dual gauge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_(rail_transport)" class="mw-redirect" title="Track (rail transport)">Rail track</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tramway_track" title="Tramway track">tramway track</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_yard" title="Rail yard">Rail yard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_electrification" title="Railway electrification">Railway electrification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overhead_line" title="Overhead line">overhead lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_rail" title="Third rail">third rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground-level_power_supply" title="Ground-level power supply">ground-level power supply</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_turntable" title="Railway turntable">Railway turntable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_table" title="Transfer table">Transfer table (traverser)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roll_way" title="Roll way">Roll way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siding_(rail)" title="Siding (rail)">Siding</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_siding" title="Refuge siding">refuge siding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railroad_switch" title="Railroad switch">Switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_geometry" title="Track geometry">Track geometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_crane" title="Water crane">Water crane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_trough" title="Water trough">Water trough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wye_(rail)" title="Wye (rail)">Wye</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Railway_signalling" title="Railway signalling">Signalling</a><br />and safety</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-trespass_panels" title="Anti-trespass panels">Anti-trespass panels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Block_post" title="Block post">Block post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffer_stop" title="Buffer stop">Buffer stop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catch_points" title="Catch points">Catch points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defect_detector" title="Defect detector">Defect detector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derail" title="Derail">Derailer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guard_rail_(railroad)" class="mw-redirect" title="Guard rail (railroad)">Guard rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlocking" title="Interlocking">Interlocking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Level_crossing" title="Level crossing">Level crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loading_gauge" title="Loading gauge">Loading gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platform_screen_doors" title="Platform screen doors">Platform screen doors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_signal" title="Railway signal">Railway signal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signalling_control" title="Signalling control">Signalling control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structure_gauge" title="Structure gauge">Structure gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railroad_signal_bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Railroad signal bridge">Signal bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell-tale_(bridges)" title="Tell-tale (bridges)">Tell-tale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Train_stop" title="Train stop">Train stop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayside_horn" title="Wayside horn">Wayside horn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coaling_tower" title="Coaling tower">Coaling tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motive_power_depot" title="Motive power depot">Motive power depot</a>/<a href="/wiki/Railway_workshop" title="Railway workshop">Railway workshop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_platform" title="Railway platform">Platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_roundhouse" title="Railway roundhouse">Roundhouse</a></li> <li>Shed <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Train_shed" title="Train shed">for trains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goods_shed" title="Goods shed">for goods</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Train_station" title="Train station">Station</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Station_building" title="Station building">building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Station_clock" title="Station clock">clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_station" title="Ghost station">ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_railway_stations" title="List of railway stations">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_stop" title="Water stop">Water stop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_railway" title="Industrial railway">Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_railways" title="Military railways">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_railway" title="Private railway">Private</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Private_railway_station" title="Private railway station">station</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_private_railway_stations" title="List of private railway stations">list</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Railway_track_layouts" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Railway_track_layouts" title="Template:Railway track layouts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Railway_track_layouts" title="Template talk:Railway track layouts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Railway_track_layouts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Railway track layouts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Railway_track_layouts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">Railway</a> track layouts</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Railway track</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single-track_railway" title="Single-track railway">Single track</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passing_loop" title="Passing loop">Passing loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double-track_railway" title="Double-track railway">Double track</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadruple-track_railway" title="Quadruple-track railway">Quadruple track</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railroad_switch#Crossover" title="Railroad switch">Crossover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Siding_(rail)" title="Siding (rail)">Rail sidings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balloon_loop" title="Balloon loop">Balloon loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headshunt" title="Headshunt">Headshunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_track" title="Pocket track">Pocket track</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_siding" title="Refuge siding">Refuge siding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_yard" title="Rail yard">Rail yard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classification_yard" title="Classification yard">Classification yard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Junction_(rail)" title="Junction (rail)">Junctions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flying_junction" title="Flying junction">Flying junction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Level_junction" title="Level junction">Level junction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_junction" title="Double junction">Double junction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facing_and_trailing" title="Facing and trailing">Facing and trailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_union" title="Grand union">Grand union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tram_roundabout" title="Tram roundabout">Grand circle / roundabout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wye_(rail)" title="Wye (rail)">Wye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railroad_switch" title="Railroad switch">Switch / turnout / points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swingnose_crossing" title="Swingnose crossing">Swingnose crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Level_crossing" title="Level crossing">Level crossing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Train_station" title="Train station">Stations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Railway_platform" title="Railway platform">Railway platform</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bay_platform" title="Bay platform">Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island_platform" title="Island platform">Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side_platform" title="Side platform">Side</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_platform" title="Split platform">Split</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Terminal station">Terminal station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balloon_loop" title="Balloon loop">Balloon loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_solution" title="Spanish solution">Spanish solution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-platform_interchange" title="Cross-platform interchange">Cross-platform interchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interchange_station" title="Interchange station">Interchange station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infill_station" title="Infill station">Infill station</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hillclimbing_(railway)" title="Hillclimbing (railway)">Hillclimbing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_curve" title="Horseshoe curve">Horseshoe curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zig_zag_(railway)" title="Zig zag (railway)">Zig Zag / Switchback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiral_(railway)" title="Spiral (railway)">Spiral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Track_geometry" title="Track geometry">Track geometry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Track_gauge" title="Track gauge">Track gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruling_gradient" title="Ruling gradient">Ruling gradient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimum_railway_curve_radius" title="Minimum railway curve radius">Minimum curve radius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cant_(road/rail)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cant (road/rail)">Cant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cant_deficiency" title="Cant deficiency">Cant deficiency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160342#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160342#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119316998">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="železniční koleje"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph629409&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007560714405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10663176">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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