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For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ /</span> and ⟨<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"> </span>⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</div></div> </div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a>, a <b>consonant cluster</b>, <b>consonant sequence</b> or <b>consonant compound</b>, is a group of <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonants</a> which have no intervening <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowel</a>. In English, for example, the groups <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/spl/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ts/</span> are consonant clusters in the word <i>splits</i>. In the education field it is variously called a consonant cluster or a <b>consonant blend</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some linguists<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (April 2015)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> argue that the term can be properly applied only to those consonant clusters that occur within one <a href="/wiki/Syllable" title="Syllable">syllable</a>. Others claim that the concept is more useful when it includes consonant sequences across syllable boundaries. According to the former definition, the longest consonant clusters in the word <i>extra</i> would be <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ks/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tr/</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas the latter allows <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kstr/</span>, which is phonetically <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kst̠ɹ̠̊˔ʷ]</span> in some accents. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Phonotactics"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Phonotactics</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Origin"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Origin</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Clusters_in_languages"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Clusters in languages</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#English"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">English</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Frequency"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Frequency</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Phonotactics">Phonotactics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Consonant_cluster&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Phonotactics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248332772"><table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This section has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Consonant_cluster" title="Special:EditPage/Consonant cluster">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:Consonant_cluster" title="Talk:Consonant cluster">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>)</i></small> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Essay-like plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-essay-like" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>is written like an original, unattributed academic essay</b> that states a Wikipedia editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Consonant_cluster&action=edit">help improve it</a> by rewriting it in an <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Information_style_and_tone" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">encyclopedic style</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Consonant_cluster" title="Special:EditPage/Consonant cluster">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Each language has an associated set of <a href="/wiki/Phonotactics" title="Phonotactics"> phonotactic constraints</a>. Languages' phonotactics differ as to what consonant clusters they permit. Many languages are more restrictive than English in terms of consonant clusters, and some forbid consonant clusters entirely. </p><p>For example, <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a>, like most <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_languages" title="Oceanic languages">Oceanic languages</a>, forbids consonant clusters entirely. <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a> is almost as strict, but allows a sequence of a <a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">nasal consonant</a> plus another consonant, as in <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Honsh%C5%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Honshū">Honshū</a></i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[hoꜜɰ̃ɕɯː]</a></span> (the name of the largest island of Japan). It also permits <a href="/wiki/Gemination" title="Gemination">geminate</a> /kk/, /pp/, /ss/, and /tt/. However, palatalized consonants, such as [kʲ] in <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">Tōkyō</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[toːkʲoː]</a></span>, are single consonants. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Standard_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Arabic">Standard Arabic</a> forbids initial consonant clusters and more than two consecutive consonants in other positions, as do most other <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic languages</a>, although <a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern Israeli Hebrew</a> permits initial two-consonant clusters (e.g. <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">pkak</i></span> "cap"; <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">dlaat</i></span> "pumpkin"), and <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Arabic" title="Moroccan Arabic">Moroccan Arabic</a>, under <a href="/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Berber</a> influence, allows strings of several consonants.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like most <a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Mon–Khmer languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a> permits only initial consonant clusters with up to three consonants in a row per syllable. <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a> has initial consonant clusters natively only on South-Western dialects and on foreign loans, and only clusters of three inside the word are allowed. Most spoken languages and dialects, however, are more permissive. In <a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese</a>, consonant clusters of only up to three consonants (the initial and two medials—two written forms of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/-j-/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/-w-/</span>) at the initial onset are allowed in writing and only two (the initial and one medial) are pronounced; these clusters are restricted to certain letters. Some <a href="/wiki/Burmese_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Burmese dialects">Burmese dialects</a> allow for clusters of up to four consonants (with the addition of the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/-l-/</span> medial, which can combine with the above-mentioned medials). </p><p>At the other end of the scale,<sup id="cite_ref-easterday_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-easterday-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/South_Caucasian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="South Caucasian languages">Kartvelian</a> languages of Georgia are drastically more permissive of consonant clustering. Clusters in <a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a> of four, five or six consonants are not unusual—for instance, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/brtʼqʼɛli/</span> (<i>flat</i>), <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/mt͡sʼvrtnɛli/</span> (<i>trainer</i>) and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/prt͡skvna/</span> (<i>peeling</i>)—and if grammatical <a href="/wiki/Affix" title="Affix">affixes</a> are used, it allows an eight-consonant cluster: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡvbrdɣvnis/</span> (<i>he's plucking us</i>), <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/gvprt͡skvni/</span> (<i>you peel us</i>). Consonants cannot appear as syllable nuclei in Georgian, so this syllable is analysed as CCCCCCCCVC. Many <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic languages</a> may manifest almost as formidable numbers of consecutive consonants, such as in the <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a> tongue twister <span title="Czech-language text"><i lang="cs">Strč prst skrz krk</i></span> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="cs-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Czech" title="Help:IPA/Czech">[str̩tʃ<span class="wrap"> </span>pr̩st<span class="wrap"> </span>skr̩s<span class="wrap"> </span>kr̩k]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/1\/12\/Prst_a_krk.ogg\/Prst_a_krk.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Prst a krk.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/12/Prst_a_krk.ogg/Prst_a_krk.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Prst_a_krk.ogg" title="File:Prst a krk.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span>), meaning 'stick a finger through the neck', the <a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a> words <span title="Slovak-language text"><i lang="sk">štvrť</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃtvr̩c/</span> ("quarter"), and <span title="Slovak-language text"><i lang="sk">žblnknutie</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʒbl̩ŋknucɪɛ̯/</span> ("clunk"; "flop"), and the <a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a> word <span title="Slovene-language text"><i lang="sl">skrbstvo</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/skrbstʋo/</span> ("welfare"). However, the <a href="/wiki/Liquid_consonant" title="Liquid consonant">liquid consonants</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span> can form syllable nuclei in West and South Slavic languages and behave phonologically as vowels in this case. </p><p>An example of a true initial cluster is the <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> word <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">wszczniesz</i></span> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/fʂt͡ʂɲɛʂ/</span> ("you will initiate"). In the <a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a> word <span title="Serbo-Croatian-language text"><i lang="sh">opskrbljivanje</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔpskr̩bʎiʋaɲɛ/</span> ("victualling") the <span class="nowrap">⟨lj⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨nj⟩</span> are <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraphs</a> representing single consonants: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʎ]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɲ]</span>, respectively. In <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>, clusters of six or even seven consonants are possible (e.g. <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">angstschreeuw</i></span> ("a scream of fear"), <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">slechtstschrijvend</i></span> ("writing the worst") and <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">zachtstschrijdend</i></span> ("treading the most softly")). </p><p>Some <a href="/wiki/Salishan_languages" title="Salishan languages">Salishan languages</a> exhibit long words with no vowels at all, such as the <a href="/wiki/Nux%C3%A1lk_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuxálk language">Nuxálk</a> word <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/xɬpʼχʷɬtʰɬpʰɬːskʷʰt͡sʼ/</span>: <i>he had had in his possession a bunchberry plant</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is extremely difficult to accurately classify which of these consonants may be acting as the syllable nucleus, and these languages challenge classical notions of exactly what constitutes a <a href="/wiki/Syllable" title="Syllable">syllable</a>. The same problem is encountered in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Berber_languages" title="Northern Berber languages">Northern Berber languages</a>. </p><p>There has been a trend to reduce and simplify consonant clusters in <a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia_linguistic_area" title="Mainland Southeast Asia linguistic area">the Mainland Southeast Asia linguistic area</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>. <a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">Old Chinese</a> was known to contain additional <a href="/wiki/Syllable_medial" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllable medial">medials</a> such as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span> and/or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span>, which yielded retroflexion in <a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a> and today's <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a>. The word <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">江</span></span>, read <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tɕiɑŋ˥/</span> in Mandarin and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kɔːŋ˥⁻˥˧/</span>in <a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a>, is reconstructed as <i>*klong</i> or <i>*krung</i> in <a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">Old Chinese</a> by Sinologists like <a href="/wiki/Zhengzhang_Shangfang" title="Zhengzhang Shangfang">Zhengzhang Shangfang</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_H._Baxter" title="William H. Baxter">William H. Baxter</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Laurent_Sagart" title="Laurent Sagart">Laurent Sagart</a>. Additionally, initial clusters such as "tk" and "sn" were analysed in recent reconstructions of Old Chinese, and some were developed as palatalised <a href="/wiki/Sibilant" title="Sibilant">sibilants</a>. Similarly, in <a href="/wiki/Thai_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai Language">Thai</a>, words with initial consonant clusters are commonly reduced in colloquial speech to pronounce only the initial consonant, such as the pronunciation of the word <span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ครับ</span></span> reducing from <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kʰrap̚˦˥/</span> to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kʰap̚˦˥/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another element of consonant clusters in Old Chinese was analysed in coda and post-coda position. Some "departing tone" syllables have cognates in the "entering tone" syllables, which feature a -p, -t, -k in Middle Chinese and Southern Chinese varieties. The departing tone was analysed to feature a post-coda sibilant, "s". Clusters of -ps, -ts, -ks, were then formed at the end of syllables. These clusters eventually collapsed into "-ts" or "-s", before disappearing altogether, leaving elements of <a href="/wiki/Diphthongisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Diphthongisation">diphthongisation</a> in more modern varieties. Old Vietnamese also had a rich inventory of initial clusters, but these were slowly merged with plain initials during Middle Vietnamese, and some have developed into the palatal nasal. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Origin">Origin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Consonant_cluster&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origin" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>Some consonant clusters originate from the loss of a vowel in between two consonants, usually (but not always) due to vowel reduction caused by lack of stress.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is also the origin of most consonant clusters in English, some of which go back to Proto-Indo-European times. For example, <span class="nowrap">⟨glow⟩</span> comes from Proto-Germanic *glo-, which in turn comes from Proto-Indo-European *gʰel-ó, where *gʰel- is a root meaning 'to shine, to be bright' and is also present in <span class="nowrap">⟨glee⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨gleam⟩</span>, and <span class="nowrap">⟨glade⟩</span>. </p><p>Consonant clusters can also originate from assimilation of a consonant with a vowel. In many Slavic languages, the combination mji, mje, mja etc. regularly gave mlji, mlje, mlja etc. Compare Russian <span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru">zemlyá</i></span>, which had this change, with Polish <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">ziemia</i></span>, which lacks the change, both from Proto-Balto-Slavic *źemē.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> See <a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic_language#Alternations" title="Proto-Slavic language">Proto-Slavic language</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Proto-Slavic#Iotation" title="History of Proto-Slavic">History of Proto-Slavic</a> for more information about this change. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Clusters_in_languages">Clusters in languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Consonant_cluster&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Clusters in languages" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <p>All languages differ in syllable structure and cluster template. A loanword from <a href="/wiki/Adyghe_language" title="Adyghe language">Adyghe</a> in the extinct <a href="/wiki/Ubykh_language" title="Ubykh language">Ubykh language</a>, <span title="Ubykh-language text"><i lang="uby">psta</i></span> ('to well up'), violates Ubykh's limit of two initial consonants. The English words <i>sphere</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈsfɪər/</span> and <i>sphinx</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈsfɪŋks/</span>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> loanwords, break the rule that two <a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">fricatives</a> may not appear adjacently word-initially. Some English words, including thrash, three, throat, and throw, start with the voiceless dental fricative /θ/, the liquid /r/, or the /r/ cluster (/θ/+/r/). This cluster example in Proto-Germanic has a counterpart in which /θ/ was followed by /l/. In early North and West Germanic, the /l/ cluster disappeared. This suggests that clusters are affected as words are loaned to other languages. The examples show that every language has syllable preference<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> based on syllable structure and segment harmony of the language. Other factors that affect clusters when loaned to other languages include speech rate, articulatory factors, and speech perceptivity.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bayley has added that social factors such as age, gender, and geographical locations of speakers can determine clusters when they are loaned crosslinguistically.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="English">English</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Consonant_cluster&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: English" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <p>In <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, the longest possible initial cluster is three consonants, as in <i>split</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈsplɪt/</span>, <i>strudel</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈstruːdəl/</span>, <i>strengths</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈstrɛŋkθs/</span>, and "squirrel" <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈskwɪrəl/</span>, all beginning with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃ/</span>, containing <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span>, or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span>, and ending with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span>, or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>; the longest possible final cluster is five consonants, as in <i>angsts</i> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈæŋksts/</span>),<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> though this is rare (perhaps owing to being derived from a recent German loanword<sup id="cite_ref-AngstEtymology_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AngstEtymology-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). However, the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span> in <i>angsts</i> may also be considered <a href="/wiki/Epenthesis" title="Epenthesis">epenthetic</a>; for <a href="/wiki/Prince%E2%80%93prints_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince–prints merger">many speakers</a>, nasal-sibilant sequences in the <a href="/wiki/Syllable#Coda" title="Syllable">coda</a> require insertion of a voiceless stop <a href="/wiki/Homorganic_consonant" title="Homorganic consonant">homorganic</a> to the nasal. For speakers without this feature, the word is pronounced without the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span>. Final clusters of four consonants, as in <i>angsts</i> in other dialects (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈæŋsts/</span>), <i>twelfths</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈtwɛlfθs/</span>, <i>sixths</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈsɪksθs/</span>, <i>bursts</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈbɜːrsts/</span> (in <a href="/wiki/Rhoticity_in_English" title="Rhoticity in English">rhotic accents</a>) and <i>glimpsed</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈɡlɪmpst/</span>, are more common. Within compound words, clusters of five consonants or more are possible (if cross-syllabic clusters are accepted), as in <i>handspring</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈhændsprɪŋ/</span> and in the Yorkshire place-name of <i><a href="/wiki/Hampsthwaite" title="Hampsthwaite">Hampsthwaite</a></i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/hæmpsθweɪt/</span>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>It is important to distinguish clusters and <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraphs</a>. Clusters are made of two or more consonant <i>sounds</i>, while a digraph is a group of two consonant <i>letters</i> standing for a single sound. For example, in the word <i>ship</i>, the two letters of the digraph <span class="nowrap">⟨sh⟩</span> together represent the single consonant <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃ]</span>. Conversely, the letter <span class="nowrap">⟨x⟩</span> can produce the consonant clusters <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ks/</span> (annex), <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/gz/</span> (exist), <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kʃ/</span> (sexual), or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/gʒ/</span> (some pronunciations of "luxury"). It is worth noting that <span class="nowrap">⟨x⟩</span> often produces sounds in two different syllables (following the general principle of saturating the subsequent syllable before assigning sounds to the preceding syllable). Also note a combination digraph and cluster as seen in <i>length</i> with two digraphs <span class="nowrap">⟨ng⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨th⟩</span> representing a cluster of two consonants: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋθ/</span> (although it may be pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋkθ/</span> instead, as <span class="nowrap">⟨ng⟩</span> followed by a voiceless consonant in the same syllable often does); <i>lights</i> with a silent digraph <span class="nowrap">⟨gh⟩</span> followed by a cluster <span class="nowrap">⟨t⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨s⟩</span>: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ts/</span>; and compound words such as <i>sightscreen</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈsaɪtskriːn/</span> or <i>catchphrase</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈkætʃfreɪz/</span>. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Frequency">Frequency</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Consonant_cluster&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Frequency" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <p>Not all consonant clusters are distributed equally among the languages of the world. Consonant clusters have a tendency to fall under patterns such as the <a href="/wiki/Sonority_Sequencing_Principle" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonority Sequencing Principle">sonority sequencing principle</a> (SSP); the closer a consonant in a cluster is to the syllable's vowel, the more <a href="/wiki/Sonority_hierarchy" title="Sonority hierarchy">sonorous</a> the consonant is. Among the most common types of clusters are initial stop-<a href="/wiki/Liquid_consonant" title="Liquid consonant">liquid</a> sequences, such as in <a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a> (e.g. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pʰl/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tr/</span>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kl/</span>). Other common ones include initial stop-approximant (e.g. Thai <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kw/</span>) and initial fricative-liquid (e.g. English <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/sl/</span>) sequences. More rare are sequences which defy the SSP such as <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_phonology" title="Proto-Indo-European phonology">Proto-Indo-European</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/st/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/spl/</span> (which many of its descendants have, including English). Certain consonants are more or less likely to appear in consonant clusters, especially in certain positions. The <a href="/wiki/Tsou_language" title="Tsou language">Tsou language</a> of Taiwan has initial clusters such as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tf/</span>, which doesn't violate the SSP, but nonetheless is unusual in having the labio-dental <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/f/</span> in the second position. The cluster <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/mx/</span> is also rare, but occurs in <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> words such as <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">мха</span></span> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/mxa/</span>). </p><p>Consonant clusters at the ends of syllables are less common but follow the same principles. Clusters are more likely to begin with a liquid, approximant, or nasal and end with a fricative, affricate, or stop, such as in English "world" <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/wə(ɹ)ld/</span>. Yet again, there are exceptions, such as English "lapse" <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/læps/</span>. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Consonant_cluster&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_consonant_cluster_reductions" class="mw-redirect" title="English consonant cluster reductions">English consonant cluster reductions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vowel_cluster" class="mw-redirect" title="Vowel cluster">Vowel cluster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conjunct_consonant" title="Conjunct consonant">Conjunct consonant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consonant_stacking" class="mw-redirect" title="Consonant stacking">Consonant stacking</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Consonant_cluster&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">If the <span class="nowrap">⟨ew⟩</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/juː/</span> is thought of as consonant plus vowel rather than as a diphthong, three-consonant clusters also occur in words such as <i>skew</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈskjuː/</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Consonant_cluster&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nichd.nih.gov/sites/default/files/publications/pubs/nrp/Documents/report.pdf">"National reading panel, page 2-99"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+reading+panel%2C+page+2-99&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nichd.nih.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpublications%2Fpubs%2Fnrp%2FDocuments%2Freport.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsonant+cluster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.readingrockets.org/article/phonics-and-word-recognition-instruction-early-reading-programs-guidelines-children-reading">"Phonics and Word Recognition Instruction in Early Reading Programs, Reading Rockets"</a>. 5 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Phonics+and+Word+Recognition+Instruction+in+Early+Reading+Programs%2C+Reading+Rockets&rft.date=2013-08-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.readingrockets.org%2Farticle%2Fphonics-and-word-recognition-instruction-early-reading-programs-guidelines-children-reading&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsonant+cluster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J.C. 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class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Consonant_cluster&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Doctor Zoath" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1734509883"> <span>Last edited on 18 December 2024, at 08:18</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86" title="التقاء الساكنين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="التقاء الساكنين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieskensonennad" title="Lieskensonennad – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Lieskensonennad" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grup_conson%C3%A0ntic" title="Grup consonàntic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Grup consonàntic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clwstwr_cytseiniaid" title="Clwstwr cytseiniaid – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Clwstwr cytseiniaid" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsonantencluster" title="Konsonantencluster – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Konsonantencluster" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaash%C3%A4%C3%A4liku%C3%BChend" title="Kaashäälikuühend – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kaashäälikuühend" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupo_conson%C3%A1ntico" title="Grupo consonántico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Grupo consonántico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontsonante_multzo" title="Kontsonante multzo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kontsonante multzo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%87_%D9%87%D9%85%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="خوشه همخوانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خوشه همخوانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupe_consonantique" title="Groupe consonantique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Groupe consonantique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupo_conson%C3%A1ntico" title="Grupo consonántico – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Grupo consonántico" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gugus_konsonan" title="Gugus konsonan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gugus konsonan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gugus_konsonan" title="Gugus konsonan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Gugus konsonan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medeklinkerstapeling" title="Medeklinkerstapeling – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Medeklinkerstapeling" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%90%E9%9F%B3%E9%80%A3%E7%B5%90" title="子音連結 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="子音連結" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsonantkluster" title="Konsonantkluster – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Konsonantkluster" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%85%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%9B%E0%A9%87" title="ਵਿਅੰਜਨ ਗੁੱਛੇ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵਿਅੰਜਨ ਗੁੱਛੇ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encontro_consonantal" title="Encontro consonantal – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Encontro consonantal" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grup_consonantic" title="Grup consonantic – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Grup consonantic" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85" title="Стечение согласных – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Стечение согласных" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kluster_(linguistik)" title="Kluster (linguistik) – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kluster (linguistik)" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsonantkluster" title="Konsonantkluster – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Konsonantkluster" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaster_ng_katinig" title="Klaster ng katinig – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Klaster ng katinig" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Cns%C3%BCz_k%C3%BCmesi" title="Ünsüz kümesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ünsüz kümesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A4%87%E8%BC%94%E9%9F%B3" title="複輔音 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="複輔音" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%8D%E8%BE%85%E9%9F%B3" title="复辅音 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="复辅音" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 18 December 2024, at 08:18<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a 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