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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Meld aan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Bladsye vir uitgemelde redakteurs <a href="/wiki/Hulp:Inleiding" aria-label="Leer meer oor redigering"><span>leer meer</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybydrae" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Bydraes</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybespreking" title="Bespreking oor bydraes van hierdie IP-adres [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Bespreking</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">versteek</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inleiding</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Verskille_van_ander_wetenskappe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verskille_van_ander_wetenskappe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Verskille van ander wetenskappe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verskille_van_ander_wetenskappe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sien_ook" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sien_ook"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Sien ook</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sien_ook-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verwysings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verwysings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Verwysings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verwysings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bronnelys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bronnelys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Bronnelys</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bronnelys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eksterne_skakels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eksterne_skakels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Eksterne skakels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eksterne_skakels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Wissel die inhoudsopgawe" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Wissel die inhoudsopgawe</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Formele wetenskap</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gaan na 'n artikel in 'n ander taal. Beskikbaar in 52 tale" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-52" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">52 tale</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="علوم صورية – Arabies" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علوم صورية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tazuktafa_opa" title="Tazuktafa opa – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Tazuktafa opa" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D1%84%D3%99%D0%BD%D0%B4%D3%99%D1%80" title="Формаль фәндәр – Baskir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Формаль фәндәр" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Baskir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Формални науки – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Формални науки" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%AA_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="রৌপ বিজ্ঞান – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রৌপ বিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ci%C3%A8ncia_formal" title="Ciència formal – Katalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ciència formal" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%B4%DB%8E%D9%88%DB%95%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="زانستی شێوەیی – Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زانستی شێوەیی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Form%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_v%C4%9Bdy" title="Formální vědy – Tsjeggies" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Formální vědy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjeggies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formalwissenschaft" title="Formalwissenschaft – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Formalwissenschaft" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_science" title="Formal science – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Formal science" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formalaj_sciencoj" title="Formalaj sciencoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Formalaj sciencoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciencias_formales" title="Ciencias formales – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ciencias formales" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zientzia_formal" title="Zientzia formal – Baskies" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zientzia formal" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="علوم صوری – Persies" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="علوم صوری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciences_formelles" title="Sciences formelles – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sciences formelles" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciencias_formais" title="Ciencias formais – Galisies" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ciencias formais" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="रूपबद्ध विज्ञान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रूपबद्ध विज्ञान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syans_f%C3%B2m%C3%A8l" title="Syans fòmèl – Haïtiaans" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Syans fòmèl" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haïtiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientias_formal" title="Scientias formal – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Scientias formal" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilmu_formal" title="Ilmu formal – Indonesies" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ilmu formal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formala_cienci" title="Formala cienci – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Formala cienci" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scienze_formali" title="Scienze formali – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Scienze formali" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="形式科学 – Japannees" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="形式科学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japannees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%AA%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ფორმალური მეცნიერებები – Georgies" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფორმალური მეცნიერებები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D2%93%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BC" title="Формалды ғылым – Kazaks" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Формалды ғылым" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%98%95%EC%8B%9D%EA%B3%BC%ED%95%99" title="형식과학 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="형식과학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siansa_arak%27_endrika" title="Siansa arak' endrika – Malgassies" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Siansa arak' endrika" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malgassies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sains_formal" title="Sains formal – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sains formal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formele_wetenschap" title="Formele wetenschap – Nederlands" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Formele wetenschap" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Nederlands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formell_vitenskap" title="Formell vitenskap – Boeknoors" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Formell vitenskap" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Boeknoors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauki_formalne" title="Nauki formalne – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nauki formalne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85" title="رسمي علوم – Pasjtoe" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="رسمي علوم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pasjtoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ci%C3%AAncias_formais" title="Ciências formais – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ciências formais" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Формальные науки – Russies" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Формальные науки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%8B" title="Формалны наукы – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Формалны наукы" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86%D8%B3" title="رسمي سائنس – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="رسمي سائنس" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timassanin_tinl%C9%A3anin" title="Timassanin tinlɣanin – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Timassanin tinlɣanin" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Form%C3%A1lna_veda" title="Formálna veda – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Formálna veda" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shkencat_formale" title="Shkencat formale – Albanees" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shkencat formale" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formalna_nauka" title="Formalna nauka – Serwies" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Formalna nauka" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serwies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formalvetenskap" title="Formalvetenskap – Sweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Formalvetenskap" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BC%D3%A3" title="Улуми расмӣ – Tadjiks" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Улуми расмӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tadjiks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2" title="วิทยาศาสตร์รูปนัย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วิทยาศาสตร์รูปนัย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_bilim" title="Formal bilim – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Formal bilim" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Формальні науки – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Формальні науки" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85" title="تشکیلی علوم – Oerdoe" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تشکیلی علوم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Oerdoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasmiy_fan" title="Rasmiy fan – Oezbeeks" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Rasmiy fan" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Oezbeeks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khoa_h%E1%BB%8Dc_h%C3%ACnh_th%E1%BB%A9c" title="Khoa học hình thức – Viëtnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Khoa học hình thức" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Viëtnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syensya_nga_pormal" title="Syensya nga pormal – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Syensya nga pormal" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="形式科學 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="形式科學" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%AAng-sek_kho-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Hêng-sek kho-ha̍k – Min Nan-Sjinees" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hêng-sek kho-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Min Nan-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="形式科學 – Kantonees" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="形式科學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q816264#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Wysig skakels tussen tale" class="wbc-editpage">Wysig skakels</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Naamruimtes"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Formele_wetenskap" title="Bekyk die inhoudbladsy [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Bladsy</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bespreking:Formele_wetenskap" rel="discussion" title="Bespreking oor die inhoudbladsy [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Bespreking</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">versteek</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Formele_wetenskap"><span>Lees</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Formele_wetenskap&veaction=edit" title="Redigeer hierdie bladsy [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Wysig</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Formele_wetenskap&action=edit" title="Wysig die bladsy se bonkode [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Wysig bron</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Formele_wetenskap&action=history"><span>Wys geskiedenis</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Algemeen </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Skakels_hierheen/Formele_wetenskap" title="'n Lys bladsye wat hierheen skakel [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Skakels hierheen</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:OnlangseVeranderingsMetSkakels/Formele_wetenskap" rel="nofollow" title="Onlangse wysigings aan bladsye wat vanaf hierdie bladsy geskakel is [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Verwante veranderings</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Spesiale_bladsye" title="'n Lys van al die spesiale bladsye [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Spesiale bladsye</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Formele_wetenskap&oldid=2612100" title="'n Permanente skakel na hierdie weergawe van die bladsy"><span>Permanente skakel</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Formele_wetenskap&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Bladinligting</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:CiteThisPage&page=Formele_wetenskap&id=2612100&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Inligting oor hoe u hierdie bladsy kan verwys"><span>Haal dié blad aan</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Faf.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFormele_wetenskap"><span>Kry verkorte URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Faf.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFormele_wetenskap"><span>Laai QR-kode af</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Druk/uitvoer </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Boek&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Formele+wetenskap"><span>Skep boek</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:DownloadAsPdf&page=Formele_wetenskap&action=show-download-screen"><span>Laai af as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Formele_wetenskap&printable=yes" title="Drukbare weergawe van hierdie bladsy [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Drukbare weergawe</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Ander projekte </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Formal_sciences" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q816264" title="Skakel na gekonnekteerde databank item [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata-item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Voorkoms"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Voorkoms</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">versteek</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">in Wikipedia, die vrye ensiklopedie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="af" dir="ltr"><table class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks" cellspacing="5" style="float: right; clear: right; color: black; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid #aaa; width: 22em; margin: 0 0 1.0em 1.0em; padding: 0.2em; border-spacing: 0.4em 0; text-align: center; line-height: 1.4em; font-size: 88%; padding:0em; line-height:normal; font-size:100%; width:18em; border-spacing:2px 0px;" cellpadding="0px"><tbody><tr> <td class="" style="padding: 0.4em 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:PrirodneNauke.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/PrirodneNauke.svg/100px-PrirodneNauke.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/PrirodneNauke.svg/150px-PrirodneNauke.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/PrirodneNauke.svg/200px-PrirodneNauke.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></td> </tr><tr> <td class="" style="padding-top: 0.2em; font-size: 85%; line-height: 1.2em; padding:2px; margin:0px; line-height:normal; font-size: 90%; height:auto;">Deel van 'n reeks oor <b><a href="/wiki/Wetenskap" title="Wetenskap">Wetenskap</a></b></td> </tr><tr> <td style="padding-top: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.2em;"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="padding:0em; margin:0px; line-height:normal; font-size:100%; height:auto; border:none;"> <div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%; padding:0.2em; margin:0px; line-height:normal; font-size:90%; height:auto;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Formele wetenskappe</a></div> <div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%; padding:0.2em 0 0.4em; text-align:center; padding:2px; margin:0px; line-height:normal; font-size: 90%; height:auto;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Wiskunde" title="Wiskunde">Wiskunde</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Wiskundige_logika" title="Wiskundige logika">Wiskundige logika</a> <br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wiskundige_statistiek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wiskundige statistiek (bladsy bestaan nie)">Wiskundige statistiek</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Rekenaarwetenskap" title="Rekenaarwetenskap">Rekenaarwetenskap</a> </p> </div></div> </div></td> </tr><tr> <td style="padding-bottom: 0.2em;"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="padding:0em; margin:0px; line-height:normal; font-size:100%; height:auto; border:none;"> <div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%; padding:0.2em; margin:0px; line-height:normal; font-size:90%; height:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Fisiese_wetenskap" class="mw-redirect" title="Fisiese wetenskap">Fisiese wetenskappe</a></div> <div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%; padding:0.2em 0 0.4em; text-align:center; padding:0.2em 0 0.4em; text-align:center; padding:2px; margin:0px; line-height:normal; font-size: 90%; height:auto;"><div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Fisika" title="Fisika">Fisika</a></b><br /> <a href="/wiki/Toegepaste_fisika" title="Toegepaste fisika">Toegepaste fisika</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Atoomfisika" title="Atoomfisika">Atoomfisika</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rekenaarfisika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rekenaarfisika (bladsy bestaan nie)">Rekenaarfisika</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Vaste_stof" title="Vaste stof">Vastetoestandsfisika</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eksperimentele_fisika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eksperimentele fisika (bladsy bestaan nie)">Eksperimentele fisika</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Meganika" title="Meganika">Meganika</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Kernfisika" title="Kernfisika">Kernfisika</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Deeltjiefisika" title="Deeltjiefisika">Deeltjiefisika</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Plasma_(fisika)" title="Plasma (fisika)">Plasmafisika</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Kwantummeganika" title="Kwantummeganika">Kwantummeganika</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vastetoestandmeganika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vastetoestandmeganika (bladsy bestaan nie)">Vastetoestandmeganika</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Teoretiese_fisika" title="Teoretiese fisika">Teoretiese fisika</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Termodinamika" title="Termodinamika">Termodinamika</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Entropie" title="Entropie">Entropie</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Relatiwiteitsteorie#Algemene_relatiwiteit" title="Relatiwiteitsteorie">Algemene relatiwiteit</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/M-teorie" title="M-teorie">M-teorie</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Relatiwiteitsteorie#Spesiale_relatiwiteit" title="Relatiwiteitsteorie">Spesiale relatiwiteit</a><br /> Portaal <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Portal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/20px-Portal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/30px-Portal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/40px-Portal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="32" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portaal:Fisika" title="Portaal:Fisika">Fisika</a> </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Chemie" title="Chemie">Chemie</a></b><br /> <a href="/wiki/Suur" title="Suur">Suur-basischemie</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Alchemie" title="Alchemie">Alchemie</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Analitiese_chemie" title="Analitiese chemie">Analitiese chemie</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Astrochemie" title="Astrochemie">Astrochemie</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Biochemie" title="Biochemie">Biochemie</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Kristallografie" title="Kristallografie">Kristallografie</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Omgewingschemie" title="Omgewingschemie">Omgewingschemie</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Voedselchemie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voedselchemie (bladsy bestaan nie)">Voedselchemie</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Geochemie" title="Geochemie">Geochemie</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Groen_chemie" title="Groen chemie">Groen chemie</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Anorganiese_chemie" title="Anorganiese chemie">Anorganiese chemie</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Materiaalkunde" title="Materiaalkunde">Materiaalkunde</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Molekul%C3%AAre_fisika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molekulêre fisika (bladsy bestaan nie)">Molekulêre fisika</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Kernchemie" title="Kernchemie">Kernchemie</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Organiese_chemie" title="Organiese chemie">Organiese chemie</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Fotochemie" title="Fotochemie">Fotochemie</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Fisiese_chemie" title="Fisiese chemie">Fisiese chemie</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Stralingschemie" title="Stralingschemie">Stralingschemie</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Elektrochemie" title="Elektrochemie">Elektrochemie</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Organometaalchemie" title="Organometaalchemie">Organometaalchemie</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Vastestofchemie" title="Vastestofchemie">Vastestofchemie</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Stereo-isomeer" title="Stereo-isomeer">Stereochemie</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Polimeerchemie" title="Polimeerchemie">Polimeerchemie</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Grondchemie" title="Grondchemie">Grondchemie</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Oppervlaktechemie" title="Oppervlaktechemie">Oppervlaktechemie</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Teoretiese_chemie" title="Teoretiese chemie">Teoretiese chemie</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Foto%C3%ABlektrochemie" title="Fotoëlektrochemie">Fotoëlektrochemie</a><br /> Portaal <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Portal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/20px-Portal.svg.png" 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<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Portal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/20px-Portal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/30px-Portal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/40px-Portal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="32" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portaal:Sterrekunde" title="Portaal:Sterrekunde">Sterrekunde</a> </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Aardwetenskap" title="Aardwetenskap">Aardwetenskap</a></b><br /> <a href="/wiki/Aardrykskunde" title="Aardrykskunde">Aardrykskunde</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Atmosfeer" title="Atmosfeer">Atmosfeerwetenskappe</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Ekologie" title="Ekologie">Ekologie</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Omgewingsleer" class="mw-redirect" title="Omgewingsleer">Omgewingsleer</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Aardmeetkunde" title="Aardmeetkunde">Aardmeetkunde</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Geologie" title="Geologie">Geologie</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Geomorfologie" title="Geomorfologie">Geomorfologie</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Geofisika" title="Geofisika">Geofisika</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Glasiologie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glasiologie (bladsy bestaan nie)">Glasiologie</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Hidrologie" title="Hidrologie">Hidrologie</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Limnologie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limnologie (bladsy bestaan nie)">Limnologie</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Mineralogie" title="Mineralogie">Mineralogie</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Oseanografie" title="Oseanografie">Oseanografie</a><br /> <a 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/40px-Portal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="32" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portaal:Geologie" title="Portaal:Geologie">Geologie</a> </p> </div></div> </div></td> </tr><tr> <td style="padding-bottom: 0.2em;"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="padding:0em; margin:0px; line-height:normal; font-size:100%; height:auto; border:none;"> <div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%; padding:0.2em; margin:0px; line-height:normal; font-size:90%; height:auto;line-height:1.2em; padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Natuurwetenskap" title="Natuurwetenskap">Natuurwetenskappe</a></div> <div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%; padding:0.2em 0 0.4em; text-align:center; padding:0.2em 0 0.4em; text-align:center; padding:2px; margin:0px; line-height:normal; font-size: 90%; height:auto;"><div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Biologie" title="Biologie">Biologie</a></b><br /> <a href="/wiki/Anatomie" title="Anatomie">Anatomie</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Astrobiologie" title="Astrobiologie">Astrobiologie</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Biochemie" title="Biochemie">Biochemie</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Biogeografie" title="Biogeografie">Biogeografie</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Biologiese_ingenieurswese" title="Biologiese ingenieurswese">Biologiese ingenieurswese</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Biofisika" title="Biofisika">Biofisika</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gedragsneurowetenskap&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gedragsneurowetenskap (bladsy bestaan nie)">Gedragsneurowetenskap</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Biotegnologie" title="Biotegnologie">Biotegnologie</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Plantkunde" title="Plantkunde">Plantkunde</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Selbiologie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Selbiologie (bladsy bestaan nie)">Selbiologie</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bewaringsbiologie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bewaringsbiologie (bladsy bestaan nie)">Bewaringsbiologie</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kriobiologie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kriobiologie (bladsy bestaan nie)">Kriobiologie</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ontwikkelingsbiologie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ontwikkelingsbiologie (bladsy bestaan nie)">Ontwikkelingsbiologie</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Ekologie" title="Ekologie">Ekologie</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Etnobiologie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Etnobiologie (bladsy bestaan nie)">Etnobiologie</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusion%C3%AAre_biologie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evolusionêre biologie (bladsy bestaan nie)">Evolusionêre biologie</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Genetika" title="Genetika">Genetika</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerontologie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerontologie (bladsy bestaan nie)">Gerontologie</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Immunologie" title="Immunologie">Immunologie</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Limnologie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limnologie (bladsy bestaan nie)">Limnologie</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Mariene_biologie" title="Mariene biologie">Mariene biologie</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Mikrobiologie" title="Mikrobiologie">Mikrobiologie</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Molekul%C3%AAre_biologie" title="Molekulêre biologie">Molekulêre biologie</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Neurowetenskap" title="Neurowetenskap">Neurowetenskap</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Paleontologie" title="Paleontologie">Paleontologie</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Parasitologie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parasitologie (bladsy bestaan nie)">Parasitologie</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Fisiologie" title="Fisiologie">Fisiologie</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radiobiologie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radiobiologie (bladsy bestaan nie)">Radiobiologie</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grondbiologie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grondbiologie (bladsy bestaan nie)">Grondbiologie</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Sistematiek" title="Sistematiek">Sistematiek</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Wiskundige_en_teoretiese_biologie" title="Wiskundige en teoretiese biologie">Teoretiese biologie</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Toksikologie" title="Toksikologie">Toksikologie</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Dierkunde" title="Dierkunde">Soölogie</a><br /> Portaal <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Portal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/20px-Portal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/30px-Portal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/40px-Portal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="32" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portaal:Biologie" title="Portaal:Biologie">Biologie</a> </p> </div></div> </div></td> </tr><tr> <td style="padding-bottom: 0.2em;"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="padding:0em; margin:0px; line-height:normal; font-size:100%; height:auto; border:none;"> <div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%; padding:0.2em; margin:0px; line-height:normal; font-size:90%; height:auto;line-height:1.2em; padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Sosiale_wetenskap" title="Sosiale wetenskap">Sosiale</a> en <a href="/wiki/Geesteswetenskappe" title="Geesteswetenskappe">Geesteswetenskappe</a></div> <div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%; padding:0.2em 0 0.4em; text-align:center; padding:0.2em 0 0.4em; text-align:center; padding:2px; margin:0px; line-height:normal; font-size: 90%; height:auto;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Antropologie" title="Antropologie">Antropologie</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Argeologie" title="Argeologie">Argeologie</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Kriminalistiek" title="Kriminalistiek">Kriminalistiek</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Demografie" title="Demografie">Demografie</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Ekonomie" title="Ekonomie">Ekonomie</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Filosofie" title="Filosofie">Filosofie</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Geografie" class="mw-redirect" title="Geografie">Geografie</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Geskiedenis_(vakgebied)" title="Geskiedenis (vakgebied)">Geskiedenis</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Taalwetenskappe" title="Taalwetenskappe">Taalwetenskappe</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Politieke_wetenskap" title="Politieke wetenskap">Politieke wetenskap</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Sielkunde" title="Sielkunde">Sielkunde</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Sosiologie" title="Sosiologie">Sosiologie</a> </p> </div></div> </div></td> </tr><tr> <td style="padding-bottom: 0.2em;"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="padding:0em; margin:0px; line-height:normal; font-size:100%; height:auto; border:none;"> <div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%; padding:0.2em; margin:0px; line-height:normal; font-size:90%; height:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Toegepaste_wetenskap" title="Toegepaste wetenskap">Toegepaste wetenskappe</a></div> <div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%; padding:0.2em 0 0.4em; text-align:center; padding:0.2em 0 0.4em; text-align:center; padding:2px; margin:0px; line-height:normal; font-size: 90%; height:auto;"><div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Ingenieurswese" title="Ingenieurswese">Ingenieurswese</a></b><br /> <a href="/wiki/Landbou-ingenieurswese" title="Landbou-ingenieurswese">Landbou</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Lugvaartingenieurswese" title="Lugvaartingenieurswese">Lug & ̩Ruimte</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Biomediese_ingenieurswese" title="Biomediese ingenieurswese">Biomedies</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chemiese_ingenieurswese" title="Chemiese ingenieurswese">Chemies</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Siviele_ingenieurswese" title="Siviele ingenieurswese">Siviel</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Rekenaarwetenskap" title="Rekenaarwetenskap">Rekenaar</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Elektriese_ingenieurswese" title="Elektriese ingenieurswese">Elektries</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brandbestryding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brandbestryding (bladsy bestaan nie)">Brandbestryding</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Genetiese_manipulasie" title="Genetiese manipulasie">Geneties</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Bedryfsingenieurswese" title="Bedryfsingenieurswese">Bedryfs-</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Meganiese_ingenieurswese" title="Meganiese ingenieurswese">Meganies</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Milit%C3%AAre_ingenieurswese" title="Militêre ingenieurswese">Militêr</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Myningenieurswese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Myningenieurswese (bladsy bestaan nie)">Myn</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Kerningenieurswese" title="Kerningenieurswese">Kern</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Operasionele_navorsing" title="Operasionele navorsing">Operasionele navorsing</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Robotika" title="Robotika">Robotika</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Sagteware-ingenieurswese" title="Sagteware-ingenieurswese">Sagteware</a> </p><p><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gesonheidswetenskap&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gesonheidswetenskap (bladsy bestaan nie)">Gesonheidswetenskappe</a></b><br /> <a href="/wiki/Biologiese_ingenieurswese" title="Biologiese ingenieurswese">Biologiese ingenieurswese</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Tandheelkunde" title="Tandheelkunde">Tandheelkunde</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Epidemiologie" title="Epidemiologie">Epidemiologie</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gesondheidsorg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gesondheidsorg (bladsy bestaan nie)">Gesondheidsorg</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Geneeskunde" title="Geneeskunde">Geneeskunde</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Verpleging" title="Verpleging">Verpleging</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Farmasie" title="Farmasie">Farmasie</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Maatskaplike_werk" title="Maatskaplike werk">Maatskaplike werk</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Veearts" title="Veearts">Veeartsenykunde</a> </p> </div></div> </div></td> </tr><tr> <td style="padding-bottom: 0.2em;"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="padding:0em; margin:0px; line-height:normal; font-size:100%; height:auto; border:none;"> <div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%; padding:0.2em; margin:0px; line-height:normal; font-size:90%; height:auto;">Verwante onderwerpe</div> <div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%; padding:0.2em 0 0.4em; text-align:center; padding:0.2em 0 0.4em; text-align:center; padding:2px; margin:0px; line-height:normal; font-size: 90%; height:auto;"><div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Interdissiplinariteit" title="Interdissiplinariteit">Interdissiplinariteit</a></b><br /> <a href="/wiki/Toegepaste_fisika" title="Toegepaste fisika">Toegepaste fisika</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Kunsmatige_intelligensie" title="Kunsmatige intelligensie">Kunsmatige intelligensie</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Bio-etiek" title="Bio-etiek">Bio-etiek</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bio-inligting&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bio-inligting (bladsy bestaan nie)">Bio-inligting</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Biogeografie" title="Biogeografie">Biogeografie</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Biomediese_ingenieurswese" title="Biomediese ingenieurswese">Biomediese ingenieurswese</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Biostatistiek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biostatistiek (bladsy bestaan nie)">Biostatistiek</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Kognitiewe_wetenskap" title="Kognitiewe wetenskap">Kognitiewe wetenskap</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Rekenaarlinguistiek" title="Rekenaarlinguistiek">Rekenaarlinguistiek</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Kultuurstudies" title="Kultuurstudies">Kultuurstudies</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Kubernetika" title="Kubernetika">Kubernetika</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Omgewingstudies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Omgewingstudies (bladsy bestaan nie)">Omgewingstudies</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Etniese_studies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Etniese studies (bladsy bestaan nie)">Etniese studies</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusiesielkunde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evolusiesielkunde (bladsy bestaan nie)">Evolusiesielkunde</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Bosbou" title="Bosbou">Bosbou</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Gesondheid" title="Gesondheid">Gesondheid</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Biblioteekkunde" title="Biblioteekkunde">Biblioteekkunde</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Logika" title="Logika">Logika</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Wiskundige_en_teoretiese_biologie" title="Wiskundige en teoretiese biologie">Wiskundige biologie</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wiskundige_fisika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wiskundige fisika (bladsy bestaan nie)">Wiskundige fisika</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wetenskaplike_modellering&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wetenskaplike modellering (bladsy bestaan nie)">Wetenskaplike modellering</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neurale_ingenieurswese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neurale ingenieurswese (bladsy bestaan nie)">Neurale ingenieurswese</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Neurowetenskap" title="Neurowetenskap">Neurowetenskap</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Politieke_ekonomie" title="Politieke ekonomie">Politieke ekonomie</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Wetenskap-en-tegnologiestudies" title="Wetenskap-en-tegnologiestudies">Wetenskap-en-tegnologiestudies</a><br /> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Semiotiek" title="Semiotiek">Semiotiek</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sosiobiologie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sosiobiologie (bladsy bestaan nie)">Sosiobiologie</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Stelselteorie" title="Stelselteorie">Stelselteorie</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Transdissiplinariteit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transdissiplinariteit (bladsy bestaan nie)">Transdissiplinariteit</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stadsbeplanning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stadsbeplanning (bladsy bestaan nie)">Stadsbeplanning</a> </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Wetenskaplike_metode" title="Wetenskaplike metode">Wetenskaplike metode</a></b><br /> <b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geskiedenis_van_wetenskap&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geskiedenis van wetenskap (bladsy bestaan nie)">Geskiedenis van wetenskap</a></b><br /> <b><a href="/wiki/Wetenskapsfilosofie" title="Wetenskapsfilosofie">Wetenskapsfilosofie</a></b><br /> <b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wetenskapsbeleid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wetenskapsbeleid (bladsy bestaan nie)">Wetenskapsbeleid</a></b><br /> <b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Randwetenskap&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Randwetenskap (bladsy bestaan nie)">Randwetenskap</a></b><br /> <b><a href="/wiki/Pseudowetenskap" title="Pseudowetenskap">Pseudowetenskap</a></b> </p> </div></div> </div></td> </tr><tr> <td style="text-align: right; padding-top: 0.6em; padding:2px; margin:0px; line-height:normal; font-size:100%; height:auto;"><div class="noprint plainlinks navbar" style="background:none; padding:0; font-weight:normal;; font-size:xx-small;"><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Wetenskap" title="Sjabloon:Wetenskap"><span title="Sien hierdie sjabloon" style="">s</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjabloonbespreking:Wetenskap&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sjabloonbespreking:Wetenskap (bladsy bestaan nie)"><span title="Bespreek hierdie sjabloon" style="">b</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a class="external text" href="https://af.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Wetenskap&action=edit"><span title="Wysig hierdie sjabloon" style=";">w</span></a></div></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Formele wetenskap</b> is 'n tak van <a href="/wiki/Wetenskap" title="Wetenskap">wetenskap</a> wat dissiplines bestudeer wat gemoeid is met abstrakte strukture wat beskryf word deur <a href="/w/index.php?title=Formele_stelsel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Formele stelsel (bladsy bestaan nie)">formele stelsels</a>, soos <a href="/wiki/Logika" title="Logika">logika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wiskunde" title="Wiskunde">wiskunde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Statistiek" title="Statistiek">statistiek</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teoretiese_rekenaarwetenskap&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teoretiese rekenaarwetenskap (bladsy bestaan nie)">teoretiese rekenaarwetenskap</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kunsmatige_intelligensie" title="Kunsmatige intelligensie">kunsmatige intelligensie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inligtingsteorie" title="Inligtingsteorie">inligtingsteorie</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spelteorie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spelteorie (bladsy bestaan nie)">spelteorie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stelselteorie" title="Stelselteorie">stelselteorie</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Besluit-teorie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Besluit-teorie (bladsy bestaan nie)">besluit-teorie</a>, en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teoretiese_taalwetenskap&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teoretiese taalwetenskap (bladsy bestaan nie)">teoretiese taalwetenskap</a>. Terwyl die <a href="/wiki/Natuurwetenskap" title="Natuurwetenskap">natuurwetenskappe</a> en <a href="/wiki/Sosiale_wetenskap" title="Sosiale wetenskap">sosiale wetenskappe</a> poog om <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fisiese_stelsel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fisiese stelsel (bladsy bestaan nie)">fisiese stelsels</a> en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sosiale_stelsel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sosiale stelsel (bladsy bestaan nie)">sosiale stelsels</a> onderskeidelik te karakteriseer, met die gebruik van <a href="/wiki/Empiries" title="Empiries">empiriese</a> metodes, die formele wetenskappe gebruik taal <a href="/wiki/Gereedskap" title="Gereedskap">gereedskap</a> gemoeid met die karakterisering van abstrakte strukture wat deur <a href="/w/index.php?title=Formele_stelsel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Formele stelsel (bladsy bestaan nie)">formele stelsels</a> beskryf word. Die formele wetenskappe help die natuur- en sosiale wetenskappe deur inligting te verskaf oor die strukture wat gebruik word om die fisiese wêreld te beskryf, en watter afleidings daaroor gemaak kan word. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verskille_van_ander_wetenskappe">Verskille van ander wetenskappe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Formele_wetenskap&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Wysig afdeling: Verskille van ander wetenskappe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Formele_wetenskap&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Verskille van ander wetenskappe"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <blockquote class="templatequote"><div>Een rede waarom wiskunde besondere aansien geniet, bo alle ander wetenskappe, is dat die wette daarvan absoluut seker en onbetwisbaar is, terwyl dié van ander wetenskappe tot 'n mate debatteerbaar is en voortdurend gevaar loop om deur nuut ontdekte feite omvergewerp te word. </div><div class="templatequotecite">—<cite><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>As gevolg van hul nie-empiriese aard, word formele wetenskappe vertolk deur 'n stel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksiomas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aksiomas (bladsy bestaan nie)">aksiomas</a> en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Definisies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Definisies (bladsy bestaan nie)">definisies</a> uit te stippel waaruit ander stellings (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Stellings&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stellings (bladsy bestaan nie)">stellings</a>) afgelei word. Vir hierdie rede, in <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Carnap" title="Rudolf Carnap">Rudolf Carnap</a> se <a href="/wiki/Logiese_positivisme" title="Logiese positivisme">logies-positivistiese</a> opvatting van die <a href="/wiki/Wetenskapsfilosofie" title="Wetenskapsfilosofie">epistemologie van wetenskap</a>, Teorieë wat tot formele wetenskappe behoort, word verstaan dat dit geen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Analitiese-sintetiese_onderskeiding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Analitiese-sintetiese onderskeiding (bladsy bestaan nie)">sintetiese stellings</a> bevat nie, en in plaas daarvan slegs <a href="/w/index.php?title=Analitiese_stellings&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Analitiese stellings (bladsy bestaan nie)">analitiese stellings</a> bevat.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sien_ook">Sien ook</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Formele_wetenskap&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Wysig afdeling: Sien ook" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Formele_wetenskap&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Sien ook"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filosofie" title="Filosofie">Filosofie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetenskap" title="Wetenskap">Wetenskap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasionalisme" title="Rasionalisme">Rasionalisme</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verwysings">Verwysings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Formele_wetenskap&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Wysig afdeling: Verwysings" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Formele_wetenskap&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Verwysings"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2205490">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:12px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFAlbert_Einstein1923" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> (1923). "Geometry and Experience". <i>Sidelights on relativity</i>. Courier Dover Publications. p. 27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Geometry+and+Experience&rft.btitle=Sidelights+on+relativity&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Courier+Dover+Publications&rft.date=1923&rft.au=Albert+Einstein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AFormele+wetenskap" class="Z3988"></span> Reprinted by Dover (2010), <span class="ISBN" style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-486-24511-9" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-486-24511-9">ISBN 978-0-486-24511-9</a></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal">Carnap, Rudolf (1938). "Logical Foundations of the Unity of Science". <i>International Encyclopaedia of Unified Science</i> <b>I</b>.  Chicago: University of Chicago Press.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rft.type=encyclopediaArticle&rft.aufirst=Rudolf&rft.aulast=Carnap&rft.title=Logical+Foundations+of+the+Unity+of+Science&rft.source=International+Encyclopaedia+of+Unified+Science&rft.volume=I&rft.publisher=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.place=Chicago&rft.date=1938"> </span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFThompson2007">Thompson, Bill (2007), "2.4 Formal Science and Applied Mathematics", <i>The Nature of Statistical Evidence</i>, Lecture Notes in Statistics, <b>189</b> (1st ed.), Springer, p. 15</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=2.4+Formal+Science+and+Applied+Mathematics&rft.atitle=The+Nature+of+Statistical+Evidence&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft.au=Thompson%2C%26%2332%3BBill&rft.date=2007&rft.series=Lecture+Notes+in+Statistics&rft.volume=189&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B15&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Springer&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Formele_wetenskap"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bronnelys">Bronnelys</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Formele_wetenskap&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Wysig afdeling: Bronnelys" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Formele_wetenskap&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Bronnelys"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mario_Bunge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mario Bunge (bladsy bestaan nie)">Mario Bunge</a> (1985). <i>Philosophy of Science and Technology</i>. Springer.</li> <li>Mario Bunge (1998). <i>Philosophy of Science</i>. Rev. ed. of: <i>Scientific research</i>. Berlin, New York: Springer-Verlag, 1967.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=C._West_Churchman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C. West Churchman (bladsy bestaan nie)">C. West Churchman</a> (1940). <i>Elements of Logic and Formal Science</i>, J.B. Lippincott Co., New York.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Franklin_(philosopher)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Franklin (philosopher) (bladsy bestaan nie)">James Franklin</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maths.unsw.edu.au/~jim/philosophersstone.pdf">The formal sciences discover the philosophers' stone</a>. In: <i>Studies in History and Philosophy of Science</i>. Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 513–533, 1994</li> <li>Stephen Leacock (1906). <i>Elements of Political Science</i>. Houghton, Mifflin Co, 417 pp.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFPopper2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper, Karl R.</a> (2002) [1959]. <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Logic_of_Scientific_Discovery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Logic of Scientific Discovery (bladsy bestaan nie)"><i>The Logic of Scientific Discovery</i></a>. New York, NY: Routledge Classics. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-415-27844-9" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-415-27844-9"><bdi>0-415-27844-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/59377149">59377149</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Logic+of+Scientific+Discovery&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Routledge+Classics&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F59377149&rft.isbn=0-415-27844-9&rft.aulast=Popper&rft.aufirst=Karl+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AFormele+wetenskap" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Bernt P. Stigum (1990). <i>Toward a Formal Science of Economics</i>. MIT Press</li> <li>Marcus Tomalin (2006), <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XbjFag2qCygC">Linguistics and the Formal Sciences</a></i>. Cambridge University Press</li> <li>William L. Twining (1997). <i>Law in Context: Enlarging a Discipline</i>. 365 pp.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eksterne_skakels">Eksterne skakels</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Formele_wetenskap&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Wysig afdeling: Eksterne skakels" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Formele_wetenskap&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Eksterne skakels"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikimedia Commons logo"><img alt="Wikimedia Commons logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> het meer media in die kategorie <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Formal_sciences" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Formal sciences">Formele wetenskap</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.math.uni-bonn.de/people/fotfs/">Interdisciplinary conferences — <i>Foundations of the Formal Sciences</i></a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Ontsluit van "<a dir="ltr" href="https://af.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Formele_wetenskap&oldid=2612100">https://af.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Formele_wetenskap&oldid=2612100</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Kategorie%C3%AB" title="Spesiaal:Kategorieë">Kategorie</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Formele_wetenskappe" title="Kategorie:Formele wetenskappe">Formele wetenskappe</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Die bladsy is laas op 13 September 2023 om 12:18 bygewerk.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Die teks is beskikbaar onder die lisensie <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Erkenning-Insgelyks Deel</a>. 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