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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Principles_of_aesthetic:_light,_color,_and_form" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Principles_of_aesthetic:_light,_color,_and_form"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Principles of aesthetic: light, color, and form</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Principles_of_aesthetic:_light,_color,_and_form-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origins_of_the_term" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins_of_the_term"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Origins of the term</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins_of_the_term-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_group_of_Neo-Impressionist_painters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_group_of_Neo-Impressionist_painters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>The group of Neo-Impressionist painters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_group_of_Neo-Impressionist_painters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Evolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Divisionism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Divisionism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Divisionism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Divisionism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Divisionism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Divisionism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Theoretical_foundations_and_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theoretical_foundations_and_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Theoretical foundations and development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theoretical_foundations_and_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Georges_Seurat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Georges_Seurat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Georges Seurat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Georges_Seurat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Camille_Pissarro" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Camille_Pissarro"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Camille Pissarro</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Camille_Pissarro-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paul_Signac" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paul_Signac"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Paul Signac</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paul_Signac-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Color_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Color_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Color theory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Color_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Divisionism_in_France_and_northern_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Divisionism_in_France_and_northern_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Divisionism in France and northern Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Divisionism_in_France_and_northern_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Divisionism_in_Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Divisionism_in_Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Divisionism in Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Divisionism_in_Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism_and_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_and_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Criticism and controversy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism_and_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scientific_misconceptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific_misconceptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Scientific misconceptions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientific_misconceptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neo-Impressionist_paintings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neo-Impressionist_paintings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Neo-Impressionist paintings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neo-Impressionist_paintings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_artists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_artists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notable artists</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_artists-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notable artists subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_artists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Timeline:_Lives_of_the_Neo-Impressionists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline:_Lives_of_the_Neo-Impressionists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Timeline: Lives of the Neo-Impressionists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timeline:_Lives_of_the_Neo-Impressionists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Other sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Neo-Impressionism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 48 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">48 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-impressionisme" title="Neo-impressionisme – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Neo-impressionisme" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="الانطباعية الجديدة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الانطباعية الجديدة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoimpressionizm" title="Neoimpressionizm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Neoimpressionizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Неаімпрэсіянізм – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Неаімпрэсіянізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Неоимпресионизъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Неоимпресионизъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoimpressionisme" title="Neoimpressionisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Neoimpressionisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoimpresionismus" title="Neoimpresionismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Neoimpresionismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoimpressionisme" title="Neoimpressionisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Neoimpressionisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoimpressionismus" title="Neoimpressionismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Neoimpressionismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoimpressionism" title="Neoimpressionism – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Neoimpressionism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoimpresionismo" title="Neoimpresionismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Neoimpresionismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nov-impresionismo" title="Nov-impresionismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nov-impresionismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="نئوامپرسیونیسم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نئوامپرسیونیسم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9o-impressionnisme" title="Néo-impressionnisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Néo-impressionnisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoimpresionismo" title="Neoimpresionismo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Neoimpresionismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%A0%EC%9D%B8%EC%83%81%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="신인상주의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="신인상주의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%A5%D5%B8%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%BA%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Նեոիմպրեսիոնիզմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նեոիմպրեսիոնիզմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoimpresionizam" title="Neoimpresionizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Neoimpresionizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Impresionisme" title="Neo-Impresionisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Neo-Impresionisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoimpressionismo" title="Neoimpressionismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Neoimpressionismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%95-%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="נאו-אימפרסיוניזם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נאו-אימפרסיוניזם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ნეოიმპრესიონიზმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნეოიმპრესიონიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Неоимпрессионизм – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Неоимпрессионизм" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoimpressionismus" title="Neoimpressionismus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Neoimpressionismus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoimpresionizmas" title="Neoimpresionizmas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Neoimpresionizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Неоимпресионизам – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Неоимпресионизам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%87" title="الانطباعيه الجديده – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الانطباعيه الجديده" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A6%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="نئو امپرسیونیسم – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="نئو امپرسیونیسم" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-impressionisme" title="Neo-impressionisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Neo-impressionisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%8D%B0%E8%B1%A1%E6%B4%BE" title="新印象派 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="新印象派" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoimpresjonisme" title="Neoimpresjonisme – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Neoimpresjonisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoimpressionizm" title="Neoimpressionizm – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Neoimpressionizm" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%85" title="نیو امپریشنزم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نیو امپریشنزم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoimpresjonizm" title="Neoimpresjonizm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Neoimpresjonizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoimpressionismo" title="Neoimpressionismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Neoimpressionismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoimpresionism" title="Neoimpresionism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Neoimpresionism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Неоимпрессионизм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Неоимпрессионизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Impressionism" title="Neo-Impressionism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Neo-Impressionism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Неоимпресионизам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Неоимпресионизам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoimpresionizam" title="Neoimpresionizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Neoimpresionizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoimpressionismi" title="Neoimpressionismi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Neoimpressionismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoimpressionism" title="Neoimpressionism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Neoimpressionism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="புது-உணர்வுப்பதிவுவாதம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="புது-உணர்வுப்பதிவுவாதம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88" title="ลัทธิประทับใจใหม่ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ลัทธิประทับใจใหม่" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeni_izlenimcilik" title="Yeni izlenimcilik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yeni izlenimcilik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Неоімпресіонізм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Art movement</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width: 22em; line-height: 1.4em; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold;"><i><a href="/wiki/A_Sunday_Afternoon_on_the_Island_of_La_Grande_Jatte" title="A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte">A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte</a></i></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Georges_Seurat_-_A_Sunday_on_La_Grande_Jatte_--_1884_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Georges_Seurat_-_A_Sunday_on_La_Grande_Jatte_--_1884_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Georges_Seurat_-_A_Sunday_on_La_Grande_Jatte_--_1884_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Georges_Seurat_-_A_Sunday_on_La_Grande_Jatte_--_1884_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/495px-Georges_Seurat_-_A_Sunday_on_La_Grande_Jatte_--_1884_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Georges_Seurat_-_A_Sunday_on_La_Grande_Jatte_--_1884_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/660px-Georges_Seurat_-_A_Sunday_on_La_Grande_Jatte_--_1884_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="30000" data-file-height="19970" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Artist</th><td class="infobox-data attendee"><a href="/wiki/Georges_Seurat" title="Georges Seurat">Georges Seurat</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Year</th><td class="infobox-data">1884–1886</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Medium</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Oil_painting" title="Oil painting">Oil on canvas</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Dimensions</th><td class="infobox-data">207.6 cm × 308 cm (81.7 in × 121.3 in)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Art_Institute_of_Chicago" title="Art Institute of Chicago">Art Institute of Chicago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Neo-Impressionism</b> is a term coined by French <a href="/wiki/Art_critic" title="Art critic">art critic</a> <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_F%C3%A9n%C3%A9on" title="Félix Fénéon">Félix Fénéon</a> in 1886 to describe an <a href="/wiki/Art_movement" title="Art movement">art movement</a> founded by <a href="/wiki/Georges_Seurat" title="Georges Seurat">Georges Seurat</a>. Seurat's most renowned masterpiece, <i><a href="/wiki/A_Sunday_Afternoon_on_the_Island_of_La_Grande_Jatte" title="A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte">A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte</a></i>, marked the beginning of this movement when it first made its appearance at an exhibition of the <a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_des_Artistes_Ind%C3%A9pendants" title="Société des Artistes Indépendants">Société des Artistes Indépendants</a> (Salon des Indépendants) in Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-Hutton_2004_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hutton_2004-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around this time, the peak of France's modern era emerged and many painters were in search of new methods. Followers of Neo-Impressionism, in particular, were drawn to modern urban scenes as well as landscapes and seashores. Science-based interpretation of lines and colors influenced Neo-Impressionists' characterization of their own contemporary art.<sup id="cite_ref-five_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-five-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Pointillism" title="Pointillism">Pointillist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Divisionism" title="Divisionism">Divisionist</a> techniques are often mentioned in this context, because they were the dominant techniques in the beginning of the Neo-Impressionist movement. </p><p>Some argue that Neo-Impressionism became the first true <a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">avant-garde</a> movement in painting.<sup id="cite_ref-Ward_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ward-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Neo-Impressionists were able to create a movement very quickly in the 19th century, partially due to its strong connection to <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchism</a>, which set a pace for later artistic manifestations.<sup id="cite_ref-Ward_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ward-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The movement and the style were an attempt to drive "harmonious" vision from modern science, anarchist theory, and late 19th-century debate around the value of <a href="/wiki/Academic_art" title="Academic art">academic art</a>. The artists of the movement "promised to employ optical and psycho-biological theories in pursuit of a grand synthesis of the ideal and the real, the fugitive and the essential, science and temperament."<sup id="cite_ref-Hutton_2004_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hutton_2004-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Impressionism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Principles_of_aesthetic:_light,_color,_and_form"><span id="Principles_of_aesthetic:_light.2C_color.2C_and_form"></span>Principles of aesthetic: light, color, and form</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Impressionism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Principles of aesthetic: light, color, and form"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Seurat and his followers tried to give their painting a scientific basis, by painting tiny dabs of primary colors close to each other to intensify the viewer's perception of colors by a process of optical mixing. This created greater apparent luminosity because the optical mixing of colors tends towards white, unlike mixing of paints on the palette which tends towards black and reduces intensity.<sup id="cite_ref-Tate_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tate-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neo-impressionists also used more precise and geometric shapes to simplify and reveal the relationships between forms.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seurat's disciple <a href="/wiki/Paul_Signac" title="Paul Signac">Paul Signac</a> later used what he felt to be a more poetic spontaneous use of divisionist technique.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The development of color theory by <a href="/wiki/Michel_Eug%C3%A8ne_Chevreul" title="Michel Eugène Chevreul">Michel Eugène Chevreul</a> and others by the late 19th century played a pivotal role in shaping the Neo-Impressionist style. Ogden Rood's book, <i>Modern Chromatics, with Applications to Art and Industry</i>, acknowledged the different behaviors exhibited by colored light and colored pigment.<sup id="cite_ref-four_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-four-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the mixture of the former created a white or gray color, that of the latter produced a dark, murky color. As painters, Neo-Impressionists had to deal with colored pigments,<sup id="cite_ref-five_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-five-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so to avoid the dullness, they devised a system of pure-color juxtaposition. Mixing of colors was not necessary. The effective utilization of pointillism facilitated in eliciting a distinct luminous effect, and from a distance, the dots came together as a whole displaying maximum brilliance and conformity to actual light conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-two_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-two-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins_of_the_term">Origins of the term</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Impressionism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origins of the term"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are a number of alternatives to the term "Neo-Impressionism" and each has its own nuance: <a href="/wiki/Chromoluminarism" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromoluminarism">Chromoluminarism</a> was a term preferred by Georges Seurat.<sup id="cite_ref-five_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-five-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It emphasized the studies of color and light which were central to his artistic style. This term is rarely used today. <a href="/wiki/Divisionism" title="Divisionism">Divisionism</a>, which is more commonly used, describes an early mode of Neo-Impressionist painting. It refers to the method of applying individual strokes of complementary and contrasting colors.<sup id="cite_ref-five_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-five-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike other designations of this era, the term 'Neo-Impressionism' was not given as a criticism.<sup id="cite_ref-five_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-five-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, it embraces Seurat's and his followers' ideals in their approach to art. Note: <a href="/wiki/Pointillism" title="Pointillism">Pointillism</a> merely describes a later technique based on divisionism in which dots of color instead of blocks of color are applied; Signac rejected this term's use as synonymous for divisionism.<sup id="cite_ref-Tate_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tate-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_group_of_Neo-Impressionist_painters">The group of Neo-Impressionist painters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Impressionism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The group of Neo-Impressionist painters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Neo-Impressionism" title="Special:EditPage/Neo-Impressionism">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Neo-Impressionism%22">"Neo-Impressionism"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Neo-Impressionism%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Neo-Impressionism%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Neo-Impressionism%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Neo-Impressionism%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Neo-Impressionism%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Signac_-_Portrait_de_F%C3%A9lix_F%C3%A9n%C3%A9on.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Signac_-_Portrait_de_F%C3%A9lix_F%C3%A9n%C3%A9on.jpg/250px-Signac_-_Portrait_de_F%C3%A9lix_F%C3%A9n%C3%A9on.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Signac_-_Portrait_de_F%C3%A9lix_F%C3%A9n%C3%A9on.jpg/375px-Signac_-_Portrait_de_F%C3%A9lix_F%C3%A9n%C3%A9on.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Signac_-_Portrait_de_F%C3%A9lix_F%C3%A9n%C3%A9on.jpg/500px-Signac_-_Portrait_de_F%C3%A9lix_F%C3%A9n%C3%A9on.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6229" data-file-height="4973" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Paul_Signac" title="Paul Signac">Paul Signac</a>, 1890, <i><a href="/wiki/Opus_217._Against_the_Enamel_of_a_Background_Rhythmic_with_Beats_and_Angles,_Tones,_and_Tints,_Portrait_of_M._F%C3%A9lix_F%C3%A9n%C3%A9on_in_1890" title="Opus 217. Against the Enamel of a Background Rhythmic with Beats and Angles, Tones, and Tints, Portrait of M. Félix Fénéon in 1890">Portrait of Félix Fénéon</a></i> (in front of an enamel of a rhythmic background of measures and angles, shades and colors), oil on canvas, 73.7 cm × 92.5 cm (29.0 in × 36.4 in), <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art" title="Museum of Modern Art">Museum of Modern Art</a>, New York</figcaption></figure> <p>Neo-Impressionism was first presented to the public in 1886 at the <a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_des_Artistes_Ind%C3%A9pendants" title="Société des Artistes Indépendants">Salon des Indépendants</a>. The Indépendants remained their main exhibition space for decades with Signac acting as president of the association. But with the success of Neo-Impressionism, its fame spread quickly. In 1886, Seurat and Signac were invited to exhibit in the 8th and final Impressionist exhibition, later with <a href="/wiki/Les_XX" title="Les XX">Les XX</a> and <a href="/wiki/La_Libre_Esth%C3%A9tique" title="La Libre Esthétique">La Libre Esthétique</a> in Brussels. </p><p>In 1892, a group of Neo-Impressionist painters united to show their works in Paris, in the Salons of the Hôtel Brébant, 32, boulevard Poissonnière. The following year they exhibited at 20, <a href="/wiki/Rue_Laffitte" title="Rue Laffitte">rue Laffitte</a>. The exhibitions were accompanied by catalogues, the first with reference to the printer: Imp. Vve Monnom, Brussels; the second refers to M. Moline, secretary. <a href="/wiki/Camille_Pissarro" title="Camille Pissarro">Pissarro</a> and Seurat met at <a href="/wiki/Paul_Durand-Ruel" title="Paul Durand-Ruel">Durand-Ruel</a>'s in the fall of 1885 and began to experiment with a technique using tiny dots of juxtaposing colors. This technique was developed from readings of popular art history and aesthetics (the French administrator, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Blanc" title="Charles Blanc">Charles Blanc</a>, and Swiss aesthetician, David Sutter), and manuals for the industrial and decorative arts, science of optics and perception. At this time Pissarro began to be involved with the coterie that helped found the Société des Artistes Independants in 1884. Some members of the group attended gatherings for naturalist and <a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">symbolist</a> authors at the home of Robert Caze who was an ex-<a href="/wiki/Communard" class="mw-redirect" title="Communard">communard</a> and radical Republican journalist. It was here that the painters got to know each other, and many showed their work at independents' shows for all their lives.<sup id="cite_ref-Ward_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ward-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pissarro asked Seurat and Signac to participate in the eighth impressionist exhibit in May 1886. This is where <i><a href="/wiki/A_Sunday_Afternoon_on_the_Island_of_La_Grande_Jatte" title="A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte">A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte</a></i> was shown. They had a separate room at the show. The Republicans' liberalization of press laws in 1881 also aided this avant-garde movement. It made it easier for people to begin their own newspapers, thus allowing more art critics to get published. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henri-Edmond_Cross_-_The_Evening_Air_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Henri-Edmond_Cross_-_The_Evening_Air_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/250px-Henri-Edmond_Cross_-_The_Evening_Air_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Henri-Edmond_Cross_-_The_Evening_Air_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/375px-Henri-Edmond_Cross_-_The_Evening_Air_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Henri-Edmond_Cross_-_The_Evening_Air_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/500px-Henri-Edmond_Cross_-_The_Evening_Air_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7959" data-file-height="5610" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Henri-Edmond_Cross" title="Henri-Edmond Cross">Henri-Edmond Cross</a>, <i>The Evening Air</i> (<i>l'Air du soir</i>), c. 1893, oil on canvas, 116 × 164 cm, <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay" title="Musée d'Orsay">Musée d'Orsay</a>, Paris</figcaption></figure> <p>The idea of the "modern primitive" drew this group and began with Signac.<sup id="cite_ref-Ward_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ward-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Seurat displayed <i>La Grande Jatte</i>, the critic Fénéon coined the term Neo-Impressionism. Pissarro, his son <a href="/wiki/Lucien_Pissarro" title="Lucien Pissarro">Lucien</a>, and Signac also showed work at the same time. Soon other artists began to join the movement including <a href="/wiki/Charles_Angrand" title="Charles Angrand">Charles Angrand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henri-Edmond_Cross" title="Henri-Edmond Cross">Henri-Edmond Cross</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Dubois-Pillet" title="Albert Dubois-Pillet">Albert Dubois-Pillet</a>, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9o_Gausson" title="Léo Gausson">Léo Gausson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Hayet" title="Louis Hayet">Louis Hayet</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maximilien_Luce" title="Maximilien Luce">Maximilien Luce</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Herbert_2001_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herbert_2001-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The allure of the scientific and new techniques captivated the young artists of this movement. The movement then spread abroad when Seurat and Pissarro were invited to <a href="/wiki/Les_Vingt" class="mw-redirect" title="Les Vingt">Les Vingt</a>, an avant-garde society in Brussels. This style became the dominant form in Belgium by 1889 and even artists like <a href="/wiki/Van_Gogh" class="mw-redirect" title="Van Gogh">Van Gogh</a> tried their hand at this style. </p><p>Seurat's mission as an artist was to celebrate the power of pure color, the expressive power of line, color and value, the reform of Impressionism and of the <a href="/wiki/Fine_art" title="Fine art">Beaux-Arts</a> tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-Herbert_2001_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herbert_2001-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seurat "wanted to be perceived as a technician of art, and so he borrowed from science some of the signs of its authority, including the regularity and clarity of pattern."<sup id="cite_ref-Herbert_2001_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herbert_2001-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This can be compared to how Signac "saw and emphasized a connection between anarchism, the Neo-Impressionist technique, the Mediterranean location, and the classical tradition in painting".<sup id="cite_ref-Dymond_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dymond-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Signac also viewed the Mediterranean as the place for anarchist avant-garde art. The Mediterranean was rarely depicted by avant-garde painters partially because of the association between the south of France and academic classicism as well as cultural and political conservatism.<sup id="cite_ref-Dymond_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dymond-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By setting his pastorals in the south, Signac followed the literary examples of <a href="/wiki/Stendhal" title="Stendhal">Stendhal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guy_de_Maupassant" title="Guy de Maupassant">Guy de Maupassant</a>, who linked the region with liberty. Stendhal "described the south as a place of freedom where the worst faults of capitalist society were less entrenched than in the north." Stendhal also saw the South as a connection to other "Latin" countries who are "outside the civilized societies' concern for money." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolution">Evolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Impressionism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This movement's peak years lasted about five years (1886–1891), but did not end with Georges Seurat's death in 1891.<sup id="cite_ref-two_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-two-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Impressionism continued to evolve and expand over the next decade with even more distinctive characteristics. Incorporation of political and social ideas, especially anarchism, started showing prominence.<sup id="cite_ref-Hutton_2004_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hutton_2004-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Seurat's death by diphtheria and his friend Albert Dubois-Pillet's by smallpox in the previous year, the Neo-impressionists began to change and strengthen their image through social and political alliances. They forged links to the anarcho-communists movement<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoslak1991383_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoslak1991383-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and through this, many more young artists were attracted to this "blend of social and artistic theory".<sup id="cite_ref-Hutton_2004_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hutton_2004-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the later 1890s Signac went back to his earlier belief in the visual harmony of the Neo-impressionist style, and the belief that it signified his ideals. He also emphasized that Neo-Impressionists were not seeking realism. They did not want to imitate, but instead have "the will to create the beautiful.... We are false, false like <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste-Camille_Corot" title="Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot">Corot</a>, like <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Carri%C3%A8re" title="Eugène Carrière">Carrière</a>, false, false! But we also have our ideal—to which it is necessary to sacrifice everything".<sup id="cite_ref-Dymond_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dymond-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This return to an earlier style was alienating and caused fissures and tensions within the previously tight-knit community of neo-impressionists. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism">Criticism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Impressionism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the start of the movement, Neo-Impressionism was not welcomed by the art world and the general public. In 1886, Seurat's first exhibition of his now most famous work, <i>A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte</i>, inspired torrents of negative criticism. The commotion evoked by this artwork could only be described with words like "bedlam" and "scandal".<sup id="cite_ref-five_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-five-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Neo-Impressionists' use of small segments of color to compose a whole picture was considered even more controversial than its preceding movement; Impressionism had been notorious for its spontaneous representation of fleeting moments and roughness in brushwork.<sup id="cite_ref-four_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-four-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neo-Impressionism provoked similar responses for opposite reasons. The meticulously calculated regularity of brush strokes was deemed to be too mechanical<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and antithetical to the commonly accepted notions of creative processes set for the 19th century. </p><p>According to modern sources, much of the critique of the Neo-Impressionists at the time is just out of focus. In December 1894, the independent socialist daily <i>La Petite République</i> featured a front-page column by critic Adolphe Tabarant. He remarked on the new Neo-Impressionist cooperative gallery in the Rue Laffitte, focusing on Luce and Signac, also known as the young masters: "The art has, perhaps, a tendency toward an ill-tempered synthesis, toward a scientific observation that is too dry. But how it vibrates, and how it rings with truth! What an expenditure of coloring, what a profusion of agitated notions, in which one senses the noble and sincere passions of those young men who, after lamented Seurat, strive to capture all the secrets of light from the sun!"<sup id="cite_ref-Hutton_2004_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hutton_2004-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Neo-Impressionists were supported from the beginning in 1884 by the <i>Journal des Artistes</i>. Other papers also discussed the future Neo-Impressionists together, thus showing that they had formed as a group through tier creation of a democratic exhibit space, not their movement or artistic style.<sup id="cite_ref-Ward_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ward-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the turn of the century, the critic <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_F%C3%A9n%C3%A9on" title="Félix Fénéon">Félix Fénéon</a> critiqued <a href="/wiki/Paul_Signac" title="Paul Signac">Signac</a>’s idealism in his later work. He compared Signac to <a href="/wiki/Claude_Lorrain" title="Claude Lorrain">Claude</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poussin" class="mw-redirect" title="Poussin">Poussin</a> by saying that <a href="/wiki/Claude_Lorrain" title="Claude Lorrain">Claude Lorrain</a> knew all the details of the real world, and that he was able to express the world contained it by his beautiful spirit. He relates Signac to an "inheritor of landscape tradition that envisioned the realm of harmony".<sup id="cite_ref-Dymond_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dymond-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Divisionism">Divisionism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Impressionism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Divisionism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Divisionism" title="Divisionism">Divisionism</a></div> <p>Divisionism (also called Chromo-luminarism) was the characteristic style in Neo-Impressionist painting defined by the separation of contrasting or complementing colors into individual patches which interacted optically to create shadow and dimension.<sup id="cite_ref-Tosini_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tosini-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Homer_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Homer-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By requiring the viewer to combine the colors optically instead of physically mixing pigments, Divisionists believed they were achieving the maximum luminosity that was scientifically possible. They also believed that it philosophically represented harmony as unanticipated colors work together equally to form a single image. Georges Seurat founded the style around 1884 as chromo-luminarism, drawing from his understanding of the scientific theories of <a href="/wiki/Michel_Eug%C3%A8ne_Chevreul" title="Michel Eugène Chevreul">Michel Eugène Chevreul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ogden_Rood" title="Ogden Rood">Ogden Rood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Blanc" title="Charles Blanc">Charles Blanc</a>, among others. Divisionism developed alongside Pointillism, which is defined specifically by the use of dots of paint but does not primarily focus on the separation of colors.<sup id="cite_ref-Tosini_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tosini-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ratliff_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ratliff-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theoretical_foundations_and_development">Theoretical foundations and development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Impressionism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Theoretical foundations and development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Divisionism developed in nineteenth-century painting as artists discovered scientific theories of vision which encouraged a departure from the tenets of Impressionism. Most notably as science surrounding the vibration of light and the effect on retinas developed, color palettes changed. Neo-Impressionists began to place complementary colors side-by-side to create dimension and shadows instead of working in a range of hues. This dividing up of the canvas into individual sections of complementary and contrasting colors led to the name "divisionism", a term coined by Signac.<sup id="cite_ref-Dorra_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dorra-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">Impressionism</a> was a movement that originated in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> in the 1870s, characterized by the use of quick, short, broken brushstrokes to accurately capture the momentary effects of light and atmosphere in a scene, usually outdoors. The Impressionists sought to create an "impression" of a momentary scene as perceived by the viewer, rather than a mechanically precise replication of a scene.  Divisionism, also known as <a href="/wiki/Pointillism" title="Pointillism">Pointillism</a>, developed from Impressionism in the 1880s. The Divisionists used a technique of placing small, distinct dots of color next to one another on the canvas, rather than mixing the colors on the <a href="/wiki/Palette_(painting)" title="Palette (painting)">palette</a>. This created a more vibrant and dynamic effect, but also required a higher level of skill and precision.  Neo-Impressionism emerged in the late 19th century, used more precise and geometric shapes to build compositions, and was strongly influenced by the scientific study of <a href="/wiki/Color_theory" title="Color theory">color theory</a> and optical color effects, to create a more harmonious and luminous painting.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Georges_Seurat">Georges Seurat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Impressionism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Georges Seurat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Georges_Seurat_019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Georges_Seurat_019.jpg/210px-Georges_Seurat_019.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Georges_Seurat_019.jpg/315px-Georges_Seurat_019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Georges_Seurat_019.jpg/420px-Georges_Seurat_019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1414" data-file-height="1758" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Georges_Seurat" title="Georges Seurat">Georges Seurat</a>, <i>Le Cirque</i>, 1891, oil on canvas, 185 x 152 cm, <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay" title="Musée d'Orsay">Musée d'Orsay</a>, Paris</figcaption></figure> <p>Divisionism, along with the Neo-Impressionism movement as a whole, found its beginnings in Georges Seurat's masterpiece, <i>A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte</i>. Seurat was classically trained in the École des Beaux-Arts, and, as such, his initial works reflected the <a href="/wiki/Barbizon_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbizon school">Barbizon</a> style. Studying under <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Puvis_de_Chavannes" title="Pierre Puvis de Chavannes">Pierre Puvis de Chavannes</a>, Seurat intensely pursued interests in line and color, color theory, and optical effects, all of which formed the basis of Divisionism. In 1883, Seurat and some of his colleagues began exploring ways to express as much light as possible on the canvas.<sup id="cite_ref-Sutter_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sutter-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1884, with the exhibition of his first major work, <i>Bathing at Asnières</i>, as well as croquetons of the island of La Grande Jatte, Seurat's style began taking form with an awareness of Impressionism, but it was not until he finished <i>La Grande Jatte</i> in 1886 that he established his theory of chromo-luminarism. Although this painting was originally rejected by the official salon it attracted the Salon des Indépendants where Paul Signac was engaged.<sup id="cite_ref-Russell_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russell-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the controversial success of <i>La Grande Jatte</i>, Camille Pissarro and Paul Signac converted to Neo-Impressionism and, along with Pissarro's son Lucien, formed the basis of the Neo-Impressionist and Divisionist movements. Later promoted by <a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolist</a> artists and critics, Divisionism became the avant-garde style of post-Impressionism. The support Seurat initially received slowly dissipated as he became increasingly hostile towards other artists, believing that they were corrupting his style and technique. By the end of his life few works of his received the attention they used to. <i>Circus</i>, an unfinished work exhibited after his death, was barely noticed by critics or the general public.<sup id="cite_ref-Russell_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russell-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Camille_Pissarro">Camille Pissarro</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Impressionism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Camille Pissarro"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Camille_Pissarro" title="Camille Pissarro">Camille Pissarro</a>, born in 1830, is a notable radical artist and the only painter to exhibit in all eight Impressionist shows from 1874 to 1886. During Pissarro's long career he remained at the foreground of French avant-garde art, although his Neo-Impressionist phase is among his most popular and most studied. Pissarro studied under Fritz Melbye, spending the first 15 years of his career painting rural landscapes, market scenes and ports, all of which make subject returns throughout his later career.<sup id="cite_ref-Russell_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russell-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During his Impressionist phase, Pissarro switched to a lighter brush stroke and a brighter color palette, frequently applied in sections of unmixed color. This style of Impressionism gave way to joining Seurat in Neo-Impressionism in 1885. He was the first convert to what is now called Divisionism. Pissarro developed what he called "scientific Impressionism" and later left the movement as a whole, finding the compositional rules too strict.<sup id="cite_ref-Russell_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russell-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paul_Signac">Paul Signac</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Impressionism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Paul Signac"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Signac,_1893,_Femme_%C3%A0_l%27ombrelle,_oil_on_canvas,_81_x_65_cm,_Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Paul_Signac%2C_1893%2C_Femme_%C3%A0_l%27ombrelle%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_81_x_65_cm%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay.jpg/220px-Paul_Signac%2C_1893%2C_Femme_%C3%A0_l%27ombrelle%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_81_x_65_cm%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Paul_Signac%2C_1893%2C_Femme_%C3%A0_l%27ombrelle%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_81_x_65_cm%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay.jpg/330px-Paul_Signac%2C_1893%2C_Femme_%C3%A0_l%27ombrelle%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_81_x_65_cm%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Paul_Signac%2C_1893%2C_Femme_%C3%A0_l%27ombrelle%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_81_x_65_cm%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay.jpg/440px-Paul_Signac%2C_1893%2C_Femme_%C3%A0_l%27ombrelle%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_81_x_65_cm%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4642" data-file-height="5683" /></a><figcaption>Paul Signac, 1893, <i>Femme à l'ombrelle</i>, oil on canvas, 81 x 65 cm, <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay" title="Musée d'Orsay">Musée d'Orsay</a>, Paris</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Paul_Signac" title="Paul Signac">Paul Signac</a>, born in 1863, was Seurat's closest friend and the face of the Neo-Impressionist movement. He had no formal art training but was able to refine his skills through travel and replication as he was born into a family of financial stability. Signac was encouraged to remove earth tones from his palette by Seurat, and in turn introduced Seurat to Symbolism, jointly creating the Neo-Impressionist movement. He is also noted for initiating <a href="/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Vincent van Gogh">Vincent van Gogh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9o_van_Rysselberghe" title="Théo van Rysselberghe">Théo van Rysselberghe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Van_de_Velde" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Van de Velde">Henry Van de Velde</a> to the movement.<sup id="cite_ref-Russell_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russell-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1891, the year after Seurat's death, Signac began to introduce abstract visual rhythms and subjectivity into his works and by transit into Neo-Impressionism. Signac's creative experimentation inspired artists such as Matisse and Henri-Edmond Cross to further define Neo-Impressionism in the 20th century. His knowledge of the movement lead to illustrating Charles Henry's Cerle Chromatique et Rapporteur Esthétique, a widely influential book on color theory and later to his authoring the manifesto of Neo-Impressionism, D’Eugène Delacroix au Néo-Impressionisme in 1899.<sup id="cite_ref-Russell_21-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russell-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Color_theory">Color theory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Impressionism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Color theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Georges_Seurat,_1889-90,_Le_Chahut,_Kr%C3%B6ller-M%C3%BCller_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Georges_Seurat%2C_1889-90%2C_Le_Chahut%2C_Kr%C3%B6ller-M%C3%BCller_Museum.jpg/210px-Georges_Seurat%2C_1889-90%2C_Le_Chahut%2C_Kr%C3%B6ller-M%C3%BCller_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Georges_Seurat%2C_1889-90%2C_Le_Chahut%2C_Kr%C3%B6ller-M%C3%BCller_Museum.jpg/315px-Georges_Seurat%2C_1889-90%2C_Le_Chahut%2C_Kr%C3%B6ller-M%C3%BCller_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Georges_Seurat%2C_1889-90%2C_Le_Chahut%2C_Kr%C3%B6ller-M%C3%BCller_Museum.jpg/420px-Georges_Seurat%2C_1889-90%2C_Le_Chahut%2C_Kr%C3%B6ller-M%C3%BCller_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3582" data-file-height="4349" /></a><figcaption>Georges Seurat, 1889–90, <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Chahut" title="Le Chahut">Le Chahut</a></i>, oil on canvas, 170 x 141 cm, <a href="/wiki/Kr%C3%B6ller-M%C3%BCller_Museum" title="Kröller-Müller Museum">Kröller-Müller Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Charles_Blanc" title="Charles Blanc">Charles Blanc</a>'s Grammaire des arts du dessin introduced Seurat to the theories of color and vision that would inspire chromo-luminarism. Blanc's work, drawing from the theories of <a href="/wiki/Michel_Eug%C3%A8ne_Chevreul" title="Michel Eugène Chevreul">Michel Eugène Chevreul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix" title="Eugène Delacroix">Eugène Delacroix</a>, stated that optical mixing would produce more vibrant and pure colors than the traditional process of mixing pigments.<sup id="cite_ref-Sutter_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sutter-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mixing pigments physically is a subtractive process with cyan, magenta, and yellow being the primary colors. On the other hand, if colored light is mixed together, an additive mixture results, a process in which the primary colors are red, green and blue. The optical mixture which characterized Divisionism—the process of mixing color by juxtaposing pigments—is different from either additive or subtractive mixture, although combining colors in optical mixture functions the same way as additive mixture, i.e. the primary colors are the same.<sup id="cite_ref-Homer_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Homer-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In reality, Seurat's paintings did not actually achieve true optical mixing; for him, the theory was more useful for causing vibrations of color to the viewer, where contrasting colors placed near each other would intensify the relationship between the colors while preserving their singular separate identity.<sup id="cite_ref-Sutter_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sutter-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Roslak_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roslak-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Divisionist color theory, artists interpreted the scientific literature through making light operate in one of the following contexts:<sup id="cite_ref-Sutter_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sutter-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Local color: As the dominant element of the painting, local color refers to the true color of subjects, e.g. green grass or blue sky.</li> <li>Direct sunlight: As appropriate, yellow-orange colors representing the sun's action would be interspersed with the natural colors to emulate the effect of direct sunlight.</li> <li>Shadow: If lighting is only indirect, various other colors, such as blues, reds and purples, can be used to simulate the darkness and shadows.</li> <li>Reflected light: An object which is adjacent to another in a painting could cast reflected colors onto it.</li> <li>Contrast: To take advantage of Chevreul's theory of simultaneous contrast, contrasting colors might be placed in close proximity.</li></ul> <p>Seurat's theories intrigued many of his contemporaries, as other artists seeking a reaction against Impressionism joined the Neo-Impressionist movement. Paul Signac, in particular, became one of the main proponents of divisionist theory, especially after Seurat's death in 1891. In fact, Signac's book, <i>D’Eugène Delacroix au Néo-Impressionnisme</i>, published in 1899, coined the term Divisionism and became widely recognized as the manifesto of Neo-Impressionism.<sup id="cite_ref-Ratliff_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ratliff-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Roslak_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roslak-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Divisionism_in_France_and_northern_Europe">Divisionism in France and northern Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Impressionism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Divisionism in France and northern Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to Signac, other French artists, largely through associations in the Société des Artistes Indépendants, adopted some Divisionist techniques, including <a href="/wiki/Camille_Pissarro" title="Camille Pissarro">Camille</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lucien_Pissarro" title="Lucien Pissarro">Lucien Pissarro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Dubois-Pillet" title="Albert Dubois-Pillet">Albert Dubois-Pillet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Angrand" title="Charles Angrand">Charles Angrand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maximilien_Luce" title="Maximilien Luce">Maximilien Luce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henri-Edmond_Cross" title="Henri-Edmond Cross">Henri-Edmond Cross</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Petitjean" title="Hippolyte Petitjean">Hippolyte Petitjean</a>. Additionally, through Paul Signac's advocacy of Divisionism, an influence can be seen in some of the works of <a href="/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Vincent van Gogh">Vincent van Gogh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henri_Matisse" title="Henri Matisse">Henri Matisse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Metzinger" title="Jean Metzinger">Jean Metzinger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Delaunay" title="Robert Delaunay">Robert Delaunay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Pablo Picasso</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rapetti_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rapetti-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the revolutions of 1848, a strong undercurrent of radical anarchism ran throughout the artistic community of France. The combination of social art and artistic freedom and the departure from traditional color painting techniques attracted radicals to the movement of Neo-Impressionism. However, these radicals were often criticized for depicting a peaceful and thoughtful approach to social revolution, combining science and moral harmony. </p><p>In 1907 Metzinger and Delaunay were singled out by the critic Louis Vauxcelles as Divisionists who used large, mosaic-like 'cubes' to construct small but highly symbolic compositions.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both artists had developed a new sub-style that had great significance shortly thereafter within the context of their Cubist works. <a href="/wiki/Piet_Mondrian" title="Piet Mondrian">Piet Mondrian</a> and Nico van Rijn, in the Netherlands, developed a similar mosaic-like Divisionist technique circa 1909. The <a href="/wiki/Futurism" title="Futurism">Futurists</a> later (1909–1916) would adapt the style, in part influenced by <a href="/wiki/Gino_Severini" title="Gino Severini">Gino Severini</a>'s Parisian experience (from 1907), into their dynamic paintings and sculpture.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Germany, it was <a href="/wiki/Paul_Baum_(artist)" title="Paul Baum (artist)">Paul Baum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitz-Pleis" title="Carl Schmitz-Pleis">Carl Schmitz-Pleis</a> who, in retrospect, provided the decisive impetus.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Divisionism_in_Italy">Divisionism in Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Impressionism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Divisionism in Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quarto_Stato.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Quarto_Stato.jpg/250px-Quarto_Stato.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Quarto_Stato.jpg/375px-Quarto_Stato.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Quarto_Stato.jpg/500px-Quarto_Stato.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6897" data-file-height="3841" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Pellizza_da_Volpedo" title="Giuseppe Pellizza da Volpedo">Giuseppe Pellizza da Volpedo</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Il_Quarto_Stato" class="mw-redirect" title="Il Quarto Stato">The Fourth Estate</a></i>, 1899–1901.</figcaption></figure> <p>The influence of Seurat and Signac on some Italian painters became evident in the First Triennale in 1891 in Milan. Spearheaded by <a href="/wiki/Vittore_Grubicy_de_Dragon" title="Vittore Grubicy de Dragon">Grubicy de Dragon</a>, and codified later by <a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Previati" title="Gaetano Previati">Gaetano Previati</a> in his <i>Principi scientifici del divisionismo</i> of 1906, a number of painters mainly in Northern Italy experimented to various degrees with these techniques. These Italian artists merged Neo-impressionism with <a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a> creating allegorical paintings using a divisionist method. For example, <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Pellizza_da_Volpedo" title="Giuseppe Pellizza da Volpedo">Pellizza da Volpedo</a> applied the technique to social (and political) subjects; in this he was joined by <a href="/wiki/Angelo_Morbelli" title="Angelo Morbelli">Angelo Morbelli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Longoni" title="Emilio Longoni">Emilio Longoni</a>. Among Pellizza's Divisionist works were <i>Speranze deluse</i> (1894) and <i>Il sole nascente</i> (1904).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was, however, in the subject of landscapes that Divisionism found strong advocates, including Segantini, Previati, Morbelli, and <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Fornara" title="Carlo Fornara">Carlo Fornara</a>. Further adherents in painting genre subjects were <a href="/wiki/Plinio_Nomellini" title="Plinio Nomellini">Plinio Nomellini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rubaldo_Merello" title="Rubaldo Merello">Rubaldo Merello</a>, Giuseppe Cominetti, Angelo Barabino, <a href="/wiki/Camillo_Innocenti" title="Camillo Innocenti">Camillo Innocenti</a>, Enrico Lionne, and Arturo Noci. Divisionism was also an important influence in the work of Futurists Gino Severini (<i>Souvenirs de Voyage</i>, 1911); <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Balla" title="Giacomo Balla">Giacomo Balla</a> (<i>Arc Lamp</i>, 1909);<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Carr%C3%A0" title="Carlo Carrà">Carlo Carrà</a> (<i>Leaving the scene</i>, 1910); and <a href="/wiki/Umberto_Boccioni" title="Umberto Boccioni">Umberto Boccioni</a> (<i>The City Rises</i>, 1910).<sup id="cite_ref-Tosini_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tosini-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism_and_controversy">Criticism and controversy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Impressionism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Criticism and controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Divisionism quickly received both negative and positive attention from art critics, who generally either embraced or condemned the incorporation of scientific theories in the Neo-Impressionist techniques. For example, <a href="/wiki/Joris-Karl_Huysmans" title="Joris-Karl Huysmans">Joris-Karl Huysmans</a> spoke negatively of Seurat's paintings, saying "Strip his figures of the colored fleas that cover them, underneath there is nothing, no thought, no soul, nothing".<sup id="cite_ref-Rewald_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rewald-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leaders of Impressionism, such as <a href="/wiki/Claude_Monet" title="Claude Monet">Monet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Auguste_Renoir" title="Pierre-Auguste Renoir">Renoir</a>, refused to exhibit with Seurat, and even Camille Pissarro, who initially supported Divisionism, later spoke negatively of the technique.<sup id="cite_ref-Roslak_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roslak-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While most Divisionists did not receive much critical approval, some critics were loyal to the movement, including notably <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_F%C3%A9n%C3%A9on" title="Félix Fénéon">Félix Fénéon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ars%C3%A8ne_Alexandre" title="Arsène Alexandre">Arsène Alexandre</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Antoine_de_la_Rochefoucauld" class="mw-redirect" title="Antoine de la Rochefoucauld">Antoine de la Rochefoucauld</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rapetti_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rapetti-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, Divisionists were often criticized for being too peaceful and logical in revolution. Because their color choices were often planned and scientifically constructed, they lacked the radical freedom that anarchists embodied. French anarchy, particularly after Haussmannization, placed an emphasis on a classless society but Divisionists, and all artists, reinforced classes through middle-class consumerism of their works. These conflicting ideals put Divisionism under the critical lens of radical anarchists.<sup id="cite_ref-Roslak_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roslak-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scientific_misconceptions">Scientific misconceptions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Impressionism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Scientific misconceptions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although Divisionist artists strongly believed their style was founded in <a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">scientific principles</a>, some people believe that there is evidence that Divisionists misinterpreted some basic elements of optical theory.<sup id="cite_ref-Lee_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, one of these misconceptions can be seen in the general belief that the Divisionist method of painting allowed for greater luminosity than previous techniques. Additive luminosity is only applicable in the case of colored light, not juxtaposed pigments; in reality, the luminosity of two pigments next to each other is just the average of their individual luminosities.<sup id="cite_ref-Lee_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, it is not possible to create a color using optical mixture which could not also be created by physical mixture. Logical inconsistencies can also be found with the Divisionist exclusion of darker colors and their interpretation of simultaneous contrast.<sup id="cite_ref-Lee_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Neo-Impressionist_paintings">Neo-Impressionist paintings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Impressionism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Neo-Impressionist paintings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 729px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Th%C3%A9ophile_Angrand_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Charles Angrand, Couple dans la rue, 1887, oil on canvas, 38.5 x 33 cm, Musée d'Orsay, Paris"><img alt="Charles Angrand, Couple dans la rue, 1887, oil on canvas, 38.5 x 33 cm, Musée d'Orsay, Paris" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Charles_Th%C3%A9ophile_Angrand_001.jpg/171px-Charles_Th%C3%A9ophile_Angrand_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="171" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Charles_Th%C3%A9ophile_Angrand_001.jpg/256px-Charles_Th%C3%A9ophile_Angrand_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Charles_Th%C3%A9ophile_Angrand_001.jpg/342px-Charles_Th%C3%A9ophile_Angrand_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="2370" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Angrand" title="Charles Angrand">Charles Angrand</a>, <i>Couple dans la rue</i>, 1887, oil on canvas, 38.5 x 33 cm, <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay" title="Musée d'Orsay">Musée d'Orsay</a>, Paris</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Th%C3%A9o_van_Rysselberghe_-_Portrait_of_Alice_S%C3%A8the.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Théo van Rysselberghe, Portrait of Alice Sethe, 1888, Musée départemental Maurice Denis "The Priory", Saint-Germain-en-Laye"><img alt="Théo van Rysselberghe, Portrait of Alice Sethe, 1888, Musée départemental Maurice Denis "The Priory", Saint-Germain-en-Laye" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Th%C3%A9o_van_Rysselberghe_-_Portrait_of_Alice_S%C3%A8the.jpg/98px-Th%C3%A9o_van_Rysselberghe_-_Portrait_of_Alice_S%C3%A8the.jpg" decoding="async" width="98" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Th%C3%A9o_van_Rysselberghe_-_Portrait_of_Alice_S%C3%A8the.jpg/147px-Th%C3%A9o_van_Rysselberghe_-_Portrait_of_Alice_S%C3%A8the.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Th%C3%A9o_van_Rysselberghe_-_Portrait_of_Alice_S%C3%A8the.jpg/197px-Th%C3%A9o_van_Rysselberghe_-_Portrait_of_Alice_S%C3%A8the.jpg 2x" data-file-width="615" data-file-height="1250" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9o_van_Rysselberghe" title="Théo van Rysselberghe">Théo van Rysselberghe</a>, <i>Portrait of Alice Sethe</i>, 1888, <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%C3%A9partemental_Maurice_Denis_%22The_Priory%22" title="Musée départemental Maurice Denis "The Priory"">Musée départemental Maurice Denis "The Priory"</a>, Saint-Germain-en-Laye</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Heuernte_bei_Eragny-sur-Epte_(1889)_-_Camille_Pissarro.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Camille Pissarro, Hay harvest at Eragny-sur-Epte, 1889, oil on canvas, 73 × 60 cm, private collection"><img alt="Camille Pissarro, Hay harvest at Eragny-sur-Epte, 1889, oil on canvas, 73 × 60 cm, private collection" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Heuernte_bei_Eragny-sur-Epte_%281889%29_-_Camille_Pissarro.jpg/160px-Heuernte_bei_Eragny-sur-Epte_%281889%29_-_Camille_Pissarro.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Heuernte_bei_Eragny-sur-Epte_%281889%29_-_Camille_Pissarro.jpg/239px-Heuernte_bei_Eragny-sur-Epte_%281889%29_-_Camille_Pissarro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Heuernte_bei_Eragny-sur-Epte_%281889%29_-_Camille_Pissarro.jpg/319px-Heuernte_bei_Eragny-sur-Epte_%281889%29_-_Camille_Pissarro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1256" data-file-height="1573" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Camille_Pissarro" title="Camille Pissarro">Camille Pissarro</a>, <i>Hay harvest at Eragny-sur-Epte</i>, 1889, oil on canvas, 73 × 60 cm, private collection</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Georges_Lemmen_-_Plage_%C3%A0_Heist.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Georges Lemmen, The Beach at Heist), 1891, oil on panel, 37.5 x 45.7 cm, Musée d'Orsay, Paris"><img alt="Georges Lemmen, The Beach at Heist), 1891, oil on panel, 37.5 x 45.7 cm, Musée d'Orsay, Paris" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Georges_Lemmen_-_Plage_%C3%A0_Heist.jpg/200px-Georges_Lemmen_-_Plage_%C3%A0_Heist.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Georges_Lemmen_-_Plage_%C3%A0_Heist.jpg/300px-Georges_Lemmen_-_Plage_%C3%A0_Heist.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Georges_Lemmen_-_Plage_%C3%A0_Heist.jpg/400px-Georges_Lemmen_-_Plage_%C3%A0_Heist.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1627" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Georges_Lemmen" title="Georges Lemmen">Georges Lemmen</a>, <i>The Beach at Heist</i>), 1891, oil on panel, 37.5 x 45.7 cm, <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay" title="Musée d'Orsay">Musée d'Orsay</a>, Paris</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Henri-Edmond_Cross,_1908,_Les_cypr%C3%A8s_%C3%A0_Cagnes,_oil_on_canvas,_81_x_100_cm,_Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay,_Paris.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Henri-Edmond Cross, Les cyprès à Cagnes, 1908, oil on canvas, 81 x 100 cm, Musée d'Orsay, Paris"><img alt="Henri-Edmond Cross, Les cyprès à Cagnes, 1908, oil on canvas, 81 x 100 cm, Musée d'Orsay, Paris" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Henri-Edmond_Cross%2C_1908%2C_Les_cypr%C3%A8s_%C3%A0_Cagnes%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_81_x_100_cm%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay%2C_Paris.jpg/200px-Henri-Edmond_Cross%2C_1908%2C_Les_cypr%C3%A8s_%C3%A0_Cagnes%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_81_x_100_cm%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay%2C_Paris.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Henri-Edmond_Cross%2C_1908%2C_Les_cypr%C3%A8s_%C3%A0_Cagnes%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_81_x_100_cm%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay%2C_Paris.jpg/300px-Henri-Edmond_Cross%2C_1908%2C_Les_cypr%C3%A8s_%C3%A0_Cagnes%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_81_x_100_cm%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay%2C_Paris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Henri-Edmond_Cross%2C_1908%2C_Les_cypr%C3%A8s_%C3%A0_Cagnes%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_81_x_100_cm%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay%2C_Paris.jpg/400px-Henri-Edmond_Cross%2C_1908%2C_Les_cypr%C3%A8s_%C3%A0_Cagnes%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_81_x_100_cm%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay%2C_Paris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2517" data-file-height="2037" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Henri-Edmond_Cross" title="Henri-Edmond Cross">Henri-Edmond Cross</a>, <i>Les cyprès à Cagnes</i>, 1908, oil on canvas, 81 x 100 cm, <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay" title="Musée d'Orsay">Musée d'Orsay</a>, Paris</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Matisse-Luxe.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Henri Matisse, Luxe, Calme et Volupté, 1904, oil on canvas, 98 x 118.5 cm, Musée d'Orsay, Paris"><img alt="Henri Matisse, Luxe, Calme et Volupté, 1904, oil on canvas, 98 x 118.5 cm, Musée d'Orsay, Paris" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Matisse-Luxe.jpg/200px-Matisse-Luxe.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Matisse-Luxe.jpg/300px-Matisse-Luxe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Matisse-Luxe.jpg/400px-Matisse-Luxe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1779" data-file-height="1467" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Henri_Matisse" title="Henri Matisse">Henri Matisse</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Luxe,_Calme_et_Volupt%C3%A9" title="Luxe, Calme et Volupté">Luxe, Calme et Volupté</a></i>, 1904, oil on canvas, 98 x 118.5 cm, <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay" title="Musée d'Orsay">Musée d'Orsay</a>, Paris</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Antoine_Pinchon,_1905,_La_Seine_%C3%A0_Rouen_au_cr%C3%A9puscule,_oil_on_paperboard,_65_x_54_cm.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Robert Antoine Pinchon, La Seine à Rouen au crépuscule, 1905, oil on paperboard, 65 x 54 cm, private collection"><img alt="Robert Antoine Pinchon, La Seine à Rouen au crépuscule, 1905, oil on paperboard, 65 x 54 cm, private collection" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Robert_Antoine_Pinchon%2C_1905%2C_La_Seine_%C3%A0_Rouen_au_cr%C3%A9puscule%2C_oil_on_paperboard%2C_65_x_54_cm.jpg/154px-Robert_Antoine_Pinchon%2C_1905%2C_La_Seine_%C3%A0_Rouen_au_cr%C3%A9puscule%2C_oil_on_paperboard%2C_65_x_54_cm.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Robert_Antoine_Pinchon%2C_1905%2C_La_Seine_%C3%A0_Rouen_au_cr%C3%A9puscule%2C_oil_on_paperboard%2C_65_x_54_cm.jpg/231px-Robert_Antoine_Pinchon%2C_1905%2C_La_Seine_%C3%A0_Rouen_au_cr%C3%A9puscule%2C_oil_on_paperboard%2C_65_x_54_cm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Robert_Antoine_Pinchon%2C_1905%2C_La_Seine_%C3%A0_Rouen_au_cr%C3%A9puscule%2C_oil_on_paperboard%2C_65_x_54_cm.jpg/308px-Robert_Antoine_Pinchon%2C_1905%2C_La_Seine_%C3%A0_Rouen_au_cr%C3%A9puscule%2C_oil_on_paperboard%2C_65_x_54_cm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2440" data-file-height="3168" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Antoine_Pinchon" title="Robert Antoine Pinchon">Robert Antoine Pinchon</a>, <i>La Seine à Rouen au crépuscule</i>, 1905, oil on paperboard, 65 x 54 cm, private collection</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean_Metzinger,_c.1906,_Femme_au_Chapeau_(Woman_with_a_Hat),_oil_on_canvas,_44.8_x_36.8_cm,_Korban_Art_Foundation..jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jean Metzinger, Femme au Chapeau, c.1906, oil on canvas, 44.8 x 36.8 cm, Korban Art Foundation"><img alt="Jean Metzinger, Femme au Chapeau, c.1906, oil on canvas, 44.8 x 36.8 cm, Korban Art Foundation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bb/Jean_Metzinger%2C_c.1906%2C_Femme_au_Chapeau_%28Woman_with_a_Hat%29%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_44.8_x_36.8_cm%2C_Korban_Art_Foundation..jpg/165px-Jean_Metzinger%2C_c.1906%2C_Femme_au_Chapeau_%28Woman_with_a_Hat%29%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_44.8_x_36.8_cm%2C_Korban_Art_Foundation..jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bb/Jean_Metzinger%2C_c.1906%2C_Femme_au_Chapeau_%28Woman_with_a_Hat%29%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_44.8_x_36.8_cm%2C_Korban_Art_Foundation..jpg/247px-Jean_Metzinger%2C_c.1906%2C_Femme_au_Chapeau_%28Woman_with_a_Hat%29%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_44.8_x_36.8_cm%2C_Korban_Art_Foundation..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bb/Jean_Metzinger%2C_c.1906%2C_Femme_au_Chapeau_%28Woman_with_a_Hat%29%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_44.8_x_36.8_cm%2C_Korban_Art_Foundation..jpg/330px-Jean_Metzinger%2C_c.1906%2C_Femme_au_Chapeau_%28Woman_with_a_Hat%29%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_44.8_x_36.8_cm%2C_Korban_Art_Foundation..jpg 2x" data-file-width="989" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Metzinger" title="Jean Metzinger">Jean Metzinger</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Femme_au_Chapeau" class="mw-redirect" title="Femme au Chapeau">Femme au Chapeau</a></i>, c.1906, oil on canvas, 44.8 x 36.8 cm, Korban Art Foundation</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Delaunay,_1906,_Portrait_de_Metzinger,_oil_on_canvas,_55_x_43_cm,_DSC08255.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Robert Delaunay, Portrait de Metzinger, 1906, oil on canvas, 55 x 43 cm"><img alt="Robert Delaunay, Portrait de Metzinger, 1906, oil on canvas, 55 x 43 cm" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Robert_Delaunay%2C_1906%2C_Portrait_de_Metzinger%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_55_x_43_cm%2C_DSC08255.jpg/150px-Robert_Delaunay%2C_1906%2C_Portrait_de_Metzinger%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_55_x_43_cm%2C_DSC08255.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Robert_Delaunay%2C_1906%2C_Portrait_de_Metzinger%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_55_x_43_cm%2C_DSC08255.jpg/224px-Robert_Delaunay%2C_1906%2C_Portrait_de_Metzinger%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_55_x_43_cm%2C_DSC08255.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Robert_Delaunay%2C_1906%2C_Portrait_de_Metzinger%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_55_x_43_cm%2C_DSC08255.jpg/299px-Robert_Delaunay%2C_1906%2C_Portrait_de_Metzinger%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_55_x_43_cm%2C_DSC08255.jpg 2x" data-file-width="884" data-file-height="1181" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Delaunay" title="Robert Delaunay">Robert Delaunay</a>, <i>Portrait de Metzinger</i>, 1906, oil on canvas, 55 x 43 cm</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carl_Schmitz-Pleis_-_Drachenfels.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Carl Schmitz-Pleis, Drachenfels, year unknown (1915?), oil on canvas. Private collection."><img alt="Carl Schmitz-Pleis, Drachenfels, year unknown (1915?), oil on canvas. Private collection." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Carl_Schmitz-Pleis_-_Drachenfels.jpg/200px-Carl_Schmitz-Pleis_-_Drachenfels.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Carl_Schmitz-Pleis_-_Drachenfels.jpg/300px-Carl_Schmitz-Pleis_-_Drachenfels.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Carl_Schmitz-Pleis_-_Drachenfels.jpg/400px-Carl_Schmitz-Pleis_-_Drachenfels.jpg 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="509" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitz-Pleis" title="Carl Schmitz-Pleis">Carl Schmitz-Pleis</a>, <i>Drachenfels</i>, year unknown (1915?), oil on canvas. Private collection.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_artists">Notable artists</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Impressionism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notable artists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Angrand" title="Charles Angrand">Charles Angrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Baum_(artist)" title="Paul Baum (artist)">Paul Baum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Boch" title="Anna Boch">Anna Boch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri-Edmond_Cross" title="Henri-Edmond Cross">Henri-Edmond Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Delaunay" title="Robert Delaunay">Robert Delaunay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Dubois-Pillet" title="Albert Dubois-Pillet">Albert Dubois-Pillet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willy_Finch" class="mw-redirect" title="Willy Finch">Willy Finch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9o_Gausson" title="Léo Gausson">Léo Gausson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Lemmen" title="Georges Lemmen">Georges Lemmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilien_Luce" title="Maximilien Luce">Maximilien Luce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Matisse" title="Henri Matisse">Henri Matisse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Metzinger" title="Jean Metzinger">Jean Metzinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Petitjean" title="Hippolyte Petitjean">Hippolyte Petitjean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Antoine_Pinchon" title="Robert Antoine Pinchon">Robert Antoine Pinchon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Pissarro" title="Camille Pissarro">Camille Pissarro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Pissarro" title="Lucien Pissarro">Lucien Pissarro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9o_van_Rysselberghe" title="Théo van Rysselberghe">Théo van Rysselberghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitz-Pleis" title="Carl Schmitz-Pleis">Carl Schmitz-Pleis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Seurat" title="Georges Seurat">Georges Seurat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Signac" title="Paul Signac">Paul Signac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Toorop" title="Jan Toorop">Jan Toorop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_van_de_Velde" title="Henry van de Velde">Henry van de Velde</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Timeline:_Lives_of_the_Neo-Impressionists">Timeline: Lives of the Neo-Impressionists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Impressionism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Timeline: Lives of the Neo-Impressionists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div align="center"> <p><small><b>The Neo-Impressionists</b></small> </p> <div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_mrlu4h3xlz5wfzksutasqqzssr90kip"></map><img usemap="#timeline_mrlu4h3xlz5wfzksutasqqzssr90kip" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/mrlu4h3xlz5wfzksutasqqzssr90kip.png" /></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Impressionism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-Impressionism" title="Post-Impressionism">Post-Impressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stippling" title="Stippling">Stippling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pointillism" title="Pointillism">Pointillism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micromontage" class="mw-redirect" title="Micromontage">Micromontage</a>, similar technique in music</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Impressionism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Hutton_2004-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hutton_2004_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hutton_2004_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hutton_2004_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hutton_2004_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hutton_2004_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHutton2004" class="citation book cs1">Hutton, John G. (2004). <i>Neo-Impressionism and the Search for Solid Ground: Art, Science, and Anarchism in Fin-de-siecle France</i>. <a href="/wiki/Baton_Rouge,_Louisiana" title="Baton Rouge, Louisiana">Baton Rouge, Louisiana</a>: <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_State_University_Press" title="Louisiana State University Press">Louisiana State University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8071-1823-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8071-1823-0"><bdi>0-8071-1823-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neo-Impressionism+and+the+Search+for+Solid+Ground%3A+Art%2C+Science%2C+and+Anarchism+in+Fin-de-siecle+France&rft.place=Baton+Rouge%2C+Louisiana&rft.pub=Louisiana+State+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-8071-1823-0&rft.aulast=Hutton&rft.aufirst=John+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Impressionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-five-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-five_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-five_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-five_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-five_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-five_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-five_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeeSmith1983" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Ellen W.; Smith, Tracy E. (1983). Edelstein, Debra (ed.). <i>The Aura of Neo-Impressionism: The W. J. Holliday Collection</i>. Indianapolis, Indiana: <a href="/wiki/Indianapolis_Museum_of_Art" title="Indianapolis Museum of Art">Indianapolis Museum of Art</a>, [dist. by] <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-936260-04-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-936260-04-1"><bdi>0-936260-04-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Aura+of+Neo-Impressionism%3A+The+W.+J.+Holliday+Collection&rft.place=Indianapolis%2C+Indiana&rft.pub=Indianapolis+Museum+of+Art%2C+%5Bdist.+by%5D+Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-936260-04-1&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Ellen+W.&rft.au=Smith%2C+Tracy+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Impressionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ward-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ward_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ward_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ward_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ward_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ward_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard1996" class="citation book cs1">Ward, Martha (1996). <i>Pissarro, Neo-Impressionism, and the Spaces of the Avant-Garde</i>. The University of Chicago Press. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-87324-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-87324-2"><bdi>0-226-87324-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pissarro%2C+Neo-Impressionism%2C+and+the+Spaces+of+the+Avant-Garde&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=The+University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-226-87324-2&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Martha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Impressionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tate-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tate_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tate_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTate" class="citation web cs1">Tate. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/n/neo-impressionism">"Neo-impressionism"</a>. <i>Tate</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tate&rft.atitle=Neo-impressionism&rft.au=Tate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tate.org.uk%2Fart%2Fart-terms%2Fn%2Fneo-impressionism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Impressionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/art/Neo-Impressionism">"Neo-Impressionism | painting | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Neo-Impressionism+%7C+painting+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fart%2FNeo-Impressionism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Impressionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-four-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-four_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-four_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleinerMamiya2001" class="citation book cs1">Kleiner, Fred S.; Mamiya, Christin J. (2001). <i>Gardner's Art through the Ages</i> (11th ed.). Thomson Learning, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-15-507086-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-15-507086-X"><bdi>0-15-507086-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gardner%27s+Art+through+the+Ages&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Thomson+Learning%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-15-507086-X&rft.aulast=Kleiner&rft.aufirst=Fred+S.&rft.au=Mamiya%2C+Christin+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Impressionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-two-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-two_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-two_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFraquelliGinexGreeneTosini2008" class="citation book cs1">Fraquelli, Simonetta; Ginex, Giovanna; Greene, Vivien; Tosini, Aurora (2008). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/radicallightital0000unse"><i>Radical Light: Italy's Divisionist painters, 1891–1910</i></a></span>. London: <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_(London)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Gallery (London)">National Gallery</a>, [dist. by] <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85709-409-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85709-409-1"><bdi>978-1-85709-409-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radical+Light%3A+Italy%27s+Divisionist+painters%2C+1891%E2%80%931910&rft.place=London&rft.pub=National+Gallery%2C+%5Bdist.+by%5D+Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-85709-409-1&rft.aulast=Fraquelli&rft.aufirst=Simonetta&rft.au=Ginex%2C+Giovanna&rft.au=Greene%2C+Vivien&rft.au=Tosini%2C+Aurora&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fradicallightital0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Impressionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Herbert_2001-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Herbert_2001_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herbert_2001_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herbert_2001_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbert2001" class="citation book cs1">Herbert, Robert (2001). <i>Seurat Drawings and Paintings</i>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-07131-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-07131-0"><bdi>0-300-07131-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seurat+Drawings+and+Paintings&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-300-07131-0&rft.aulast=Herbert&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Impressionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dymond-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dymond_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dymond_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dymond_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dymond_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDymond2003" class="citation journal cs1">Dymond, Anne (June 2003). "A Politicized Pastoral: Signac and the Cultural Geography of Mediterranean France". <i>The Art Bulletin</i>. <b>85</b> (2). College Art Association: 365. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3177348">10.2307/3177348</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3177348">3177348</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Art+Bulletin&rft.atitle=A+Politicized+Pastoral%3A+Signac+and+the+Cultural+Geography+of+Mediterranean+France&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=365&rft.date=2003-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3177348&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3177348%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Dymond&rft.aufirst=Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Impressionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoslak1991383-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoslak1991383_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoslak1991">Roslak 1991</a>, p. 383.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaviesWalter_B.HofrichterJacobs2006" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Penelope J. E.; Walter B., Denny; Hofrichter, Frima F.; Jacobs, Joseph F.; Roberts, Ann M.; Simon, David L. (2006). <i>Jansen's History of Art: The Western Tradition</i>. Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-193455-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-193455-4"><bdi>0-13-193455-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jansen%27s+History+of+Art%3A+The+Western+Tradition&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-13-193455-4&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Penelope+J.+E.&rft.au=Walter+B.%2C+Denny&rft.au=Hofrichter%2C+Frima+F.&rft.au=Jacobs%2C+Joseph+F.&rft.au=Roberts%2C+Ann+M.&rft.au=Simon%2C+David+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Impressionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tosini-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tosini_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tosini_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tosini_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTosini" class="citation cs2">Tosini, Aurora Scotti, "Divisionism", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordartonline.com/subscriber/article/grove/art/T022975"><i>Grove Art Online</i></a>, Oxford Art Online</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Divisionism&rft.btitle=Grove+Art+Online&rft.pub=Oxford+Art+Online&rft.aulast=Tosini&rft.aufirst=Aurora+Scotti&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordartonline.com%2Fsubscriber%2Farticle%2Fgrove%2Fart%2FT022975&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Impressionism" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Homer-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Homer_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Homer_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Homer, William I. <i>Seurat and the Science of Painting.</i> Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 1964.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ratliff-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ratliff_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ratliff_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ratliff, Floyd. <i>Paul Signac and Color in Neo-Impressionism.</i> New York: Rockefeller UP, 1992. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87470-050-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-87470-050-7">0-87470-050-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dorra-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dorra_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDorra1994" class="citation book cs1">Dorra, Henri (1994). <i>Symbolist Art Theories</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Symbolist+Art+Theories&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Dorra&rft.aufirst=Henri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Impressionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/art/divisionism">"Divisionism | art | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Divisionism+%7C+art+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fart%2Fdivisionism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Impressionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTate" class="citation web cs1">Tate. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/i/impressionism">"Impressionism"</a>. <i>Tate</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tate&rft.atitle=Impressionism&rft.au=Tate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tate.org.uk%2Fart%2Fart-terms%2Fi%2Fimpressionism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Impressionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKemp2008" class="citation journal cs1">Kemp, Martin (May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/453037a">"The Impressionists' bible"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>453</b> (7191): 37. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F453037a">10.1038/453037a</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687">1476-4687</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:34142687">34142687</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=The+Impressionists%27+bible&rft.volume=453&rft.issue=7191&rft.pages=37&rft.date=2008-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A34142687%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1476-4687&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F453037a&rft.aulast=Kemp&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2F453037a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Impressionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/art/Impressionism-art">"Impressionism | Definition, History, Art, & Facts | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Impressionism+%7C+Definition%2C+History%2C+Art%2C+%26+Facts+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fart%2FImpressionism-art&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Impressionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sutter-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sutter_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sutter_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sutter_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sutter_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sutter, Jean. <i>The Neo Impressionists.</i> Greenwich, CT: New York Graphic Society, 1970. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8212-0224-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8212-0224-3">0-8212-0224-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Russell-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Russell_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Russell_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Russell_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Russell_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Russell_21-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Russell_21-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClement1999" class="citation book cs1">Clement, Russell (1999). <i>Neo-Impressionist Painters A Source Book on Georges Seurat, Camille Pissarro, Paul Signac, Théo van Rysselberghe, Henri Edward Cross, Charles Angrand, Maximilien Luco, and Albert Dubois-Pillet</i>. Greenwood Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">63–</span>235.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neo-Impressionist+Painters+A+Source+Book+on+Georges+Seurat%2C+Camille+Pissarro%2C+Paul+Signac%2C+Th%C3%A9o+van+Rysselberghe%2C+Henri+Edward+Cross%2C+Charles+Angrand%2C+Maximilien+Luco%2C+and+Albert+Dubois-Pillet&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E63-%3C%2Fspan%3E235&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Clement&rft.aufirst=Russell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Impressionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roslak-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Roslak_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roslak_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roslak_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roslak_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoslak2007" class="citation book cs1">Roslak, Robyn (2007). <i>Neo-Impressionism and Anarchism in Fin-de-Siècle France</i>. Burlington: Ashgate Publishing Company. pp. <span class="nowrap">15–</span>36.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neo-Impressionism+and+Anarchism+in+Fin-de-Si%C3%A8cle+France&rft.place=Burlington&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E15-%3C%2Fspan%3E36&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Roslak&rft.aufirst=Robyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Impressionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rapetti-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rapetti_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rapetti_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordartonline.com/subscriber/article/grove/art/T078644">Rapetti Rodolphe Signac, Paul Grove Art Online. Oxford Art Online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.all-art.org/art_20th_century/metzinger1.html">Art of the 20th Century</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Herbert, <i>Neo-Impressionism</i>, The Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation, New York, 1968</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christie's Review of the Season. 1986, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Il Sole Nascente</i> is in the <a href="/wiki/Galleria_Nazionale_d%27Arte_Moderna" title="Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Moderna">Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Moderna</a>, Rome.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Arc Lamp</i> is in the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art" title="Museum of Modern Art">Museum of Modern Art</a>, New York</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The City Rises</i> is also in the <a href="/wiki/Museum_Of_Modern_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum Of Modern Art">MoMA</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Derived from paragraph in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pellizza.it/Testi%20-%20Divisionismo.htm">Associazione Pellizza da Volpedo</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131109063341/http://www.pellizza.it/Testi%20-%20Divisionismo.htm">Archived</a> 2013-11-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, which cites Enciclopedia dell'arte, Milano (Garzanti) 2002, and also see Voci del Divisionismo italiano in Bollettino Anisa, N. 12 Anno XIX, n. 1, May 2000.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rewald-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rewald_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rewald, John. <i>Seurat: a biography.</i> New York: H.N. Abrams, 1990. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8109-3814-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8109-3814-6">0-8109-3814-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lee-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lee_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lee_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lee_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lee, Alan. "Seurat and Science." <i>Art History</i> 10 (June 1987): 203-24.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_sources">Other sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Impressionism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Other sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerretti-Bocquillon,_Marina2001" class="citation book cs1">Ferretti-Bocquillon, Marina; et al. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/161820/rec/1"><i><span></span></i>Signac, 1863-1935<i><span></span></i></a>. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0870999982" title="Special:BookSources/0870999982"><bdi>0870999982</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Signac%2C+1863-1935&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0870999982&rft.au=Ferretti-Bocquillon%2C+Marina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibmma.contentdm.oclc.org%2Fcdm%2Fcompoundobject%2Fcollection%2Fp15324coll10%2Fid%2F161820%2Frec%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Impressionism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFloyd1992" class="citation book cs1">Floyd, Ratliff (1992). <i>Paul Signac and Color in Neo-Impressionism</i>. New York, New York: Rockefeller University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87470-050-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-87470-050-7"><bdi>0-87470-050-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paul+Signac+and+Color+in+Neo-Impressionism&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Rockefeller+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-87470-050-7&rft.aulast=Floyd&rft.aufirst=Ratliff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Impressionism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Herbert, Robert. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/73155">Georges Seurat, 1859–1891</a></i>, New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1991. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780870996184" title="Special:BookSources/9780870996184">9780870996184</a>.</li> <li>Herbert, Robert, <i>Neo-Impressionism</i>, The Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation, New York, 1968, Library of Congress Card Catalogue Number: 68–16803</li> <li>Herbert, Robert. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/73155">Georges Seurat, 1859-1891</a></i>, New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1991. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780870996184" title="Special:BookSources/9780870996184">9780870996184</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutton2004" class="citation book cs1">Hutton, John G. (2004). <i>Neo-Impressionism and the Search for Solid Ground: Art, Science, and Anarchism in Fin-de-siecle France</i>. <a href="/wiki/Baton_Rouge,_Louisiana" title="Baton Rouge, Louisiana">Baton Rouge, Louisiana</a>: <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_State_University_Press" title="Louisiana State University Press">Louisiana State University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8071-1823-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8071-1823-0"><bdi>0-8071-1823-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neo-Impressionism+and+the+Search+for+Solid+Ground%3A+Art%2C+Science%2C+and+Anarchism+in+Fin-de-siecle+France&rft.place=Baton+Rouge%2C+Louisiana&rft.pub=Louisiana+State+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-8071-1823-0&rft.aulast=Hutton&rft.aufirst=John+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Impressionism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Ward, Martha (1996). <i>Pissarro, Neo-impressionism and the Spaces of the Avant-Garde</i> Chicago, Illinois: Chicago University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-87324-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-87324-2">0-226-87324-2</a>.</li> <li>Haslett, Carrie (2002). <i>Neo-Impressionism: Artists on the Edge</i>. Portland, Oregon: Portland Museum of Art. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-916857-30-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-916857-30-1">0-916857-30-1</a>.*Blanc, Charles. <i>The Grammar of Painting and Engraving. </i> Chicago: S.C. Griggs and Company, 1891. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/download/grammarofpaintin00blaniala/grammarofpaintin00blaniala.pdf">[1]</a>.</li> <li>Block, Jane. "Neo-Impressionism." <i>Grove Art Online. Oxford Art Online. </i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.oxfordartonline.com/subscriber/article/grove/art/T061684">[2]</a>.</li> <li>Block, Jane. "Pointillism." <i>Grove Art Online. Oxford Art Online. </i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.oxfordartonline.com/subscriber/article/grove/art/T068278">[3]</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norma_Broude" title="Norma Broude">Broude, Norma</a>, ed. <i>Seurat in Perspective. </i> Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1978. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-807115-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-807115-2">0-13-807115-2</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Cachin" title="Françoise Cachin">Cachin, Françoise</a>. <i>Paul Signac. </i> Greenwich, CT: New York Graphic Society, 1971. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8212-0482-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8212-0482-3">0-8212-0482-3</a>.</li> <li>Clement, Russell T., and Annick Houzé. <i>Neo-impressionist painters: a sourcebook on Georges Seurat, Camille Pissarro, Paul Signac, Théo van Rysselberghe, Henri Edmond Cross, Charles Angrand, Maximilien Luce, and Albert Dubois-Pillet. </i> Westport, CT: Greenwood P, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-30382-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-30382-7">0-313-30382-7</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/principlesofharm00chev_0">Chevreul, Michel Eugène. <i>The Principles of Harmony and Contrast of Colors</i></a>. London: Henry G. Bohn, York Street, Covent Garden, 1860</li> <li>Dorra, Henri. <i>Symbolist Art Theories: A Critical Anthology</i>. Berkeley: U of California, 1994.</li> <li>Gage, John. "The Technique of Seurat: A Reappraisal." <i>The Art Bulletin</i> 69 (Sep. 1987): 448-54. JSTOR. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3051065">[4]</a>.</li> <li>Hutton, John G. <i>Neo-impressionism and the search for solid ground: art, science, and anarchism in fin-de-siècle France. </i> Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State UP, 1994. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8071-1823-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8071-1823-0">0-8071-1823-0</a>.</li> <li>Puppo, Dario del. "Il Quarto Stato." <i>Science and Society</i>, Vol. 58, No. 2, pp. 13, 1994.</li> <li>Meighan, Judith. "In Praise of Motherhood: The Promise and Failure of Painting for Social Reform in Late-Nineteenth-Century Italy." <i>Nineteenth-Century Art Worldwide</i>, Vol. 1, No. 1, 2002.</li> <li>"Radical Light: Italy's Divisionist Painters." <i>History Today</i>, August 2008.</li> <li>Rewald, John. <i>Georges Seurat.</i> New York: Wittenborn & Co., 1946.</li> <li>Roslak, Robyn. <i>Neo-Impressionism and Anarchism in Fin-de-Siecle France: Painting, Politics and Landscape</i>. N.p., 2007.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoslak1991" class="citation journal cs1">Roslak, Robyn S. (1991). "The Politics of Aesthetic Harmony: Neo-Impressionism, Science, and Anarchism". <i>The Art Bulletin</i>. <b>73</b> (3). JSTOR: <span class="nowrap">381–</span>390. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3045811">10.2307/3045811</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-3079">0004-3079</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3045811">3045811</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Art+Bulletin&rft.atitle=The+Politics+of+Aesthetic+Harmony%3A+Neo-Impressionism%2C+Science%2C+and+Anarchism&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E381-%3C%2Fspan%3E390&rft.date=1991&rft.issn=0004-3079&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3045811%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3045811&rft.aulast=Roslak&rft.aufirst=Robyn+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Impressionism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Signac, Paul. <i>D’Eugène Delacroix au Neo-Impressionnisme. </i> 1899. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/download/deugnedelacroi00signuoft/deugnedelacroi00signuoft.pdf">[5]</a>.</li> <li>Winkfield, Trevor. "The Signac Syndrome." <i>Modern Painters</i> Autumn 2001: 66–70.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/jun/07/art.art">Tim Parks on divisionist movement of painters in Italy</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Georges_Seurat" title="Georges Seurat">Georges Seurat</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Paintings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_paintings_by_Georges_Seurat" title="List of paintings by Georges Seurat">List of paintings</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bathers_at_Asni%C3%A8res" title="Bathers at Asnières">Bathers at Asnières</a></i> (1884)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Sunday_Afternoon_on_the_Island_of_La_Grande_Jatte" title="A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte">A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte</a></i> (1884–1886)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Models_(painting)" title="Models (painting)">Models</a></i> (1884–1886)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Parade_de_cirque" title="Parade de cirque">Parade de cirque</a></i> (1887–1888)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Young_Woman_Powdering_Herself_(Seurat)" title="Young Woman Powdering Herself (Seurat)">Young Woman Powdering Herself</a></i> (1889–1890)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_Chahut" title="Le Chahut">Le Chahut</a></i> (1889–1890)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Channel_of_Gravelines,_Petit_Fort_Philippe" title="The Channel of Gravelines, Petit Fort Philippe">The Channel of Gravelines, Petit Fort Philippe</a></i> (1890)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Circus_(Seurat)" title="The Circus (Seurat)">The Circus</a></i> (1890–1891)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_des_Artistes_Ind%C3%A9pendants" title="Société des Artistes Indépendants">Société des Artistes Indépendants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divisionism" title="Divisionism">Divisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pointillism" title="Pointillism">Pointillism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Neo-Impressionism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sunday_in_the_Park_with_George" title="Sunday in the Park with George">Sunday in the Park with George</a></i> (1984 musical)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topiary_Park" title="Topiary Park">Topiary Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Henri_Matisse99" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#87CEEB; color:black;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Henri_Matisse" title="Template:Henri Matisse"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:black">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Henri_Matisse" title="Template talk:Henri Matisse"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:black">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Henri_Matisse" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Henri Matisse"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:black">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Henri_Matisse99" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Henri_Matisse" title="Henri Matisse">Henri Matisse</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#87CEEB; color:black;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_works_by_Henri_Matisse" title="List of works by Henri Matisse">Works</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1890s–1900s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Woman_Reading" title="Woman Reading">Woman Reading</a></i> (1894)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_Mur_Rose" title="Le Mur Rose">Landscape, the Pink Wall</a></i> (1898)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Academy_Study_of_a_Man" title="Academy Study of a Man">Academy Study of a Man</a></i> (1900-1901)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame,_une_fin_d%27apr%C3%A8s-midi" title="Notre-Dame, une fin d'après-midi">A Glimpse of Notre-Dame in the Late Afternoon</a></i> (1902)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Luxe,_Calme_et_Volupt%C3%A9" title="Luxe, Calme et Volupté">Luxury, Calm and Pleasure</a></i> (1904)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Green_Stripe" title="The Green Stripe">The Green Stripe</a></i> (1905)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Window_(Matisse)" title="The Open Window (Matisse)">The Open Window</a></i> (1905)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Woman_with_a_Hat" title="Woman with a Hat">Woman with a Hat</a></i> (1905)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/View_of_Collioure" title="View of Collioure">View of Collioure</a></i> (1905)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Landscape_at_Collioure" title="Landscape at Collioure">Landscape at Collioure</a></i> (1905)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Red_Carpets" title="The Red Carpets">The Red Carpets</a></i> (1906)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_bonheur_de_vivre" title="Le bonheur de vivre">Le bonheur de vivre</a></i> (1906)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marguerite_Reading" title="Marguerite Reading">Marguerite Reading</a></i> (1906)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Young_Sailor_II" title="The Young Sailor II">The Young Sailor II</a></i> (1906)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Self-Portrait_in_a_Striped_T-shirt" title="Self-Portrait in a Striped T-shirt">Self-Portrait in a Striped T-shirt</a></i> (1906)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madras_Rouge" title="Madras Rouge">Madras Rouge</a></i> (1907)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Blue_Nude_(Souvenir_de_Biskra)" title="Blue Nude (Souvenir de Biskra)">Blue Nude (Souvenir de Biskra)</a></i> (1907)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dessert:_Harmony_in_Red_(The_Red_Room)" title="The Dessert: Harmony in Red (The Red Room)">The Dessert: Harmony in Red (The Red Room)</a></i> (1908)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Game_of_Bowls" title="Game of Bowls">Game of Bowls</a></i> (1908)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bathers_with_a_Turtle" title="Bathers with a Turtle">Bathers with a Turtle</a></i> (1908)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Greta_Moll" title="Portrait of Greta Moll">Portrait of Greta Moll</a></i> (1908)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seated_Nude_(Matisse)" title="Seated Nude (Matisse)">Seated Nude</a></i> (1909)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1910s–1920s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dance_(Matisse)" title="Dance (Matisse)">Dance</a></i> (1910)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Music_(Matisse)" title="Music (Matisse)">Music</a></i> (1910)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Still_Life_with_Geraniums" title="Still Life with Geraniums">Still Life with Geraniums</a></i> (1910)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Interior_with_Aubergines" title="Interior with Aubergines">Interior with Aubergines</a></i> (1911)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Red_Studio" title="The Red Studio">The Red Studio</a></i> (1911)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Conversation_(Matisse)" title="The Conversation (Matisse)">The Conversation</a></i> (1908–1912)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Goldfish_(Matisse)" title="Goldfish (Matisse)">Goldfish</a></i> (1912)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Little_Mulatta" title="The Little Mulatta">The Little Mulatta</a></i> (1912)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/View_over_the_Bay_of_Tangier" title="View over the Bay of Tangier">View over the Bay of Tangier</a></i> (1912)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zorah_on_the_Terrace" title="Zorah on the Terrace">Zorah on the Terrace</a></i> (1912)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Window_at_Tangier" title="Window at Tangier">Window at Tangier</a></i> (1912)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paysage_marocain_(Acanthes)" title="Paysage marocain (Acanthes)">Paysage marocain (Acanthes)</a></i> (1912)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seated_Riffian" title="Seated Riffian">Seated Riffian</a></i> (1912)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arab_Coffeehouse" title="Arab Coffeehouse">Arab Coffeehouse</a></i> (1912–1913)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/View_of_Notre-Dame" title="View of Notre-Dame">View of Notre-Dame</a></i> (1914)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Woman_on_a_High_Stool" title="Woman on a High Stool">Woman on a High Stool</a></i> (1914)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Yellow_Curtain" title="The Yellow Curtain">The Yellow Curtain</a></i> (1915)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bathers_by_a_River" title="Bathers by a River">Bathers by a River</a></i> (1917)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Painter_and_His_Model" title="The Painter and His Model">The Painter and His Model</a></i> (1917)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Music_Lesson_(Matisse)" title="The Music Lesson (Matisse)">The Music Lesson</a></i> (1917)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Piano_Lesson_(Matisse)" title="The Piano Lesson (Matisse)">The Piano Lesson</a></i> (1918)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Odalisque_with_Raised_Arms" title="Odalisque with Raised Arms">Odalisque with Raised Arms</a></i> (1923)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Odalisque" title="Yellow Odalisque">Yellow Odalisque</a></i> (1926)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1930s–1950s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dance_II" title="The Dance II">The Dance II</a></i> (1932)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Purple_Robe_and_Anemones" title="Purple Robe and Anemones">Purple Robe and Anemones</a></i> (1937)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Woman_in_a_Purple_Coat" title="Woman in a Purple Coat">Woman in a Purple Coat</a></i> (1937)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Blouse_Roumaine" title="La Blouse Roumaine">La Blouse Roumaine</a></i> (1940)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Annelies,_White_Tulips_and_Anemones" title="Annelies, White Tulips and Anemones">Annelies, White Tulips and Anemones</a></i> (1944)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Young_Woman_Lying_on_a_White_Fur" title="Young Woman Lying on a White Fur">Young Woman Lying on a White Fur</a></i> (1944)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Asia_(Matisse)" title="Asia (Matisse)">Asia</a></i> (1946)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Young_Woman_in_White_on_a_Red_Background" title="Young Woman in White on a Red Background">Young Woman in White on a Red Background</a></i> (1946)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Knife_Thrower" title="The Knife Thrower">The Knife Thrower</a></i> (1947)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deux_fillettes,_fond_jaune_et_rouge" class="mw-redirect" title="Deux fillettes, fond jaune et rouge">Deux fillettes, fond jaune et rouge</a></i> (1947)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Plum_Blossoms" title="The Plum Blossoms">The Plum Blossoms</a></i> (1948)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beasts_of_the_Sea" title="Beasts of the Sea">Beasts of the Sea</a></i> (1950)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sorrows_of_the_King" title="The Sorrows of the King">The Sorrows of the King</a></i> (1952)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Black_Leaf_on_Green_Background" title="Black Leaf on Green Background">Black Leaf on Green Background</a></i> (1952)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_N%C3%A9gresse" title="La Négresse">La Négresse</a></i> (1952)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Snail" title="The Snail">The Snail</a></i> (1953)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Boat_(Matisse)" title="The Boat (Matisse)">The Boat</a></i> (1953)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#87CEEB; color:black;;width:1%">Series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Back_Series" title="The Back Series">The Back Series</a></i> (1909–1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Matisse_and_goldfish" title="Henri Matisse and goldfish">Goldfish paintings and etchings</a> (1912–1929)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Blue_Nudes" title="Blue Nudes">Blue Nudes</a></i> (1952)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#87CEEB; color:black;;width:1%">Chapels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chapelle_du_Rosaire_de_Vence" title="Chapelle du Rosaire de Vence">Chapel of the Rosary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#87CEEB; color:black;;width:1%">Art books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jazz_(Henri_Matisse)" title="Jazz (Henri Matisse)">Jazz</a></i> (1947 book)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#87CEEB; color:black;;width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Matisse" title="Pierre Matisse">Pierre Matisse</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Matisse" title="Paul Matisse">Paul Matisse</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophie_Matisse" title="Sophie Matisse">Sophie Matisse</a> (great-granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia_Delectorskaya" title="Lydia Delectorskaya">Lydia Delectorskaya</a> (model)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Moreau" title="Gustave Moreau">Gustave Moreau</a> (teacher)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#87CEEB; color:black;;width:1%">Museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matisse_Museum_(Le_Cateau-Cambr%C3%A9sis)" title="Matisse Museum (Le Cateau-Cambrésis)">Matisse Museum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Le_Cateau-Cambr%C3%A9sis" title="Le Cateau-Cambrésis">Le Cateau-Cambrésis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Matisse_(Nice)" title="Musée Matisse (Nice)">Musée Matisse</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nice" title="Nice">Nice</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#87CEEB; color:black;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fauvism" title="Fauvism">Fauvism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Essay_on_Matisse" title="An Essay on Matisse">An Essay on Matisse</a></i> (1996 documentary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matisse_(crater)" title="Matisse (crater)">Matisse (crater)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Paul_Signac31" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Paul_Signac" title="Template:Paul Signac"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Paul_Signac" title="Template talk:Paul Signac"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Paul_Signac" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Paul Signac"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Paul_Signac31" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Signac" title="Paul Signac">Paul Signac</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Paintings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_paintings_by_Paul_Signac" title="List of paintings by Paul Signac">List of paintings</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cassis,_Cap_Lombard,_Opus_196" title="Cassis, Cap Lombard, Opus 196">Cassis, Cap Lombard, Opus 196</a></i> (1889)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Opus_217._Against_the_Enamel_of_a_Background_Rhythmic_with_Beats_and_Angles,_Tones,_and_Tints,_Portrait_of_M._F%C3%A9lix_F%C3%A9n%C3%A9on_in_1890" title="Opus 217. Against the Enamel of a Background Rhythmic with Beats and Angles, Tones, and Tints, Portrait of M. Félix Fénéon in 1890">Opus 217. Against the Enamel of a Background Rhythmic with Beats and Angles, Tones, and Tints, Portrait of M. Félix Fénéon in 1890</a></i> (1890)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_the_Time_of_Harmony" title="In the Time of Harmony">In the Time of Harmony</a></i> (1895)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Capo_di_Noli" title="Capo di Noli">Capo di Noli</a></i> (1898)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Entrance_to_the_Grand_Canal,_Venice_(Signac)" title="Entrance to the Grand Canal, Venice (Signac)">Entrance to the Grand Canal</a></i> (1905)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lagoon_of_Saint_Mark,_Venice" title="The Lagoon of Saint Mark, Venice">The Lagoon of Saint Mark, Venice</a></i> (1905)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_Sentier_des_Douanes" title="Le Sentier des Douanes">Le Sentier des Douanes</a></i> (1905)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Port_of_Marseille" title="The Port of Marseille">The Port of Marseille</a></i> (1907)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Pine_Tree_at_Saint_Tropez" title="The Pine Tree at Saint Tropez">The Pine Tree at Saint Tropez</a></i> (1909)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pointillism" title="Pointillism">Pointillism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Neo-Impressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_des_Artistes_Ind%C3%A9pendants" title="Société des Artistes Indépendants">Société des Artistes Indépendants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Cachin" title="Françoise Cachin">Françoise Cachin</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_Selmersheim-Desgrange" title="Jeanne Selmersheim-Desgrange">Jeanne Selmersheim-Desgrange</a> (companion)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Premodern,_Modern_and_Contemporary_art_movements454" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#EAE0C8;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Western_art_movements" title="Template:Western art movements"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Western_art_movements" title="Template talk:Western art movements"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Western_art_movements" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Western art movements"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Premodern,_Modern_and_Contemporary_art_movements454" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Europe" title="Art of Europe">Premodern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modern_art" title="Modern art">Modern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_art" title="Contemporary art">Contemporary</a> art movements</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#EAE0C8;"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_movements" title="List of art movements">List of art movements</a>/<a href="/wiki/Periods_in_Western_art_history" title="Periods in Western art history">periods</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EAE0C8;;width:1%">Premodern<br />(Western)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_art" title="Ancient art">Ancient</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_treasure" title="Thracian treasure">Thracian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_art" title="Dacian art">Dacian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization#Culture" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_art" title="Aegean art">Aegean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cycladic_art" title="Cycladic art">Cycladic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_art" title="Minoan art">Minoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minyan_ware" title="Minyan ware">Minyan ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece#Art_and_pottery" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art" title="Ancient Greek art">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sub-Mycenaean_pottery" title="Sub-Mycenaean pottery">Sub-Mycenaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protogeometric_style" title="Protogeometric style">Protogeometric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geometric_art" title="Geometric art">Geometric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orientalizing_period" title="Orientalizing period">Orientalizing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greek_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaic Greek art">Archaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-figure_pottery" title="Black-figure pottery">Black-figure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-figure_pottery" title="Red-figure pottery">Red-figure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severe_style" title="Severe style">Severe style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art#Classical" title="Ancient Greek art">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerch_style" title="Kerch style">Kerch style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_art" title="Hellenistic art">Hellenistic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_art#"Baroque"" title="Hellenistic art">"Baroque"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_art" title="Indo-Greek art">Indo-Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Attic" title="Neo-Attic">Neo-Attic</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_art" title="Etruscan art">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Scythian art">Scythian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_sculpture" title="Iberian sculpture">Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauls#Art" title="Gauls">Gaulish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_art" title="Roman art">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republican_art" title="Roman Republican art">Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallo-Roman art">Gallo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustan_and_Julio-Claudian_art" title="Augustan and Julio-Claudian art">Julio-Claudian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompeian_Styles" title="Pompeian Styles">Pompeian Styles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajanic_art" title="Trajanic art">Trajanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severan_art" title="Severan art">Severan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_art" title="Medieval art">Medieval</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Antique_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Antique art">Late antique</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christian_art_and_architecture" title="Early Christian art and architecture">Early Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_art" title="Coptic art">Coptic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_art" title="Ethiopian art">Ethiopian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period_art" title="Migration Period art">Migration Period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_art" title="Anglo-Saxon art">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunnic_art" title="Hunnic art">Hunnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_art" title="Insular art">Insular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombards#Art" title="Lombards">Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigothic_art_and_architecture" title="Visigothic art and architecture">Visigothic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donor_portrait" title="Donor portrait">Donor portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picts#Art" title="Picts">Pictish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_art_and_architecture" title="Mozarabic art and architecture">Mozarabic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Repoblaci%C3%B3n_art_and_architecture" title="Repoblación art and architecture">Repoblación</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_art" title="Viking art">Viking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_art" title="Byzantine art">Byzantine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_art_(Byzantine)" title="Macedonian art (Byzantine)">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaeologan_Renaissance#Art_and_architecture" title="Palaeologan Renaissance">Palaeologan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Byzantine" title="Italo-Byzantine">Italo-Byzantine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franks#Art_and_architecture" title="Franks">Frankish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Merovingian_art_and_architecture" title="Merovingian art and architecture">Merovingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_art" title="Carolingian art">Carolingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Romanesque_art_and_architecture" title="Pre-Romanesque art and architecture">Pre-Romanesque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottonian_art" title="Ottonian art">Ottonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanesque_art" title="Romanesque art">Romanesque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mosan_art" title="Mosan art">Mosan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Romanesque" title="Spanish Romanesque">Spanish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normans#Visual_arts" title="Normans">Norman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norman%E2%80%93Arab%E2%80%93Byzantine_culture" title="Norman–Arab–Byzantine culture">Norman-Sicilian</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Opus_Anglicanum" title="Opus Anglicanum">Opus Anglicanum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_art" title="Gothic art">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_art_in_Milan" title="Gothic art in Milan">Gothic art in Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Gothic" title="International Gothic">International Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Gothic_art_in_Italy" title="International Gothic art in Italy">International Gothic art in Italy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucchese_school" title="Lucchese school">Lucchese school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Crusades" title="Art of the Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_school" title="Moscow school">Moscow school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novgorod_school" title="Novgorod school">Novgorod school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duecento" title="Duecento">Duecento</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sienese_school" title="Sienese school">Sienese school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mud%C3%A9jar_art" title="Mudéjar art">Mudéjar</a></li> <li>Medieval <a href="/wiki/History_of_cartography#Medieval_Europe" title="History of cartography">cartography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cartography#Italian_cartography_and_the_birth_of_portolan_charts" title="History of cartography">Italian school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majorcan_cartographic_school" title="Majorcan cartographic school">Majorcan school</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mappa_mundi" title="Mappa mundi">Mappa mundi</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_art" title="Renaissance art">Renaissance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance_painting" title="Italian Renaissance painting">Italian Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trecento" title="Trecento">Trecento</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Renaissance">Proto-Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florentine_painting" title="Florentine painting">Florentine school</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pittura_infamante" title="Pittura infamante">Pittura infamante</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quattrocento" title="Quattrocento">Quattrocento</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Ferrara" title="School of Ferrara">Ferrarese school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forlivese_school_of_art" title="Forlivese school of art">Forlivese school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_painting" title="Venetian painting">Venetian school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinquecento" title="Cinquecento">Cinquecento</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Renaissance" title="High Renaissance">High Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolognese_school" title="Bolognese school">Bolognese school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannerism" title="Mannerism">Mannerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Maniera" title="Counter-Maniera">Counter-<i>Maniera</i></a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Renaissance" title="Northern Renaissance">Northern Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Netherlandish_painting" title="Early Netherlandish painting">Early Netherlandish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_landscape" title="World landscape">World landscape</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghent%E2%80%93Bruges_school" title="Ghent–Bruges school">Ghent–Bruges school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mannerism" title="Northern Mannerism">Northern Mannerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Renaissance" title="German Renaissance">German Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cologne_school_of_painting" title="Cologne school of painting">Cologne school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danube_school" title="Danube school">Danube school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_and_Flemish_Renaissance_painting" title="Dutch and Flemish Renaissance painting">Dutch and Flemish Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antwerp_Mannerism" title="Antwerp Mannerism">Antwerp Mannerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanism_(painting)" title="Romanism (painting)">Romanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Still_life" title="Still life">Still life</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Renaissance#Visual_arts" title="English Renaissance">English Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artists_of_the_Tudor_court" title="Artists of the Tudor court">Tudor court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_school" title="Cretan school">Cretan school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turquerie" title="Turquerie">Turquerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Fontainebleau" title="School of Fontainebleau">Fontainebleau school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_late_16th_century_in_Milan" title="Art of the late 16th century in Milan">Art of the late 16th century in Milan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">17th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_in_Milan" class="mw-redirect" title="Baroque in Milan">Baroque in Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Baroque_painting" title="Flemish Baroque painting">Flemish Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caravaggisti" title="Caravaggisti">Caravaggisti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Utrecht_Caravaggism" title="Utrecht Caravaggism">in Utrecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenebrism" title="Tenebrism">Tenebrism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII_style" title="Louis XIII style">Louis XIII style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_baroque" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran baroque">Lutheran Baroque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroganov_school" title="Stroganov school">Stroganov school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_painter" title="Animal painter">Animal painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild_of_Romanists" title="Guild of Romanists">Guild of Romanists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age_painting" title="Dutch Golden Age painting">Dutch Golden Age</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delft_school_(painting)" title="Delft school (painting)">Delft school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capriccio_(art)" title="Capriccio (art)">Capriccio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_school_(painting)" title="Ionian school (painting)">Heptanese school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classicism#In_the_fine_arts" title="Classicism">Classicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_style" title="Louis XIV style">Louis XIV style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poussinists_and_Rubenists" title="Poussinists and Rubenists">Poussinists and Rubenists</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">18th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">Rococo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rocaille" title="Rocaille">Rocaille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XV_style" title="Louis XV style">Louis XV style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederician_Rococo" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederician Rococo">Frederician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinoiserie" title="Chinoiserie">Chinoiserie</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/F%C3%AAte_galante" title="Fête galante">Fête galante</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">Neoclassicism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Go%C3%BBt_grec" title="Goût grec">Goût grec</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI_style" title="Louis XVI style">Louis XVI style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_style" title="Adam style">Adam style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directoire_style" title="Directoire style">Directoire style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture_in_Milan" title="Neoclassical architecture in Milan">Neoclassical architecture in Milan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picturesque" title="Picturesque">Picturesque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">Colonial art</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Art of the <a href="/wiki/African_diaspora" title="African diaspora">African diaspora</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_art" title="African-American art">African-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_art" title="Caribbean art">Caribbean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_art" title="Haitian art">Haitian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Colonial Asian art <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arts_in_the_Philippines" title="Arts in the Philippines">Arts in the Philippines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Letras_y_figuras" title="Letras y figuras">Letras y figuras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipos_del_Pa%C3%ADs" title="Tipos del País">Tipos del País</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque#Baroque_in_the_Spanish_and_Portuguese_Colonial_Asia" title="Baroque">Colonial Asian Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company_style" title="Company style">Company style</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_art" title="Latin American art">Latin American art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casta_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Casta painting">Casta painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indochristian_art" title="Indochristian art">Indochristian art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chilote_school_of_religious_imagery" title="Chilote school of religious imagery">Chilote school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuzco_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuzco school">Cuzco school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quito_school" title="Quito school">Quito school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque#Baroque_in_the_Spanish_and_Portuguese_Colonial_Americas" title="Baroque">Latin American Baroque</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">Art borrowing<br />Western elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus#Art_and_architecture" title="Al-Andalus">Moorish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_art" title="Manichaean art">Manichaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal art">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_art" title="Qajar art">Qajar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_handicrafts" title="Qing handicrafts">Qing handicrafts</a></li> <li>Western influence in <a href="/wiki/Japanese_art" title="Japanese art">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akita_ranga" title="Akita ranga">Akita ranga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uki-e" title="Uki-e">Uki-e</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_art#Western_art_after_1770" title="History of art">Transition<br />to modern</a><br />(c. 1770 – 1862)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism#Visual_arts" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_painting" title="Fairy painting">Fairy painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Golden_Age" title="Danish Golden Age">Danish Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troubadour_style" title="Troubadour style">Troubadour style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazarene_movement" title="Nazarene movement">Nazarene movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purismo" title="Purismo">Purismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancients_(art_group)" title="Ancients (art group)">Shoreham Ancients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf_school_of_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Düsseldorf school of painting">Düsseldorf school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Raphaelite_Brotherhood" title="Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood">Pre-Raphaelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_River_School" title="Hudson River School">Hudson River School</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luminism_(American_art_style)" title="Luminism (American art style)">American luminism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orientalism#Orientalist_art" title="Orientalism">Orientalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwich_school_of_painters" title="Norwich school of painters">Norwich school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_style" title="Empire style">Empire style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism_(art)" title="Historicism (art)">Historicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revivalism_(architecture)" title="Revivalism (architecture)">Revivalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biedermeier" title="Biedermeier">Biedermeier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realism_(art_movement)" title="Realism (art movement)">Realism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbizon_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbizon school">Barbizon school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costumbrismo" title="Costumbrismo">Costumbrismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verismo_(painting)" title="Verismo (painting)">Verismo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macchiaioli" title="Macchiaioli">Macchiaioli</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_art" title="Academic art">Academic art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Munich_school" title="Munich school">Munich school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_academic_art_of_the_19th_century" title="Greek academic art of the 19th century">in Greece</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Grec#Painting" title="Neo-Grec">Neo-Grec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etching_revival" title="Etching revival">Etching revival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EAE0C8;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_art" title="Modern art">Modern</a><br />(1863–1944)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1863–1899</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-romanticism" title="Neo-romanticism">Neo-romanticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism#Arts" title="Romantic nationalism">National romanticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dga" title="Yōga">Yōga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihonga" title="Nihonga">Nihonga</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Japonisme" title="Japonisme">Japonisme</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Japanese_style" title="Anglo-Japanese style">Anglo-Japanese style</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beuron_school" title="Beuron school">Beuron school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Hague school">Hague school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peredvizhniki" title="Peredvizhniki">Peredvizhniki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">Impressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Impressionism" title="American Impressionism">American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hoosier_Group" title="Hoosier Group">Hoosier Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_school_(painting)" title="Boston school (painting)">Boston school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Impressionism" title="Amsterdam Impressionism">Amsterdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Impressionism" title="Canadian Impressionism">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Heidelberg school">Heidelberg school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticism" title="Aestheticism">Aestheticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts_movement" title="Arts and Crafts movement">Arts and Crafts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_pottery" title="Art pottery">Art pottery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonalism" title="Tonalism">Tonalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decadent_movement" title="Decadent movement">Decadent movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(movement)" title="Symbolism (movement)">Symbolism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Symbolist_movement_in_Romania" title="Symbolist movement in Romania">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_symbolism#Visual_arts" title="Russian symbolism">Russian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcano_school" title="Volcano school">Volcano school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incoherents" title="Incoherents">Incoherents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Impressionism" title="Post-Impressionism">Post-Impressionism</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Neo-Impressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luminism_(Impressionism)" title="Luminism (Impressionism)">Luminism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divisionism" title="Divisionism">Divisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pointillism" title="Pointillism">Pointillism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pont-Aven_School" title="Pont-Aven School">Pont-Aven School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloisonnism" title="Cloisonnism">Cloisonnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetism" title="Synthetism">Synthetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Nabis" class="mw-redirect" title="Les Nabis">Les Nabis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Barbizon_school" class="mw-redirect" title="American Barbizon school">American Barbizon school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_tonalism" class="mw-redirect" title="California tonalism">California tonalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costumbrismo#Visual_costumbrismo_in_the_Americas" title="Costumbrismo">Costumbrismo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1900–1914</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau_in_Milan" title="Art Nouveau in Milan">Art Nouveau in Milan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitivism" title="Primitivism">Primitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Impressionism" title="California Impressionism">California Impressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession_(art)" title="Secession (art)">Secessionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Paris" title="School of Paris">School of Paris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Munich_Secession" title="Munich Secession">Munich Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_Secession" title="Vienna Secession">Vienna Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Secession" title="Berlin Secession">Berlin Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonderbund_westdeutscher_Kunstfreunde_und_K%C3%BCnstler" title="Sonderbund westdeutscher Kunstfreunde und Künstler">Sonderbund</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Impressionism" title="Pennsylvania Impressionism">Pennsylvania Impressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_iskusstva" title="Mir iskusstva">Mir iskusstva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_American_Painters" title="Ten American Painters">Ten American Painters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauvism" title="Fauvism">Fauvism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressionism" title="Expressionism">Expressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Die_Br%C3%BCcke" title="Die Brücke">Die Brücke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_Blaue_Reiter" title="Der Blaue Reiter">Der Blaue Reiter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noucentisme" title="Noucentisme">Noucentisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Werkbund" title="Deutscher Werkbund">Deutscher Werkbund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Realism" class="mw-redirect" title="American Realism">American Realism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashcan_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashcan school">Ashcan school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Cubism" title="Proto-Cubism">Proto-Cubism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphism_(art)" title="Orphism (art)">Orphism</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Eight_(painters)" title="The Eight (painters)">A Nyolcak</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_K%C3%BCnstlervereinigung_M%C3%BCnchen" title="Neue Künstlervereinigung München">Neue Künstlervereinigung München</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurism" title="Futurism">Futurism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cubo-Futurism" title="Cubo-Futurism">Cubo-Futurism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_painting" title="Metaphysical painting">Metaphysical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayonism" title="Rayonism">Rayonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Productivism_(art)" title="Productivism (art)">Productivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchromism" title="Synchromism">Synchromism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vorticism" title="Vorticism">Vorticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1915–1944</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sosaku-hanga" class="mw-redirect" title="Sosaku-hanga">Sosaku-hanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suprematism" title="Suprematism">Suprematism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Paris" title="School of Paris">School of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_Cubism" title="Crystal Cubism">Crystal Cubism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructivism_(art)" title="Constructivism (art)">Constructivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_art#Constructivist_movement" title="Latin American art">Latin American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Constructivism" title="Universal Constructivism">Universal Constructivism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dada" title="Dada">Dada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin-hanga" title="Shin-hanga">Shin-hanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplasticism" title="Neoplasticism">Neoplasticism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/De_Stijl" title="De Stijl">De Stijl</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purism" title="Purism">Purism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_to_order" title="Return to order">Return to order</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Novecento_Italiano" title="Novecento Italiano">Novecento Italiano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figurative_Constructivism" title="Figurative Constructivism">Figurative Constructivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stupid_(art_movement)" title="Stupid (art movement)">Stupid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cologne_Progressives" title="Cologne Progressives">Cologne Progressives</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbeitsrat_f%C3%BCr_Kunst" title="Arbeitsrat für Kunst">Arbeitsrat für Kunst</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/November_Group_(German)" title="November Group (German)">November Group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_tonalism" title="Australian tonalism">Australian tonalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dresden_Secession" title="Dresden Secession">Dresden Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_realism" title="Social realism">Social realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(architecture)" title="Functionalism (architecture)">Functionalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinetic_art" title="Kinetic art">Kinetic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_Antrop%C3%B3fago" title="Manifesto Antropófago">Anthropophagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mingei" title="Mingei">Mingei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_Seven_(artists)" title="Group of Seven (artists)">Group of Seven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Objectivity" title="New Objectivity">New Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grosvenor_School_of_Modern_Art" title="Grosvenor School of Modern Art">Grosvenor school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neues_Sehen" title="Neues Sehen">Neues Sehen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">Surrealism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_modern_and_contemporary_art#Surrealism_in_Iran" title="Iranian modern and contemporary art">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_art#Surrealism" title="Latin American art">Latin American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_muralism" title="Mexican muralism">Mexican muralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Fauvism" title="Neo-Fauvism">Neo-Fauvism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precisionism" title="Precisionism">Precisionism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aeropittura" title="Aeropittura">Aeropittura</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Revolutionary_Visual_Artists" title="Association of Revolutionary Visual Artists">Asso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuola_Romana" title="Scuola Romana">Scuola Romana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cercle_et_Carr%C3%A9" title="Cercle et Carré">Cercle et Carré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Group_(New_Zealand_art)" title="The Group (New Zealand art)">The Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance" title="Harlem Renaissance">Harlem Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapists" title="Kapists">Kapists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regionalism_(art)" title="Regionalism (art)">Regionalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_Scene_Painting" title="California Scene Painting">California Scene Painting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_realism" title="Heroic realism">Heroic realism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Art in Nazi Germany">Nazi art</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streamline_Moderne" title="Streamline Moderne">Streamline Moderne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concrete_art" title="Concrete art">Concrete art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstraction-Cr%C3%A9ation" title="Abstraction-Création">Abstraction-Création</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiki_culture" title="Tiki culture">Tiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ten_(Expressionists)" title="The Ten (Expressionists)">The Ten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_dimension_in_art#Dimensionist_manifesto" title="Fourth dimension in art">Dimensionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Expressionism" title="Boston Expressionism">Boston Expressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leningrad_School_of_Painting" title="Leningrad School of Painting">Leningrad school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EAE0C8;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_art" title="Contemporary art">Contemporary</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Postmodern_art" title="Postmodern art">Postmodern</a><br />(1945–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1945–1959</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Typographic_Style" title="International Typographic Style">International Typographic Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_expressionism" title="Abstract expressionism">Abstract expressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Color_School" title="Washington Color School">Washington Color School</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visionary_art" title="Visionary art">Visionary art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_School_of_Fantastic_Realism" title="Vienna School of Fantastic Realism">Vienna School of Fantastic Realism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spatialism" title="Spatialism">Spatialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_field" title="Color field">Color field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyrical_abstraction" title="Lyrical abstraction">Lyrical abstraction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tachisme" title="Tachisme">Tachisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arte_Informale" title="Arte Informale">Arte Informale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COBRA_(art_movement)" title="COBRA (art movement)">COBRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuagisme" title="Nuagisme">Nuagisme</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generaci%C3%B3n_de_la_Ruptura" title="Generación de la Ruptura">Generación de la Ruptura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jikken_K%C5%8Db%C5%8D" title="Jikken Kōbō">Jikken Kōbō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metcalf_Chateau" title="Metcalf Chateau">Metcalf Chateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mono-ha" title="Mono-ha">Mono-ha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanyang_Style" title="Nanyang Style">Nanyang Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_painting" title="Action painting">Action painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Figurative_Expressionism" title="American Figurative Expressionism">American Figurative Expressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Figurative_Expressionism" title="New York Figurative Expressionism">in New York</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_media_art" title="New media art">New media art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_School_(art)#Visual_arts" title="New York School (art)">New York school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard-edge_painting" title="Hard-edge painting">Hard-edge painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Area_Figurative_Movement" title="Bay Area Figurative Movement">Bay Area Figurative Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Plasticiens" title="Les Plasticiens">Les Plasticiens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutai_Art_Association" title="Gutai Art Association">Gutai Art Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendai_Bijutsu_Kondankai" title="Gendai Bijutsu Kondankai">Gendai Bijutsu Kondankai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_art" title="Pop art">Pop art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situationist_International" title="Situationist International">Situationist International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Nonconformist_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Nonconformist Art">Soviet Nonconformist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_underground" title="Ukrainian underground">Ukrainian underground</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lettrism" title="Lettrism">Lettrism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Letterist_International" title="Letterist International">Letterist International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-Lettrist" title="Ultra-Lettrist">Ultra-Lettrist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Highwaymen" class="mw-redirect" title="Florida Highwaymen">Florida Highwaymen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybernetic_art" title="Cybernetic art">Cybernetic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipodeans" title="Antipodeans">Antipodeans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1960–1969</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otra_Figuraci%C3%B3n" title="Otra Figuración">Otra Figuración</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrofuturism" title="Afrofuturism">Afrofuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nueva_Presencia" title="Nueva Presencia">Nueva Presencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_(art)" title="Zero (art)">ZERO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happening" title="Happening">Happening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Dada" title="Neo-Dada">Neo-Dada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Dada_Organizers" title="Neo-Dada Organizers">Neo-Dada Organizers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Op_art" title="Op art">Op art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouveau_r%C3%A9alisme" title="Nouveau réalisme">Nouveau réalisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_tendance" title="Nouvelle tendance">Nouvelle tendance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_realism" title="Capitalist realism">Capitalist realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_%26_Language" title="Art & Language">Art & Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arte_Povera" title="Arte Povera">Arte Povera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Arts_Movement" title="Black Arts Movement">Black Arts Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Caribbean_Artists_Movement" title="The Caribbean Artists Movement">The Caribbean Artists Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_art_movement" title="Chicano art movement">Chicano art movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_art" title="Conceptual art">Conceptual art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_art" title="Land art">Land art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_art" title="Systems art">Systems art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_art" title="Video art">Video art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimalism_(visual_arts)" title="Minimalism (visual arts)">Minimalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluxus" title="Fluxus">Fluxus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_art" title="Generative art">Generative art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-painterly_abstraction" title="Post-painterly abstraction">Post-painterly abstraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermedia" title="Intermedia">Intermedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_art" title="Psychedelic art">Psychedelic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nut_Art" title="Nut Art">Nut Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photorealism" title="Photorealism">Photorealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_art" title="Environmental art">Environmental art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_art" title="Performance art">Performance art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_art" title="Process art">Process art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_critique" title="Institutional critique">Institutional critique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_and_Space" title="Light and Space">Light and Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_art" title="Street art">Street art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_movement" title="Feminist art movement">Feminist art movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Feminist art movement in the United States">in the US</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_modern_and_contemporary_art#Saqqakhaneh_movement" title="Iranian modern and contemporary art">Saqqakhaneh movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Stars_Art_Group" title="The Stars Art Group">The Stars Art Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropic%C3%A1lia" title="Tropicália">Tropicália</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoru_no_Kai" title="Yoru no Kai">Yoru no Kai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_art" title="Artificial intelligence art">Artificial intelligence art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1970–1999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-conceptual_art" title="Post-conceptual art">Post-conceptual art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Installation_art" title="Installation art">Installation art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artscene" class="mw-redirect" title="Artscene">Artscene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postminimalism" title="Postminimalism">Postminimalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endurance_art" title="Endurance art">Endurance art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sots_Art" title="Sots Art">Sots Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Conceptualists" title="Moscow Conceptualists">Moscow Conceptualists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattern_and_Decoration" title="Pattern and Decoration">Pattern and Decoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliontanism" title="Pliontanism">Pliontanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_visual_art" title="Punk visual art">Punk art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-expressionism" title="Neo-expressionism">Neo-expressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transavantgarde" title="Transavantgarde">Transavantgarde</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_art#Saint_Soleil_School" title="Haitian art">Saint Soleil school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_art" title="Guerrilla art">Guerrilla art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowbrow_(art_movement)" title="Lowbrow (art movement)">Lowbrow art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telematic_art" title="Telematic art">Telematic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appropriation_(art)" title="Appropriation (art)">Appropriation art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-conceptual_art" title="Neo-conceptual art">Neo-conceptual art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_European_Painting" title="New European Painting">New European Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_collaborative_painting" title="Tunisian collaborative painting">Tunisian collaborative painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_Group" title="Memphis Group">Memphis Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberdelic" title="Cyberdelic">Cyberdelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_Slowenische_Kunst" title="Neue Slowenische Kunst">Neue Slowenische Kunst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scratch_video" title="Scratch video">Scratch video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgressive_art" title="Transgressive art">Transgressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrofuturism" title="Retrofuturism">Retrofuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_British_Artists" title="Young British Artists">Young British Artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superfiction" title="Superfiction">Superfiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taring_Padi" title="Taring Padi">Taring Padi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superflat" title="Superflat">Superflat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Leipzig_School" title="New Leipzig School">New Leipzig school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artist-run_initiative" class="mw-redirect" title="Artist-run initiative">Artist-run initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artivism" title="Artivism">Artivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Designers_Republic" title="The Designers Republic">The Designers Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grunge#Graphic_design" title="Grunge">Grunge design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verdadism" title="Verdadism">Verdadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Apartment_Art" title="Chinese Apartment Art">Chinese Apartment Art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">2000–<br />present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazonian_pop_art" title="Amazonian pop art">Amazonian pop art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altermodern" title="Altermodern">Altermodern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_for_art" title="Art for art">Art for art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_game" title="Art game">Art game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_intervention" title="Art intervention">Art intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandalism" title="Brandalism">Brandalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Realism" title="Classical Realism">Classical Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_African_art" title="Contemporary African art">Contemporary African art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africanfuturism" title="Africanfuturism">Africanfuturism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Indigenous_Australian_art" title="Contemporary Indigenous Australian art">Contemporary Indigenous Australian art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-fungible_token#Digital_art" title="Non-fungible token">Crypto art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyborg_art" title="Cyborg art">Cyborg art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excessivism" title="Excessivism">Excessivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictive_art" title="Fictive art">Fictive art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_design" title="Flat design">Flat design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_Memphis" title="Corporate Memphis">Corporate Memphis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypermodernism_(art)" title="Hypermodernism (art)">Hypermodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperrealism_(visual_arts)" title="Hyperrealism (visual arts)">Hyperrealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idea_art" title="Idea art">Idea art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_art" title="Internet art">Internet art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-Internet" title="Post-Internet">Post-Internet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPhone_art" title="IPhone art">iPhone art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitsch_movement" title="Kitsch movement">Kitsch movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightpainting" title="Lightpainting">Lightpainting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massurrealism" title="Massurrealism">Massurrealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_European_ink_painting" title="Modern European ink painting">Modern European ink painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-futurism" title="Neo-futurism">Neo-futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neomodern#Artist_group" title="Neomodern">Neomodern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neosymbolism" title="Neosymbolism">Neosymbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passionism" title="Passionism">Passionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-YBAs" title="Post-YBAs">Post-YBAs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_art" title="Relational art">Relational art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeuomorph#In_design" title="Skeuomorph">Skeuomorphism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_art" title="Software art">Software art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_art" title="Sound art">Sound art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuckism" title="Stuckism">Stuckism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superflat" title="Superflat">Superflat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SoFlo_Superflat" title="SoFlo Superflat">SoFlo Superflat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstroke" title="Superstroke">Superstroke</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyism" title="Toyism">Toyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unilalianism" title="Unilalianism">Unilalianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaporwave" title="Vaporwave">Vaporwave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking_Artists_Network" title="Walking Artists Network">Walking Artists Network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EAE0C8;;width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_art" title="History of art">History of art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_art" title="Abstract art">Abstract art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asemic_writing" title="Asemic writing">Asemic writing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-art" title="Anti-art">Anti-art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">Avant-garde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballets_Russes" title="Ballets Russes">Ballets Russes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Christian art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_the_Protestant_Reformation_and_Counter-Reformation" title="Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation">Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_art" title="Catholic art">Catholic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">Icon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_art" title="Lutheran art">Lutheran art</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_art" title="Digital art">Digital art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_art" title="Fantastic art">Fantastic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_art" title="Folk art">Folk art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_genres" title="Hierarchy of genres">Hierarchy of genres</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genre_painting" title="Genre painting">Genre painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_painting" title="History painting">History painting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">Illuminated manuscript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illustration" title="Illustration">Illustration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactive_art" title="Interactive art">Interactive art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_art" title="Jewish art">Jewish art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitsch" title="Kitsch">Kitsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_painting" title="Landscape painting">Landscape painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_sculpture" title="Modern sculpture">Modern sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_modernism" title="Late modernism">Late modernism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na%C3%AFve_art" title="Naïve art">Naïve art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outsider_art" title="Outsider art">Outsider art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrait" title="Portrait">Portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_art#Europe" title="Prehistoric art">Prehistoric European art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_art" title="Queer art">Queer art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realism_(arts)" title="Realism (arts)">Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_art" title="Shock art">Shock art</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trompe-l%27%C5%93il" title="Trompe-l'œil">Trompe-l'œil</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_painting" title="Western painting">Western painting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#EAE0C8;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Art_movements" title="Category:Art movements">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Post-Impressionism172" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:brown; color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Post-Impressionism" title="Template:Post-Impressionism"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Post-Impressionism" title="Template talk:Post-Impressionism"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Post-Impressionism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Post-Impressionism"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Post-Impressionism172" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Post-Impressionism" title="Post-Impressionism"><span style="color:white;">Post-Impressionism</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:brown; color:white;;width:1%">19th-century <br /> movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Neo-Impressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divisionism" title="Divisionism">Divisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pointillism" title="Pointillism">Pointillism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloisonnism" title="Cloisonnism">Cloisonnism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Les_Nabis" class="mw-redirect" title="Les Nabis">Les Nabis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetism" title="Synthetism">Synthetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:brown; color:white;;width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuno_Amiet" title="Cuno Amiet">Cuno Amiet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Angrand" title="Charles Angrand">Charles Angrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Bernard" title="Émile Bernard">Émile Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edvard_Munch" title="Edvard Munch">Edvard Munch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bonnard" title="Pierre Bonnard">Pierre Bonnard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marius_Borgeaud" title="Marius Borgeaud">Marius Borgeaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_C%C3%A9zanne" title="Paul Cézanne">Paul Cézanne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri-Edmond_Cross" title="Henri-Edmond Cross">Henri-Edmond Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Denis" title="Maurice Denis">Maurice Denis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Dufr%C3%A9noy" title="Georges Dufrénoy">Georges Dufrénoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin">Paul Gauguin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Petitjean" title="Hippolyte Petitjean">Hippolyte Petitjean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ranson" title="Paul Ranson">Paul Ranson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odilon_Redon" title="Odilon Redon">Odilon Redon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Rousseau" title="Henri Rousseau">Henri Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Sch%C3%BCtzenberger" title="René Schützenberger">René Schützenberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_S%C3%A9rusier" title="Paul Sérusier">Paul Sérusier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Seurat" title="Georges Seurat">Georges Seurat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Signac" title="Paul Signac">Paul Signac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Toulouse-Lautrec" title="Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec">Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Laval" title="Charles Laval">Charles Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Lemmen" title="Georges Lemmen">Georges Lemmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilien_Luce" title="Maximilien Luce">Maximilien Luce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Vincent van Gogh">Vincent van Gogh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9o_van_Rysselberghe" title="Théo van Rysselberghe">Théo van Rysselberghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Vallotton" title="Félix Vallotton">Félix Vallotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Vuillard" title="Édouard Vuillard">Édouard Vuillard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:brown; color:white;;width:1%">20th-century <br /> movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fauvism" title="Fauvism">Fauvism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die_Br%C3%BCcke" title="Die Brücke">Die Brücke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_Blaue_Reiter" title="Der Blaue Reiter">Der Blaue Reiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressionism" title="Expressionism">Expressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:brown; color:white;;width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Braque" title="Georges Braque">Georges Braque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Camoin" title="Charles Camoin">Charles Camoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Derain" title="André Derain">André Derain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raoul_Dufy" title="Raoul Dufy">Raoul Dufy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Matisse" title="Henri Matisse">Henri Matisse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Gleizes" title="Albert Gleizes">Albert Gleizes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ludwig_Kirchner" title="Ernst Ludwig Kirchner">Ernst Ludwig Kirchner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Schmidt-Rottluff" title="Karl Schmidt-Rottluff">Karl Schmidt-Rottluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassily_Kandinsky" title="Wassily Kandinsky">Wassily Kandinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Lewitska" title="Sonia Lewitska">Sonia Lewitska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Marc" title="Franz Marc">Franz Marc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Metzinger" title="Jean Metzinger">Jean Metzinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Ottmann" title="Henri Ottmann">Henry Ottmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Picabia" title="Francis Picabia">Francis Picabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Pablo Picasso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Antoine_Pinchon" title="Robert Antoine Pinchon">Robert Antoine Pinchon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henriette_Tirman" title="Henriette Tirman">Henriette Tirman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Marchand_(painter)" title="Jean Marchand (painter)">Jean Marchand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othon_Friesz" title="Othon Friesz">Othon Friesz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:brown; color:white;;width:1%">Exhibitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_des_Artistes_Ind%C3%A9pendants" title="Société des Artistes Indépendants">Artistes Indépendants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_XX" title="Les XX">Les XX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Volpini_Exhibition,_1889" title="The Volpini Exhibition, 1889">Volpini Exhibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Barc_de_Boutteville" title="Le Barc de Boutteville">Le Barc de Boutteville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Libre_Esth%C3%A9tique" title="La Libre Esthétique">La Libre Esthétique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambroise_Vollard" title="Ambroise Vollard">Ambroise Vollard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salon_d%27Automne" title="Salon d'Automne">Salon d'Automne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salon_des_Ind%C3%A9pendants" class="mw-redirect" title="Salon des Indépendants">Salon des Indépendants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salon_des_Cent" title="Salon des Cent">Salon des Cent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salon_des_Tuileries" title="Salon des Tuileries">Salon des Tuileries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:brown; color:white;;width:1%">Critics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_F%C3%A9n%C3%A9on" title="Félix Fénéon">Félix Fénéon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Aurier" title="Albert Aurier">Albert Aurier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:brown; color:white;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">Impressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_art" title="Modern art">Modern art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession_(art)" title="Secession (art)">Secessionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Impressionism388" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:purple; color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Impressionism" title="Template:Impressionism"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Impressionism" title="Template talk:Impressionism"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Impressionism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Impressionism"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Impressionism388" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism"><span style="color:white;">Impressionism</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:purple; color:white;;width:1%">Originators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bazille" title="Frédéric Bazille">Frédéric Bazille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Boudin" title="Eugène Boudin">Eugène Boudin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Caillebotte" title="Gustave Caillebotte">Gustave Caillebotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Cassatt" title="Mary Cassatt">Mary Cassatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_C%C3%A9zanne" title="Paul Cézanne">Paul Cézanne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Degas" title="Edgar Degas">Edgar Degas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armand_Guillaumin" title="Armand Guillaumin">Armand Guillaumin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Jongkind" title="Johan Jongkind">Johan Jongkind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Manet" title="Édouard Manet">Édouard Manet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Monet" title="Claude Monet">Claude Monet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berthe_Morisot" title="Berthe Morisot">Berthe Morisot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Pissarro" title="Camille Pissarro">Camille Pissarro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Auguste_Renoir" title="Pierre-Auguste Renoir">Pierre-Auguste Renoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Sisley" title="Alfred Sisley">Alfred Sisley</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="11" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Impression,_Sunrise" title="Impression, Sunrise (Impression, soleil levant) (1872/1873)"><img alt="Impression, Sunrise (Impression, soleil levant) (1872/1873)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Monet_-_Impression%2C_Sunrise.jpg/100px-Monet_-_Impression%2C_Sunrise.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Monet_-_Impression%2C_Sunrise.jpg/150px-Monet_-_Impression%2C_Sunrise.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Monet_-_Impression%2C_Sunrise.jpg/200px-Monet_-_Impression%2C_Sunrise.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5773" data-file-height="4478" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:purple; color:white;;width:1%">Patrons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Caillebotte" title="Gustave Caillebotte">Gustave Caillebotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Chocquet" title="Victor Chocquet">Victor Chocquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Osborne_Havemeyer" title="Henry Osborne Havemeyer">Henry O. Havemeyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hosched%C3%A9" title="Ernest Hoschedé">Ernest Hoschedé</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:purple; color:white;;width:1%">Dealers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Durand-Ruel" title="Paul Durand-Ruel">Paul Durand-Ruel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Petit" title="Georges Petit">Georges Petit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambroise_Vollard" title="Ambroise Vollard">Ambroise Vollard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:purple; color:white;;width:1%">Exhibitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Impressionist_Exhibition" title="First Impressionist Exhibition">First Impressionist Exhibition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:purple; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/American_Impressionism" title="American Impressionism"><span style="color:white">American<br />artists</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Merritt_Chase" title="William Merritt Chase">William Merritt Chase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Carl_Frieseke" title="Frederick Carl Frieseke">Frederick Carl Frieseke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childe_Hassam" title="Childe Hassam">Childe Hassam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_Maureau" title="Alphonse Maureau">Alphonse Maureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Metcalf" title="Willard Metcalf">Willard Metcalf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilla_Cabot_Perry" title="Lilla Cabot Perry">Lilla Cabot Perry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Robinson" title="Theodore Robinson">Theodore Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Elmer_Schofield" title="Walter Elmer Schofield">Walter Elmer Schofield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Twachtman" title="John Henry Twachtman">John Henry Twachtman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Vonnoh" title="Robert Vonnoh">Robert Vonnoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Alden_Weir" title="J. Alden Weir">J. Alden Weir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:purple; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Impressionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Impressionism"><span style="color:white">Australian<br />artists</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Conder" title="Charles Conder">Charles Conder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Phillips_Fox" title="E. Phillips Fox">E. Phillips Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elioth_Gruner" title="Elioth Gruner">Elioth Gruner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_McCubbin" title="Frederick McCubbin">Frederick McCubbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Roberts" title="Tom Roberts">Tom Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell_(Australian_painter)" title="John Russell (Australian painter)">John Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Streeton" title="Arthur Streeton">Arthur Streeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Withers" title="Walter Withers">Walter Withers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:purple; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Impressionism" title="Canadian Impressionism"><span style="color:white">Canadian<br />artists</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Beau" title="Henri Beau">Henri Beau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Blair_Bruce" title="William Blair Bruce">William Blair Bruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Brymner" title="William Brymner">William Brymner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc-Aur%C3%A8le_de_Foy_Suzor-Cot%C3%A9" title="Marc-Aurèle de Foy Suzor-Coté">Marc-Aurèle de Foy Suzor-Coté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Cullen_(artist)" title="Maurice Cullen (artist)">Maurice Cullen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_McNicoll" title="Helen McNicoll">Helen Galloway McNicoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Wilson_Morrice" title="James Wilson Morrice">James Wilson Morrice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Muntz_Lyall" title="Laura Muntz Lyall">Laura Muntz Lyall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Pilot" title="Robert Pilot">Robert Wakeham Pilot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:purple; color:white;;width:1%">Other<br />artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Baudouin" title="Eugène Baudouin">Eugène Baudouin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olga_Bozna%C5%84ska" title="Olga Boznańska">Olga Boznańska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Bracquemond" title="Marie Bracquemond">Marie Bracquemond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Ciolina" title="Giovanni Battista Ciolina">Giovanni Battista Ciolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovis_Corinth" title="Lovis Corinth">Lovis Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eva_Gonzal%C3%A8s" title="Eva Gonzalès">Eva Gonzalès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Guillemet" title="Antoine Guillemet">Antoine Guillemet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazmi_Ziya_G%C3%BCran" title="Nazmi Ziya Güran">Nazmi Ziya Güran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominique_Lang" title="Dominique Lang">Dominique Lang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Liebermann" title="Max Liebermann">Max Liebermann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Korovin" title="Konstantin Korovin">Konstantin Korovin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Malharro" title="Martín Malharro">Martín Malharro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Moret" title="Henry Moret">Henry Moret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Oller" title="Francisco Oller">Francisco Oller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nade%C5%BEda_Petrovi%C4%87" title="Nadežda Petrović">Nadežda Petrović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Podkowi%C5%84ski" title="Władysław Podkowiński">Władysław Podkowiński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentin_Serov" title="Valentin Serov">Valentin Serov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Slevogt" title="Max Slevogt">Max Slevogt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Sorolla" title="Joaquín Sorolla">Joaquín Sorolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Wilson_Steer" title="Philip Wilson Steer">Philip Wilson Steer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliseu_Visconti" title="Eliseu Visconti">Eliseu Visconti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:purple; color:white;;width:1%">Other media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impressionism_in_music" title="Impressionism in music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impressionism_(literature)" title="Impressionism (literature)">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_impressionist_cinema" title="French impressionist cinema">French impressionist cinema</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:purple; color:white;;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Impressionism" title="Amsterdam Impressionism">Amsterdam Impressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_School_(painting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston School (painting)">Boston School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Impressionism" title="California Impressionism">California Impressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decorative_Impressionism" title="Decorative Impressionism">Decorative Impressionism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Neo-Impressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Impressionism" title="Pennsylvania Impressionism">Pennsylvania Impressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Impressionism" title="Post-Impressionism">Post-Impressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_impressionism" title="Synthetic impressionism">Synthetic impressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_American_Painters" title="Ten American Painters">The Ten</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:purple; color:white;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_de_Glehn" title="Wilfrid de Glehn">Wilfrid de Glehn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Impressionists_(TV_series)" title="The Impressionists (TV series)"><i>The Impressionists</i> (2006 TV series)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Leroy" title="Louis Leroy">Louis Leroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadar" title="Nadar">Nadar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pays_des_Impressionnistes" title="Pays des Impressionnistes">Pays des Impressionnistes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Avant-garde_movements116" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Avant-garde" title="Template:Avant-garde"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Avant-garde" title="Template talk:Avant-garde"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Avant-garde" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Avant-garde"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Avant-garde_movements116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">Avant-garde</a> movements</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Visual art</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_expressionism" title="Abstract expressionism">Abstract expressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_%26_Language" title="Art & Language">Art & Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_art" title="Conceptual art">Conceptual art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructivism_(art)" title="Constructivism (art)">Constructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Cubism" title="Proto-Cubism">Proto-Cubism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(architecture)" title="Functionalism (architecture)">Functionalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grosvenor_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Grosvenor School">Grosvenor School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dev%C4%9Btsil" title="Devětsil">Devětsil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divisionism" title="Divisionism">Divisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauvism" title="Fauvism">Fauvism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">Impressionism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Neo-Impressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Impressionism" title="Post-Impressionism">Post-Impressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_Field" class="mw-redirect" title="Color Field">Color Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incoherents" title="Incoherents">Incoherents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyrical_abstraction" title="Lyrical abstraction">Lyrical Abstraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mail_art" title="Mail art">Mail art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimalism_(visual_arts)" title="Minimalism (visual arts)">Minimalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_iskusstva" title="Mir iskusstva">Mir iskusstva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multidimensional_art" title="Multidimensional art">Multidimensional art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplasticism" title="Neoplasticism">Neoplasticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/De_Stijl" title="De Stijl">De Stijl</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_Slowenische_Kunst" title="Neue Slowenische Kunst">Neue Slowenische Kunst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Nonconformist_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Nonconformist Art">Nonconformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouveau_r%C3%A9alisme" title="Nouveau réalisme">Nouveau réalisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphism_(art)" title="Orphism (art)">Orphism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_art" title="Performance art">Performance art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_art" title="Pop art">Pop art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_art" title="Process art">Process art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purism" title="Purism">Purism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayonism" title="Rayonism">Rayonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suprematism" title="Suprematism">Suprematism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Temporary art">Temporary art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vorticism" title="Vorticism">Vorticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature<br />and poetry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acmeist_poetry" title="Acmeist poetry">Acmeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angry_Penguins" title="Angry Penguins">Angry Penguins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asemic_writing" title="Asemic writing">Asemic writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_writing" title="Conceptual writing">Conceptual poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk">Cyberpunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ego-Futurism" title="Ego-Futurism">Ego-Futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_literature" title="Experimental literature">Experimental literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flarf_poetry" title="Flarf poetry">Flarf poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungry_generation" title="Hungry generation">Hungry generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imaginism" title="Imaginism">Imaginism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagism" title="Imagism">Imagism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_poets" title="Language poets">Language poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoavanguardia" title="Neoavanguardia">Neoavanguardia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoteric" title="Neoteric">Neoteric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouveau_roman" title="Nouveau roman">Nouveau roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberiu" title="Oberiu">Oberiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oulipo" title="Oulipo">Oulipo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slam_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Slam poetry">Slam poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraist_movement" title="Ultraist movement">Ultraísmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_poetry" title="Visual poetry">Visual poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaum" title="Zaum">Zaum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde_music" title="Avant-garde music">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By style</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avant-funk" title="Avant-funk">Funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde_jazz" title="Avant-garde jazz">Jazz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_funk" title="Free funk">Free funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yass_(music)" title="Yass (music)">Yass</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-pop" title="Avant-pop">Pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_rock" title="Experimental rock">Rock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avant-prog" title="Avant-prog">Prog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-punk" title="Avant-punk">Punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde_metal" title="Avant-garde metal">Metal</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleatoric_music" title="Aleatoric music">Aleatoric music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ars_nova" title="Ars nova">Ars nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ars_subtilior" title="Ars subtilior">Ars subtilior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atonality" title="Atonality">Atonal music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroacoustic_music" title="Electroacoustic music">Electroacoustic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">Electronic music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_music" title="Industrial music">Industrial music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_pop" title="Experimental pop">Experimental pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_jazz" title="Free jazz">Free jazz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_improvisation" title="Free improvisation">Free improvisation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurism_(music)" title="Futurism (music)">Futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microtonal_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Microtonal music">Microtonal music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimal_music" title="Minimal music">Minimal music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drone_music" title="Drone music">Drone music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_theatre" title="Music theatre">Music theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musique_concr%C3%A8te" title="Musique concrète">Musique concrète</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Complexity" title="New Complexity">New Complexity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_wave" title="No wave">No wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_music" title="Noise music">Noise music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-rock" title="Post-rock">Post-rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_in_Opposition" title="Rock in Opposition">Rock in Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Viennese_School" title="Second Viennese School">Second Viennese School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serialism" title="Serialism">Serialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectral_music" title="Spectral music">Spectral music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stochastic#Music" title="Stochastic">Stochastic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_mass" title="Sound mass">Textural music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalism" title="Totalism">Totalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve-tone_technique" title="Twelve-tone technique">Twelve-tone technique</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cinema<br />and theatre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_pur" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinéma pur">Cinéma pur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogme_95" title="Dogme 95">Dogme 95</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drop_Art" title="Drop Art">Drop Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_theatre" title="Epic theatre">Epic theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_film" title="Experimental film">Experimental film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_theatre" title="Experimental theatre">Experimental theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernist_film" title="Modernist film">Modernist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetic_realism" title="Poetic realism">Poetic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postdramatic_theatre" title="Postdramatic theatre">Postdramatic theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remodernist_film" title="Remodernist film">Remodernist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_film" title="Structural film">Structural film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_the_Absurd" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatre of the Absurd">Theatre of the Absurd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Cruelty" title="Theatre of Cruelty">Theatre of Cruelty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constructivism_(art)" title="Constructivism (art)">Constructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dada" title="Dada">Dada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressionism" title="Expressionism">Expressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluxus" title="Fluxus">Fluxus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurism" title="Futurism">Futurism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Futurism" title="Russian Futurism">Russian Futurism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cubo-Futurism" title="Cubo-Futurism">Cubo-Futurism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lettrism" title="Lettrism">Lettrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimalism" title="Minimalism">Minimalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postminimalism" title="Postminimalism">Postminimalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-minimalism" title="Neo-minimalism">Neo-minimalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Dada" title="Neo-Dada">Neo-Dada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoism" title="Neoism">Neoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">Postmodernism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernist_film" title="Postmodernist film">Postmodernist film</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_modernism" title="Late modernism">Late modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitivism" title="Primitivism">Primitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situationist_International" title="Situationist International">Situationist International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_realism" title="Social realism">Social realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">Surrealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_symbolism" title="Russian symbolism">Russian symbolism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jean_Metzinger45" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#87CEEB; color:black;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jean_Metzinger" title="Template:Jean Metzinger"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:black">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jean_Metzinger" title="Template talk:Jean Metzinger"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:black">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jean_Metzinger" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jean Metzinger"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:black">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jean_Metzinger45" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Metzinger" title="Jean Metzinger">Jean Metzinger</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#87CEEB; color:black;;width:1%">Paintings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_works_by_Jean_Metzinger" title="List of works by Jean Metzinger">List of works</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Two_Nudes_in_an_Exotic_Landscape" title="Two Nudes in an Exotic Landscape">Two Nudes in an Exotic Landscape</a></i> (1905–06)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coucher_de_soleil_no._1" title="Coucher de soleil no. 1">Coucher de soleil no. 1</a></i> (c. 1906)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Woman_with_a_Hat_(Metzinger)" title="Woman with a Hat (Metzinger)">Woman with a Hat</a></i> (c. 1906)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_danse,_Bacchante" title="La danse, Bacchante">La danse, Bacchante</a></i> (c. 1906)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Colored_Landscape_with_Aquatic_Birds" title="Colored Landscape with Aquatic Birds">Colored Landscape with Aquatic Birds</a></i> (c. 1907)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bathers_(Metzinger)" title="Bathers (Metzinger)">Bathers</a></i> (c. 1908)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nu_%C3%A0_la_chemin%C3%A9e" title="Nu à la cheminée">Nu à la cheminée</a></i> (1910)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Two_Nudes" title="Two Nudes">Two Nudes</a></i> (1910–11)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tea_Time_(Metzinger)" title="Tea Time (Metzinger)">Tea Time</a></i> (1911)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Woman_with_a_Horse" title="Woman with a Horse">Woman with a Horse</a></i> (1911–12)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Man_with_a_Pipe" title="Man with a Pipe">Man with a Pipe (Portrait of an American Smoker)</a></i> (1911–12)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Harbor" title="The Harbor">The Harbor</a></i> (1911–12)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nature_morte_(Metzinger)" title="Nature morte (Metzinger)">Nature morte (Compotier et cruche décorée de cerfs)</a></i> (1911–12)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dancer_in_a_Caf%C3%A9" title="Dancer in a Café">Dancer in a Café</a></i> (1912)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Woman_with_a_Fan_(Metzinger,_1912)" title="Woman with a Fan (Metzinger, 1912)">Woman with a Fan</a></i> (1912)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Au_V%C3%A9lodrome" title="Au Vélodrome">Au Vélodrome</a></i> (1912)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Blue_Bird_(Metzinger)" title="The Blue Bird (Metzinger)">The Blue Bird</a></i> (1912–13)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Woman_with_a_Fan_(Metzinger,_1913)" title="Woman with a Fan (Metzinger, 1913)">Woman with a Fan</a></i> (c. 1913)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/En_Canot" title="En Canot">En Canot</a></i> (1913)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Man_with_Pipe" title="Man with Pipe">Man with Pipe</a></i> (1913)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Soldier_at_a_Game_of_Chess" title="Soldier at a Game of Chess">Soldier at a Game of Chess</a></i> (1914–15)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lady_at_her_Dressing_Table" title="Lady at her Dressing Table">Lady at her Dressing Table</a></i> (1916)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fruit_and_a_Jug_on_a_Table_(Metzinger)" title="Fruit and a Jug on a Table (Metzinger)">Fruit and a Jug on a Table</a></i> (1916)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean_Metzinger,_photo_published_in_1913.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Jean_Metzinger%2C_photo_published_in_1913.jpg/100px-Jean_Metzinger%2C_photo_published_in_1913.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Jean_Metzinger%2C_photo_published_in_1913.jpg/150px-Jean_Metzinger%2C_photo_published_in_1913.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Jean_Metzinger%2C_photo_published_in_1913.jpg/200px-Jean_Metzinger%2C_photo_published_in_1913.jpg 2x" data-file-width="595" data-file-height="802" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#87CEEB; color:black;;width:1%">Writings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Du_%22Cubisme%22" title="Du "Cubisme"">Du "Cubisme"</a></i> (1912)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#87CEEB; color:black;;width:1%">Portrayals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Man_in_a_Hammock" title="Man in a Hammock">Man in a Hammock</a></i> (1913 painting)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox864" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150091#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td 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