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class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Voorkoms"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Voorkoms" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Voorkoms</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_af.wikipedia.org&uselang=af" class=""><span>Skenkings</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:SkepRekening&returnto=Ekonomie" title="U word aangemoedig om 'n gebruiker te skep en aan te meld, hoewel dit nie verpligtend is nie." class=""><span>Skep gebruiker</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Teken_in&returnto=Ekonomie" title="U word aangemoedig om aan te meld. Dit is egter nie verpligtend nie. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Meld aan</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Meer opsies" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Persoonlike gereedskap" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Persoonlike gereedskap</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_af.wikipedia.org&uselang=af"><span>Skenkings</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:SkepRekening&returnto=Ekonomie" title="U word aangemoedig om 'n gebruiker te skep en aan te meld, hoewel dit nie verpligtend is nie."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Skep gebruiker</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Teken_in&returnto=Ekonomie" title="U word aangemoedig om aan te meld. Dit is egter nie verpligtend nie. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Meld aan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Bladsye vir uitgemelde redakteurs <a href="/wiki/Hulp:Inleiding" aria-label="Leer meer oor redigering"><span>leer meer</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybydrae" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Bydraes</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybespreking" title="Bespreking oor bydraes van hierdie IP-adres [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Bespreking</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Werf"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Inhoud" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Inhoud</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">versteek</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inleiding</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Geskiedenis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geskiedenis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Geskiedenis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geskiedenis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Studievelde_in_die_ekonomie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Studievelde_in_die_ekonomie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Studievelde in die ekonomie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Studievelde_in_die_ekonomie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ekonomiese_aannames" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ekonomiese_aannames"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ekonomiese aannames</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ekonomiese_aannames-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Ekonomiese aannames subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ekonomiese_aannames-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vraag_en_aanbod" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vraag_en_aanbod"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Vraag en aanbod</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vraag_en_aanbod-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Prys</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Skaarsheid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skaarsheid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Skaarsheid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skaarsheid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marginalisme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marginalisme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Marginalisme</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marginalisme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Waarde" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Waarde"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Waarde</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Waarde-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ekonomiese_taal_en_redenasies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ekonomiese_taal_en_redenasies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ekonomiese taal en redenasies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ekonomiese_taal_en_redenasies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Die_ontwikkeling_van_ekonomiese_denke" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Die_ontwikkeling_van_ekonomiese_denke"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Die ontwikkeling van ekonomiese denke</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Die_ontwikkeling_van_ekonomiese_denke-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Denkrigtings_van_ekonomie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Denkrigtings_van_ekonomie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Denkrigtings van ekonomie</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Denkrigtings_van_ekonomie-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Denkrigtings van ekonomie subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Denkrigtings_van_ekonomie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Neo-klassieke_ekonomie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neo-klassieke_ekonomie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Neo-klassieke ekonomie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neo-klassieke_ekonomie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sien_ook" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sien_ook"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sien ook</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sien_ook-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eksterne_skakels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eksterne_skakels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Eksterne skakels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eksterne_skakels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Wissel die inhoudsopgawe" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Wissel die inhoudsopgawe</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ekonomie</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gaan na 'n artikel in 'n ander taal. Beskikbaar in 189 tale" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-189" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">189 tale</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirtschaftswissenschaft" title="Wirtschaftswissenschaft – Switserse Duits" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Wirtschaftswissenschaft" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Switserse Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%A5%E1%8A%90_%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%8B%E1%8B%AD" title="ሥነ ንዋይ – Amharies" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሥነ ንዋይ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Econom%C3%ADa" title="Economía – Aragonees" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Economía" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF_(%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85)" title="اقتصاد (علم) – Arabies" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اقتصاد (علم)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%9D%DC%98%DC%A0%DC%A6%DC%A2_%DC%A1%DC%A1%DC%AB%DC%9A%DC%98%DC%AC%DC%90" title="ܝܘܠܦܢ ܡܡܫܚܘܬܐ – Aramees" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܝܘܠܦܢ ܡܡܫܚܘܬܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A" title="إيكونومي – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="إيكونومي" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="অৰ্থনীতি – Assamees" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="অৰ্থনীতি" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Econom%C3%ADa" title="Economía – Asturies" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Economía" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Экономика – Avaries" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Экономика" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0qtisadiyyat_(elm)" title="İqtisadiyyat (elm) – Azerbeidjans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İqtisadiyyat (elm)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidjans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D1%84%D3%99%D0%BD)" title="Экономика (фән) – Baskir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Экономика (фән)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Baskir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akuonuom%C4%97ka" title="Akuonuomėka – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Akuonuomėka" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekonomika" title="Ekonomika – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Ekonomika" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Эканоміка – Belarussies" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эканоміка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Эканоміка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Эканоміка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Икономика (наука) – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Икономика (наука)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="अर्थशास्त्र – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="अर्थशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikunumi" title="Ikunumi – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Ikunumi" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nafas%C9%94r%C9%94sira" title="Nafasɔrɔsira – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Nafasɔrɔsira" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="অর্থনীতি – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অর্থনীতি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%96%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BC%8D" title="དཔལ་འབྱོར་རིག་པ། – Tibettaans" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="དཔལ་འབྱོར་རིག་པ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibettaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armerzh" title="Armerzh – Bretons" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Armerzh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Bretons" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekonomija" title="Ekonomija – Bosnies" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ekonomija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Эдэй засаг – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Эдэй засаг" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ci%C3%A8ncies_econ%C3%B2miques" title="Ciències econòmiques – Katalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ciències econòmiques" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D3%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0)" title="Экономика (Ӏилма) – Tsjetsjeens" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Экономика (Ӏилма)" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Tsjetsjeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekonomiks" title="Ekonomiks – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Ekonomiks" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekonomia" title="Ekonomia – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Ekonomia" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chamoru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="ئابوورناسی – Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئابوورناسی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecunumia" title="Ecunumia – Korsikaans" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Ecunumia" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Korsikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekonomie" title="Ekonomie – Tsjeggies" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ekonomie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjeggies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ek%C3%B2nomij%C3%B4" title="Ekònomijô – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Ekònomijô" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%C4%83%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2)" title="Экономика (ăслав) – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Экономика (ăслав)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economeg" title="Economeg – Wallies" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Economeg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Wallies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%C3%B8konomi" title="Nationaløkonomi – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nationaløkonomi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirtschaftswissenschaft" title="Wirtschaftswissenschaft – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wirtschaftswissenschaft" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi%C3%B6cm%C3%A4%C3%A4c%C3%ABk%C3%A4%C5%8B" title="Piöcmääcëkäŋ – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Piöcmääcëkäŋ" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Thuɔŋjäŋ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0qt%C4%B1sad" title="İqtısad – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="İqtısad" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC" title="Οικονομικά – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Οικονομικά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics" title="Economics – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Economics" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekonomio" title="Ekonomio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ekonomio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciencia_econ%C3%B3mica" title="Ciencia económica – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ciencia económica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majandusteadus" title="Majandusteadus – Estnies" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Majandusteadus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estnies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekonomia" title="Ekonomia – Baskies" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ekonomia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economia" title="Economia – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Economia" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="علم اقتصاد – Persies" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="علم اقتصاد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taloustiede" title="Taloustiede – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Taloustiede" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majandustiid%C3%BCs" title="Majandustiidüs – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Majandustiidüs" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakailavo_(Vakadidike_veimaliwai)" title="Vakailavo (Vakadidike veimaliwai) – Fidjiaans" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Vakailavo (Vakadidike veimaliwai)" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fidjiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BAskapur" title="Búskapur – Faroëes" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Búskapur" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroëes" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89conomie_(discipline)" title="Économie (discipline) – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Économie (discipline)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88conomia" title="Èconomia – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Èconomia" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiartskapswedenskap" title="Wiartskapswedenskap – Noord-Fries" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Wiartskapswedenskap" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Noord-Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economie" title="Economie – Friuliaans" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Economie" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friuliaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekonomy" title="Ekonomy – Fries" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ekonomy" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eacnama%C3%ADocht" title="Eacnamaíocht – Iers" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Eacnamaíocht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Iers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8" title="經濟學 – Gan-Sjinees" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="經濟學" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9konnonmi" title="Lékonnonmi – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lékonnonmi" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eaconomachd" title="Eaconomachd – Skotse Gallies" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Eaconomachd" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Skotse Gallies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Econom%C3%ADa" title="Economía – Galisies" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Economía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virurekokuaa" title="Virurekokuaa – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Virurekokuaa" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="अर्थशास्त्र – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="अर्थशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%85%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A5%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0" title="અર્થતંત્ર – Goedjarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="અર્થતંત્ર" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Goedjarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarmaynys" title="Tarmaynys – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Tarmaynys" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%AEn-chi-ho%CC%8Dk" title="Kîn-chi-ho̍k – Hakka-Sjinees" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Kîn-chi-ho̍k" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%94" title="כלכלה – Hebreeus" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כלכלה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="अर्थशास्त्र – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अर्थशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthsaastr" title="Arthsaastr – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Arthsaastr" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekonomska_znanost" title="Ekonomska znanost – Kroaties" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ekonomska znanost" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekonomi_(disiplin)" title="Ekonomi (disiplin) – Haïtiaans" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Ekonomi (disiplin)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haïtiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6zgazdas%C3%A1gtan" title="Közgazdaságtan – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Közgazdaságtan" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Տնտեսագիտություն – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տնտեսագիտություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economia" title="Economia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Economia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilmu_ekonomi" title="Ilmu ekonomi – Indonesies" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ilmu ekonomi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economica" title="Economica – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Economica" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekonomika" title="Ekonomika – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Ekonomika" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekonomiko" title="Ekonomiko – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ekonomiko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagfr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Hagfræði – Yslands" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hagfræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Yslands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scienze_economiche" title="Scienze economiche – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Scienze economiche" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B5%8C%E6%B8%88%E5%AD%A6" title="経済学 – Japannees" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="経済学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japannees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikanamix" title="Ikanamix – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Ikanamix" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/dinske" title="dinske – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="dinske" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89konomi" title="Ékonomi – Javaans" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Ékonomi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ეკონომიკა – Georgies" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ეკონომიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekonomika" title="Ekonomika – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Ekonomika" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C9%94s%CA%8B%CA%8B_l%C9%9B%C9%A3t%CA%8B" title="Tɔsʋʋ lɛɣtʋ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Tɔsʋʋ lɛɣtʋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D2%93%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Экономикалық ғылымдар – Kazaks" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Экономикалық ғылымдар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%8A%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8B%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%85%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%85" title="សេដ្ឋកិច្ច – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="សេដ្ឋកិច្ច" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A5%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ಅರ್ಥಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅರ್ಥಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B2%BD%EC%A0%9C%ED%95%99" title="경제학 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="경제학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abor%C3%AEnas%C3%AE" title="Aborînasî – Koerdies" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Aborînasî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Koerdies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erbysieth" title="Erbysieth – Kornies" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Erbysieth" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Kornies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Экономика – Kirgisies" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Экономика" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgisies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oeconomica" title="Oeconomica – Latyn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Oeconomica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekonomiya" title="Ekonomiya – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Ekonomiya" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekonomie" title="Ekonomie – Luxemburgs" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Ekonomie" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxemburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economia" title="Economia – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Economia" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economie" title="Economie – Limburgs" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Economie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Econom%C3%ACa" title="Economìa – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Economìa" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%96%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%94" title="ເສດຖະສາດ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ເສດຖະສາດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekonomika" title="Ekonomika – Litaus" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ekonomika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litaus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekonomika" title="Ekonomika – Letties" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ekonomika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Letties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="अर्थशास्‍त्र – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="अर्थशास्‍त्र" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekonomi" title="Ekonomi – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Ekonomi" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Экономикась – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Экономикась" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toekarena_(taranja)" title="Toekarena (taranja) – Malgassies" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Toekarena (taranja)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malgassies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Економија – Masedonies" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Економија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Masedonies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="സാമ്പത്തികശാസ്ത്രം – Malabaars" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സാമ്പത്തികശാസ്ത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malabaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%BB%D1%8D%D1%85_%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Эдийн засгийн шинжлэх ухаан – Mongools" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Эдийн засгийн шинжлэх ухаан" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="अर्थशास्त्र – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अर्थशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilmu_ekonomi" title="Ilmu ekonomi – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ilmu ekonomi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiquenomie" title="Eiquenomie – Mirandees" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Eiquenomie" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%98%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%82%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92" title="ဘောဂဗေဒ – Birmaans" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဘောဂဗေဒ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Birmaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weerdschopswetenschop" title="Weerdschopswetenschop – Nederduits" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Weerdschopswetenschop" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Nederduits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekonomie" title="Ekonomie – Nedersaksies" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Ekonomie" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Nedersaksies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="अर्थशास्त्र – Nepalees" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अर्थशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepalees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="अर्थशास्त्र – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="अर्थशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economie" title="Economie – Nederlands" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Economie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Nederlands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samfunns%C3%B8konomi" title="Samfunnsøkonomi – Nuwe Noors" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Samfunnsøkonomi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nuwe Noors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samfunns%C3%B8konomi" title="Samfunnsøkonomi – Boeknoors" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Samfunnsøkonomi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Boeknoors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekonomike" title="Ekonomike – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Ekonomike" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Acononmie" title="Êcononmie – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Êcononmie" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thutothuo" title="Thutothuo – Noord-Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Thutothuo" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Noord-Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economia" title="Economia – Oksitaans" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Economia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Oksitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinagdee" title="Dinagdee – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Dinagdee" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A5%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B0" title="ਅਰਥਸ਼ਾਸਤਰ – Pandjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਰਥਸ਼ਾਸਤਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Pandjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1mag%C3%A1ral_ekonom%C3%ADa" title="Pámagáral ekonomía – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Pámagáral ekonomía" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cononmie" title="Écononmie – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Écononmie" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekonomia" title="Ekonomia – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ekonomia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conom%C3%ACa" title="Conomìa – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Conomìa" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="اقتصادیات – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اقتصادیات" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85" title="د اقتصاد علم – Pasjtoe" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د اقتصاد علم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pasjtoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economia" title="Economia – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Economia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musiku" title="Musiku – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Musiku" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C8%98tiin%C8%9Be_economice" title="Științe economice – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Științe economice" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rsk mw-list-item"><a href="https://rsk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Привреда – Pannonian Rusyn" lang="rsk" hreflang="rsk" data-title="Привреда" data-language-autonym="Руски" data-language-local-name="Pannonian Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Руски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Экономика (наука) – Russies" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Экономика (наука)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Економия – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Економия" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D_(%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D)" title="अर्थशास्त्रम् (शास्त्रम्) – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="अर्थशास्त्रम् (शास्त्रम्)" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%8D" title="Экэниэмикэ – Sakhaans" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Экэниэмикэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Sakhaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A3%E1%B1%B0%E1%B1%A4_%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ – Santalies" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santalies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economia" title="Economia – Sardinies" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Economia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecunum%C3%ACa" title="Ecunumìa – Sisiliaans" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ecunumìa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sisiliaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics" title="Economics – Skots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Economics" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Skots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="اقتصاديات – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="اقتصاديات" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekonomija" title="Ekonomija – Serwo-Kroaties" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ekonomija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serwo-Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%86%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AE%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="ආර්ථික විද්‍යාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ආර්ථික විද්‍යාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics" title="Economics – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Economics" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekon%C3%B3mia" title="Ekonómia – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ekonómia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekonomija" title="Ekonomija – Sloweens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ekonomija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloweens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics" title="Economics – Samoaans" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Economics" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanganhundu" title="Upanganhundu – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Upanganhundu" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaqaale" title="Dhaqaale – Somalies" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Dhaqaale" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somalies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shkenca_ekonomike" title="Shkenca ekonomike – Albanees" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shkenca ekonomike" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Економија – Serwies" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Економија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serwies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirtskup" title="Wirtskup – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Wirtskup" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89konomi" title="Ékonomi – Sundanees" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Ékonomi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalekonomi" title="Nationalekonomi – Sweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nationalekonomi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somo_la_Uchumi" title="Somo la Uchumi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Somo la Uchumi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="பொருளியல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பொருளியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A5%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ಅರ್ಥಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಅರ್ಥಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95_%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="ఆర్థిక శాస్త్రం – Teloegoe" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఆర్థిక శాస్త్రం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Teloegoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D2%9B%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Илми иқтисод – Tadjiks" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Илми иқтисод" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tadjiks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="เศรษฐศาสตร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เศรษฐศาสตร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekonomika" title="Ekonomika – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ekonomika" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikonimikis" title="Ikonimikis – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Ikonimikis" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekonomi_(bilim_dal%C4%B1)" title="Ekonomi (bilim dalı) – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ekonomi (bilim dalı)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidyondzo_ta_ikhonomi" title="Tidyondzo ta ikhonomi – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Tidyondzo ta ikhonomi" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BA%D1%8A%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4_(%D1%84%D3%99%D0%BD)" title="Икътисад (фән) – Tataars" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Икътисад (фән)" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tataars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D9%89%D9%82%D8%AA%D9%89%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="ئىقتىساد – Uighur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئىقتىساد" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uighur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Економіка – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Економіка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="معاشیات – Oerdoe" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="معاشیات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Oerdoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iqtisodiyot_(fan)" title="Iqtisodiyot (fan) – Oezbeeks" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Iqtisodiyot (fan)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Oezbeeks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekonomik_(tedo)" title="Ekonomik (tedo) – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Ekonomik (tedo)" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinh_t%E1%BA%BF_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Kinh tế học – Viëtnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kinh tế học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Viëtnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kon%C3%B6mav" title="Konömav – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Konömav" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economeye" title="Economeye – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Economeye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siyensya_ekonomika" title="Siyensya ekonomika – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Siyensya ekonomika" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koom-koom" title="Koom-koom – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Koom-koom" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8" title="經濟學 – Wu-Sjinees" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="經濟學" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ეკონომიკა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ეკონომიკა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A7" title="עקאנאמיק – Jiddisj" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="עקאנאמיק" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Jiddisj" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginghciyoz" title="Ginghciyoz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Ginghciyoz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economie" title="Economie – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Economie" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="经济学 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="经济学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A8%88%E5%AD%B8" title="計學 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="計學" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keng-ch%C3%A8-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Keng-chè-ha̍k – Min Nan-Sjinees" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Keng-chè-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Min Nan-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8" title="經濟學 – Kantonees" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="經濟學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezomnotho" title="Ezomnotho – Zoeloe" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Ezomnotho" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zoeloe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8134#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Wysig skakels tussen tale" class="wbc-editpage">Wysig skakels</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Naamruimtes"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ekonomie" title="Bekyk die inhoudbladsy [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Bladsy</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon 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class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:DownloadAsPdf&page=Ekonomie&action=show-download-screen"><span>Laai af as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomie&printable=yes" title="Drukbare weergawe van hierdie bladsy [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Drukbare weergawe</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Ander projekte </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Economics" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8134" title="Skakel na gekonnekteerde databank item [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata-item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Voorkoms"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Voorkoms</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">versteek</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">in Wikipedia, die vrye ensiklopedie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="af" dir="ltr"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Market-Chichicastenango.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Market-Chichicastenango.jpg/250px-Market-Chichicastenango.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Market-Chichicastenango.jpg/375px-Market-Chichicastenango.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Market-Chichicastenango.jpg/500px-Market-Chichicastenango.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Kopers bie vir goeie pryse, terwyl verkopers hulle beste voet voorsit in 'n mark in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chichicastenango&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chichicastenango (bladsy bestaan nie)">Chichicastenango</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Ekonomie</b> is die sosiale wetenskap wat die produksie en verbruik van meetbare middele bestudeer. Dit behels die analise van die produksie, verspreiding en verbruik van goedere en dienste. <b>Volkshuishouding</b> is 'n verouderde term vir ekonomie. </p><p>Ekonomie word "positief" genoem wanneer dit poog om die gevolge van verskillende keuses aan die hand van 'n stel aannames te verduidelik en "normatief" wanneer dit 'n sekere aksie voorskryf. </p><p>Die onderwerp word breedweg verdeel in twee hoof vertakkings: mikro-ekonomie, wat gemoeid is met indiwiduele instansies, soos huishoudings en ondernemings, en makro-ekonomie, wat die ekonomie as 'n geheel beskou (insluitende inflasie, werkloosheid, industriële produksie en die rol van die regering). Aangeleenthede wat spesifiek aandag in ekonomie geniet is hulpbrontoedeling, produksie, verspreiding, handel en mededinging. Ekonomie kan in beginsel (en word toenemend) aangewend word om probleme wat keuses onder toestande van skaarsheid behels, of met die bepaling van <a href="/wiki/Waarde" class="mw-disambig" title="Waarde">waarde</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geskiedenis">Geskiedenis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomie&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Wysig afdeling: Geskiedenis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomie&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Geskiedenis"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ekonomiese aktiwiteite vind al duisende jare lank plaas en handel was reeds in antieke beskawings en vir antieke volke belangrik. Die eerste skrifstelsel van die wêreld het waarskynlik in <a href="/wiki/Mesopotami%C3%AB" title="Mesopotamië">Mesopotamië</a> ontstaan om rekord te hou van al die handelstransaksies wat plaasgevind het. Wêreldryke (van die bekende wêreld van daardie tyd) soos die <a href="/wiki/Romeinse_Ryk" title="Romeinse Ryk">Romeinse Ryk</a> se invloed het wyd gestrek en het vrye beweging van mense en goedere gestimuleer, wat verdere uitbreiding van handel meegebring het. Mettertyd het die lande in <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europa</a> se eie bruikbare hulpbronne min begin raak en het hulle elders na addisionele hulpbronne begin soek. Eers is daar handel gedryf met lande wat ander of addisionele hulpbronne nodig gehad het, maar toe is daar besluit dat dit baie goedkoper sou wees om eerder sulke lande te koloniseer. Slegs twee lande in <a href="/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika">Afrika</a> - <a href="/wiki/Ethiopi%C3%AB" title="Ethiopië">Ethiopië</a> en <a href="/wiki/Liberi%C3%AB" title="Liberië">Liberië</a> - het kolonisasie vrygespring. Die res is almal deur 'n vreemde moondheid gekoloniseer en in die proses van hul hulpbronne gestroop. </p><p>Daar word dikwels na <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europese</a> lande se motivering om ander lande te koloniseer verwys as die drie G's: <a href="/wiki/Godsdiens" title="Godsdiens">godsdiens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goud" title="Goud">goud</a> en gierigheid. Die hoofmotivering was om goud en ander <a href="/wiki/Mineraal" title="Mineraal">minerale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edelsteen" title="Edelsteen">edelstene</a> en ook produkte soos <a href="/wiki/Spesery" title="Spesery">speserye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tabak" title="Tabak">tabak</a> en <a href="/wiki/Tee" title="Tee">tee</a> te vind en vir die moederlande te verbou. 'n Bymotief was om die kolonies se bevolkings te <a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">kersten</a> en op te voed, soos blyk uit die talle sendingstasies en sendingskole wat daar gevestig is. Europese lande meen dat kolonisasie ook vir die geokkupeerde lande voordele ingehou het en wys op die <a href="/wiki/Infrastruktuur" title="Infrastruktuur">infrastruktuur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mynbou" title="Mynbou">mynboubedrywighede</a> en <a href="/wiki/Nywerheid" title="Nywerheid">nywerhede</a> wat gevestig is, die <a href="/wiki/Landbou" title="Landbou">landboubedrywighede</a> wat begin is en die <a href="/wiki/Tegnologie" title="Tegnologie">tegnologie</a>, kundigheid en opleiding wat die produkte was van hul okkupasie. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Studievelde_in_die_ekonomie">Studievelde in die ekonomie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomie&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Wysig afdeling: Studievelde in die ekonomie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomie&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Studievelde in die ekonomie"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ekonomie word gewoonlik verdeel in twee hoof vertakkinge: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikro-ekonomie" title="Mikro-ekonomie">Mikro-ekonomie</a>, wat die ekonomiese gedrag van indiwiduele rolspelers soos besighede, huishoudings en indiwidue bestudeer, met die oog om die besluitneming te midde van skaarsheid te verstaan asook die gevolge van sodanige besluite.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makro-ekonomie" title="Makro-ekonomie">Makro-ekonomie</a>, bestudeer die ekonomie as 'n geheel met die doel om die wisselwerking tussen ekonomiese maatstawwe te verstaan soos onder andere nasionale inkomste, werksgeleenthede en <a href="/wiki/Inflasie" title="Inflasie">inflasie</a>.</li></ul> <p>Pogings om hierdie twee vertakkinge saam te versmelt of om die onderskeid tussen hulle te weerlê is belangrike motiverings in heelwat onlangse ekonomiese gedagtes, veral in die laat 1970's en vroeë 1980's. Vandag bestaan eenstemmigheid oor die standpunt dat goeie makro-ekonomie 'n sterk mikro-ekonomiese grondslag moet hê; dit wil sê die uitgangspunte moet 'n teoretiese en bewese ondersteuning in mikro-ekonomie geniet. </p><p>Ekonomie kan ook verder onderverdeel word wat nie altyd netjies inskakel by die makro/mikro verdeling nie. By hierdie ondervertakkinge word ingesluit: internasionale ekonomie, arbeidsekonomie, welsynsekonomie, hulpbronekonomie, omgewingsekonomie, bestuursekonomie, finansiële ekonomie, stedelike ekonomie en ekonomiese aardrykskunde. </p><p>Daar bestaan ook metodologieë wat deur ekonome gebruik word waarvan die onderliggende teorieë baie belangrik is. </p> <ul><li>Die mees betekenisvolle voorbeeld hiervan mag dalk <a href="/wiki/Ekonometrie" title="Ekonometrie">ekonometrie</a> wees, wat <a href="/wiki/Statistiek" title="Statistiek">statistiese</a> tegnieke gebruik om ekonomiese data te bestudeer. Ekonometriese tegnieke word ook aangewend om <a href="/wiki/Vooruitskattings" class="mw-redirect" title="Vooruitskattings">vooruitskattings</a> van makro-ekonomiese groothede te bepaal. Berekeningsekonomie is afhanklik van wiskundige metodes wat ekonometrie dan insluit.</li> <li>'n Ander meer onlangse tendens en nader verwant aan mikro-ekonomie, is om <a href="/wiki/Sosiale_sielkunde" title="Sosiale sielkunde">sosiale sielkundige</a> begrippe (gedragsekonomie) en metodes (eksperimentele ekonomie) te gebruik in die studie van ekonomie.</li></ul> <p>Ander onderverdelings is ook moontlik. <a href="/wiki/Finansies" title="Finansies">Finansies</a> is tradisioneel as deel van ekonomie beskou– aangesien die inhoud en die resultate daarvan natuurlik uit mikro-ekonomie spruit – die vakgebied is egter effektief as 'n onafhanklik dog verwante dissipline gevestig. </p><p>Daar bestaan 'n toenemende tendens om idees en metodes van ekonomie in 'n wyer konteks toe te pas. Aangesien ekonomiese analise op besluitneming fokus, kan dit toegepas word (met wisselvallige resultate) op ander velde waar mense alternatiewe moet oorweeg – opvoeding, <a href="/wiki/Huwelik" title="Huwelik">huwelik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gesondheid" title="Gesondheid">gesondheid</a> ens. </p><p>Die velde wat ondersoek word in ekonomie oorvleuel dus dikwels met ander sosiale wetenskappe insluitend <a href="/wiki/Politieke_wetenskap" title="Politieke wetenskap">politieke wetenskap</a> en <a href="/wiki/Sosiologie" title="Sosiologie">sosiologie</a>. Sien <a href="/wiki/Politieke_ekonomie" title="Politieke ekonomie">politieke ekonomie</a> vir die studie van ekonomie in die <a href="/wiki/Politiek" title="Politiek">politieke</a> konteks. Die oorheersende politieke ekonomie word losweg <a href="/wiki/Kapitalisme" title="Kapitalisme">kapitalisme</a> genoem. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ekonomiese_aannames">Ekonomiese aannames</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomie&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Wysig afdeling: Ekonomiese aannames" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomie&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Ekonomiese aannames"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vraag_en_aanbod">Vraag en aanbod</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomie&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Wysig afdeling: Vraag en aanbod" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomie&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Vraag en aanbod"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Supply-demand-P.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Supply-demand-P.png/240px-Supply-demand-P.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Supply-demand-P.png/360px-Supply-demand-P.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Supply-demand-P.png/480px-Supply-demand-P.png 2x" data-file-width="617" data-file-height="557" /></a><figcaption> Die <a href="/wiki/Vraag_en_aanbod" title="Vraag en aanbod">vraag en aanbod</a> model beskryf hoe pryse varieer as gevolg van die balans tussen produk beskikbaarheid en die vraag daarna. Die grafiek beeld 'n toename in vraag vanaf D<sub>1</sub> tot D<sub>2</sub> met die gevolglike toename in prys en hoeveelheid benodig om 'n nuwe ewewigspunt op die aanbodkurwe (S) te bereik.</figcaption></figure> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Mikro-ekonomie" title="Mikro-ekonomie">mikro-ekonomiese</a> teorie poog <b>vraag en aanbod</b> om die prys en hoeveelheid goedere wat in kompeterende <a href="/wiki/Mark_(ekonomie)" title="Mark (ekonomie)">markte</a> verkoop word te beskryf, verduidelik en te voorspel. Dit is een van die mees fundamentele <a href="/wiki/Ekonomiese_model" title="Ekonomiese model">ekonomiese modelle</a>, wat oraloor gebruik word as 'n basiese bousteen tot 'n wye reeks meer gedetailleerde ekonomiese modelle en teorieë. </p><p>Die teorie beweer oor die algemeen dat waar goedere in 'n mark verhandel word teen 'n prys waar verbruikers meer goedere aanvra as wat die ondernemings bereid is om te verskaf, die tekort sal neig om die prys van die goedere op te stoot. Die verbruikers wat bereid is om meer te betaal sal die markprys hoër bie. Teenoorgesteld sal die pryse geneig wees om te val as die hoeveelheid goedere wat aangebied word die vraag daarna oorskry. Hierdie prys/hoeveelheid aanpassingsmeganisme veroorsaak dat die mark 'n ewewigspunt nader, 'n punt waar daar nie meer enige druk vir verandering bestaan nie. Hierdie teoretiese punt van stabiliteit word gedefinieer as die punt waar produsente bereid is om presies dieselfde hoeveelheid goedere te verskaf as wat die verbruikers wil koop. </p><p>Die teorie van vraag en aanbod is belangrik in die werking van 'n markgerigte ekonomie in soverre dit die meganisme verduidelik aan die hand waarvan besluite oor hulpbron toewysings gemaak word. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prys">Prys</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomie&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Wysig afdeling: Prys" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomie&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Prys"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ten einde die eb en vloed van vraag en aanbod te meet is 'n meetbare waarde nodig. Die oudste en mees algemeen gebruikte is <i>Prys</i>, of dan die heersende ruilkoers tussen kopers en verkopers in 'n mark. Prysteorie volg die beweging van meetbare hoeveelhede oor tyd na asook die verwantskap tussen prys en ander meetbare hoeveelhede. In <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a> se <i>Wealth of Nations</i> is daar verwys na die kompromis tussen prys en gerief. Ekonomiese teorie is tot 'n groot mate gebaseer op die prys en die vraag en aanbod teorie. In ekonomiese teorie vind die mees effektiewe kommunikasie plaas wanneer veranderinge in die ekonomie plaasvind deur middel van prys, waar 'n ooraanbod lei tot laer pryse en 'n te hoë vraag lei tot hoër pryse. </p><p>In baie praktiese ekonomiese modelle, word 'n mate van "prysvastheid" by die model ingesluit om voorsiening te maak vir die waarneembare feit dat in baie markte pryse nie vloeibaar is nie. Ekonomiese beleid wentel dikwels rondom argumente oor wat die "ekonomiese wrywing" of prysvastheid veroorsaak, wat op sy beurt die ewewig tussen vraag en aanbod verhoed. </p><p>'n Ander omstrede ekonomiese aangeleentheid is of waarde korrek deur prys gemeet word aldan nie. In hoofstroom markgerigte ekonomie, waar daar beduidende tekorte bestaan wat nie in prys vervat is nie word daar gesê dat daar 'n eksternalisasie van koste bestaan. Markgerigte ekonomie voorspel dat skaars goedere wat te laag geprys is oorverbruik word (Sien sosiale koste). Hierdie begrip lei tot die openbare goedere teorie. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skaarsheid">Skaarsheid</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomie&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Wysig afdeling: Skaarsheid" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomie&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Skaarsheid"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Omdat skaarsheid en besluitneming sentrale begrippe is in ekonomiese teorie, is die vraag oor watter die basiese kompromieë is, van kardinale belang. In elke ekonomiese teorie vind daar 'n basiese uitruiling van twee of meer skaars goedere plaas. <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a> het dit gedefinieer as die ruil van tyd of gerief vir geld. 'n Persoon kan byvoorbeeld naby 'n dorp bly en meer betaal vir sy huis of verder weg bly en minder betaal maar die met "ongerief betaal" vir die verskil. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:NYSE-floor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/NYSE-floor.jpg/240px-NYSE-floor.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/NYSE-floor.jpg/360px-NYSE-floor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/NYSE-floor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="387" data-file-height="254" /></a><figcaption>Handelstransaksies op die vloer van die New York Aandelebeurs behels altyd onderhandelinge van aangesig tot aangesig. Daar is een podium op die vloer vir elkeen van die beurs se ongeveer drieduisend <a href="/wiki/Aandeel" title="Aandeel">aandele</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Die uitgangspunt dat die primêre kompromie in ekonomie tussen tyd en geld is, het verskeie opponente. Elkeen hiervan baseer hulle standpunt oor skaarsheid op verskillende fundamentele kompromieë. 'n Klein aantal ekonome verkies om ekonomie te definieer as die studie van hoe en waarom mense handel dryf; hierdie definisie impliseer egter relatiewe skaarsheid. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marginalisme">Marginalisme</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomie&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Wysig afdeling: Marginalisme" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomie&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Marginalisme"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In marginalistiese ekonomiese teorie word die prysvlakke bepaal deur die marginale koste en marginale gebruikswaarde. Die prys van alle goedere sal die koste wees van die maak van die laaste een wat mense nog sal koop, die prys van alle werkers in 'n onderneming sal die koste wees van die laaste een wat die onderneming benodig. Marginalisme ondersoek besluite gebaseer op die grense, wat die koste van produksie van die volgende eenheid is teenoor hoeveel wins dit sal lewer. Wanneer marginale opbrengs op 'n aksie nul bereik, sal die aksie stopgesit word. Marginale gebruikswaarde is die hoeveelheid genieting of nut 'n indiwidu put uit 'n aankoop van 'n item teenoor die aankoop van een minder daarvan. Marginale beloning is dikwels onderhewig aan verminderende opbrengste, die verkryging van 'n verlaagde beloning uit meer produksie of verbruik – die tiende lekkertjie smaak nie so lekker soos die eerste nie en bring dus 'n verminderde marginale gebruikswaarde mee. </p><p>Marginalisme het toenemend belangrikheid in ekonomiese teorie verkry in die laat 19de eeu en is 'n tegniek wat gebruik word om te analiseer hoe ekonomiese stelsels sal reageer. Marginale koste van produksie verdeel die kostes in <i>vaste kostes</i> wat betaal moet word onafhanklik van hoeveel goedere geproduseer word, en <i>veranderlike kostes</i>. Die marginale koste is die veranderlike koste van die laaste eenheid plus die persentasie van die vaste koste. Marginalisme veronderstel dat wanneer die wins uit van die volgende eenheid nul bereik, dat die eenheid nie geproduseer sal word nie. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Waarde">Waarde</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomie&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Wysig afdeling: Waarde" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomie&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Waarde"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Daar kan beweer word dat onderliggend tot ekonomiese teorie daar 'n teorie oor <a href="/wiki/Waarde#ekonomie" class="mw-disambig" title="Waarde">waarde</a> moet wees. Waarde kan gedefinieer word as die onderliggende aktiwiteite wat ekonomie meet en beskryf. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:US-$100-GC-1882-Fr.1207.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/US-%24100-GC-1882-Fr.1207.jpg/300px-US-%24100-GC-1882-Fr.1207.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/US-%24100-GC-1882-Fr.1207.jpg/450px-US-%24100-GC-1882-Fr.1207.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/US-%24100-GC-1882-Fr.1207.jpg/600px-US-%24100-GC-1882-Fr.1207.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4414" data-file-height="3883" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Verteenwoordigde_geld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Verteenwoordigde geld (bladsy bestaan nie)">Verteenwoordigde geld</a> soos hierdie <a href="/wiki/1882" title="1882">1882</a> <a href="/wiki/Verenigde_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Verenigde State">VSA</a> $100 goudnoot kon deur die draer vir <a href="/wiki/Goud" title="Goud">goud</a> omgeruil word</figcaption></figure> <p>Adam Smith het <i>arbeid</i> as die onderliggende bron van waarde gedefinieer en die <i>arbeidsteorie van waarde</i> vorm die grondslag van <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> , David Ricardo en vele ander <i>klassieke</i> ekonome se werk. Die <i>arbeidsteorie van waarde</i> voer aan dat goedere of dienste se waarde gemeet kan word aan die arbeid wat dit neem om dit te vervaardig. Hierdie waarde bepaal dan die kommoditeitsprys. Die arbeidsteorie van prys en die naverwante koste-van-produksie teorie van waarde oorheers die werk van die meerderheid klassieke ekonome, maar dit is by verre nie die enigste aanvaarde basis vir waardebepaling nie. Die neo-klassieke ekonome en die Oostenrykse leerskool ekonome verkies die marginale teorie van waarde. </p><p><i>Markteorie</i> beweer weer dat daar nie 'n <i>waarde</i> anders as prys is nie, dat die mark al die beskikbare inligting in prys vervat, en solank as wat die markte oop bly sal die prys en waarde dieselfde wees. Hierdie teorie berus op die begrip van die <i>rasionele ekonomiese speler</i>. </p><p>'n Ander stel teorieë berus op die begrip dat daar 'n basiese eksterne skaarsheid bestaan en dat <i>waarde</i> die verwantskap tot daardie basiese skaarsheid verteenwoordig. Teorieë gebaseer op ekonomie wat beperk word deur die beskikbaarheid van energie of 'n <i>goudstandaard</i> val in hierdie kategorie. </p><p>Al hierdie teorieë maak deel uit van hedendaagse ekonomiese studies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ekonomiese_taal_en_redenasies">Ekonomiese taal en redenasies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomie&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Wysig afdeling: Ekonomiese taal en redenasies" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomie&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Ekonomiese taal en redenasies"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ekonomie maak staat op nougesette redenasiestyle, meer as enige ander sosiale wetenskap. Ekonomiese metodologie het verskeie wisselwerkende onderverdelings; </p> <ul><li>Die versameling van ekonomiese data. Hierdie data bestaan uit meetbare waardes van prys en veranderinge in pryse van meetbare goedere. Byvoorbeeld: die koste om 'n werker vir 'n week te huur of die koste van spesifieke goedere en hoeveel daarvan verbruik word.</li> <li>Formulering van modelle van ekonomiese verwantskappe, byvoorbeeld, die verwantskap tussen algemene prysvlakke en die algemene indiensnemingsvlakke. Dit sluit waarneembare vorme van ekonomiese aktiwiteite in: <a href="/wiki/Geld" title="Geld">geld</a>, verbruik, voorkeure, koop, verkoop, pryse ens. Sommige modelle is eenvoudige <a href="/wiki/Rekeningkunde" title="Rekeningkunde">rekeningkundige</a> modelle, terwyl ander veronderstellings maak rondom spesifieke tipe ekonomiese gedrag, soos bv. Die maksimering van gebruikswaarde of van wins. 'n Voorbeeld van 'n model wat beide die aspekte illustreer is die klassieke wiskundige formulering van die Keynesiese stelsel wat die verbruiksfunksie en die nasionale inkomste gelykheid insluit. In hierdie artikel word na sulke modelle as <i>formele modelle</i> verwys al is hulle nie formeel in die sin van formele logika nie.</li> <li>Skep van Ekonomiese statistiek. Die data wat versamel is word in die model ingevoer om 'n verteenwoordiging van die ekonomiese aktiwiteit te skep. Byvoorbeeld: die <i>algemene prysvlak</i> is 'n teoretiese idee algemeen in makro-ekonomiese modelle. Die voorspelling van 'n spesifieke inflasiekoers behels die neem van meetbare pryse en 'n model van mense se verbruiksgewoontes om sodoende 'n <i>algemene prysvlak</i> te bepaal vanuit die beskikbare inligting in die model. Veronderstel byvoorbeeld dat petrol 4 Rand 'n liter kos: om die prysvlak te bereken sal 'n model vereis van hoeveel petrol die gemiddelde persoon verbruik en hoeveel van sy inkomste daarvoor opsygesit word —maar dit vereis ook 'n model van hoe mense petrol verbruik en watter ander goedere/dienste plaasvervangers daarvoor is.</li> <li>Beredenering vanuit die ekonomiese modelle. Die proses van beredenering (sien die artikels oor informele logika, logiese beredenering) kan soms gevorderde wiskunde insluit. Byvoorbeeld, 'n gevestigde tradisie onder ekonome is om ekonomiese veranderlikes aan die hand van twee-dimensionele grafieke te beredeneer, waar die kurwes wat die verwantskappe verteenwoordig tussen die asveranderlikes in verskeie indekse vervat word. Soos algemeen in wetenskap kan die gevolgtrekkings wat gemaak word deur die beredenering 'n voorspellende asook 'n bevestigende (of weerleggende) waarde hê. 'n voorbeeld van voorspellende waarde van ekonomiese teorie is die voorspelling van die uitwerking van huidige begrotingstekort op rentekoerse vir die volgende 10 jaar. 'n Voorbeeld van die bevestigende waarde van ekonomiese teorie sal die bevestiging (of weerlegging) van teorieë wees oor die verwantskap tussen marginale belastingkoerse en die begrotingstekort.</li></ul> <p>Formele modellering is gegrond op die algemene beginsels van konsekwentheid en volledigheid. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Die_ontwikkeling_van_ekonomiese_denke">Die ontwikkeling van ekonomiese denke</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomie&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Wysig afdeling: Die ontwikkeling van ekonomiese denke" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomie&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Die ontwikkeling van ekonomiese denke"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Die begrip <i>ekonomie</i> is rondom <a href="/wiki/1870" title="1870">1870</a> gevorm en gewild gemaak deur <i>neo-klassieke</i> ekonome soos Alfred Marshall en het politiese ekonomie vervang. Die begrip <i>politiese ekonomie</i> is deurgaans gebruik in die 18-19de eeue deur denkers soos <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a>, David Ricardo en <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>. Ekonomie word afgelei vanuit die Griekse woord <i>oikos-</i> wat <i>huis</i> of <i>nedersetting</i> beteken en <i>nomos</i> vir <i>wette</i> of <i>norme</i>. </p><p>Ekonomiese denkrigtings kan rofweg in drie fases verdeel word: Voormodern (<a href="/wiki/Antieke_Griekeland" title="Antieke Griekeland">Grieks</a>, Romeins, <a href="/wiki/Arabies" title="Arabies">Arabies</a>), Vroeë modern en Modern (sedert <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a> in die laat 18de eeu). Sistematiese ekonomiese teorie is hoofsaaklik in die moderne tyd ontwikkel. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Denkrigtings_van_ekonomie">Denkrigtings van ekonomie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomie&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Wysig afdeling: Denkrigtings van ekonomie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomie&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Denkrigtings van ekonomie"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Daar was al verskeie wedywerende ekonomiese denkrigtings jeens <a href="/wiki/Kapitalisme" title="Kapitalisme">kapitalisme</a> van die laat 18de eeu tot op hede gewees. Belangrike denkrigtings is klassieke ekonomie, Marxistiese ekonomie, Keynesiese ekonomie, Neo-klassieke ekonomie en Nuwe klassieke ekonomie. Daar bestaan ook ander denkrigtings. Hierdie denkrigtings is oor verskeie jare ontwikkel, en verskil fundamenteel met mekaar. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neo-klassieke_ekonomie">Neo-klassieke ekonomie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomie&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Wysig afdeling: Neo-klassieke ekonomie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomie&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Neo-klassieke ekonomie"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Neo-klassieke ekonomie gaan van die veronderstelling uit dat hulpbronne skaars is en dat dit nodig is om te kies tussen wedywerende alternatiewe. Dit wil sê, ekonomie het te doen met kompromieë. Met skaarsheid behels die kies van 'n alternatief die opsegging van 'n ander alternatief – ook genoem die geleentheidskoste. Die geleentheidskoste skep 'n inbegrepe prysverwantskap tussen wedywerende alternatiewe. Verder word skaarsheid eksplisiet gekwantifiseer deur prysverwantskappe in beide die markgerigte en beplande ekonomieë. </p><p>Die verstaan van keuses wat deur indiwidue en groepe gemaak word is van kernbelang. Ekonome glo dat aansporings en begeertes 'n belangrike rol speel in besluitneming. Begrippe van die nuttigheidsleer filosofiese denkrigting word gebruik as analitiese begrippe in ekonomie, al verstaan ekonome dat die gemeenskap nie nuttigheidsleer doelwitte sal aanneem nie. Een voorbeeld hiervan is die idee van die gebruikswaardefunksie, wat aanvaar word as die wyse waarop indiwiduele ekonomiese spelers besluit wat hulle <i>gelukkig</i> maak en watter besluite hulle maak in die nastrewe van daardie geluk. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sien_ook">Sien ook</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomie&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Wysig afdeling: Sien ook" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomie&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Sien ook"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goudstandaard" title="Goudstandaard">Goudstandaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landbou-ekonomie" title="Landbou-ekonomie">Landbou-ekonomie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kommunisme" title="Kommunisme">Kommunisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mededingingskommissie" title="Mededingingskommissie">Mededingingskommissie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vierde_Industri%C3%ABle_Revolusie" title="Vierde Industriële Revolusie">Vierde Industriële Revolusie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omgewingsekonomie" title="Omgewingsekonomie">Omgewingsekonomie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blou_ekonomie" class="mw-redirect" title="Blou ekonomie">Blou ekonomie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruimte-ekonomie" title="Ruimte-ekonomie">Ruimte-ekonomie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirkul%C3%AAre_ekonomie" title="Sirkulêre ekonomie">Sirkulêre ekonomie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regverdige_handel" title="Regverdige handel">Regverdige handel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuro-ekonomie" title="Neuro-ekonomie">Neuro-ekonomie</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eksterne_skakels">Eksterne skakels</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomie&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Wysig afdeling: Eksterne skakels" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomie&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Eksterne skakels"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:var(--background-color-base, #fff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1);color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons bevat media in verband met <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Economics" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Economics">Ekonomie</a></b></i>.</td></tr></tbody></table> <table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:var(--background-color-base, #fff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1);color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist">Sien <i><b><a href="https://af.wiktionary.org/wiki/ekonomie" class="extiw" title="wikt:ekonomie">ekonomie</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, die vrye woordeboek.</td></tr></tbody></table> <table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:var(--background-color-base, #fff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1);color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/40px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/60px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/80px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikinews bevat nuus in verband met <i><b><a href="https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Wn/af/Ekonomie" class="extiw" title="incubator:Category:Wn/af/Ekonomie">Ekonomie</a></b></i>.</td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncee.net">National Council on Economic Education</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tutor2u.net">'n Bron van gratis studie notas oor ekonomie</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oswego.edu/~economic/newbooks.htm">'n Gids na verskeie aanlyn ekonomiese handboeke</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130812211719/http://www.oswego.edu/~economic/newbooks.htm">Geargiveer</a> 12 Augustus 2013 op <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oecd.org/statistics/">OECD Statistics</a> Organization For Co-operation and Economic Development Statistical site.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dmoz.org/Science/Social_Sciences/Economics/">Economics Directory</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bls.gov">Bureau of Labor Statistics</a> Amerikaanse mannekragdepartement se statistiek afdeling.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldbank.org/data/">Die wêreldbank se datawerf </a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bea.doc.gov">VSA se Departement van Handel se Ekonomiese Statistiek</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mit.edu/krugman/www/islm.html">Brief Introduction to Macroeconomics by Paul Krugman</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wws.princeton.edu/~pkrugman/">Paul Krugman's Page,</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050917004810/http://www.wws.princeton.edu/~pkrugman/">Geargiveer</a> 17 September 2005 op <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> including the essay <i>There's something about macro</i>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ericdigests.org/1999-4/economics.htm">The National Voluntary Content. ERIC Digests.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ericdigests.org/1998-1/economic.htm">Recent Trends in Economic Education. ERIC Digest.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://homepage.newschool.edu/het/thought.htm">Schools of Thought</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040805133647/http://homepage.newschool.edu/het/thought.htm">Geargiveer</a> 5 Augustus 2004 op <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Compare one versus another regarding particular issues</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uqac.uquebec.ca/zone30/Classiques_des_sciences_sociales/">Classiques des Sciences Sociales</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060118072559/http://www.uqac.uquebec.ca/zone30/Classiques_des_sciences_sociales/">Geargiveer</a> 18 Januarie 2006 op <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> More than 800 full text books and articles (in French)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.econlib.org/library/YPDBooks/Lalor/llCy744.html">The Nature of Things</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060927090425/http://www.econlib.org/library/YPDBooks/Lalor/llCy744.html">Geargiveer</a> 27 September 2006 op <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Jean-Baptiste Say - An essay in which Say claim that economics isn't an ethical system that one can simply refute on the basis one doesn't accept its <i>values</i> - it is a collection of theories and models that explain inductively found principles.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/cgi-local/DHI/dhi.cgi?id=dv2-06"><i>Dictionary of the history of Ideas</i>:</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050404045850/http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/cgi-local/DHI/dhi.cgi?id=dv2-06">Geargiveer</a> 4 April 2005 op <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback 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