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Understanding the Biological Barriers in Nanomedicine – Nanotechnology
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id="primary"> <main class="site-main" id="main"> <article id="post-80" class="post-80 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-nanomedicine tag-biological-barriers tag-biomimicry tag-blood-brain-barrier tag-cellular-uptake tag-immune-system tag-intracellular-trafficking tag-mucosal-barriers tag-multifunctional-nanoparticles tag-nanomedicine tag-nanoparticles tag-protein-corona tag-surface-modification" itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork" itemscope> <div class="inside-article"> <div class="featured-image page-header-image-single "> <img width="2560" height="1340" src="https://nanotechnology.blog/archive/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/image-_30_-min-scaled.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full" alt="" itemprop="image" decoding="async" fetchpriority="high" srcset="https://nanotechnology.blog/archive/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/image-_30_-min-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://nanotechnology.blog/archive/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/image-_30_-min-300x157.jpg 300w, https://nanotechnology.blog/archive/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/image-_30_-min-1024x536.jpg 1024w, https://nanotechnology.blog/archive/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/image-_30_-min-768x402.jpg 768w, https://nanotechnology.blog/archive/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/image-_30_-min-1536x804.jpg 1536w, https://nanotechnology.blog/archive/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/image-_30_-min-2048x1072.jpg 2048w" sizes="(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px" /> </div> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title" itemprop="headline">Understanding the Biological Barriers in Nanomedicine</h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2024-09-10T18:47:50+05:30" itemprop="datePublished">September 10, 2024</time></span> <span class="byline">by <span class="author vcard" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person" itemscope><a class="url fn n" href="https://nanotechnology.blog/archive/author/nanotechnology/" title="View all posts by nanotechnology" rel="author" itemprop="url"><span class="author-name" itemprop="name">nanotechnology</span></a></span></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content" itemprop="text"> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Nanomedicine: the application of nanotechnology in medicine offers efficient strategies for the treatment of diseases, for instance, cancer. Nanomedicine has a lot of promise. Then there are issues with translating nanomedicine into the clinic because of biological barriers when it comes to getting nanoparticles into the body and making them work. These are the physicochemical barriers that need to be overcome by the nanoparticles and the therapeutic agents so that they will be able to arrive at the target site and manifest their effects. Based on this article’s analysis, the author highlights the existing biological issues regarding nanomedicine, the nanoparticle targeting issue, and the potential resolution to these issues.</span></p> <h3><b>Physiological Barriers</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The human body especially has some physiological barriers that prevent nanoparticles and other foreign substances. The human body has multiple barriers, namely the immune system, blood-brain barrier, and mucosal barrier.</span></p> <h3><b>Immune System</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Immunity is thus mainly involved in the recognition and destruction of non-self particles. Nanoparticles that enter the bloodstream get opsonized and taken up by the MPS, which includes macrophages and dendritic cells, and transported to the liver and spleen. The second entity described in this article is the protein corona, which is a select protein that attaches itself to the nanoparticles once they have been introduced into the bloodstream to determine how the immune system will perceive the nanoparticles. Hence, if the nanoparticles are to be stable in the body fluids for a long time without being recognized by the immune system, there is a need for adequate comprehension of the protein corona and its composition.</span></p> <h3><b>Blood-Brain Barrier</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is also described as the selective barrier that protects the brain from the toxic content of the blood while permitting the permeation of beneficial nutrients. The BBB is the major challenge when it comes to the delivery of therapeutic nanoparticles to the brain</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">. </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">For particles to pass through the BBB, they need to possess certain characteristics, such as small size and surface attributes. Some of the techniques used today include the attachment of targeting ligands to the nanoparticle surface and the use of endogenous transport nanoparticles across the BBB.</span></p> <h3><b>Mucosal Barriers</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Mucosal membranes of the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and reproductive systems are considered entry points for nanoparticles into the body. These surfaces are coated with mucus, encapsulated, and immobilized with nanoparticles to prevent penetration into deeper tissues. A nano-vehicle must either be muco-inert or incorporated with muco-penetrating components to be transported across the mucus layer.</span></p> <p></div></div> <div style="background: #f7f7f7;border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.07);"> <div style="padding: 30px;"><div class="Adblock-main"> <div class="Adblock-head"> <h2>Yearwise Publication Trend on <b>“<a href="https://nanotechnology.blog/publication-trends/index/nanomedicine" target="_blank" title="nanomedicine - yearwise publication trends">nanomedicine</a>”</b></h2> </div> </div><div class="results-container"><div class="chart-block" style="padding:15px;"> <div class="left"> <div id="results" class="results"></div> </div> <div class="right"> <div class="chart-container"><canvas id="publicationChart"></canvas></div> </div> <div class="keywordsdiv"> <div style="text-align:center;"><b>Find publication trends on relevant topics</b> </div> <span class="gp-icon icon-tags"><svg viewBox="0 0 512 512" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em"><path d="M20 39.5c-8.836 0-16 7.163-16 16v176c0 4.243 1.686 8.313 4.687 11.314l224 224c6.248 6.248 16.378 6.248 22.626 0l176-176c6.244-6.244 6.25-16.364.013-22.615l-223.5-224A15.999 15.999 0 00196.5 39.5H20zm56 96c0-13.255 10.745-24 24-24s24 10.745 24 24-10.745 24-24 24-24-10.745-24-24z"></path><path d="M259.515 43.015c4.686-4.687 12.284-4.687 16.97 0l228 228c4.686 4.686 4.686 12.284 0 16.97l-180 180c-4.686 4.687-12.284 4.687-16.97 0-4.686-4.686-4.686-12.284 0-16.97L479.029 279.5 259.515 59.985c-4.686-4.686-4.686-12.284 0-16.97z"></path></svg></span> <span id="keyword-stats"></span> </div> </div></div></div><div class="inside-article"><style> table { margin: 0 0 1.5em; 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if (!statistics || Object.keys(statistics).length === 0) { resultsContainer.innerHTML = '<p>No data found.</p>'; return; } var tableHTML = `<div class='pub-scroll'> <table class='tablediv' border='1' cellspacing='0' cellpadding='0'> <tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Publication Count</th> </tr>`; Object.entries(statistics).sort(([yearA], [yearB]) => yearB - yearA).forEach(([year, count]) => { const displayCount = count === 0 ? 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The following are some of the parameters that affect uptake by the cells and include the size and geometry of the nanoparticles, charge, and functionalization of the nanoparticles.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">For example, the large size of nanoparticles can affect uptake by indicating that small particles are more readily taken up than large ones. Even though passive targeting with surface modification using antibodies or peptides can up-regulate the endocytosis and cellular uptake of nanoparticles.</span></p> <h3><b>Intracellular Trafficking</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Once internalized, the nanoparticles have to move within cells to their target sites, the cytoplasm or nucleus. Endosomal and lysosomal targeting is another process that seems to take place within the scaffolds of cellular powerhouses; nanoparticles can be degraded here. Measures for targeted delivery of the therapeutic molecules to the targeted endosomal compartments for evading entrapment are in development, for instance, pH-sensitive or enzyme-sensitive nanoparticles.</span></p> <h3><b>Molecular Barriers</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">At the molecular level, nanoparticles’ problems involve stability and/or controlled release of the drug and interaction with biological molecules.</span></p> <h3><b>Stability and Release</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Nanoparticles should be able to protect and stabilize the drugs, genes, or other therapeutic molecules after their administration in the body and only release them at the particular site desired. Therapeutic agents become less effective and may turn toxic if suddenly released or degraded early from the body. They are used for shielding the therapeutic agents and releasing them in a controlled manner in response to stimuli like changes in pH or temperature.</span></p> <h3><b>Protein Binding</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Nanoparticles tend to interact with different proteins in the biological environment, which will influence the stability, distribution, and internalization of the nanoparticles. Thus, general knowledge and ways to influence protein manners of interacting with nanoparticles are critical to defining optimal conditions for the nanoparticles’ work. Another typical method applied to decrease the extent of protein adsorption depends on the modification of the nanoparticles; they are coated with polyethylene glycol (PEG), also called PEGylation.</span></p> <p></div></div> <div style="background: #f7f7f7;border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.07);"> <div style="padding: 30px;"><div class="Adblock-main"> <div class="Adblock-head"> <h2>Recent Publications on <b>“<a href="https://nanotechnology.blog/recent-publications/index/nanomedicine" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="nanomedicine - yearwise publication list">nanomedicine</a>”</b></h2> </div> </div> <div class="pb-main"><div class="article-scroll"><div id="results_recent" class="results"></div></div><div class="keywordsdiv" style="margin: 0px 15px;margin-top:20px;"> <div style="text-align:center;"><b>Find publications on relevant topics</b> </div> <span class="gp-icon icon-tags"><svg viewBox="0 0 512 512" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em"><path d="M20 39.5c-8.836 0-16 7.163-16 16v176c0 4.243 1.686 8.313 4.687 11.314l224 224c6.248 6.248 16.378 6.248 22.626 0l176-176c6.244-6.244 6.25-16.364.013-22.615l-223.5-224A15.999 15.999 0 00196.5 39.5H20zm56 96c0-13.255 10.745-24 24-24s24 10.745 24 24-10.745 24-24 24-24-10.745-24-24z"></path><path d="M259.515 43.015c4.686-4.687 12.284-4.687 16.97 0l228 228c4.686 4.686 4.686 12.284 0 16.97l-180 180c-4.686 4.687-12.284 4.687-16.97 0-4.686-4.686-4.686-12.284 0-16.97L479.029 279.5 259.515 59.985c-4.686-4.686-4.686-12.284 0-16.97z"></path></svg></span> <span id="keyword-papers"></span> </div></div></div><div class="inside-article"> <style> .pb-main{ border: solid 1px #ccc; 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var keywordsArray = ["Nanomedicine","Biological barriers","Nanoparticles","Immune system","Blood-brain barrier","Mucosal barriers","Cellular uptake","Intracellular trafficking","Protein corona","Surface modification","Biomimicry","Multifunctional nanoparticles"]; displayResults_recent(recent_papers); displayKeywordPapers(keywordsArray); // function stripslashes(str) { // if (typeof str === 'string') { // return str.replace(/\/g, ''); // } // } </script></p> <h3><b>Innovative Strategies to Overcome Biological Barriers</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The biological barriers of the enteral route continue to present researchers with new problems in nanomedicine, and there are new approaches to solving these problems. Some of these strategies are surface modification, biomimicry, and the use of multifunctional nanoparticles.</span></p> <p><b>Surface Modification: </b><span style="font-weight: 400;">Targeting ligands could be used to coat the surface of nanoparticles; it could be an antibody, peptide, or small molecule that increases the nanoparticles affinity for their target cell or tissue. An example is that nanoparticles that are coated with transferrin can selectively deliver drugs to cancer cells because those cells over-express transferrin receptors.</span></p> <p><b>Biomimicry: </b><span style="font-weight: 400;">Biomimetism is the process of engineering new nanoparticles to imitate viruses or cells to increase their performance in biological environments. For example, virus-like nanoparticles can easily penetrate the cell through mimicry of viral mechanisms. Likewise, any nanoparticles that are surrounded by a cell membrane from red blood cells or platelets are hiding from the immune system, with extended circulation time.</span></p> <p><b>Multifunctional Nanoparticles: </b><span style="font-weight: 400;">Dual-purpose nanoparticles are those that should be expected to perform more than one task at a given instance or at a different time, and these include targeting, imaging, and therapy. Such types of nanoparticles can be prepared in such a manner that they will disintegrate the therapeutic agents or drugs if they encounter some stimuli in the biological system, and at the same time, it is possible to monitor the treatment outcome. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">For instance, magnetic nanoparticles can be guided to the area of interest using an external magnetic field, while on the other hand, gold nanoparticles can be used for imaging in addition to the destruction of body tissues using photothermal therapy.</span></p> <h3><b>Applications of Case Studies and Clinical Trials</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">It presents some case studies and clinical applications of advanced achievements in the field and the corresponding problems of eliminating biological barriers in nanomedicine.</span></p> <p><b>CRLX101 Nanoparticles: </b><span style="font-weight: 400;">CRLX101 is a nanoparticle-drug conjugate that incorporates camptothecin, an effective anticancer agent, into the affected site. The formulation of camptothecin on a nanoparticle basis improves its stability and solubility, thus expanding its circulation time and enhancing its localization in tumor areas. From the above descriptions of the mechanism of action, efficacy, and safety, it can be deduced that CRLX101 holds great potential in the treatment of cancer since it has hailed the cancer research community through the following:</span></p> <p><b>Dual HER2 Targeting Nanoparticles: </b><span style="font-weight: 400;">New nanoparticles intended to selectively bind with HER2 receptors on cancer cells have been created to increase targeted cancer treatment. These nanoparticles are conjugated first with trastuzumab, which is an antibody against HER2, and second with liposome-encapsulated doxorubicin. The strategy of dual targeting is specific to deliver the drug at the site of the disease and, therefore, avoid side effects.</span></p> <p><b>Protein Corona Fingerprints: </b><span style="font-weight: 400;">Data on protein corona, the layer of proteins that form on nanoparticles as soon as they enter the bloodstream, will assist in the design of a better nanoparticle. In the works that were published by other authors, it was demonstrated that the protein corona influences the recognition of a nanoparticle by the immune system and determines its biodistribution and cellular accumulation.</span></p> <p><b>Future Perspectives: </b><span style="font-weight: 400;">Nanomedicine is a progressing field of study, and the study of biological barriers and enhancing the applications of nanoparticles for treatment is an area of research that is still being researched today. The constant innovation process in materials science and biotechnology, along with nanotechnology, is forcing the creation of the next generation of nanoparticles with better target specificity, stability, and therapeutic efficiency. This study implies that multisectoral approaches involving both research and practice and cooperation between health professionals and policymakers are needed to solve these issues and enhance the implementation of nanomedicine research findings into practice.</span></p> <h3><b>Conclusion</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Appreciating and eliminating biological challenges to nanomedicine are significant prerequisites for exploiting the nanoparticle delivery system for the optimum antitumor effect. Therefore, by overcoming the aforementioned physiological, cellular, and molecular challenges, scientists can envision and create novel nanoparticles for better understanding and overcoming the biological barriers, effectively delivering the intended therapeutic agents to the target location and paving the way to the intended clinical benefits. The positive development of nanomedicine also proclaims hope for evolving disease treatment regimes and enhancing patients’ experiences.</span></p> <p></p> <h3><b>References</b></h3> <ol> <li> <div class="citation-text">Xu X, Wu J, Liu Y, Yu M, Zhao L, Zhu X, Bhasin S, Li Q, Ha E, Shi J, Farokhzad OC. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27140428/">Ultra-pH-Responsive and Tumor-Penetrating Nanoplatform for Targeted siRNA Delivery with Robust Anti-Cancer Efficacy.</a> Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2016 Jun 13;55(25):7091-7094. doi: 10.1002/anie.201601273. Epub 2016 May 3. 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Epub 2016 Feb 23. PMID: 26882007.</div> </li> <li> <div class="citation-text">Ashton S, Song YH, Nolan J, Cadogan E, Murray J, Odedra R, Foster J, Hall PA, Low S, Taylor P, Ellston R, Polanska UM, Wilson J, Howes C, Smith A, Goodwin RJ, Swales JG, Strittmatter N, Takáts Z, Nilsson A, Andren P, Trueman D, Walker M, Reimer CL, Troiano G, Parsons D, De Witt D, Ashford M, Hrkach J, Zale S, Jewsbury PJ, Barry ST. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26865565/">Aurora kinase inhibitor nanoparticles target tumors with favorable therapeutic index in vivo.</a> Sci Transl Med. 2016 Feb 10;8(325):325ra17. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aad2355. PMID: 26865565.</div> <div class="citation-actions"></div> </li> </ol> <p></div></div> <div style="background: #f7f7f7;border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.07);"> <div style="padding: 30px;"><div class="Adblock-main"> <div class="Adblock-head"> <h2>Top Experts on “<b style="color:#000;font-size:22px;">nanomedicine</b>“</h2> </div> </div><div class="author-main"><div id="results_author"></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a class="register-button" href="https://nanotechnology.blog/expert-search" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Find experts on any field</a></div></div><div class="inside-article" style="background: none;border: none;box-shadow: none;margin-top: -70px;"> <style> .author-block { padding: 15px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: left; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.2; background: #FFF; border-bottom: solid 1px #ccc; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px; } .author-block h3 { margin: 0 0 10px; color: #227cdc; } .author-block p { margin: 5px 0; } .author-b { display: flex; justify-content: space-between; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom:10px; } .author-b .ainfo { flex: 1 1 30%; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: left; background: #dcdcdc; padding: 7px 14px; border-radius: 5px; margin-top: 3px; margin-right: 10px; } @media (max-width: 768px) { .author-b .ainfo { flex: 1 1 100%; margin: 10px 0; } } </style> <script> function displayResults_author(authors) { var resultsContainer = document.getElementById('results_author'); resultsContainer.innerHTML = ''; if (!authors || Object.keys(authors).length === 0) { resultsContainer.innerHTML = '<p>No authors found.</p>'; return; } Object.values(authors).slice(0, 10).forEach(author => { if (author.affiliation.length > 400) { return; } var authorBlock = document.createElement('div'); authorBlock.className = 'author-block'; var author_name=author.name; let key_replace = author_name.replace(/ /g, '-'); key_replace = key_replace.toLowerCase(); var authorHTML = ` <h3><a href="https://nanotechnology.blog/author/index/${key_replace}\/${author.aid}" target="_blank" title="${author.name}">${author.name}</a></h3> <div class="author-b"> <div class="ainfo"><strong>H-Index:</strong> ${author.hindex}</div> <div class="ainfo"><strong>Publication Count:</strong> ${author.paper_count}</div> <div class="ainfo"><strong>Citation Count:</strong> ${author.citation_count}</div> </div> <p><strong>Affiliation:</strong> ${author.affiliation}</p> `; authorBlock.innerHTML = authorHTML; resultsContainer.appendChild(authorBlock); }); } function displayKeywordAuthors(keywords) { var resultsContainer = document.getElementById('keyword-authors'); resultsContainer.innerHTML = ''; if (!keywords || keywords.length === 0) { resultsContainer.innerHTML = '<p>No data found.</p>'; return; } var keywordHTML = ''; keywords.forEach(key => { let key_replace = key.replace(/ /g, '-'); key_replace = key_replace.toLowerCase(); keywordHTML += `<a href="https://nanotechnology.blog/expert-search/index/${key_replace}" target="_blank" title="${key}">${key}</a>`; }); resultsContainer.innerHTML = keywordHTML; } // Call the function with the PHP data var authors_data = { "eonrKowBWBy50K-rNjIB": { "aid": "eonrKowBWBy50K-rNjIB", "name": "Jianlin Shi", "citation_count": 64136, "hindex": 136, "paper_count": 848, "affiliation": "Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, P. 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