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accesskey="n"><span>Alderique</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Sitio"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Conteníu" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Conteníu</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mover a la barra llateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">despintar</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Entamu</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Testu_llingüísticu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Testu_llingüísticu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Testu llingüísticu</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Testu_llingüísticu-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Alternar subsección Testu llingüísticu</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Testu_llingüísticu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Testu_como_"diálogu"_y_testu_como_"monólogu"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Testu_como_"diálogu"_y_testu_como_"monólogu""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Testu como "diálogu" y testu como "monólogu"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Testu_como_"diálogu"_y_testu_como_"monólogu"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carauterístiques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carauterístiques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Carauterístiques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carauterístiques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tipos_de_testu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tipos_de_testu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Tipos de testu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tipos_de_testu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referencies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referencies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Referencies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referencies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enllaces_esternos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enllaces_esternos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Enllaces esternos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enllaces_esternos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Conteníu" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Tabla de conteníos" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Cambiar a la tabla de contenidos" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Cambiar a la tabla de contenidos</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Testu</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ir a un artículo en otro idioma. Disponible en 69 idiomas" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-69" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">69 llingües</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teks_(algemene_literatuurwetenskap)" title="Teks (algemene literatuurwetenskap) – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Teks (algemene literatuurwetenskap)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B5_(%D8%A3%D8%AF%D8%A8)" title="نص (أدب) – árabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نص (أدب)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="árabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C9%99tn" title="Mətn – azerbaixanu" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mətn" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaixanu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82" title="Тэкст – bielorrusu" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тэкст" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorrusu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82" title="Тэкст – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Тэкст" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82" title="Текст – búlgaru" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Текст" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="búlgaru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekst" title="Tekst – bosniu" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Tekst" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text" title="Text – catalán" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Text" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalán" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82" title="Текст – chechenu" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Текст" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="chechenu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%95%D9%82" title="دەق – kurdu central" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دەق" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurdu central" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text" title="Text – checu" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Text" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="checu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82" title="Текст – chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Текст" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekst" title="Tekst – danés" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tekst" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text" title="Text – alemán" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Text" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemán" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_(literary_theory)" title="Text (literary theory) – inglés" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Text (literary theory)" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teksto" title="Teksto – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Teksto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texto" title="Texto – español" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Texto" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="español" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekst" title="Tekst – estoniu" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tekst" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoniu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testu" title="Testu – vascu" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Testu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="vascu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%86" title="متن – persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="متن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teksti" title="Teksti – finlandés" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Teksti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texte" title="Texte – francés" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Texte" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekst" title="Tekst – frisón occidental" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Tekst" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frisón occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texto" title="Texto – gallegu" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Texto" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="gallegu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%98" title="טקסט – hebréu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טקסט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebréu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekst" title="Tekst – croata" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tekst" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A8ks" title="Tèks – haitianu" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Tèks" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haitianu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%B6veg" title="Szöveg – húngaru" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szöveg" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="húngaru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%A5%D6%84%D5%BD%D5%BF" title="Տեքստ – armeniu" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տեքստ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teks_(teori_sastra)" title="Teks (teori sastra) – indonesiu" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Teks (teori sastra)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texto" title="Texto – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Texto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texti" title="Texti – islandés" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Texti" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testo" title="Testo – italianu" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Testo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italianu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%86%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88_(%E6%89%B9%E8%A9%95)" title="テクスト (批評) – xaponés" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="テクスト (批評)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="xaponés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D3%99%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Мәтін – kazaquistanín" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мәтін" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazaquistanín" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%85%8D%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8_(%EB%AC%B8%ED%95%99%EC%9D%B4%EB%A1%A0)" title="텍스트 (문학이론) – coreanu" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="텍스트 (문학이론)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreanu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82" title="Текст – kirguistanín" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Текст" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirguistanín" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textus_(ratio_litteraria)" title="Textus (ratio litteraria) – llatín" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Textus (ratio litteraria)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="llatín" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teks" title="Teks – limburgués" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Teks" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgués" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekstas" title="Tekstas – lituanu" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tekstas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituanu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teksts" title="Teksts – letón" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Teksts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letón" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82" title="Текст – macedoniu" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Текст" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoniu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82" title="Текст – mari occidental" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Текст" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="mari occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekst" title="Tekst – neerlandés" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tekst" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekst" title="Tekst – noruegu Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tekst" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="noruegu Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekst" title="Tekst – noruegu Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tekst" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="noruegu Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A8xte" title="Tèxte – occitanu" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Tèxte" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitanu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A0_(%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A4_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A7%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A4)" title="ਪਾਠ (ਸਾਹਿਤ ਸਿਧਾਂਤ) – punyabí" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪਾਠ (ਸਾਹਿਤ ਸਿਧਾਂਤ)" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punyabí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekst_(literatura)" title="Tekst (literatura) – polacu" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tekst (literatura)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polacu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texto" title="Texto – portugués" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Texto" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugués" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text" title="Text – rumanu" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Text" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumanu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82" title="Текст – rusu" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Текст" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rusu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Тиэкис – sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Тиэкис" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekst" title="Tekst – serbo-croata" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Tekst" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text" title="Text – eslovacu" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Text" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovacu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besedilo" title="Besedilo – eslovenu" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Besedilo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="eslovenu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teksti" title="Teksti – albanu" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Teksti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82" title="Текст – serbiu" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Текст" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_(spr%C3%A5k)" title="Text (språk) – suecu" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Text (språk)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suecu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matini" title="Matini – suaḥili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Matini" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="suaḥili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekst" title="Tekst – turcomanu" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Tekst" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turcomanu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teksto" title="Teksto – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Teksto" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metin" title="Metin – turcu" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Metin" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turcu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82" title="Текст – ucraín" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Текст" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraín" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matn" title="Matn – uzbequistanín" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Matn" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbequistanín" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%83n_b%E1%BA%A3n" title="Văn bản – vietnamín" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Văn bản" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamín" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%87%E6%9C%AC" title="文本 – chinu" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="文本" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BBn-p%C3%BAn_(b%C3%BBn-ha%CC%8Dk_l%C3%AD-l%C5%ABn)" title="Bûn-pún (bûn-ha̍k lí-lūn) – chinu min nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bûn-pún (bûn-ha̍k lí-lūn)" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="chinu min nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%87%E6%9C%AC" title="文本 – cantonés" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="文本" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q234460#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Editar los enllaces d'interllingua" class="wbc-editpage">Editar los enllaces</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espacios de nome"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Testu" title="Ver la páxina de conteníu [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Páxina</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alderique:Testu&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Alderique tocante al conteníu de la páxina (la páxina nun esiste) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Alderique</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Cambiar variante de idioma" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span 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class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Ferramientes</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">mover a la barra llateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">despintar</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions 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class="vector-menu-heading"> Xeneral </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:LoQueEnlazaAqu%C3%AD/Testu" title="Llista de toles páxines wiki qu'enllacien equí [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Lo qu'enllaza equí</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:CambiosEnEnlazadas/Testu" rel="nofollow" title="Cambios recientes nes páxines enllazaes dende esta [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Cambios rellacionaos</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=ast" title="Xubir ficheros [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Xubir ficheru</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Testu&oldid=4225507" title="Enllaz permanente a esta revisión de la páxina"><span>Enllaz permanente</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Testu&action=info" title="Más información sobro esta páxina"><span>Información de la páxina</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Citar&page=Testu&id=4225507&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Información tocante a cómo citar esta páxina"><span>Citar esta páxina</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Acortador_de_URL&url=https%3A%2F%2Fast.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTestu"><span>Llograr la URL encurtiada</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fast.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTestu"><span>Xenerar códigu QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Imprentar/esportar </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Libro&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Testu"><span>Crear un llibru</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:DownloadAsPdf&page=Testu&action=show-download-screen"><span>Descargar como PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Testu&printable=yes" title="Versión imprentable d'esta páxina [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versión pa imprentar</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> N'otros proyeutos </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Texts" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q234460" title="Enllaz al elementu del depósitu de datos coneutáu [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Elementu de Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Ferramientes de páxina"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Apariencia"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Apariencia</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mover a la barra llateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">despintar</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">De Wikipedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ast" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox plantia-xenerica" style="font-size:90%;width:25em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;background-color: #acacac">Testu</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color: #cdcdcd"> género documental <sup>(es)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107478770?uselang=ast" title="Traducir"><img alt="Traducir" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a></span> y página de dicionario en Wikipedia <sup>(es)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20088085?uselang=ast" title="Traducir"><img alt="Traducir" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color: #cdcdcd"> record <sup>(en)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107435521?uselang=ast" title="Traducir"><img alt="Traducir" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a></span> y obra escrita</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheru:Text.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Text.jpg/260px-Text.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Text.jpg/390px-Text.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Text.jpg/520px-Text.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:right"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q234460" title="Cambiar los datos en Wikidata"><img alt="Cambiar los datos en Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/12px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/18px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/24px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Un <b>testu</b> ye una composición de <a href="/wiki/Signu_lling%C3%BC%C3%ADsticu" title="Signu llingüísticu">signos</a> codificaos nun <a href="/wiki/Sistema_d%27escritura" title="Sistema d'escritura">sistema d'escritura</a> (como un <a href="/wiki/Alfabetu" title="Alfabetu">alfabetu</a>) que forma una unidá de <a href="/wiki/Signific%C3%A1u" title="Significáu">sentíu.</a> El so tamañu puede ser variable. </p><p>Tamién ye una composición de caráuteres imprentables (con <a href="/wiki/Grafema" title="Grafema">grafema</a>) xeneraos por un <a href="/wiki/Algoritmu" title="Algoritmu">algoritmu</a> de <a href="/wiki/Criptograf%C3%ADa" title="Criptografía">cifráu</a> que, anque nun tienen sentíu pa cualquier persona, sí puede descifrase pol destinatariu orixinal. N'otres pallabres, un testu ye una cadarma de signos con una intención comunicativa que tien sentíu nun contestu determináu. </p><p>Les idees esenciales que comunica un testu tán conteníes no que de vezu llámense «macroproposiciones», unidaes estructurales de nivel cimeru o global, que dan coherencia al testu constituyendo'l so filu central, la cadarma estructural que cohesiona elementos llingüísticos formales d'altu nivel, como los títulos y subtítulos, la secuencia de párrafos, etc. En contraste, les «microproposiciones» son los elementos qu'ayuden a la cohesión d'un testu, pero a nivel más particular o llocal. Esta distinción féxola <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teun_van_Dijk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teun van Dijk (la páxina nun esiste)">Teun van Dijk</a> en 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>El nivel microestructural o llocal ta venceyáu col conceutu de cohesión. Refierse a unu de los fenómenos propios de la coherencia, el de les rellaciones particulares y llocales que se dan ente elementos llingüísticos, tanto los qu'unvien unos a otros como los que tienen la función de coneutar y organizar. Tamién ye un conxuntu d'oraciones agrupaes en párrafos que fala d'una tema determinada. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Testu_llingüísticu"><span id="Testu_lling.C3.BC.C3.ADsticu"></span>Testu llingüísticu</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Testu&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Editar seición: Testu llingüísticu" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Testu&action=edit&section=1" title="Editar el código fuente de la sección: Testu llingüísticu"><span>editar la fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Acordies con <a href="/w/index.php?title=Algirdas_Julius_Greimas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Algirdas Julius Greimas (la páxina nun esiste)">Greimas</a>, ye un enunciáu yá sía gráficu o fónicu que nos dexa visualizar les pallabres qu'escuchamos que s'utiliza pa manifestar el procesu llingüísticu. Mentanto <a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Hjelmslev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis Hjelmslev (la páxina nun esiste)">Hjelmslev</a> usa esi términu pa designar el tou d'una cadena llingüística sin llende (§1). </p><p>En <a href="/wiki/Lling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica" title="Llingüística">llingüística</a>, non tolos conxuntos de <a href="/wiki/Signu_lling%C3%BC%C3%ADsticu" title="Signu llingüísticu">signos</a> constituyen un testu. </p><p>Llámase testu a la configuración de llingua o fala y utilícense signos específicos (signu de la llingua o fala) y ta organizada según les regles de la fala o idioma. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Testu_como_"diálogu"_y_testu_como_"monólogu""><span id="Testu_como_.22di.C3.A1logu.22_y_testu_como_.22mon.C3.B3logu.22"></span>Testu como "diálogu" y testu como "monólogu"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Testu&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Editar seición: Testu como "diálogu" y testu como "monólogu"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Testu&action=edit&section=2" title="Editar el código fuente de la sección: Testu como "diálogu" y testu como "monólogu""><span>editar la fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Otra noción importante ye que los testos (y discursos) nun son namái «monologales». En llingüística, el términu testu sirve tanto pa producciones onde namái hai un emisor (situaciones monoxestionaes o monocontrolaes) como pa les que dellos intercambien los papeles (situaciones polixestionaes o policontrolaes) como les <a href="/w/index.php?title=Conversaci%C3%B3n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conversación (la páxina nun esiste)">conversaciones.</a> El testu contién conectores y signos, etc. </p><p>Exemplos : </p> <ul><li><b>Monologales</b> <ul><li>Oral: Una declamación, un discursu políticu.</li> <li>Escrita: Una carta de solicitú o una novela.</li></ul></li> <li><b>Dialogales</b> <ul><li>Oral: Una conversación nun chigre o nun bancu.</li> <li>Escrita: Una conversación per <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chat (la páxina nun esiste)">chat</a> o per cartes.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Carauterístiques"><span id="Carauter.C3.ADstiques"></span>Carauterístiques</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Testu&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Editar seición: Carauterístiques" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Testu&action=edit&section=3" title="Editar el código fuente de la sección: Carauterístiques"><span>editar la fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Esti <b>testu</b> o conxuntu de <a href="/wiki/Signu_lling%C3%BC%C3%ADsticu" title="Signu llingüísticu">signos</a> estrayíos d'un <a href="/w/index.php?title=Discursu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Discursu (la páxina nun esiste)">discursu</a> tien d'axuntar condiciones de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Testualid%C3%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Testualidá (la páxina nun esiste)">testualidá</a>. Les principales son: </p> <ul><li>Cohesión.</li> <li>Coherencia.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signific%C3%A1u" title="Significáu">Significáu</a>.</li> <li>Progresividá.</li> <li>Intencionalidá.</li> <li>Adecuación.</li></ul> <p>Según los llingüistes <a href="/w/index.php?title=Beaugrande&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beaugrande (la páxina nun esiste)">Beaugrande</a> y <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Louis_Dressler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Louis Dressler (la páxina nun esiste)">Dressler</a>, tou testu bien ellaboráu hai de presentar siete carauterístiques: </p> <ol><li>Hai de ser <a href="/wiki/Coherencia_testual" title="Coherencia testual">coherente</a>, esto ye, centrase nuna sola tema, de forma que les distintes idees arramaes nél han de contribuyir a la creación d'una idea global.</li> <li>Hai de tener <a href="/wiki/Cohesi%C3%B3n_testual" title="Cohesión testual">cohesión</a>, lo que quier dicir que les distintes secuencies que lo construyen han de tar rellacionaes ente sigo.</li> <li>Hai de cuntar con adecuación al destinatariu, de forma qu'utilice un llinguaxe comprensible pal so llector ideal, pero non necesariamente pa tolos llectores (casu de los volcaos de nucleu mentaos más arriba) y de forma que, amás, ufierte tola información necesaria (ya'l mínimu d'información innecesaria) pal so llector ideal o destinatariu.</li> <li>Hai de cuntar con una intención comunicativa, esto ye, tien de querer dicir daqué a daquién y por tanto faer usu d'estratexes afayadices p'algamar eficacia y eficiencia comunicativa.</li> <li>Hai de tar enmarcáu nuna situación comunicativa, esto ye, ten de ser enunciáu dende un equí y agora concretu, lo que permite configurar un horizonte de mires y un contestu pa la so comprensión.</li> <li>Hai d'entrar en rellación con otros testos o xéneros p'algamar sentíu y poder interpretase conforme a una serie de competencies, presupuestos, marcos de referencia, tipos y xéneros, porque nengún testu esiste de mou aislláu de la rede de referencies que-y sirve pa dotase de significáu.</li> <li>Hai de tener información en grau abondu pa resultar novedosu ya interesante pero nun esixir tanta que colapse'l so sentíu evitando que'l destinatariu sía capaz d'interpretalo (por casu por una demanda escesiva de conocencies previes).</li></ol> <p>Con éses un testu hai de ser coherente, cohesionáu, comprensible pal so llector ideal, intencionáu, enmarcáu nuna situación comunicativa ya incluyíu n'otros testos o xéneros p'algamar sentíu; igualmente hai de tener información en grau abondu pa resultar novedosu ya interesante. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tipos_de_testu">Tipos de testu</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Testu&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Editar seición: Tipos de testu" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Testu&action=edit&section=4" title="Editar el código fuente de la sección: Tipos de testu"><span>editar la fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Col envís d'agrupar y clasificar la gran diversidá de testos, propunxéronse tipoloxíes testuales. Estes básense en distintos criterios como la función que cumple'l testu en rellación colos interllocutores o la estructura global interna que presenta. </p><p>La clasificación más simple de los testos, en función de les carauterístiques que predominen en caún (considérase que nun hai testu puru, esto ye, nun hai testu que tenga traces correspondientes namái a cada categoría, tou testu ye híbridu), ye como sigue: </p> <ul><li>testos narrativos</li> <li>testos descriptivos</li> <li>testos argumentativos</li> <li>testos conmutativos</li> <li>testos esplicativos</li> <li>testos espositivos</li> <li>testos conclusivos</li> <li>testos informativos</li> <li>testos predictivos</li> <li>testu formal</li> <li>testu llibre</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referencies">Referencies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Testu&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Editar seición: Referencies" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Testu&action=edit&section=5" title="Editar el código fuente de la sección: Referencies"><span>editar la fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r3503771">@media only screen and (max-width:600px){.mw-parser-output .llistaref{column-count:1!important}}</style><div class="llistaref" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">van Dijk, T.A. (1980). </span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Enllaces_esternos">Enllaces esternos</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Testu&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Editar seición: Enllaces esternos" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Testu&action=edit&section=6" title="Editar el código fuente de la sección: Enllaces esternos"><span>editar la fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.contenidoweb.info/textos/redaccion-de-textos/">Redaición de testos</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151017074739/http://www.contenidoweb.info/textos/redaccion-de-textos/">Archiváu</a> 2015-10-17 en <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.textoscientificos.com/">Testos científicos</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://html.rincondelvago.com/textos-periodisticos_1.html">Testos periodísticos</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cartasmodelos.com/">Modelos de carta</a>.</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Sacáu de «<a dir="ltr" href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Testu&oldid=4225507">https://ast.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Testu&oldid=4225507</a>»</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Categor%C3%ADas" title="Especial:Categorías">Categoría</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categor%C3%ADa:Pragm%C3%A1tica" title="Categoría:Pragmática">Pragmática</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Categoríes anubríes: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categor%C3%ADa:Wikipedia:P%C3%A1xines_con_etiquetes_de_Wikidata_ensin_traducir" title="Categoría:Wikipedia:Páxines con etiquetes de Wikidata ensin traducir">Wikipedia:Páxines con etiquetes de Wikidata ensin traducir</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categor%C3%ADa:Wikipedia:Art%C3%ADculos_qu%27usen_ficha_ensin_datos_en_fileres" title="Categoría:Wikipedia:Artículos qu'usen ficha ensin datos en fileres">Wikipedia:Artículos qu'usen ficha ensin datos en fileres</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categor%C3%ADa:Wikipedia:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Categoría:Wikipedia:Webarchive template wayback links">Wikipedia:Webarchive template wayback links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> La última edición d'esta páxina foi'l 6 ago 2024 a les 01:31.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">El testu ta disponible baxo la <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.es">Llicencia Creative Commons Reconocimientu/CompartirIgual 4.0</a>; puen aplicase términos adicionales. 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mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Amestar seición</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-94d7dc785-5rtd2","wgBackendResponseTime":136,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.090","walltime":"0.143","ppvisitednodes":{"value":270,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":5806,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":0,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":8,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":0,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":534,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 116.226 1 -total"," 69.41% 80.667 1 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Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2017-01-27T20:53:23Z","dateModified":"2024-08-06T01:31:37Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/9\/94\/Text.jpg","headline":"composici\u00f3n de signos codific\u00e1u nun sistema d'escritura"}</script> </body> </html>