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vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Indice</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">sposta nella barra laterale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">nascondi</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inizio</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Caratteristiche" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caratteristiche"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Caratteristiche</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Caratteristiche-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Attiva/disattiva la sottosezione Caratteristiche</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Caratteristiche-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Proprietà_chimiche" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proprietà_chimiche"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Proprietà chimiche</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proprietà_chimiche-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proprietà_fisiologiche" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proprietà_fisiologiche"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Proprietà fisiologiche</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proprietà_fisiologiche-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proprietà_organolettiche" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proprietà_organolettiche"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Proprietà organolettiche</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proprietà_organolettiche-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biodisponibilità" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biodisponibilità"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Biodisponibilità</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biodisponibilità-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voci_correlate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voci_correlate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Voci correlate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voci_correlate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Altri_progetti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Altri_progetti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Altri progetti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Altri_progetti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collegamenti_esterni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Collegamenti esterni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Indice" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mostra/Nascondi l'indice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Mostra/Nascondi l'indice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Carotenoidi</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vai a una voce in un'altra lingua. Disponibile in 45 lingue" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-45" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">45 lingue</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B4%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%87_%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="أشباه كاروتينات - arabo" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أشباه كاروتينات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carotenoide" title="Carotenoide - asturiano" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Carotenoide" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Каротиноид - bulgaro" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Каротиноид" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A1" title="ক্যারোটিনয়েড - bengalese" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ক্যারোটিনয়েড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carotenoide" title="Carotenoide - catalano" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Carotenoide" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karotenoidy" title="Karotenoidy - ceco" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Karotenoidy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="ceco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carotinoide" title="Carotinoide - tedesco" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Carotinoide" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tedesco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%AD%CF%82" title="Καροτενοειδές - greco" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καροτενοειδές" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carotenoid" title="Carotenoid - inglese" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Carotenoid" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karotenoido" title="Karotenoido - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Karotenoido" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carotenoide" title="Carotenoide - spagnolo" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Carotenoide" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karotenoidid" title="Karotenoidid - estone" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Karotenoidid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karotenoide" title="Karotenoide - basco" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Karotenoide" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="کاروتنوئید - persiano" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کاروتنوئید" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karotenoidit" title="Karotenoidit - finlandese" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Karotenoidit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carot%C3%A9no%C3%AFde" title="Caroténoïde - francese" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Caroténoïde" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carait%C3%A9an%C3%B3ideach" title="Caraitéanóideach - irlandese" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Caraitéanóideach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carotenoide" title="Carotenoide - galiziano" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Carotenoide" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99%D7%93" title="קרוטנואיד - ebraico" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קרוטנואיד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karotenoidi" title="Karotenoidi - croato" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Karotenoidi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croato" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%AB%D5%A4%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Կարոտինոիդներ - armeno" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կարոտինոիդներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karotenoid" title="Karotenoid - indonesiano" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Karotenoid" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AD%E3%83%86%E3%83%8E%E3%82%A4%E3%83%89" title="カロテノイド - giapponese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カロテノイド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="giapponese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="კაროტინოიდები - georgiano" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კაროტინოიდები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Каротиноидтар - kazako" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Каротиноидтар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazako" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EB%A1%9C%ED%8B%B0%EB%85%B8%EC%9D%B4%EB%93%9C" title="카로티노이드 - coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="카로티노이드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Каротиноиддер - kirghiso" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Каротиноиддер" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirghiso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karotino%C4%ABdi" title="Karotinoīdi - lettone" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Karotinoīdi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lettone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D" title="കരോട്ടിനോയ്ഡ് - malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കരോട്ടിനോയ്ഡ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroteno%C3%AFde" title="Carotenoïde - olandese" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Carotenoïde" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="olandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karotenoidy" title="Karotenoidy - polacco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Karotenoidy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carotenoide" title="Carotenoide - portoghese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Carotenoide" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portoghese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carotenoid%C4%83" title="Carotenoidă - rumeno" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Carotenoidă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Каротиноиды - russo" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Каротиноиды" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karotenoid" title="Karotenoid - serbo-croato" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Karotenoid" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croato" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carotenoid" title="Carotenoid - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Carotenoid" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Каротеноид - serbo" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Каротеноид" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karotenoid" title="Karotenoid - svedese" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Karotenoid" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svedese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C" title="แคโรทีนอยด์ - thailandese" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แคโรทีนอยด์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karotenoid" title="Karotenoid - turco" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Karotenoid" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%97%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Каротиноїди - ucraino" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Каротиноїди" data-language-autonym="Українська" 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</nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Da Wikipedia, l'enciclopedia libera.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="it" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beta-carotene-2D-skeletal.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Beta-carotene-2D-skeletal.png/220px-Beta-carotene-2D-skeletal.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Beta-carotene-2D-skeletal.png/330px-Beta-carotene-2D-skeletal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Beta-carotene-2D-skeletal.png/440px-Beta-carotene-2D-skeletal.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="313" /></a><figcaption>Struttura molecolare del β-carotene, un carotenoide</figcaption></figure> <p>I <b>carotenoidi</b> sono una classe di <a href="/wiki/Pigmento_biologico" title="Pigmento biologico">pigmenti organici</a> che possono essere rinvenuti nelle <a href="/wiki/Plantae" title="Plantae">piante</a> o in altri organismi <a href="/wiki/Fotosintesi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fotosintesi">fotosintetici</a>, come le <a href="/wiki/Alga" title="Alga">alghe</a> ed alcune specie di <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">batteri</a>. I carotenoidi contengono almeno un anello di <a href="/wiki/Ionone" title="Ionone">β-ionone</a> non sostituito sono considerati precursori della <a href="/wiki/Vitamina_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitamina A">vitamina A</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> potendo essere convertiti in <a href="/wiki/Retinolo" title="Retinolo">retinolo</a> dagli animali che si cibano di vegetali. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Caratteristiche">Caratteristiche</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carotenoidi&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la sezione Caratteristiche" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carotenoidi&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Caratteristiche"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Esistono oltre 621 tipi di carotenoidi conosciuti; vengono normalmente suddivisi in due classi: i <a href="/wiki/Carotene" title="Carotene">caroteni</a> (che sono <a href="/wiki/Idrocarburi" title="Idrocarburi">idrocarburi</a>, quindi privi di <a href="/wiki/Ossigeno" title="Ossigeno">ossigeno</a>) e le <a href="/wiki/Xantofille" title="Xantofille">xantofille</a> (che invece lo contengono). Sono pigmenti accessori che nella <a href="/wiki/Fotosintesi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fotosintesi">fotosintesi</a> consentono di assorbire lunghezze d'onda diverse rispetto alla <a href="/wiki/Clorofilla" title="Clorofilla">clorofilla</a> e che proteggono quest'ultima dalla fotoossidazione<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. La <a href="/w/index.php?title=Degradazione_ossidativa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Degradazione ossidativa (la pagina non esiste)">degradazione ossidativa</a> dei carotenoidi produce una particolare specie di <a href="/wiki/Alcheni" title="Alcheni">alcheni</a> chiamati <i>apocarotenoidi</i><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, <a href="/wiki/Polieni" title="Polieni">polieni</a> contenenti gruppi OH, CHO e COOH; la vitamina A (<i>retinolo</i>), per esempio, è un apocarotene con 20 atomi di carbonio che si originano per ossidazione del beta-carotene. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proprietà_chimiche"><span id="Propriet.C3.A0_chimiche"></span>Proprietà chimiche</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carotenoidi&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la sezione Proprietà chimiche" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carotenoidi&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Proprietà chimiche"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>I carotenoidi sono <a href="/wiki/Molecola" title="Molecola">molecole</a> costituite da una catena di atomi di <a href="/wiki/Carbonio" title="Carbonio">carbonio</a> (formata da 32-40 <a href="/wiki/Atomo" title="Atomo">atomi</a> e definita catena <a href="/wiki/Poliene" class="mw-redirect" title="Poliene">polienica</a>), spesso terminante in un anello. La struttura della catena permette di dividere i carotenoidi in due classi: </p> <ul><li>le <a href="/wiki/Xantofille" title="Xantofille">xantofille</a>, costituite da catene contenenti atomi di <a href="/wiki/Ossigeno" title="Ossigeno">ossigeno</a>; appartengono a questa classe importanti pigmenti come <a href="/wiki/Astaxantina" title="Astaxantina">astaxantina</a>, la <a href="/wiki/Luteina" title="Luteina">luteina</a> e la <a href="/wiki/Zeaxantina" title="Zeaxantina">zeaxantina</a>.</li> <li>i <a href="/wiki/Caroteni" class="mw-redirect" title="Caroteni">caroteni</a>, costituiti invece da molecole prive di ossigeno e formate solo da <a href="/wiki/Idrogeno" title="Idrogeno">idrogeno</a>, oltre che da carbonio. Appartengono a questa classe il <a href="/wiki/Licopene" title="Licopene">licopene</a> ed il <a href="/wiki/Carotene" title="Carotene">carotene</a>, che è forse il più conosciuto di questi pigmenti e che dà il nome alla classe. È contenuto nelle <a href="/wiki/Daucus_carota" title="Daucus carota">carote</a> ed è responsabile del tipico colore arancione di questa <a href="/wiki/Radice_(botanica)" title="Radice (botanica)">radice</a>.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Autumnnleaves.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Autumnnleaves.JPG/220px-Autumnnleaves.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Autumnnleaves.JPG/330px-Autumnnleaves.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Autumnnleaves.JPG/440px-Autumnnleaves.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>La tipica colorazione rosso-arancio delle <a href="/wiki/Foglia" title="Foglia">foglie</a> autunnali è dovuta alla presenza, all'interno delle piante stesse, dei pigmenti carotenoidi.</figcaption></figure> <p>Il tipico colore dei carotenoidi, che spazia dal giallo pallido all'arancione fino al rosso acceso, è una diretta conseguenza della loro struttura molecolare. Le catene <a href="/wiki/Polimero" title="Polimero">polimeriche</a> che li compongono sono infatti caratterizzate dalla presenza di doppi <a href="/wiki/Legame_covalente" title="Legame covalente">legami</a>, che interagiscono tra di loro permettendo agli <a href="/wiki/Elettrone" title="Elettrone">elettroni</a> degli atomi interessati di muoversi più liberamente; all'aumentare dei doppi legami nella catena, aumenta anche la libertà di movimento degli elettroni. Questo fa sì che lo <a href="/wiki/Spettro_elettromagnetico" title="Spettro elettromagnetico">spettro</a> della <a href="/wiki/Luce" title="Luce">luce</a> assorbita da queste molecole diminuisca; come conseguenza aumenta la <a href="/wiki/Lunghezza_d%27onda" title="Lunghezza d'onda">lunghezza d'onda</a> della luce riflessa, ed essa appare perciò di un colore tendente al rosso. </p><p>Il tipico colore delle <a href="/wiki/Foglia" title="Foglia">foglie</a> di molte piante <a href="/wiki/Caducifoglia" class="mw-redirect" title="Caducifoglia">caducifoglie</a> in <a href="/wiki/Autunno" title="Autunno">autunno</a> è dovuto ai carotenoidi; nelle piante superiori, infatti, questi pigmenti sono normalmente presenti in quantità inferiore rispetto alla <a href="/wiki/Clorofilla" title="Clorofilla">clorofilla</a>, e in condizioni normali predomina il verde. Quando però nei mesi freddi la pianta interrompe la crescita e si prepara a perdere le foglie, la clorofilla si degrada rapidamente lasciando come pigmenti predominanti i carotenoidi, che donano alle foglie il tipico colore rossastro. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proprietà_fisiologiche"><span id="Propriet.C3.A0_fisiologiche"></span>Proprietà fisiologiche</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carotenoidi&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la sezione Proprietà fisiologiche" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carotenoidi&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Proprietà fisiologiche"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Negli organismi fotosintetici i carotenoidi giocano un ruolo centrale nel processo di fotosintesi: infatti, da una parte prendono parte alla catena di trasporto dell'energia e dall'altra proteggono il centro di reazione dall'<a href="/wiki/Ossidazione" title="Ossidazione">ossidazione</a>. Negli organismi non fotosintetici, invece, queste molecole sembrano avere un ruolo importante nei meccanismi anti-ossidativi. </p><p>I carotenoidi possiedono molte proprietà fisiologiche e hanno importanti effetti sia nelle piante che in altri organismi. A causa della loro particolare struttura molecolare, sono capaci di legare ed eliminare i <a href="/wiki/Radicale_libero" title="Radicale libero">radicali liberi</a> e giocano un ruolo importante nel <a href="/wiki/Sistema_immunitario" title="Sistema immunitario">sistema immunitario</a> dei <a href="/wiki/Vertebrata" title="Vertebrata">vertebrati</a>. </p><p>Gli <a href="/wiki/Animalia" title="Animalia">animali</a> (ad eccezione degli afidi<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) sono incapaci di sintetizzare i carotenoidi e devono necessariamente assumerli tramite la <a href="/wiki/Dieta" title="Dieta">dieta</a>. Oltre agli effetti fisiologici sopra descritti, in alcuni animali superiori sono importanti per aspetti ornamentali legati al <a href="/wiki/Corteggiamento" title="Corteggiamento">corteggiamento</a>. La livrea rosa dei <a href="/wiki/Phoenicopterus" title="Phoenicopterus">fenicotteri</a> e di alcune specie di <a href="/wiki/Oncorhynchus_gorbuscha" title="Oncorhynchus gorbuscha">salmoni</a>, ad esempio, e la colorazione rossa delle <a href="/wiki/Palinurus_vulgaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Palinurus vulgaris">aragoste</a> sono dovute ai carotenoidi. È probabile che l'importanza dei carotenoidi come fattore ornamentale sia correlata alle loro proprietà fisiologiche e costituisca un indicatore dello stato di salute di un individuo, fornendo così segnali utili per la scelta del partner. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proprietà_organolettiche"><span id="Propriet.C3.A0_organolettiche"></span>Proprietà organolettiche</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carotenoidi&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifica la sezione Proprietà organolettiche" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carotenoidi&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Proprietà organolettiche"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alcuni prodotti della degradazione dei carotenoidi sono importanti fragranze; vengono perciò ampiamente utilizzati nell'industria dei <a href="/wiki/Profumo" title="Profumo">profumi</a>. Molti carotenoidi costituiscono infatti composti tipicamente responsabili della profumazione dei <a href="/wiki/Fiore" title="Fiore">fiori</a>, ed anche i tipici odori del <a href="/wiki/Tabacco" title="Tabacco">tabacco</a>, del <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A8" title="Tè">tè</a> e di molti <a href="/wiki/Frutto" title="Frutto">frutti</a> dipendono da molecole derivate dalla rottura di alcuni carotenoidi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biodisponibilità"><span id="Biodisponibilit.C3.A0"></span>Biodisponibilità</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carotenoidi&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifica la sezione Biodisponibilità" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carotenoidi&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Biodisponibilità"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'assimilazione di carotenoidi nelle carote crude è del 4-5%. Essendo liposolubili, la <a href="/wiki/Biodisponibilit%C3%A0" title="Biodisponibilità">biodisponibilità</a> aumenta fino a 5 volte in presenza di una cottura non prolungata (come invece è quella a vapore), e ulteriormente se si aggiungono modeste quantità di acidi grassi<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6997300000000000000♠"></span>3-5 g</span> per pasto di olio o grasso, oppure un avocado). Viceversa, il consumo di fitosteroli vegetali riduce i livelli di beta-carotene nel sangue. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carotenoidi&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifica la sezione Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carotenoidi&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Srinivasan Damodaran, Kirk L. Parkin e Owen R. Fennema, <span style="font-style:italic;">Fennema's Food Chemistry</span>, 4ª ed., CRC Press, 2008, p. 454, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/0-8493-9272-1" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/0-8493-9272-1">0-8493-9272-1</a>.</cite> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal"> Armstrong GA, Hearst JE, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fasebj.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=8641556"><span style="font-style:italic;">Carotenoids 2: Genetics and molecular biology of carotenoid pigment biosynthesis</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Faseb J.</span>, vol. 10, n. 2, 1996, pp. 228–37, <a href="/wiki/PMID" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8641556">8641556</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal"> Erin K. Marasco, Kimleng Vay e Claudia Schimdt-Dannert, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oadoi.org/10.1074/jbc.M606299200"><span style="font-style:italic;">Identification of Carotenoid Cleavage Dioxygenases from Nostoc sp. PCC 7120 with Different Cleavage Activities</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Journal of Biological Chemistry</span>, vol. 281, n. 42, ASBMB, 2006, pp. 31583–31593, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M606299200">10.1074/jbc.M606299200</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Jean Christophe Valmalette, Aviv Dombrovsky e Pierre Brat, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep00579"><span style="font-style:italic;">Light- induced electron transfer and ATP synthesis in a carotene synthesizing insect</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Scientific Reports</span>, vol. 2, n. 1, 16 agosto 2012, pp. 579, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fsrep00579">10.1038/srep00579</a>. <small>URL consultato il 20 giugno 2023</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">9.van Het Hof KH, West CE, Weststrate JA, Hautvast JG. (2000). Dietary factors that affect the bioavailability of carotenoids. Journal of Nutrition 130(3):503-506.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voci_correlate">Voci correlate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carotenoidi&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifica la sezione Voci correlate" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carotenoidi&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Voci correlate"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acido_mevalonico" title="Acido mevalonico">Acido mevalonico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocarotenoidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Apocarotenoidi">Apocarotenoidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigmento" title="Pigmento">Pigmento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clorofilla" title="Clorofilla">Clorofilla</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Altri_progetti">Altri progetti</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carotenoidi&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifica la sezione Altri progetti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carotenoidi&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Altri progetti"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div id="interProject" class="toccolours" style="display: none; clear: both; margin-top: 2em"><p id="sisterProjects" style="background-color: #efefef; color: black; font-weight: bold; margin: 0"><span>Altri progetti</span></p><ul title="Collegamenti verso gli altri progetti Wikimedia"> <li class="" title=""><a href="https://it.wiktionary.org/wiki/carotenoidi" class="extiw" title="wikt:carotenoidi">Wikizionario</a></li> <li class="" title=""><span class="plainlinks" title="commons:Category:Carotenoids"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Carotenoids?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://it.wiktionary.org/wiki/" title="Collabora a Wikizionario"><img alt="Collabora a Wikizionario" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/18px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/27px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/36px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="350" /></a></span> <a href="https://it.wiktionary.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="wikt:">Wikizionario</a> contiene il lemma di dizionario «<b><a href="https://it.wiktionary.org/wiki/carotenoidi" class="extiw" title="wikt:carotenoidi">carotenoidi</a></b>»</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it" title="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons"><img alt="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/27px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/36px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span> contiene immagini o altri file su <b><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Carotenoids?uselang=it">carotenoidi</a></span></b></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collegamenti_esterni">Collegamenti esterni</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carotenoidi&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifica la sezione Collegamenti esterni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carotenoidi&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Collegamenti esterni"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSapere.it" class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sapere.it/enciclopedia/carotenòidi.html"><span style="font-style:italic;">carotenòidi</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">sapere.it</span>, <a href="/wiki/De_Agostini" title="De Agostini">De Agostini</a>.</cite> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191907#P6706" title="Modifica su Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica su Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBritannica.com" class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/carotenoid"><span style="font-style:italic;">carotenoid</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/Enciclopedia_Britannica" title="Enciclopedia Britannica">Enciclopedia Britannica</a></span>, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</cite> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191907#P1417" title="Modifica su Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica su Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li> <li><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121022045128/http://goldbook.iupac.org/C00858.html"><span style="font-style:italic;">IUPAC Gold Book, "carotenoids"</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">goldbook.iupac.org</span>. <small>URL consultato il 6 luglio 2012</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http://goldbook.iupac.org/C00858.html">url originale</abbr> il 22 ottobre 2012)</small>.</cite></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r140554510">.mw-parser-output .CdA{border:1px solid #aaa;width:100%;margin:auto;font-size:90%;padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .CdA th{background-color:#f2f2f2;font-weight:bold;width:20%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .CdA{border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .CdA th{background-color:#202122}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .CdA{border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .CdA th{background-color:#202122}}</style><table class="CdA"><tbody><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Aiuto:Controllo_di_autorit%C3%A0" title="Aiuto:Controllo di autorità">Controllo di autorità</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/Nuovo_soggettario" title="Nuovo soggettario">Thesaurus BNCF</a> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thes.bncf.firenze.sbn.it/termine.php?id=31734">31734</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85020408">sh85020408</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="tedesco">DE</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4147357-7">4147357-7</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_nazionale_di_Spagna" title="Biblioteca nazionale di Spagna">BNE</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="spagnolo">ES</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX550050">XX550050</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://datos.bne.es/resource/XX550050">(data)</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_nazionale_di_Francia" title="Biblioteca nazionale di Francia">BNF</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="francese">FR</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12266371t">cb12266371t</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12266371t">(data)</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_nazionale_di_Israele" title="Biblioteca nazionale di Israele">J9U</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr>, <abbr title="ebraico">HE</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007284888905171">987007284888905171</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_della_Dieta_nazionale_del_Giappone" title="Biblioteca della Dieta nazionale del Giappone">NDL</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr>, <abbr title="giapponese">JA</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00565057">00565057</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="noprint" style="width:100%; 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