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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Precursors and origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Precursors_and_origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Movement</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Movement-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Movement subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Symbolist_Manifesto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Symbolist_Manifesto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>The Symbolist Manifesto</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Symbolist_Manifesto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Techniques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Techniques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Techniques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paul_Verlaine_and_the_poètes_maudits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paul_Verlaine_and_the_poètes_maudits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Paul Verlaine and the <i>poètes maudits</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paul_Verlaine_and_the_poètes_maudits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Philosophy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symbolists_and_decadents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbolists_and_decadents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Symbolists and decadents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbolists_and_decadents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Periodical_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Periodical_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Periodical literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Periodical_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_other_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_other_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>In other media</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_other_media-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In other media subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_other_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Visual_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visual_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Visual arts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visual_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prose_fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prose_fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Prose fiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prose_fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theatre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theatre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Theatre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theatre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Effect</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symbolists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbolists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Symbolists</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Symbolists-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Symbolists subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Symbolists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Precursors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Precursors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Precursors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Precursors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Authors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Authors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Authors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Authors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_in_English_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_in_English_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Influence in English literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_in_English_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symbolist_visual_artists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbolist_visual_artists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Symbolist visual artists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbolist_visual_artists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symbolist_playwrights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbolist_playwrights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Symbolist playwrights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbolist_playwrights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Composers_affected_by_symbolist_ideas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Composers_affected_by_symbolist_ideas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Composers affected by symbolist ideas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Composers_affected_by_symbolist_ideas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Symbolism (movement)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 79 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-79" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">79 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simbolisme" title="Simbolisme – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Simbolisme" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolismus_(Bildende_Kunst)" title="Symbolismus (Bildende Kunst) – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Symbolismus (Bildende Kunst)" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="رمزية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رمزية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BD%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B0%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Խորհրդապաշտութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Խորհրդապաշտութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simbolismu" title="Simbolismu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Simbolismu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simvolizm" title="Simvolizm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Simvolizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Сімвалізм – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сімвалізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC_(%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0)" title="Сымбалізм (мастацтва) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сымбалізм (мастацтва)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Символизъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Символизъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simbolizam" title="Simbolizam – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Simbolizam" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simbolisme" title="Simbolisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Simbolisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Символизм – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Символизм" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolismus" title="Symbolismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Symbolismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolaeth_(celf)" title="Symbolaeth (celf) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Symbolaeth (celf)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolismen" title="Symbolismen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Symbolismen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolismus_(Bildende_Kunst)" title="Symbolismus (Bildende Kunst) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Symbolismus (Bildende Kunst)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCmbolism" title="Sümbolism – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sümbolism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%B2%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Συμβολισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Συμβολισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simbolismo" title="Simbolismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Simbolismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simbolismo_(arto)" title="Simbolismo (arto) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Simbolismo (arto)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinbolismo" title="Sinbolismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sinbolismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="نمادگرایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نمادگرایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolisme_(art)" title="Symbolisme (art) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Symbolisme (art)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolisme" title="Symbolisme – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Symbolisme" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simbolismo" title="Simbolismo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Simbolismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%81%EC%A7%95%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="상징주의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="상징주의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%BE%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Սիմվոլիզմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սիմվոլիզմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simbolizam" title="Simbolizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Simbolizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simbolisme" title="Simbolisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Simbolisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simbolismo" title="Simbolismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Simbolismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="סימבוליזם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סימבוליזם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="სიმბოლიზმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სიმბოლიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_(%D3%A9%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80)" title="Символизм (өнер) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Символизм (өнер)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senbolis_(atizay)" title="Senbolis (atizay) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Senbolis (atizay)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sembol%C3%AEzm" title="Sembolîzm – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Sembolîzm" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Символизм – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Символизм" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolismus_(artes)" title="Symbolismus (artes) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Symbolismus (artes)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simbolisms" title="Simbolisms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Simbolisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolismus" title="Symbolismus – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Symbolismus" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simbolizmas" title="Simbolizmas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Simbolizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szimbolizmus" title="Szimbolizmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szimbolizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Симболизам – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Симболизам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="प्रतीकवाद – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="प्रतीकवाद" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%87" title="الرمزيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الرمزيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Симболизм – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Симболизм" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolisme" title="Symbolisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Symbolisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B1%A1%E5%BE%B4%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="象徴主義 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="象徴主義" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolisme" title="Symbolisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Symbolisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolisme" title="Symbolisme – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Symbolisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6_(%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE)" title="ਪ੍ਰਤੀਕਵਾਦ (ਕਲਾ) – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪ੍ਰਤੀਕਵਾਦ (ਕਲਾ)" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%85" title="سمبولزم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سمبولزم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simbolismo" title="Simbolismo – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Simbolismo" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%85" title="سمبوليزم – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سمبوليزم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolizm" title="Symbolizm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Symbolizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simbolismo" title="Simbolismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Simbolismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simbolism" title="Simbolism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Simbolism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Символизм – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Символизм" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Символизм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Символизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolismus" title="Symbolismus – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Symbolismus" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simmulismu" title="Simmulismu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Simmulismu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolism_(art)" title="Symbolism (art) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Symbolism (art)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA_%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="علامت نگاري – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="علامت نگاري" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolizmus" title="Symbolizmus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Symbolizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simbolizem_(umetnost)" title="Simbolizem (umetnost) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Simbolizem (umetnost)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Симболизам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Симболизам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simbolizam" title="Simbolizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Simbolizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simbolik" title="Simbolik – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Simbolik" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolismi" title="Symbolismi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Symbolismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolism" title="Symbolism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Symbolism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simbolismo_(sining)" title="Simbolismo (sining) – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Simbolismo (sining)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88)" title="குறியீட்டியம் (கலை) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="குறியீட்டியம் (கலை)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%93%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1" title="ลัทธิสัญลักษณ์นิยม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ลัทธิสัญลักษณ์นิยม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sembolizm" title="Sembolizm – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sembolizm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Символізм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Символізм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%AA_(%D9%81%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86)" title="علامتیت (فنون) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="علامتیت (فنون)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C6%A1_t%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng_tr%C6%B0ng" title="Thơ tượng trưng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thơ tượng trưng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B1%A1%E5%BE%81%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="象征主义 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="象征主义" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B1%A1%E5%BE%B5%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="象徵主義 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="象徵主義" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B1%A1%E5%BE%81%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="象征主义 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="象征主义" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q164800#sitelinks-wikipedia" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Late 19th-century art movement in Europe</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Symbolism</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Death_of_the_Grave_Digger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/The_Death_of_the_Grave_Digger.jpg/220px-The_Death_of_the_Grave_Digger.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/The_Death_of_the_Grave_Digger.jpg/330px-The_Death_of_the_Grave_Digger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/The_Death_of_the_Grave_Digger.jpg/440px-The_Death_of_the_Grave_Digger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="764" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><i>Death and the Grave Digger</i> (<i>La Mort et le Fossoyeur</i>) (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1895</span>) by <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Schwabe" title="Carlos Schwabe">Carlos Schwabe</a> is a visual compendium of symbolist motifs. The <a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">angel</a> of <a href="/wiki/Personifications_of_death" title="Personifications of death">Death</a>, pristine snow, and the dramatic poses of the characters all express symbolist longings for <a href="/wiki/Transfiguration_(religion)" title="Transfiguration (religion)">transfiguration</a> "anywhere, out of the world".</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years active</th><td class="infobox-data">from the 1860s</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data">France, Belgium, Russia, others</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Major figures</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire" title="Charles Baudelaire">Charles Baudelaire</a>; <a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Mallarm%C3%A9" title="Stéphane Mallarmé">Stéphane Mallarmé</a>; <a href="/wiki/Paul_Verlaine" title="Paul Verlaine">Paul Verlaine</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Influences</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parnassianism" title="Parnassianism">Parnassianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Decadent_movement" title="Decadent movement">Decadent movement</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Symbolism</b> was a late 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Art_movement" title="Art movement">art movement</a> of <a href="/wiki/French_art" title="French art">French</a> and <a href="/wiki/Art_of_Belgium" title="Art of Belgium">Belgian</a> origin in poetry and other arts seeking to represent absolute truths symbolically through language and metaphorical images, mainly as a reaction against <a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(literature)" title="Naturalism (literature)">naturalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Realism_(arts)" title="Realism (arts)">realism</a>. </p><p>In literature, the style originates with the 1857 publication of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire" title="Charles Baudelaire">Charles Baudelaire</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Les_Fleurs_du_mal" title="Les Fleurs du mal">Les Fleurs du mal</a></i>. The works of <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Edgar Allan Poe</a>, which Baudelaire admired greatly and translated into French, were a significant influence and the source of many stock <a href="/wiki/Trope_(literature)" title="Trope (literature)">tropes</a> and images. The aesthetic was developed by <a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Mallarm%C3%A9" title="Stéphane Mallarmé">Stéphane Mallarmé</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Verlaine" title="Paul Verlaine">Paul Verlaine</a> during the 1860s and 1870s. In the 1880s, the aesthetic was articulated by a series of manifestos and attracted a generation of writers. The term "symbolist" was first applied by the critic <a href="/wiki/Jean_Mor%C3%A9as" title="Jean Moréas">Jean Moréas</a>, who invented the term to distinguish the Symbolists from the related <a href="/wiki/Decadent_movement" title="Decadent movement">Decadents</a> of literature and art. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbolism_(movement)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>symbolism</i> is derived from the word "symbol" which derives from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i>symbolum</i>, a symbol of faith, and <i>symbolus</i>, a sign of recognition, in turn from classical Greek σύμβολον <i>symbolon</i>, an object cut in half constituting a sign of recognition when the carriers were able to reassemble the two halves. In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a>, the <i>symbolon</i> was a shard of pottery which was inscribed and then broken into two pieces which were given to the ambassadors from two allied city states as a record of the alliance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Precursors_and_origins">Precursors and origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbolism_(movement)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Precursors and origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Symbolism was largely a reaction against naturalism and realism, anti-idealistic styles which were attempts to represent reality in its gritty particularity, and to elevate the humble and the ordinary over the ideal. Symbolism was a reaction in favour of <a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">spirituality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imagination" title="Imagination">imagination</a>, and dreams.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some writers, such as <a href="/wiki/Joris-Karl_Huysmans" title="Joris-Karl Huysmans">Joris-Karl Huysmans</a>, began as naturalists before becoming symbolists; for Huysmans, this change represented his increasing interest in religion and spirituality. Certain of the characteristic subjects of the <a href="/wiki/Decadent_movement" title="Decadent movement">Decadents</a> represent naturalist interest in sexuality and taboo topics, but in their case this was mixed with <a href="/wiki/Byron" class="mw-redirect" title="Byron">Byronic</a> <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">romanticism</a> and the world-weariness characteristic of the <i><a href="/wiki/Fin_de_si%C3%A8cle" title="Fin de siècle">fin de siècle</a></i> period. </p><p>The Symbolist poets have a more complex relationship with <a href="/wiki/Parnassianism" title="Parnassianism">Parnassianism</a>, a French literary style that immediately preceded it. While being influenced by <a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">hermeticism</a>, allowing <a href="/wiki/Free_verse" title="Free verse">freer versification</a>, and rejecting Parnassian clarity and objectivity, it retained Parnassianism's love of <a href="/wiki/Word_play" title="Word play">word play</a> and concern for the musical qualities of verse. The Symbolists continued to admire <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophile_Gautier" title="Théophile Gautier">Théophile Gautier</a>'s motto of "<a href="/wiki/Art_for_art%27s_sake" title="Art for art's sake">art for art's sake</a>", and retained – and modified – Parnassianism's mood of ironic detachment.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Symbolist poets, including <a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Mallarm%C3%A9" title="Stéphane Mallarmé">Stéphane Mallarmé</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Verlaine" title="Paul Verlaine">Paul Verlaine</a>, published early works in <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Parnasse_contemporain" title="Le Parnasse contemporain">Le Parnasse contemporain</a></i>, the poetry anthologies that gave Parnassianism its name. But <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rimbaud" title="Arthur Rimbaud">Arthur Rimbaud</a> publicly mocked prominent Parnassians and published scatological parodies of some of their main authors, including <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Copp%C3%A9e" title="François Coppée">François Coppée</a> – misattributed to Coppée himself – in <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%27Album_zutique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L'Album zutique (page does not exist)">L'Album zutique</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of Symbolism's most colourful promoters in Paris was art and literary critic (and <a href="/wiki/Occult" title="Occult">occultist</a>) <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9phin_P%C3%A9ladan" title="Joséphin Péladan">Joséphin Péladan</a>, who established the <a href="/wiki/Salon_de_la_Rose_%2B_Croix" title="Salon de la Rose + Croix">Salon de la Rose + Croix</a>. The Salon hosted a series of six presentations of avant-garde art, writing and music during the 1890s, to give a presentation space for artists embracing spiritualism, mysticism, and idealism in their work. A number of Symbolists were associated with the Salon. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Movement">Movement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbolism_(movement)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Symbolist_Manifesto">The Symbolist Manifesto</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbolism_(movement)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The Symbolist Manifesto"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henri_Fantin-Latour_-_By_the_Table_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Henri_Fantin-Latour_-_By_the_Table_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Henri_Fantin-Latour_-_By_the_Table_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Henri_Fantin-Latour_-_By_the_Table_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Henri_Fantin-Latour_-_By_the_Table_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Henri_Fantin-Latour_-_By_the_Table_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Henri_Fantin-Latour_-_By_the_Table_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5587" data-file-height="3990" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Henri_Fantin-Latour" title="Henri Fantin-Latour">Henri Fantin-Latour</a>, <i>By the Table</i>, 1872, depicting: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Verlaine" title="Paul Verlaine">Paul Verlaine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rimbaud" title="Arthur Rimbaud">Arthur Rimbaud</a>, Léon Valade, Ernest d'Hervilly and <a href="/wiki/Camille_Pelletan" title="Camille Pelletan">Camille Pelletan</a> (seated); Pierre Elzéar, Emile Blémont, and <a href="/wiki/Jean_Aicard" title="Jean Aicard">Jean Aicard</a> (standing)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Jean_Mor%C3%A9as" title="Jean Moréas">Jean Moréas</a> published the <a href="/wiki/Symbolist_Manifesto" title="Symbolist Manifesto">Symbolist Manifesto</a> ("Le Symbolisme") in <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Figaro" title="Le Figaro">Le Figaro</a></i> on 18 September 1886 (see <a href="/wiki/1886_in_poetry" title="1886 in poetry">1886 in poetry</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Figaro_1886_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Figaro_1886-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <b>Symbolist Manifesto</b> names <a href="/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire" title="Charles Baudelaire">Charles Baudelaire</a>, <a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Mallarm%C3%A9" title="Stéphane Mallarmé">Stéphane Mallarmé</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Verlaine" title="Paul Verlaine">Paul Verlaine</a> as the three leading poets of the movement. Moréas announced that symbolism was hostile to "plain meanings, declamations, false sentimentality and matter-of-fact description", and that its goal instead was to "clothe the Ideal in a perceptible form" whose "goal was not in itself, but whose sole purpose was to express the Ideal." </p> <dl><dd><i>Ainsi, dans cet art, les tableaux de la nature, les actions des humains, tous les phénomènes concrets ne sauraient se manifester eux-mêmes; ce sont là des apparences sensibles destinées à représenter leurs affinités ésotériques avec des Idées primordiales.</i></dd></dl> <dl><dd>(Thus, in this art movement, representations of nature, human activities and all real life events don't stand on their own; they are rather veiled reflections of the senses pointing to archetypal meanings through their esoteric connections.)<sup id="cite_ref-Figaro_1886_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Figaro_1886-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>In a nutshell, as Mallarmé writes in a letter to his friend <a href="/wiki/Henri_Cazalis" title="Henri Cazalis">Henri Cazalis</a>, 'to depict not the thing but the effect it produces'.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1891, Mallarmé defined Symbolism as follows, "To name an object is to suppress three-quarters of the delight of the poem, which consists in the pleasure of guessing little by little; to <i>suggest</i> is, that is the dream. It is the perfect use of this mystery that constitutes the symbol: to evoke an object, gradually in order to reveal a state of the soul or, inversely, to choose an object and from it identify a state of the soul, by a series of deciphering operations... There must always be enigma in poetry."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While describing the pre-<a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> friendship, which defied the pervasive <a href="/wiki/Anti-German_sentiment" title="Anti-German sentiment">anti-German sentiment</a> and <a href="/wiki/Revanchism" title="Revanchism">revanchism</a> of the <i><a href="/wiki/Belle_%C3%89poque" title="Belle Époque">Belle Époque</a></i>, between French symbolists <a href="/wiki/Paul_Verlaine" title="Paul Verlaine">Paul Verlaine</a> and <a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Mallarm%C3%A9" title="Stéphane Mallarmé">Stéphane Mallarmé</a> and young and aspiring German symbolist poet <a href="/wiki/Stefan_George" title="Stefan George">Stefan George</a>, Michael and Erika Metzger have written, "For the Symbolists, the pursuit of '<a href="/wiki/Art_for_art%27s_sake" title="Art for art's sake">art for art's sake</a>', was a highly serious – nearly a sacred – function, since beauty, in and of itself, stood for a higher meaning beyond itself. In their ultimate higher striving, the French Symbolists are not far from the <a href="/wiki/Platonism" title="Platonism">Platonic</a> ideals of <a href="/wiki/Transcendentals" title="Transcendentals">the Good, the True, and the Beautiful</a>, and this idealistic aspect was undoubtedly what appealed to George far more than the <a href="/wiki/Aestheticism" title="Aestheticism">Estheticism</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bohemianism" title="Bohemianism">Bohemianism</a>, and the apparent <a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">Nihilism</a> so often superficially associated with this group."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Techniques">Techniques</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbolism_(movement)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Techniques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%89tienne_Carjat,_Portrait_of_Charles_Baudelaire,_circa_1862.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/%C3%89tienne_Carjat%2C_Portrait_of_Charles_Baudelaire%2C_circa_1862.jpg/220px-%C3%89tienne_Carjat%2C_Portrait_of_Charles_Baudelaire%2C_circa_1862.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/%C3%89tienne_Carjat%2C_Portrait_of_Charles_Baudelaire%2C_circa_1862.jpg/330px-%C3%89tienne_Carjat%2C_Portrait_of_Charles_Baudelaire%2C_circa_1862.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/%C3%89tienne_Carjat%2C_Portrait_of_Charles_Baudelaire%2C_circa_1862.jpg/440px-%C3%89tienne_Carjat%2C_Portrait_of_Charles_Baudelaire%2C_circa_1862.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2851" data-file-height="3600" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire" title="Charles Baudelaire">Charles Baudelaire</a> (c. 1862), whose writing was a precursor of the symbolist style</figcaption></figure> <p>The symbolist poets wished to liberate techniques of versification in order to allow greater room for "fluidity", and as such were sympathetic with the trend toward <a href="/wiki/Free_verse" title="Free verse">free verse</a>, as evident in the poems of <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Kahn" title="Gustave Kahn">Gustave Kahn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound" title="Ezra Pound">Ezra Pound</a>. Symbolist poems were attempts to evoke, rather than primarily to describe; symbolic imagery was used to signify the state of the poet's <a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">soul</a>. <a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a> was influenced by the poets <a href="/wiki/Jules_Laforgue" title="Jules Laforgue">Jules Laforgue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Val%C3%A9ry" title="Paul Valéry">Paul Valéry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rimbaud" title="Arthur Rimbaud">Arthur Rimbaud</a> who used the techniques of the Symbolist school,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though it has also been said<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (February 2013)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> that '<a href="/wiki/Imagism" title="Imagism">Imagism</a>' was the style to which both Pound and Eliot subscribed (see Pound's <i>Des Imagistes</i>). <a href="/wiki/Synesthesia" title="Synesthesia">Synesthesia</a> was a prized experience; poets sought to identify and confound the separate senses of scent, sound, and colour. In <a href="/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire" title="Charles Baudelaire">Baudelaire</a>'s poem <i>Correspondences</i> (which mentions <i>forêts de symboles</i> ("forests of symbols") and is considered the touchstone of French Symbolism):<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><i>Il est des parfums frais comme des chairs d'enfants,<br />Doux comme les hautbois, verts comme les prairies,<br />– Et d'autres, corrompus, riches et triomphants,<br /><br />Ayant l'expansion des choses infinies,<br />Comme l'ambre, le musc, le benjoin et l'encens,<br />Qui chantent les transports de l'esprit et des sens.</i></dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dd>(There are fragrances that are fresh like children's skin,<br /> calm like oboes, green like meadows<br />– And others, rotten, heady, and triumphant,<br /><br />having the expansiveness of infinite things,<br /> like amber, musk, benzoin, and incense,<br />which sing of the raptures of the soul and senses.)</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rimbaud" title="Arthur Rimbaud">Rimbaud</a>'s poem <i><a href="/wiki/Voyelles" title="Voyelles">Voyelles</a></i>: </p> <dl><dd><i>A noir, E blanc, I rouge, U vert, O bleu : voyelles…</i> <dl><dd>(A black, E white, I red, U green, O blue: vowels…)</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>– both poets seek to identify one sense experience with another. The earlier <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a> of poetry used <a href="/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol">symbols</a>, but these symbols were unique and privileged objects. The symbolists were more extreme, investing all things, even vowels and perfumes, with potential symbolic value. "The physical universe, then, is a kind of language that invites a privileged spectator to decipher it, although this does not yield a single message so much as a superior network of associations."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Symbolist symbols are not <a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">allegories</a>, intended to represent; they are instead intended to <a href="/wiki/Evocation" title="Evocation">evoke</a> particular states of mind. The nominal subject of Mallarmé's "Le cygne" ("The <a href="/wiki/Swan" title="Swan">Swan</a>") is of a swan trapped in a frozen lake. Significantly, in French, <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cygne" class="extiw" title="wikt:cygne">cygne</a></i> is a homophone of <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/signe" class="extiw" title="wikt:signe">signe</a></i>, a sign. The overall effect is of overwhelming whiteness; and the presentation of the narrative elements of the description is quite indirect: </p> <dl><dd><i>Le vierge, le vivace, et le bel aujourd'hui<br />Va-t-il nous déchirer avec un coup d’aile ivre<br />Ce lac dur oublié que hante sous le givre<br />Le transparent glacier des vols qui n’ont pas fui!<br />Un cygne d’autrefois se souvient que c’est lui<br />Magnifique mais qui sans espoir se délivre…</i> <dl><dd>(The virgin, lively, and beautiful today – <br />Will it tear us up with a drunken wingbeat<br />This hard forgotten lake that lurks beneath the frost,<br />The transparent glacier of flights not taken with a blow from a drunken wing?<br />A swan of long ago remembers that it is he<br />Magnificent but without hope, who breaks free…)</dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paul_Verlaine_and_the_poètes_maudits"><span id="Paul_Verlaine_and_the_po.C3.A8tes_maudits"></span>Paul Verlaine and the <i>poètes maudits</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbolism_(movement)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Paul Verlaine and the poètes maudits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Of the several attempts at defining the essence of symbolism, perhaps none was more influential than <a href="/wiki/Paul_Verlaine" title="Paul Verlaine">Paul Verlaine</a>'s 1884 publication of a series of essays on <a href="/wiki/Tristan_Corbi%C3%A8re" title="Tristan Corbière">Tristan Corbière</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rimbaud" title="Arthur Rimbaud">Arthur Rimbaud</a>, <a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Mallarm%C3%A9" title="Stéphane Mallarmé">Stéphane Mallarmé</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marceline_Desbordes-Valmore" title="Marceline Desbordes-Valmore">Marceline Desbordes-Valmore</a>, <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_de_Nerval" title="Gérard de Nerval">Gérard de Nerval</a>, and "Pauvre Lelian" ("Poor Lelian", an anagram of Paul Verlaine's own name), each of whom Verlaine numbered among the <i><a href="/wiki/Po%C3%A8te_maudit" title="Poète maudit">poètes maudits</a></i>, "accursed poets." </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eugen_Bracht_-_Das_Gestade_der_Vergessenheit_(1889).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Eugen_Bracht_-_Das_Gestade_der_Vergessenheit_%281889%29.jpg/260px-Eugen_Bracht_-_Das_Gestade_der_Vergessenheit_%281889%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Eugen_Bracht_-_Das_Gestade_der_Vergessenheit_%281889%29.jpg/390px-Eugen_Bracht_-_Das_Gestade_der_Vergessenheit_%281889%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Eugen_Bracht_-_Das_Gestade_der_Vergessenheit_%281889%29.jpg/520px-Eugen_Bracht_-_Das_Gestade_der_Vergessenheit_%281889%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1604" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eugen_Bracht" title="Eugen Bracht">Eugen Bracht</a>, <i>The Shore of Oblivion</i>, 1889</figcaption></figure> <p>Verlaine argued that in their individual and very different ways, each of these hitherto neglected poets found <a href="/wiki/Genius" title="Genius">genius</a> a curse; it isolated them from their contemporaries, and as a result these poets were not at all concerned to avoid <a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">hermeticism</a> and idiosyncratic writing styles.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were also portrayed as at odds with society, having tragic lives, and often given to self-destructive tendencies. These traits were not hindrances but consequences of their literary gifts. Verlaine's concept of the <i>poète maudit</i> in turn borrows from Baudelaire, who opened his collection <i><a href="/wiki/Les_fleurs_du_mal" class="mw-redirect" title="Les fleurs du mal">Les fleurs du mal</a></i> with the poem <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=B%C3%A9n%C3%A9diction&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bénédiction (page does not exist)">Bénédiction</a></i>, which describes a poet whose internal serenity remains undisturbed by the contempt of the people surrounding him.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In this conception of genius and the role of the poet, Verlaine referred indirectly to the <a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">aesthetics</a> of <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Arthur Schopenhauer</a>, the philosopher of <a href="/wiki/Pessimism" title="Pessimism">pessimism</a>, who maintained that the purpose of art was to provide a temporary refuge from the world of strife of the <a href="/wiki/Will_(philosophy)" title="Will (philosophy)">will</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philosophy">Philosophy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbolism_(movement)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Schopenhauer%27s_aesthetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Schopenhauer's aesthetics">Schopenhauer's aesthetics</a> represented shared concerns with the symbolist programme; they both tended to consider Art as a contemplative refuge from the world of strife and <a href="/wiki/Will_(philosophy)" title="Will (philosophy)">will</a>. As a result of this desire for an artistic refuge, the symbolists used characteristic themes of <a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mysticism</a> and otherworldliness, a keen sense of <a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">mortality</a>, and a sense of the malign power of <a href="/wiki/Human_sexuality" title="Human sexuality">sexuality</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Albert_Samain" title="Albert Samain">Albert Samain</a> termed a "fruit of death upon the tree of life."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mallarmé's poem <i>Les fenêtres</i><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> expresses all of these themes clearly. A dying man in a hospital bed, seeking escape from the pain and dreariness of his physical surroundings, turns toward his window but then turns away in disgust from </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:F%C3%A9licien_Rops_-_Pornokrat%C3%A8s_-_1878_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/F%C3%A9licien_Rops_-_Pornokrat%C3%A8s_-_1878_%282%29.jpg/220px-F%C3%A9licien_Rops_-_Pornokrat%C3%A8s_-_1878_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="352" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/F%C3%A9licien_Rops_-_Pornokrat%C3%A8s_-_1878_%282%29.jpg/330px-F%C3%A9licien_Rops_-_Pornokrat%C3%A8s_-_1878_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/F%C3%A9licien_Rops_-_Pornokrat%C3%A8s_-_1878_%282%29.jpg/440px-F%C3%A9licien_Rops_-_Pornokrat%C3%A8s_-_1878_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1256" data-file-height="2010" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Pornocrates" title="Pornocrates">Pornocrates</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licien_Rops" title="Félicien Rops">Félicien Rops</a>, etching and <a href="/wiki/Aquatint" title="Aquatint">aquatint</a>, 1878</figcaption></figure> <dl><dd><i>… l'homme à l'âme dure<br />Vautré dans le bonheur, où ses seuls appétits<br />Mangent, et qui s'entête à chercher cette ordure<br />Pour l'offrir à la femme allaitant ses petits, …</i></dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dd>(… the hard-souled man,<br />Wallowing in happiness, where only his appetites<br />Feed, and who insists on seeking out this filth<br />To offer to the wife suckling his children, …)</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>and in contrast, he "turns his back on life" (<i>tourne l’épaule à la vie</i>) and he exclaims: </p> <dl><dd><i>Je me mire et me vois ange! Et je meurs, et j'aime<br />– Que la vitre soit l'art, soit la mysticité –<br />A renaître, portant mon rêve en diadème,<br />Au ciel antérieur où fleurit la Beauté!</i></dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dd>(I look at myself and I seem like an angel! and I die, and I love<br />– Whether the mirror might be art, or mysticism –<br />To be reborn, bearing my dream as a crown,<br />Under that former sky where Beauty flourishes!)</dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Symbolists_and_decadents">Symbolists and decadents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbolism_(movement)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Symbolists and decadents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The symbolist style has frequently been confused with the <a href="/wiki/Decadent_movement" title="Decadent movement">Decadent movement</a>, the name derived from French literary critics in the 1880s, suggesting the writers were self indulgent and obsessed with taboo subjects.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While a few writers embraced the term, most avoided it. Jean Moréas' <a href="/wiki/Symbolist_Manifesto" title="Symbolist Manifesto">manifesto</a> was largely a response to this polemic. By the late 1880s, the terms "symbolism" and "decadence" were understood to be almost synonymous.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though the aesthetics of the styles can be considered similar in some ways, the two remain distinct. The symbolists were those artists who emphasized dreams and ideals; the Decadents cultivated <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pr%C3%A9cieux" class="extiw" title="wikt:précieux">précieux</a></i>, ornamented, or <a href="/wiki/Hermeticism_(poetry)" title="Hermeticism (poetry)">hermetic</a> styles, and <a href="/wiki/Morbid" class="mw-redirect" title="Morbid">morbid</a> subject matters.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The subject of <a href="/wiki/Decline_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Decline of the Roman Empire">the decadence of the Roman Empire</a> was a frequent source of literary images and appears in the works of many poets of the period, regardless of which name they chose for their style, as in Verlaine's "<i>Langueur</i>":<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><i>Je suis l'Empire à la fin de la Décadence,<br />Qui regarde passer les grands Barbares blancs<br />En composant des acrostiches indolents<br />D'un style d'or où la langueur du soleil danse.</i> <dl><dd>(I am the Empire at the endgame of decadence, watching the great pale barbarians passing by, all the while composing lazy acrostic poems in a gilded style where the languishing sun dances.)</dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Periodical_literature">Periodical literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbolism_(movement)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Periodical literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TheKnightAtTheCrossroads.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/TheKnightAtTheCrossroads.jpg/260px-TheKnightAtTheCrossroads.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/TheKnightAtTheCrossroads.jpg/390px-TheKnightAtTheCrossroads.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/TheKnightAtTheCrossroads.jpg/520px-TheKnightAtTheCrossroads.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4417" data-file-height="2445" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Victor_Vasnetsov" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Vasnetsov">Victor Vasnetsov</a>, <i>The Knight at the Crossroads</i>, 1878</figcaption></figure> <p>A number of important literary publications were founded by symbolists or became associated with the style. The first was <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Vogue&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Vogue (page does not exist)">La Vogue</a></i> initiated in April 1886. In October of that same year, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Mor%C3%A9as" title="Jean Moréas">Jean Moréas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Kahn" title="Gustave Kahn">Gustave Kahn</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Adam_(French_novelist)" title="Paul Adam (French novelist)">Paul Adam</a> began the periodical <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Symboliste" title="Le Symboliste">Le Symboliste</a></i>. One of the most important symbolist journals was <i><a href="/wiki/Mercure_de_France" title="Mercure de France">Mercure de France</a></i>, edited by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Vallette" title="Alfred Vallette">Alfred Vallette</a>, which succeeded <i>La Pléiade</i>; founded in 1890, this periodical endured until 1965. <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Lou%C3%BFs" title="Pierre Louÿs">Pierre Louÿs</a> initiated <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_conque&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La conque (page does not exist)">La conque</a></i>, a periodical whose symbolist influences were alluded to by <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Luis_Borges" title="Jorge Luis Borges">Jorge Luis Borges</a> in his story <i><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Menard,_Author_of_the_Quixote" title="Pierre Menard, Author of the Quixote">Pierre Menard, Author of the Quixote</a></i>. Other symbolist literary magazines included <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Revue_blanche&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Revue blanche (page does not exist)">La Revue blanche</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/La_Revue_wagn%C3%A9rienne" title="La Revue wagnérienne">La Revue wagnérienne</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/La_Plume" title="La Plume">La Plume</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/La_Wallonie" title="La Wallonie">La Wallonie</a></i>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9my_de_Gourmont" class="mw-redirect" title="Rémy de Gourmont">Rémy de Gourmont</a> and <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_F%C3%A9n%C3%A9on" title="Félix Fénéon">Félix Fénéon</a> were <a href="/wiki/Literary_criticism" title="Literary criticism">literary critics</a> associated with symbolism. The symbolist and decadent literary styles were <a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">satirized</a> by a book of poetry, <i>Les Déliquescences d'<a href="/wiki/Ador%C3%A9_Floupette" title="Adoré Floupette">Adoré Floupette</a></i>, published in 1885 by <a href="/wiki/Henri_Beauclair" title="Henri Beauclair">Henri Beauclair</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Vicaire" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabriel Vicaire">Gabriel Vicaire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_other_media">In other media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbolism_(movement)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: In other media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visual_arts">Visual arts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbolism_(movement)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Visual arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Symbolist_painting" title="Symbolist painting">Symbolist painting</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:On_the_Edge_of_the_Sea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/On_the_Edge_of_the_Sea.jpg/220px-On_the_Edge_of_the_Sea.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/On_the_Edge_of_the_Sea.jpg/330px-On_the_Edge_of_the_Sea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/On_the_Edge_of_the_Sea.jpg/440px-On_the_Edge_of_the_Sea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1055" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Puvis_de_Chavannes" title="Pierre Puvis de Chavannes">Pierre Puvis de Chavannes</a>, <i>Jeunes Filles au Bord de la Mer</i> ("Young Girls on the Edge of the Sea"), 1879, <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay" title="Musée d'Orsay">Musée d'Orsay</a>, Paris</figcaption></figure> <p>Symbolism in literature is distinct from symbolism in art although the two were similar in many aspects. In painting, symbolism can be seen as a revival of some mystical tendencies in the <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romantic tradition</a>, and was close to the self-consciously morbid and private <a href="/wiki/Decadent_movement" title="Decadent movement">decadent movement</a>. </p><p>There were several rather dissimilar groups of Symbolist painters and visual artists, which included <a href="/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin">Paul Gauguin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Moreau" title="Gustave Moreau">Gustave Moreau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Klimt" title="Gustav Klimt">Gustav Klimt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mikalojus_Konstantinas_%C4%8Ciurlionis" title="Mikalojus Konstantinas Čiurlionis">Mikalojus Konstantinas Čiurlionis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacek_Malczewski" title="Jacek Malczewski">Jacek Malczewski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odilon_Redon" title="Odilon Redon">Odilon Redon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Puvis_de_Chavannes" title="Pierre Puvis de Chavannes">Pierre Puvis de Chavannes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henri_Fantin-Latour" title="Henri Fantin-Latour">Henri Fantin-Latour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaston_Bussi%C3%A8re" title="Gaston Bussière">Gaston Bussière</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edvard_Munch" title="Edvard Munch">Edvard Munch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fernand_Khnopff" title="Fernand Khnopff">Fernand Khnopff</a>, <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licien_Rops" title="Félicien Rops">Félicien Rops</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jan_Toorop" title="Jan Toorop">Jan Toorop</a>. Symbolism in painting was even more widespread geographically than symbolism in poetry, affecting <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Vrubel" title="Mikhail Vrubel">Mikhail Vrubel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Roerich" title="Nicholas Roerich">Nicholas Roerich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victor_Borisov-Musatov" title="Victor Borisov-Musatov">Victor Borisov-Musatov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martiros_Saryan" title="Martiros Saryan">Martiros Saryan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Nesterov" title="Mikhail Nesterov">Mikhail Nesterov</a>, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Bakst" title="Léon Bakst">Léon Bakst</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elena_Gorokhova" title="Elena Gorokhova">Elena Gorokhova</a> in Russia, as well as <a href="/wiki/Frida_Kahlo" title="Frida Kahlo">Frida Kahlo</a> in Mexico,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Elihu_Vedder" title="Elihu Vedder">Elihu Vedder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Remedios_Varo" title="Remedios Varo">Remedios Varo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morris_Graves" title="Morris Graves">Morris Graves</a> and David Chetlahe Paladin in the United States. <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Rodin" title="Auguste Rodin">Auguste Rodin</a> is sometimes considered a symbolist sculptor. </p><p>The symbolist painters used mythological and dream imagery. The symbols used by symbolism are not the familiar <a href="/wiki/Emblem" title="Emblem">emblems</a> of mainstream <a href="/wiki/Iconography" title="Iconography">iconography</a> but intensely personal, private, obscure and ambiguous references. More a philosophy than an actual style of art, symbolism in painting influenced the contemporary <a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a> style and <a href="/wiki/Les_Nabis" class="mw-redirect" title="Les Nabis">Les Nabis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbolism_(movement)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Symbolism had some influence on music as well. Many symbolist writers and critics were early enthusiasts of the music of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an avid reader of Schopenhauer. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Waterhouse,_John_William_-_Saint_Cecilia_-_1895.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Waterhouse%2C_John_William_-_Saint_Cecilia_-_1895.jpg/260px-Waterhouse%2C_John_William_-_Saint_Cecilia_-_1895.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Waterhouse%2C_John_William_-_Saint_Cecilia_-_1895.jpg/390px-Waterhouse%2C_John_William_-_Saint_Cecilia_-_1895.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Waterhouse%2C_John_William_-_Saint_Cecilia_-_1895.jpg/520px-Waterhouse%2C_John_William_-_Saint_Cecilia_-_1895.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3930" data-file-height="2434" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_William_Waterhouse" title="John William Waterhouse">John William Waterhouse</a>, <i>Saint Cecilia</i>, 1895</figcaption></figure> <p>The symbolist aesthetic affected the works of <a href="/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy">Claude Debussy</a>. His choices of <i><a href="/wiki/Libretto" title="Libretto">libretti</a></i>, texts, and themes come almost exclusively from the symbolist canon. Compositions such as his settings of <i><a href="/wiki/Cinq_po%C3%A8mes_de_Charles_Baudelaire" title="Cinq poèmes de Charles Baudelaire">Cinq poèmes de Charles Baudelaire</a></i>, various <a href="/wiki/Lieder" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieder">art songs</a> on poems by Verlaine, the opera <i><a href="/wiki/Pell%C3%A9as_et_M%C3%A9lisande_(opera)" title="Pelléas et Mélisande (opera)">Pelléas et Mélisande</a></i> with a libretto by <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Maeterlinck" title="Maurice Maeterlinck">Maurice Maeterlinck</a>, and his unfinished sketches that illustrate two Poe stories, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Devil_in_the_Belfry" title="The Devil in the Belfry">The Devil in the Belfry</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Fall_of_the_House_of_Usher" title="The Fall of the House of Usher">The Fall of the House of Usher</a></i>, all indicate that Debussy was profoundly influenced by symbolist themes and tastes. His best known work, the <i><a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A9lude_%C3%A0_l%27apr%C3%A8s-midi_d%27un_faune" title="Prélude à l'après-midi d'un faune">Prélude à l'après-midi d'un faune</a></i>, was inspired by Mallarmé's poem, <i><a href="/wiki/L%27apr%C3%A8s-midi_d%27un_faune_(poem)" title="L'après-midi d'un faune (poem)">L'après-midi d'un faune</a></i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The symbolist aesthetic also influenced <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Scriabin" title="Alexander Scriabin">Alexander Scriabin</a>'s compositions. <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Arnold Schoenberg</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Pierrot_Lunaire" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierrot Lunaire">Pierrot Lunaire</a></i> takes its text from German translations of the symbolist poems by <a href="/wiki/Albert_Giraud" title="Albert Giraud">Albert Giraud</a>, showing an association between German expressionism and symbolism. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Richard Strauss</a>'s 1905 opera <i><a href="/wiki/Salome_(opera)" title="Salome (opera)">Salomé</a></i>, based on the play by <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Oscar Wilde</a>, uses a subject frequently depicted by symbolist artists. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prose_fiction">Prose fiction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbolism_(movement)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Prose fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Symbolism's style of the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/static" class="extiw" title="wikt:static">static</a> and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hieratic" class="extiw" title="wikt:hieratic">hieratic</a> adapted less well to narrative fiction than it did to poetry. <a href="/wiki/Joris-Karl_Huysmans" title="Joris-Karl Huysmans">Joris-Karl Huysmans</a>' 1884 novel <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%80_rebours" title="À rebours">À rebours</a></i> (English title: <i>Against Nature</i> or <i>Against the Grain</i>) explored many themes that became associated with the symbolist aesthetic. This novel, in which very little happens, catalogues the psychology of Des Esseintes, an eccentric, reclusive <a href="/wiki/Antihero" title="Antihero">antihero</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Oscar Wilde</a> was influenced by the novel as he wrote <i><a href="/wiki/Salome_(play)" title="Salome (play)">Salome</a></i>, and Huysmans' book appears in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Picture_of_Dorian_Gray" title="The Picture of Dorian Gray">The Picture of Dorian Gray</a></i>: the titular character becomes corrupted after reading the book.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Paul_Adam_(French_novelist)" title="Paul Adam (French novelist)">Paul Adam</a> was the most prolific and representative author of symbolist novels.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <i>Les Demoiselles Goubert</i> (1886), co-written with <a href="/wiki/Jean_Mor%C3%A9as" title="Jean Moréas">Jean Moréas</a>, is an important transitional work between <a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(literature)" title="Naturalism (literature)">naturalism</a> and symbolism. Few symbolists used this form. One exception was <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Kahn" title="Gustave Kahn">Gustave Kahn</a>, who published <i>Le Roi fou</i> in 1896. In 1892, <a href="/wiki/Georges_Rodenbach" title="Georges Rodenbach">Georges Rodenbach</a> wrote the short novel <i><a href="/wiki/Bruges-la-Morte" title="Bruges-la-Morte">Bruges-la-Morte</a></i>, set in the Flemish town of <a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a>, which Rodenbach described as a dying, medieval city of mourning and quiet contemplation: in a typically symbolist juxtaposition, the dead city contrasts with the diabolical re-awakening of sexual desire.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cynical, misanthropic, misogynistic fiction of <a href="/wiki/Jules_Barbey_d%27Aurevilly" title="Jules Barbey d'Aurevilly">Jules Barbey d'Aurevilly</a> is sometimes considered symbolist, as well. <a href="/wiki/Gabriele_d%27Annunzio" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabriele d'Annunzio">Gabriele d'Annunzio</a> wrote his first novels in the symbolist manner. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theatre">Theatre</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbolism_(movement)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Theatre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Petrutxca_de_Fokine-1911.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Petrutxca_de_Fokine-1911.jpg/260px-Petrutxca_de_Fokine-1911.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Petrutxca_de_Fokine-1911.jpg/390px-Petrutxca_de_Fokine-1911.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Petrutxca_de_Fokine-1911.jpg/520px-Petrutxca_de_Fokine-1911.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1311" data-file-height="810" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Benois" title="Alexandre Benois">Alexandre Benois</a>' set for <a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Stravinsky</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Petrushka_(ballet)" title="Petrushka (ballet)">Petrushka</a></i> in 1911</figcaption></figure> <p>The characteristic emphasis on an internal life of dreams and fantasies have made symbolist theatre difficult to reconcile with more recent trends. <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Villiers_de_l%27Isle-Adam" title="Auguste Villiers de l'Isle-Adam">Auguste Villiers de l'Isle-Adam</a>'s drama <i><a href="/wiki/Ax%C3%ABl_(drama)" class="mw-redirect" title="Axël (drama)">Axël</a></i> (rev. ed. 1890) is a definitive symbolist play. In it, two <a href="/wiki/Rosicrucianism" title="Rosicrucianism">Rosicrucian</a> aristocrats become enamored of each other while trying to kill each other, only to agree to commit suicide mutually because nothing in life could equal their fantasies. From this play, <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Wilson" title="Edmund Wilson">Edmund Wilson</a> adopted the title <i>Axel's Castle</i> for his influential study of the symbolist literary aftermath. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Maeterlinck" title="Maurice Maeterlinck">Maurice Maeterlinck</a>, also a symbolist playwright, wrote <i><a href="/wiki/The_Blind_(play)" title="The Blind (play)">The Blind</a></i> (1890), <i>The Intruder</i> (1890), <i>Interior</i> (1891), <i><a href="/wiki/Pell%C3%A9as_and_M%C3%A9lisande" title="Pelléas and Mélisande">Pelléas and Mélisande</a></i> (1892), and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Blue_Bird_(play)" title="The Blue Bird (play)">The Blue Bird</a></i> (1908). <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A9nio_de_Castro" title="Eugénio de Castro">Eugénio de Castro</a> is considered one of the introducers of Symbolism in the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a>. He wrote <i>Belkiss</i>, "dramatic prose-poem" as he called it, about the doomed passion of Belkiss, <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sheba" title="Queen of Sheba">The Queen of Sheba</a>, to Solomon, depicting in an avant-garde and violent style the psychological tension and recreating very accurately the tenth century BC Israel. He also wrote <i>King Galaor</i> and <i>Polycrates' Ring</i>, being one of the most prolific Symbolist theoriticians.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lugn%C3%A9-Poe" title="Lugné-Poe">Lugné-Poe</a> (1869–1940) was an actor, director, and theatre producer of the late nineteenth century. Lugné-Poe "sought to create a unified nonrealistic theatre of poetry and dreams through atmospheric staging and stylized acting".<sup id="cite_ref-EBS_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EBS-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon learning about symbolist theatre, he never wanted to practice any other form. After beginning as an actor in the <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_Libre" title="Théâtre Libre">Théâtre Libre</a> and Théâtre d'Art, Lugné-Poe grasped on to the symbolist movement and founded the <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_l%27%C5%92uvre" title="Théâtre de l'Œuvre">Théâtre de l'Œuvre</a> where he was manager from 1892 until 1929. Some of his greatest successes include opening his own symbolist theatre, producing the first staging of <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Jarry" title="Alfred Jarry">Alfred Jarry</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Ubu_Roi" title="Ubu Roi">Ubu Roi</a></i> (1896), and introducing French theatregoers to playwrights such as <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen">Ibsen</a> and <a href="/wiki/August_Strindberg" title="August Strindberg">Strindberg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EBS_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EBS-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The later works of the Russian playwright <a href="/wiki/Anton_Chekhov" title="Anton Chekhov">Anton Chekhov</a> have been identified by essayist <a href="/wiki/Paul_Schmidt_(translator)" title="Paul Schmidt (translator)">Paul Schmidt</a> as being much influenced by symbolist pessimism.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Stanislavski" title="Konstantin Stanislavski">Konstantin Stanislavski</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vsevolod_Meyerhold" title="Vsevolod Meyerhold">Vsevolod Meyerhold</a> experimented with symbolist modes of staging in their theatrical endeavors. </p><p>Drama by symbolist authors formed an important part of the repertoire of the <i><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_l%27%C5%92uvre" title="Théâtre de l'Œuvre">Théâtre de l'Œuvre</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Paul_Fort" title="Paul Fort">Théâtre d'Art</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effect">Effect</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbolism_(movement)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Effect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:250px; ; color: #202122;background-color: #FFFFF0;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <div class="poem"> <p>Black night.<br /> White snow.<br /> The wind, the wind!<br /> It will not let you go. The wind, the wind!<br /> Through God's whole world it blows<br /> <br /> The wind is weaving<br /> The white snow.<br /> Brother ice peeps from below<br /> Stumbling and tumbling<br /> Folk slip and fall.<br /> God pity all! </p> </div> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="right-aligned" style="">From "The Twelve" (1918) <br /> Trans. Babette Deutsch and Avrahm Yarmolinsky<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176" /><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:250px; ; color: #202122;background-color: #FFFFF0;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <div class="poem"> <p>Night, street and streetlight, drug store,<br /> The purposeless, half-dim, drab light.<br /> For all the use live on a quarter century –<br /> Nothing will change. There's no way out.<br /> <br /> You'll die – and start all over, live twice,<br /> Everything repeats itself, just as it was:<br /> Night, the canal's rippled icy surface,<br /> The drug store, the street, and streetlight. </p> </div> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="right-aligned" style="">"Night, street and streetlight, drugstore..." (1912) Trans. by Alex Cigale</cite></div> </div> <p>Among English-speaking artists, the closest counterpart to symbolism was <a href="/wiki/Aestheticism" title="Aestheticism">aestheticism</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Pre-Raphaelite" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Raphaelite">Pre-Raphaelites</a> were contemporaries of the earlier symbolists, and have much in common with them. Symbolism had a significant influence on <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">modernism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Remy_de_Gourmont" title="Remy de Gourmont">Remy de Gourmont</a> considered the <a href="/wiki/Imagism" title="Imagism">Imagists</a> were its descendants)<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and its traces can also be detected in the work of many modernist poets, including <a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wallace_Stevens" title="Wallace Stevens">Wallace Stevens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conrad_Aiken" title="Conrad Aiken">Conrad Aiken</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hart_Crane" title="Hart Crane">Hart Crane</a>, and <a href="/wiki/W._B._Yeats" title="W. B. Yeats">W. B. Yeats</a> in the anglophone tradition and <a href="/wiki/Rub%C3%A9n_Dar%C3%ADo" title="Rubén Darío">Rubén Darío</a> in Hispanic literature. The early poems of <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Apollinaire" title="Guillaume Apollinaire">Guillaume Apollinaire</a> have strong affinities with symbolism. Early Portuguese Modernism was heavily influenced by Symbolist poets, especially <a href="/wiki/Camilo_Pessanha" title="Camilo Pessanha">Camilo Pessanha</a>; <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Pessoa" title="Fernando Pessoa">Fernando Pessoa</a> had many affinities to Symbolism, such as mysticism, musical versification, subjectivism and transcendentalism. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Wilson" title="Edmund Wilson">Edmund Wilson</a>'s 1931 study <i>Axel's Castle</i> focuses on the continuity with symbolism and several important writers of the early twentieth century, with a particular emphasis on Yeats, Eliot, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Val%C3%A9ry" title="Paul Valéry">Paul Valéry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Proust" title="Marcel Proust">Marcel Proust</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Stein" title="Gertrude Stein">Gertrude Stein</a>. Wilson concluded that the symbolists represented a dreaming retreat into </p> <blockquote><p>things that are dying–the whole <a href="/wiki/Belles-lettres" title="Belles-lettres">belle-lettristic</a> tradition of Renaissance culture perhaps, compelled to specialize more and more, more and more driven in on itself, as industrialism and democratic education have come to press it closer and closer.<i><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i></p></blockquote> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Symbolism_(movement)&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Farag%C3%B3,_G%C3%A9za_-_The_Symbolist_(1908).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Farag%C3%B3%2C_G%C3%A9za_-_The_Symbolist_%281908%29.jpg/220px-Farag%C3%B3%2C_G%C3%A9za_-_The_Symbolist_%281908%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Farag%C3%B3%2C_G%C3%A9za_-_The_Symbolist_%281908%29.jpg/330px-Farag%C3%B3%2C_G%C3%A9za_-_The_Symbolist_%281908%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Farag%C3%B3%2C_G%C3%A9za_-_The_Symbolist_%281908%29.jpg/440px-Farag%C3%B3%2C_G%C3%A9za_-_The_Symbolist_%281908%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="641" data-file-height="940" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farag%C3%B3_G%C3%A9za&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Faragó Géza (page does not exist)">Faragó Géza</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farag%C3%B3_G%C3%A9za" class="extiw" title="hu:Faragó Géza">hu</a>]</span>, <i>The Symbolist</i>, 1908, satirical piece in <a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a> style</figcaption></figure> <p>After the beginning of the 20th century, symbolism had a major effect on <a href="/wiki/Russian_literature" title="Russian literature">Russian poetry</a> even as it became less and less popular in France. Russian symbolism originally began as an emulation of the French original, but then, under the influence of <a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Ivanov_(poet)" title="Vyacheslav Ivanov (poet)">Vyacheslav Ivanov</a>, it radically diverged until it became something unrecognizable. Steeped in the doctrines of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a> and the Christian mystical philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Solovyov_(philosopher)" title="Vladimir Solovyov (philosopher)">Vladimir Solovyov</a>, it began the careers of several major poets such as <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Blok" title="Alexander Blok">Alexander Blok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Bely" title="Andrei Bely">Andrei Bely</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boris_Pasternak" title="Boris Pasternak">Boris Pasternak</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marina_Tsvetaeva" title="Marina Tsvetaeva">Marina Tsvetaeva</a>. Bely's novel <i>Petersburg</i> (1912) is considered the greatest example of Russian symbolist prose. </p><p>Primary influences on the style of <a href="/wiki/Russian_Symbolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Symbolism">Russian Symbolism</a> were the <a href="/wiki/Irrationality" title="Irrationality">irrationalistic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mystical</a> poetry and philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Tyutchev" title="Fyodor Tyutchev">Fyodor Tyutchev</a> and Solovyov, the novels of <a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoyevsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Fyodor Dostoyevsky">Fyodor Dostoyevsky</a>, the operas of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-lituanus_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lituanus-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Arthur Schopenhauer</a><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> French symbolist and decadent poets (such as <a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Mallarm%C3%A9" title="Stéphane Mallarmé">Stéphane Mallarmé</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Verlaine" title="Paul Verlaine">Paul Verlaine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire" title="Charles Baudelaire">Charles Baudelaire</a>), and the dramas of <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen">Henrik Ibsen</a>. </p><p>The style was largely inaugurated by <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Minsky" title="Nikolai Minsky">Nikolai Minsky</a>'s article <i>The Ancient Debate</i> (1884) and <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Merezhkovsky" title="Dmitry Merezhkovsky">Dmitry Merezhkovsky</a>'s book <i>On the Causes of the Decline and on the New Trends in Contemporary Russian Literature</i> (1892). Both writers promoted extreme <a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">individualism</a> and the act of creation. <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Merezhkovsky" title="Dmitry Merezhkovsky">Merezhkovsky</a> was known for his poetry as well as a series of novels on <i>god-men</i>, among whom he counted Christ, <a href="/wiki/Joan_of_Arc" title="Joan of Arc">Joan of Arc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dante" class="mw-redirect" title="Dante">Dante</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>, and (later) <a href="/wiki/Hitler" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler">Hitler</a>. His wife, <a href="/wiki/Zinaida_Gippius" title="Zinaida Gippius">Zinaida Gippius</a>, also a major poet of early symbolism, opened a salon in <a href="/wiki/St_Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="St Petersburg">St Petersburg</a>, which came to be known as the "headquarters of Russian decadence". <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Bely" title="Andrei Bely">Andrei Bely</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Petersburg_(novel)" title="Petersburg (novel)">Petersburg (novel)</a> a portrait of the social strata of the Russian capital, is frequently cited as a late example of Symbolism in 20th century Russian literature. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, symbolists directly influenced by French poetry first gained influence during the 1880s, when <a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Macedonski" title="Alexandru Macedonski">Alexandru Macedonski</a> reunited a group of young poets associated with his magazine <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literatorul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literatorul (page does not exist)">Literatorul</a></i>. Polemicizing with the established <i><a href="/wiki/Junimea" title="Junimea">Junimea</a></i> and overshadowed by the influence of <a href="/wiki/Mihai_Eminescu" title="Mihai Eminescu">Mihai Eminescu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Symbolist_movement_in_Romania" title="Symbolist movement in Romania">Romanian symbolism</a> was recovered as an inspiration during and after the 1910s, when it was exampled by the works of <a href="/wiki/Tudor_Arghezi" title="Tudor Arghezi">Tudor Arghezi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ion_Minulescu" title="Ion Minulescu">Ion Minulescu</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Bacovia" title="George Bacovia">George Bacovia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mateiu_Caragiale" title="Mateiu Caragiale">Mateiu Caragiale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tristan_Tzara" title="Tristan Tzara">Tristan Tzara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tudor_Vianu" title="Tudor Vianu">Tudor Vianu</a>, and praised by the <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">modernist</a> magazine <i><a href="/wiki/Sbur%C4%83torul" title="Sburătorul">Sburătorul</a></i>. </p><p>The symbolist painters were an important influence on <a href="/wiki/Expressionism" title="Expressionism">expressionism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">surrealism</a> in painting, two movements which descend directly from symbolism proper. The <a href="/wiki/Harlequin" title="Harlequin">harlequins</a>, paupers, and clowns of <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Pablo Picasso</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Picasso%27s_Blue_Period" title="Picasso's Blue Period">Blue Period</a>" show the influence of symbolism, and especially of <a href="/wiki/Puvis_de_Chavannes" class="mw-redirect" title="Puvis de Chavannes">Puvis de Chavannes</a>. In Belgium, symbolism became so popular that it came to be known as a national style, particularly in landscape painting:<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the static strangeness of painters like <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Magritte" title="René Magritte">René Magritte</a> can be considered as a direct continuation of symbolism. The work of some symbolist visual artists, such as <a href="/wiki/Jan_Toorop" title="Jan Toorop">Jan Toorop</a>, directly affected the curvilinear forms of <a href="/wiki/Art_nouveau" class="mw-redirect" title="Art nouveau">art nouveau</a>. </p><p>Many early motion pictures also employ symbolist visual imagery and themes in their staging, set designs, and imagery. The films of <a href="/wiki/Expressionism_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Expressionism (film)">German expressionism</a> owe a great deal to symbolist imagery. The virginal "good girls" seen in the cinema of <a href="/wiki/D._W._Griffith" title="D. W. Griffith">D. W. Griffith</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Silent_film" title="Silent film">silent film</a> "bad girls" portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Theda_Bara" title="Theda Bara">Theda Bara</a>, both show the continuing influence of symbolism, as do the <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylonian</a> scenes from Griffith's <i><a href="/wiki/Intolerance_(film)" title="Intolerance (film)">Intolerance</a></i>. Symbolist imagery lived on longest in <a href="/wiki/Horror_film" title="Horror film">horror film</a>: as late as 1932, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Theodor_Dreyer" title="Carl Theodor Dreyer">Carl Theodor Dreyer</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Vampyr" title="Vampyr">Vampyr</a></i> showed the obvious influence of symbolist imagery; parts of the film resemble <i>tableau vivant</i> re-creations of the early paintings of <a href="/wiki/Edvard_Munch" title="Edvard Munch">Edvard Munch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Symbolists">Symbolists</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbolism_(movement)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Symbolists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bussiere,Gaston_-_Salammbo,_1907.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Bussiere%2CGaston_-_Salammbo%2C_1907.jpg/220px-Bussiere%2CGaston_-_Salammbo%2C_1907.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Bussiere%2CGaston_-_Salammbo%2C_1907.jpg/330px-Bussiere%2CGaston_-_Salammbo%2C_1907.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Bussiere%2CGaston_-_Salammbo%2C_1907.jpg/440px-Bussiere%2CGaston_-_Salammbo%2C_1907.jpg 2x" data-file-width="830" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Salammb%C3%B4" title="Salammbô">Salammbô</a></i> (1907) by <a href="/wiki/Gaston_Bussi%C3%A8re" title="Gaston Bussière">Gaston Bussière</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Precursors">Precursors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbolism_(movement)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Precursors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">William Blake</a> (1757–1827) English poet and artist (<i><a href="/wiki/Songs_of_Innocence" class="mw-redirect" title="Songs of Innocence">Songs of Innocence</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich" title="Caspar David Friedrich">Caspar David Friedrich</a> (1774–1840) German painter (<i><a href="/wiki/Wanderer_above_the_Sea_of_Fog" title="Wanderer above the Sea of Fog">Wanderer above the Sea of Fog</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Thomas Carlyle</a> (1795–1881) Scottish essayist, historian and philosopher (<i><a href="/wiki/Sartor_Resartus" title="Sartor Resartus">Sartor Resartus</a></i>)<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pushkin" title="Alexander Pushkin">Alexander Pushkin</a> (1799–1837) Russian poet and writer (<i><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Onegin" title="Eugene Onegin">Eugene Onegin</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosper_M%C3%A9rim%C3%A9e" title="Prosper Mérimée">Prosper Mérimée</a> (1803–1870) French novelist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90or%C4%91e_Markovi%C4%87_Koder" title="Đorđe Marković Koder">Đorđe Marković Koder</a> (1806–1891) Serbian poet (<i>Romoranka</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_de_Nerval" title="Gérard de Nerval">Gérard de Nerval</a> (1808–1855) French poet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Am%C3%A9d%C3%A9e_Barbey_d%27Aurevilly" class="mw-redirect" title="Jules Amédée Barbey d'Aurevilly">Jules Amédée Barbey d'Aurevilly</a> (1808–1889) French writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Edgar Allan Poe</a> (1809–1849) American poet and writer (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Narrative_of_Arthur_Gordon_Pym_of_Nantucket" title="The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket">The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lermontov" title="Mikhail Lermontov">Mikhail Lermontov</a> (1814–1841) Russian poet and writer (<i><a href="/wiki/A_Hero_of_Our_Time" title="A Hero of Our Time">A Hero of Our Time</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire" title="Charles Baudelaire">Charles Baudelaire</a> (1821–1867) French poet (<i><a href="/wiki/Les_Fleurs_du_mal" title="Les Fleurs du mal">Les Fleurs du mal</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert">Gustave Flaubert</a> (1821–1880) French writer (<i><a href="/wiki/Madame_Bovary" title="Madame Bovary">Madame Bovary</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Gabriel_Rossetti" title="Dante Gabriel Rossetti">Dante Gabriel Rossetti</a> (1828–1882) English poet and painter (<i><a href="/wiki/Beata_Beatrix" title="Beata Beatrix">Beata Beatrix</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christina_Rossetti" title="Christina Rossetti">Christina Rossetti</a> (1830–1894) English poet</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Authors">Authors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbolism_(movement)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Authors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col div-col-rules" style="column-width: 20em;"> <p><b>Armenian</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Misak_Metsarents" title="Misak Metsarents">Misak Metsarents</a> (1886–1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levon_Shant" title="Levon Shant">Levon Shant</a> (1869–1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamanto" title="Siamanto">Siamanto</a> (1878–1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Varujan" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel Varujan">Daniel Varujan</a> (1884–1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vahan_Terian" title="Vahan Terian">Vahan Terian</a> (1885–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gostan_Zarian" title="Gostan Zarian">Gostan Zarian</a> (1885–1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diran_Chrakian" title="Diran Chrakian">Diran Chrakian</a> (1885–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeghishe_Charents" title="Yeghishe Charents">Yeghishe Charents</a> (1897–1937)</li></ul> <p><b>Belgian</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Giraud" title="Albert Giraud">Albert Giraud</a> (1860–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_van_Lerberghe" title="Charles van Lerberghe">Charles van Lerberghe</a> (1861-1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Maeterlinck" title="Maurice Maeterlinck">Maurice Maeterlinck</a> (1862–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Mockel" title="Albert Mockel">Albert Mockel</a> (1866–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Rodenbach" title="Georges Rodenbach">Georges Rodenbach</a> (1855–1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emile_Verhaeren" class="mw-redirect" title="Emile Verhaeren">Emile Verhaeren</a> (1855–1916)</li></ul> <p><b>Czech</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otokar_B%C5%99ezina" title="Otokar Březina">Otokar Březina</a> (1868–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Dyk" title="Viktor Dyk">Viktor Dyk</a> (1877–1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karel_Hlav%C3%A1%C4%8Dek" title="Karel Hlaváček">Karel Hlaváček</a> (1874–1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_Mahen" title="Jiří Mahen">Jiří Mahen</a> (1882–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Sova" title="Antonín Sova">Antonín Sova</a> (1864–1928)</li></ul> <p><b>Dalmatian</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ricardo_Tironni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ricardo Tironni (page does not exist)">Ricardo Tironni</a> (1823–1872)</li></ul> <p><b>Dutch</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marcellus_Emants" title="Marcellus Emants">Marcellus Emants</a> (1848-1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Couperus" title="Louis Couperus">Louis Couperus</a> (1863–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._H._Leopold" title="J. H. Leopold">J. H. Leopold</a> (1865–1925)</li></ul> <p><b>English</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Gosse" title="Edmund Gosse">Edmund Gosse</a> (1849–1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ernest_Henley" title="William Ernest Henley">William Ernest Henley</a> (1849–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Symons" title="Arthur Symons">Arthur Symons</a> (1865–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9e_Vivien" title="Renée Vivien">Renée Vivien</a> (1877–1909)</li></ul> <p><b>French</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Adam_(French_novelist)" title="Paul Adam (French novelist)">Paul Adam</a> (1862–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Aurier" title="Albert Aurier">Albert Aurier</a> (1865–1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Bloy" title="Léon Bloy">Léon Bloy</a> (1846–1917)</li> <li>Early <a href="/wiki/Henri_Barbusse" title="Henri Barbusse">Henri Barbusse</a> (1873–1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Cazalis" title="Henri Cazalis">Henri Cazalis</a> (1840–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Duhamel" title="Georges Duhamel">Georges Duhamel</a> (1884–1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Fort" title="Paul Fort">Paul Fort</a> (1872–1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9my_de_Gourmont" class="mw-redirect" title="Rémy de Gourmont">Rémy de Gourmont</a> (1858–1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolette_Hennique" title="Nicolette Hennique">Nicolette Hennique</a> (born 1886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joris-Karl_Huysmans" title="Joris-Karl Huysmans">Joris-Karl Huysmans</a> (1848–1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Villiers_de_l%27Isle-Adam" title="Auguste Villiers de l'Isle-Adam">Auguste Villiers de l'Isle-Adam</a> (1838–1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Jarry" title="Alfred Jarry">Alfred Jarry</a> (1873–1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Kahn" title="Gustave Kahn">Gustave Kahn</a> (1859–1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Laforgue" title="Jules Laforgue">Jules Laforgue</a> (1860–1887) Uruguayan (wrote in French)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comte_de_Lautr%C3%A9amont" title="Comte de Lautréamont">Comte de Lautréamont</a> (1846–1870) Uruguayan (wrote in French)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Lorrain" title="Jean Lorrain">Jean Lorrain</a> (1855–1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Mallarm%C3%A9" title="Stéphane Mallarmé">Stéphane Mallarmé</a> (1842–1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Mercereau" title="Alexandre Mercereau">Alexandre Mercereau</a> (1884–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Milosz" title="Oscar Milosz">Oscar Milosz</a> (1877–1939) Lithuanian (wrote in French)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Mor%C3%A9as" title="Jean Moréas">Jean Moréas</a> (1856–1910) Greek (wrote in French)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Pol-Roux" title="Saint-Pol-Roux">Saint-Pol-Roux</a> (1861–1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Nelligan" title="Émile Nelligan">Émile Nelligan</a> (1879–1941) Canadian (wrote in <a href="/wiki/Quebec_French" title="Quebec French">Quebec French</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germain_Nouveau" title="Germain Nouveau">Germain Nouveau</a> (1851–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachilde" title="Rachilde">Rachilde</a> (1860–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_R%C3%A9gnier" title="Henri de Régnier">Henri de Régnier</a> (1864–1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rimbaud" title="Arthur Rimbaud">Arthur Rimbaud</a> (1854–1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Romains" title="Jules Romains">Jules Romains</a> (1885–1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Samain" title="Albert Samain">Albert Samain</a> (1858–1900)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Schwob" title="Marcel Schwob">Marcel Schwob</a> (1867–1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Val%C3%A9ry" title="Paul Valéry">Paul Valéry</a> (1871–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Verlaine" title="Paul Verlaine">Paul Verlaine</a> (1844–1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Viel%C3%A9-Griffin" title="Francis Vielé-Griffin">Francis Vielé-Griffin</a> (1863–1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Vildrac" title="Charles Vildrac">Charles Vildrac</a> (1882–1971)</li></ul> <p><b>Georgian</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_Gaprindashvili" title="Valerian Gaprindashvili">Valerian Gaprindashvili</a> (1888–1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Iashvili" title="Paolo Iashvili">Paolo Iashvili</a> (1894–1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergo_Kldiashvili" title="Sergo Kldiashvili">Sergo Kldiashvili</a> (1893–1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgi_Leonidze" title="Giorgi Leonidze">Giorgi Leonidze</a> (1899–1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolau_Nadiradze" title="Kolau Nadiradze">Kolau Nadiradze</a> (1895–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigol_Robakidze" title="Grigol Robakidze">Grigol Robakidze</a> (1880–1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titsian_Tabidze" title="Titsian Tabidze">Titsian Tabidze</a> (1895–1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandro_Tsirekidze" title="Sandro Tsirekidze">Sandro Tsirekidze</a> (1894–1923)</li></ul> <p><b>German and Austrian</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stefan_George" title="Stefan George">Stefan George</a> (1868–1933) German</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_von_Hofmannsthal" title="Hugo von Hofmannsthal">Hugo von Hofmannsthal</a> (1874–1929) Austrian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kubin" title="Alfred Kubin">Alfred Kubin</a> (1877–1959) Austrian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Meyrink" title="Gustav Meyrink">Gustav Meyrink</a> (1868–1932) Austrian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Maria_Rilke" title="Rainer Maria Rilke">Rainer Maria Rilke</a> (1875–1926) Austro-Bohemian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schnitzler" title="Arthur Schnitzler">Arthur Schnitzler</a> (1862–1931) Austrian</li></ul> <p><b>Irish language</b> </p> <dl><dd>See also: <a href="/wiki/Modern_literature_in_Irish" title="Modern literature in Irish">Modern literature in Irish</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Pearse" title="Patrick Pearse">Patrick Pearse</a> (1879–1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1irt%C3%ADn_%C3%93_Dire%C3%A1in" title="Máirtín Ó Direáin">Máirtín Ó Direáin</a> (1910–1988)</li></ul> <p><b>Polish</b> </p> <dl><dd>See also: <a href="/wiki/Young_Poland" title="Young Poland">Young Poland</a> movement</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Korab-Brzozowski" title="Stanisław Korab-Brzozowski">Stanisław Korab-Brzozowski</a> (1876–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Lange" title="Antoni Lange">Antoni Lange</a> (1861–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Mici%C5%84ski" title="Tadeusz Miciński">Tadeusz Miciński</a> (1873–1918)</li></ul> <p><b>Portuguese and Brazilian</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manuel_da_Silva_Gaio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manuel da Silva Gaio (page does not exist)">Manuel da Silva Gaio</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_da_Silva_Gaio" class="extiw" title="pt:Manuel da Silva Gaio">pt</a>; <a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_da_Silva_Gaio" class="extiw" title="ca:Manuel da Silva Gaio">ca</a>]</span> (1861–1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_da_Cruz_e_Sousa" title="João da Cruz e Sousa">João da Cruz e Sousa</a> (1861–1898) Brazilian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raul_Brand%C3%A3o" title="Raul Brandão">Raul Brandão</a> (1867–1930)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alberto_Os%C3%B3rio_de_Castro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alberto Osório de Castro (page does not exist)">Alberto Osório de Castro</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Os%C3%B3rio_de_Castro" class="extiw" title="pt:Alberto Osório de Castro">pt</a>; <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Os%C3%B3rio_de_Castro" class="extiw" title="de:Alberto Osório de Castro">de</a>]</span> (1868–1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A9nio_de_Castro" title="Eugénio de Castro">Eugénio de Castro</a> (1869–1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonsus_de_Guimaraens" title="Alphonsus de Guimaraens">Alphonsus de Guimaraens</a> (1870–1921) Brazilian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Nobre" title="António Nobre">António Nobre</a> (1867–1900)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camilo_Pessanha" title="Camilo Pessanha">Camilo Pessanha</a> (1867–1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augusto_Gil" title="Augusto Gil">Augusto Gil</a> (1873–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1rio_de_S%C3%A1-Carneiro" title="Mário de Sá-Carneiro">Mário de Sá-Carneiro</a> (1890–1916)</li></ul> <p><b>Russian</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Innokenty_Annensky" title="Innokenty Annensky">Innokenty Annensky</a> (1855–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Balmont" title="Konstantin Balmont">Konstantin Balmont</a> (1867–1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Bely" title="Andrei Bely">Andrei Bely</a> (1880–1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marina_Tsvetaeva" title="Marina Tsvetaeva">Marina Tsvetaeva</a> (1892-1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Blok" title="Alexander Blok">Alexander Blok</a> (1880–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valery_Bryusov" title="Valery Bryusov">Valery Bryusov</a> (1873–1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Chulkov" title="Georgy Chulkov">Georgy Chulkov</a> (1879–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinaida_Gippius" title="Zinaida Gippius">Zinaida Gippius</a> (1869–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Ivanov_(poet)" title="Vyacheslav Ivanov (poet)">Vyacheslav Ivanov</a> (1866–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Sologub" title="Fyodor Sologub">Fyodor Sologub</a> (1863–1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Solovyov_(philosopher)" title="Vladimir Solovyov (philosopher)">Vladimir Solovyov</a><sup id="cite_ref-EBS_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EBS-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1853–1900)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Merezhkovsky" title="Dmitry Merezhkovsky">Dmitry Merezhkovsky</a> (1865–1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teffi" class="mw-redirect" title="Teffi">Teffi</a> (1872–1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Voloshin" title="Maximilian Voloshin">Maximilian Voloshin</a> (1877–1932)</li></ul> <p><b>Scottish Gaelic</b> </p> <ul><li>Fr. <a href="/wiki/Allan_MacDonald_(poet)" title="Allan MacDonald (poet)">Allan MacDonald</a> (1859–1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorley_MacLean" title="Sorley MacLean">Sorley MacLean</a> (1911–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Campbell_Hay" title="George Campbell Hay">Deòrsa Mac Iain Dheòrsa</a> (1915–1984)</li></ul> <p><b>Serbian</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Svetozar_%C4%86orovi%C4%87" title="Svetozar Ćorović">Svetozar Ćorović</a> (1875–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jovan_Du%C4%8Di%C4%87" title="Jovan Dučić">Jovan Dučić</a> (1871–1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petar_Ko%C4%8Di%C4%87" title="Petar Kočić">Petar Kočić</a> (1877–1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veljko_Petrovi%C4%87_(poet)" title="Veljko Petrović (poet)">Veljko Petrović</a> (1884–1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladislav_Petkovi%C4%87_Dis" title="Vladislav Petković Dis">Vladislav Petković Dis</a> (1880–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sima_Pandurovi%C4%87" title="Sima Pandurović">Sima Pandurović</a> (1883–1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milan_Raki%C4%87" title="Milan Rakić">Milan Rakić</a> (1876–1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidora_Sekuli%C4%87" title="Isidora Sekulić">Isidora Sekulić</a> (1877–1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jovan_Skerli%C4%87" title="Jovan Skerlić">Jovan Skerlić</a> (1877–1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borisav_Stankovi%C4%87" title="Borisav Stanković">Borisav Stanković</a> (1876–1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksa_%C5%A0anti%C4%87" title="Aleksa Šantić">Aleksa Šantić</a> (1868–1924)</li></ul> <p><b>Others</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josip_Murn_Aleksandrov" class="mw-redirect" title="Josip Murn Aleksandrov">Josip Murn Aleksandrov</a> (1879–1901) Slovene</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bacovia" title="George Bacovia">George Bacovia</a> (1881–1957) Romanian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurgis_Baltru%C5%A1aitis" title="Jurgis Baltrušaitis">Jurgis Baltrušaitis</a> (1873–1944) Lithuanian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Luis_Borges" title="Jorge Luis Borges">Jorge Luis Borges</a> (1899-1986) Argentine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mateiu_Caragiale" title="Mateiu Caragiale">Mateiu Caragiale</a> (1885–1936) Romanian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimcho_Debelyanov" title="Dimcho Debelyanov">Dimcho Debelyanov</a> (1887–1916) Bulgarian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktors_Egl%C4%ABtis" title="Viktors Eglītis">Viktors Eglītis</a> (1877–1945) Latvian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ady_Endre" class="mw-redirect" title="Ady Endre">Ady Endre</a> (1877–1919) Hungarian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumitru_Karnabatt" title="Dumitru Karnabatt">Dumitru Karnabatt</a> (1877–1949) Romanian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Krasko" title="Ivan Krasko">Ivan Krasko</a> (1876–1958) Slovak</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Merrill" title="Stuart Merrill">Stuart Merrill</a> (1863–1915) American</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pascoli" title="Giovanni Pascoli">Giovanni Pascoli</a> (1855–1912) Italian</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence_in_English_literature">Influence in English literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbolism_(movement)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Influence in English literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>English language authors who influenced or were influenced by symbolism include: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /><div class="div-col div-col-rules" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Aiken" title="Conrad Aiken">Conrad Aiken</a> (1889–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Beerbohm" title="Max Beerbohm">Max Beerbohm</a> (1872–1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Brennan" title="Christopher Brennan">Christopher Brennan</a> (1870–1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Campbell_(poet)" title="Roy Campbell (poet)">Roy Campbell</a> (1900–1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hart_Crane" title="Hart Crane">Hart Crane</a> (1899–1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive_Custance" title="Olive Custance">Olive Custance</a> (1874–1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Dowson" title="Ernest Dowson">Ernest Dowson</a> (1867–1900)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a> (1888–1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Elroy_Flecker" title="James Elroy Flecker">James Elroy Flecker</a> (1884–1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gray_(poet)" title="John Gray (poet)">John Gray</a> (1866–1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_MacDonald" title="George MacDonald">George MacDonald</a> (1824–1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Machen" title="Arthur Machen">Arthur Machen</a> (1863–1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Mansfield" title="Katherine Mansfield">Katherine Mansfield</a> (1888–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Sitwell" title="Edith Sitwell">Edith Sitwell</a> (1887–1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clark_Ashton_Smith" title="Clark Ashton Smith">Clark Ashton Smith</a> (1893–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sterling" title="George Sterling">George Sterling</a> (1869–1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallace_Stevens" title="Wallace Stevens">Wallace Stevens</a> (1879–1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algernon_Charles_Swinburne" title="Algernon Charles Swinburne">Algernon Charles Swinburne</a> (1837–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Thompson" title="Francis Thompson">Francis Thompson</a> (1859–1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a> (1892–1973)<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosamund_Marriott_Watson" title="Rosamund Marriott Watson">Rosamund Marriott Watson</a> (1860–1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Oscar Wilde</a> (1854–1900)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._B._Yeats" title="W. B. Yeats">W. B. Yeats</a> (1865–1939)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Symbolist_visual_artists">Symbolist visual artists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbolism_(movement)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Symbolist visual artists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Symbolist_painters" title="Category:Symbolist painters">Category:Symbolist painters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Symbolist_sculptors" title="Category:Symbolist sculptors">Category:Symbolist sculptors</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /><div class="div-col div-col-rules" style="column-width: 20em;"> <p><b>French</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmond_Aman-Jean" title="Edmond Aman-Jean">Edmond Aman-Jean</a> (1858–1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Bernard_(painter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Émile Bernard (painter)">Émile Bernard</a> (1868–1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaston_Bussi%C3%A8re_(painter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaston Bussière (painter)">Gaston Bussière</a> (1862–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Carri%C3%A8re" title="Eugène Carrière">Eugène Carrière</a> (1849–1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Puvis_de_Chavannes" title="Pierre Puvis de Chavannes">Pierre Puvis de Chavannes</a> (1824–1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Denis" title="Maurice Denis">Maurice Denis</a> (1870-1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Fantin-Latour" title="Henri Fantin-Latour">Henri Fantin-Latour</a> (1836–1904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Filiger" title="Charles Filiger">Charles Filiger</a> (1863–1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin">Paul Gauguin</a> (1848–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Guilloux" title="Charles Guilloux">Charles Guilloux</a> (1866–1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_L%C3%A9vy-Dhurmer" title="Lucien Lévy-Dhurmer">Lucien Lévy-Dhurmer</a> (1865–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_F%C3%A9lix_Masseau" title="Pierre Félix Masseau">Pierre Félix Masseau</a> (1869–1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Maxence" title="Edgar Maxence">Edgar Maxence</a> (1871–1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Moreau" title="Gustave Moreau">Gustave Moreau</a> (1826–1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav-Adolf_Mossa" title="Gustav-Adolf Mossa">Gustav-Adolf Mossa</a> (1883–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_Osbert" title="Alphonse Osbert">Alphonse Osbert</a> (1857–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armand_Point" title="Armand Point">Armand Point</a> (1861–1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ary_Renan" title="Ary Renan">Ary Renan</a> (1857–1900)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odilon_Redon" title="Odilon Redon">Odilon Redon</a> (1840–1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_S%C3%A9on" title="Alexandre Séon">Alexandre Séon</a> (1855–1917)</li></ul> <p><b>Russian</b> </p> <dl><dd>See also: <i><a href="/wiki/Russian_Symbolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Symbolism">Russian Symbolism</a></i> and the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Rose_(art_group)" title="Blue Rose (art group)">Blue Rose</a> group</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Bakst" title="Léon Bakst">Léon Bakst</a> (1866–1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Benois" title="Alexandre Benois">Alexandre Benois</a> (1870–1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Bilibin" title="Ivan Bilibin">Ivan Bilibin</a> (1876–1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Borisov-Musatov" title="Victor Borisov-Musatov">Victor Borisov-Musatov</a> (1870–1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Bogaevsky" title="Konstantin Bogaevsky">Konstantin Bogaevsky</a> (1872–1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassily_Kandinsky" title="Wassily Kandinsky">Wassily Kandinsky</a> (early works) (1866–1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Nesterov" title="Mikhail Nesterov">Mikhail Nesterov</a> (1862–1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Roerich" title="Nicholas Roerich">Nicholas Roerich</a> (1874–1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Somov" title="Konstantin Somov">Konstantin Somov</a> (1869–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Vasnetsov" title="Viktor Vasnetsov">Viktor Vasnetsov</a> (1848–1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Vrubel" title="Mikhail Vrubel">Mikhail Vrubel</a> (1856–1910)</li></ul> <p><b>Belgian</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licien_Rops" title="Félicien Rops">Félicien Rops</a> (1855–1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernand_Khnopff" title="Fernand Khnopff">Fernand Khnopff</a> (1858–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Ensor" title="James Ensor">James Ensor</a> (1860–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89gide_Rombaux" title="Égide Rombaux">Égide Rombaux</a> (1865–1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric" title="Léon Frédéric">Léon Frédéric</a> (1865–1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Degouve_de_Nuncques" title="William Degouve de Nuncques">William Degouve de Nuncques</a> (1867–1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Delville" title="Jean Delville">Jean Delville</a> (1867–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Spilliaert" title="Léon Spilliaert">Léon Spilliaert</a> (1882–1946)</li></ul> <p><b>Romanian</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Symbolist_movement_in_Romania" title="Symbolist movement in Romania">Symbolist Movement in Romania</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Octavian_Smigelschi" title="Octavian Smigelschi">Octavian Smigelschi</a> (1866–1912) Austro-Hungarian-born, culturally Romanian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihail_Simonidi" title="Mihail Simonidi">Mihail Simonidi</a> (1870–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lasc%C4%83r_Vorel" title="Lascăr Vorel">Lascăr Vorel</a> (1879–1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apcar_Baltazar" title="Apcar Baltazar">Apcar Baltazar</a> (1880–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Theodorescu-Sion" title="Ion Theodorescu-Sion">Ion Theodorescu-Sion</a> (1882–1939)</li></ul> <p><b>German</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_Bracht" title="Eugen Bracht">Eugen Bracht</a> (1842–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Wilhelm_Diefenbach" title="Karl Wilhelm Diefenbach">Karl Wilhelm Diefenbach</a> (1851–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Erler" title="Fritz Erler">Fritz Erler</a> (1868–1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Fahrenkrog" title="Ludwig Fahrenkrog">Ludwig Fahrenkrog</a> (1867–1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidus" title="Fidus">Fidus</a> (1868–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Greiner" title="Otto Greiner">Otto Greiner</a> (1869–1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Hofmann" title="Ludwig von Hofmann">Ludwig von Hofmann</a> (1861–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Klinger" title="Max Klinger">Max Klinger</a> (1857 – July 1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Nolde" title="Emil Nolde">Emil Nolde</a> (1867–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Pietschmann" title="Max Pietschmann">Max Pietschmann</a> (1865–1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Schad-Rossa" title="Paul Schad-Rossa">Paul Schad-Rossa</a> (1862–1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sascha_Schneider" title="Sascha Schneider">Sascha Schneider</a> (1870–1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Siewert" title="Clara Siewert">Clara Siewert</a> (1862–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Stuck" title="Franz von Stuck">Franz von Stuck</a> (1863–1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Unger" title="Hans Unger">Hans Unger</a> (1872–1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oskar_Zwintscher" title="Oskar Zwintscher">Oskar Zwintscher</a> (1870–1916)</li></ul> <p><b>Swiss</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_B%C3%B6cklin" title="Arnold Böcklin">Arnold Böcklin</a> (1827–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Hodler" title="Ferdinand Hodler">Ferdinand Hodler</a> (1853–1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Schwabe" title="Carlos Schwabe">Carlos Schwabe</a> (1866–1926)</li></ul> <p><b>Austrian</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albin_Egger-Lienz" title="Albin Egger-Lienz">Albin Egger-Lienz</a> (1868–1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Jettmar" title="Rudolf Jettmar">Rudolf Jettmar</a> (1869–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Klimt" title="Gustav Klimt">Gustav Klimt</a> (1862–1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kubin" title="Alfred Kubin">Alfred Kubin</a> (1877–1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Mediz" title="Karl Mediz">Karl Mediz</a> (1868–1945)</li> <li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_M%C3%BCller_(K%C3%BCnstler)" class="extiw" title="de:Richard Müller (Künstler)">Richard Müller</a> (1874–1954)</li></ul> <p><b>Polish</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacek_Malczewski" title="Jacek Malczewski">Jacek Malczewski</a> (1854–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazimierz_Stabrowski" title="Kazimierz Stabrowski">Kazimierz Stabrowski</a> (1869–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witold_Wojtkiewicz" title="Witold Wojtkiewicz">Witold Wojtkiewicz</a> (1879–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Wyspia%C5%84ski" title="Stanisław Wyspiański">Stanisław Wyspiański</a> (1869–1907)</li></ul> <p><b>Others</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Frederic_Watts" title="George Frederic Watts">George Frederic Watts</a> (1817–1904) English</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._McNeill_Whistler" class="mw-redirect" title="James A. McNeill Whistler">James A. McNeill Whistler</a> (1834–1903) American</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Pinkham_Ryder" title="Albert Pinkham Ryder">Albert Pinkham Ryder</a> (1847–1917) American</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_William_Waterhouse" title="John William Waterhouse">John William Waterhouse</a> (1849–1917) English</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Ricardo_Falero" title="Luis Ricardo Falero">Luis Ricardo Falero</a> (1851–1896) Spanish</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancell_Stronach" title="Ancell Stronach">Ancell Stronach</a> (1901–1981) Scottish</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Toorop" title="Jan Toorop">Jan Toorop</a> (1858–1928) Dutch</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Segantini" title="Giovanni Segantini">Giovanni Segantini</a> (1858–1899) Italian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edvard_Munch" title="Edvard Munch">Edvard Munch</a> (1863–1944) Norwegian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Bowen_Davies" title="Arthur Bowen Davies">Arthur Bowen Davies</a> (1863–1928) American</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliseu_Visconti" title="Eliseu Visconti">Eliseu Visconti</a> (1866–1944) Brazilian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Duncan_(painter)" title="John Duncan (painter)">John Duncan</a> (1866–1945) Scottish</li> <li>Early <a href="/wiki/Franti%C5%A1ek_Kupka" title="František Kupka">František Kupka</a> (1871–1957) Czech</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Simberg" title="Hugo Simberg">Hugo Simberg</a> (1873–1917) Finnish</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_MacDonald" title="Frances MacDonald">Frances MacDonald</a> (1873–1921) Scottish</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferm%C3%ADn_Arango" title="Fermín Arango">Fermín Arango</a> (1874–1962) Spanish-Argentine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikalojus_Konstantinas_%C4%8Ciurlionis" title="Mikalojus Konstantinas Čiurlionis">Mikalojus Konstantinas Čiurlionis</a> (1875–1911) Lithuanian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stevan_Aleksi%C4%87" title="Stevan Aleksić">Stevan Aleksić</a> (1876–1923) Serbian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felice_Casorati" title="Felice Casorati">Felice Casorati</a> (1883–1963) Italian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselmo_Bucci" title="Anselmo Bucci">Anselmo Bucci</a> (1887–1955) Italian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ze%27ev_Raban" title="Ze'ev Raban">Ze'ev Raban</a> (1890–1970) Polish/Israeli</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beda_Stjernschantz" title="Beda Stjernschantz">Beda Stjernschantz</a> (1867—1910) Finnish</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Symbolist_playwrights">Symbolist playwrights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbolism_(movement)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Symbolist playwrights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerhart_Hauptmann" title="Gerhart Hauptmann">Gerhart Hauptmann</a> (1862–1946) German</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_von_Hoffmannsthal" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugo von Hoffmannsthal">Hugo von Hoffmannsthal</a> (1874 - 1929), Austrian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca" title="Federico García Lorca">Federico García Lorca</a> (1898–1936) Spanish</li> <li>Fr. <a href="/wiki/Allan_MacDonald_(poet)" title="Allan MacDonald (poet)">Allan MacDonald</a> (1959 - 1904), <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_literature" title="Scottish Gaelic literature">Scottish Gaelic literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Maeterlinck" title="Maurice Maeterlinck">Maurice Maeterlinck</a> (1862–1949) Belgian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1irt%C3%ADn_%C3%93_Dire%C3%A1in" title="Máirtín Ó Direáin">Máirtín Ó Direáin</a> (1910 - 1988), Irish</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugn%C3%A9-Poe" title="Lugné-Poe">Lugné-Poe</a> (1869–1940) French</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Sorge" title="Reinhard Sorge">Reinhard Sorge</a> (1892 - 1916) German</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Composers_affected_by_symbolist_ideas">Composers affected by symbolist ideas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbolism_(movement)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Composers affected by symbolist ideas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a> (1813–1883) German</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky</a> (1840–1893) Russian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Faur%C3%A9" title="Gabriel Fauré">Gabriel Fauré</a> (1845–1924) French</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Loeffler" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Loeffler">Charles Loeffler</a> (1861–1935) American</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy">Claude Debussy</a> (1862–1918) French</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Richard Strauss</a> (1864–1949) German</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Satie" title="Erik Satie">Erik Satie</a> (1866–1925) French</li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3k" title="Béla Bartók">Béla Bartók</a> (1881–1945) Hungarian</li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Scriabin" title="Alexander Scriabin">Alexander Scriabin</a> (1872–1915) Russian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Ravel" title="Maurice Ravel">Maurice Ravel</a> (1875–1937) French</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikalojus_Konstantinas_%C4%8Ciurlionis" title="Mikalojus Konstantinas Čiurlionis">Mikalojus Konstantinas Čiurlionis</a> (1875–1911) Lithuanian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mieczys%C5%82aw_Kar%C5%82owicz" title="Mieczysław Karłowicz">Mieczysław Karłowicz</a> (1876–1909) Polish</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Scott" title="Cyril Scott">Cyril Scott</a> (1879–1970) English</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karol_Szymanowski" title="Karol Szymanowski">Karol Szymanowski</a> (1882–1937) Polish</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lili_Boulanger" title="Lili Boulanger">Lili Boulanger</a> (1893–1918) French</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Arnold Schoenberg</a> (1874–1951) Austrian</li></ul> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbolism_(movement)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 1421px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1871_Vereshchagin_Apotheose_des_Krieges_anagoria.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Vasily Vereshchagin, The Apotheosis of War, 1871"><img alt="Vasily Vereshchagin, The Apotheosis of War, 1871" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/1871_Vereshchagin_Apotheose_des_Krieges_anagoria.JPG/160px-1871_Vereshchagin_Apotheose_des_Krieges_anagoria.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/1871_Vereshchagin_Apotheose_des_Krieges_anagoria.JPG/240px-1871_Vereshchagin_Apotheose_des_Krieges_anagoria.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/1871_Vereshchagin_Apotheose_des_Krieges_anagoria.JPG/320px-1871_Vereshchagin_Apotheose_des_Krieges_anagoria.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3172" data-file-height="2064" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Vereshchagin" title="Vasily Vereshchagin">Vasily Vereshchagin</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Apotheosis_of_War" title="The Apotheosis of War">The Apotheosis of War</a></i>, 1871</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gustav_Klimt_-_Allegory_of_Sculpture_-_1889.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gustav Klimt, Allegory of Skulptur, 1889"><img alt="Gustav Klimt, Allegory of Skulptur, 1889" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Gustav_Klimt_-_Allegory_of_Sculpture_-_1889.jpg/114px-Gustav_Klimt_-_Allegory_of_Sculpture_-_1889.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Gustav_Klimt_-_Allegory_of_Sculpture_-_1889.jpg/170px-Gustav_Klimt_-_Allegory_of_Sculpture_-_1889.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Gustav_Klimt_-_Allegory_of_Sculpture_-_1889.jpg/227px-Gustav_Klimt_-_Allegory_of_Sculpture_-_1889.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6704" data-file-height="9438" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Klimt" title="Gustav Klimt">Gustav Klimt</a>, <i>Allegory of Skulptur</i>, 1889</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Toorop,_De_drie_bruiden,_78x98_non_bruid_helbruid.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jan Toorop, The Three Brides, 1893"><img alt="Jan Toorop, The Three Brides, 1893" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Toorop%2C_De_drie_bruiden%2C_78x98_non_bruid_helbruid.jpg/160px-Toorop%2C_De_drie_bruiden%2C_78x98_non_bruid_helbruid.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Toorop%2C_De_drie_bruiden%2C_78x98_non_bruid_helbruid.jpg/240px-Toorop%2C_De_drie_bruiden%2C_78x98_non_bruid_helbruid.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Toorop%2C_De_drie_bruiden%2C_78x98_non_bruid_helbruid.jpg/320px-Toorop%2C_De_drie_bruiden%2C_78x98_non_bruid_helbruid.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1417" data-file-height="1144" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jan_Toorop" title="Jan Toorop">Jan Toorop</a>, <i>The Three Brides</i>, 1893</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hugo_Simberg_Garden_of_Death.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hugo Simberg, The Garden of Death, 1896"><img alt="Hugo Simberg, The Garden of Death, 1896" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Hugo_Simberg_Garden_of_Death.jpg/160px-Hugo_Simberg_Garden_of_Death.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Hugo_Simberg_Garden_of_Death.jpg/240px-Hugo_Simberg_Garden_of_Death.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Hugo_Simberg_Garden_of_Death.jpg/320px-Hugo_Simberg_Garden_of_Death.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1693" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Simberg" title="Hugo Simberg">Hugo Simberg</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Garden_of_Death" title="The Garden of Death">The Garden of Death</a></i>, 1896</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fernand_Khnopff_-_Incense_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fernand Khnopff, Incense, 1898"><img alt="Fernand Khnopff, Incense, 1898" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Fernand_Khnopff_-_Incense_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/91px-Fernand_Khnopff_-_Incense_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Fernand_Khnopff_-_Incense_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/137px-Fernand_Khnopff_-_Incense_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Fernand_Khnopff_-_Incense_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/182px-Fernand_Khnopff_-_Incense_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1786" data-file-height="3135" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Fernand_Khnopff" title="Fernand Khnopff">Fernand Khnopff</a>, <i>Incense</i>, 1898</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Swan_princess.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mikhail Vrubel, The Swan Princess, 1900"><img alt="Mikhail Vrubel, The Swan Princess, 1900" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Swan_princess.jpg/103px-Swan_princess.jpg" decoding="async" width="103" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Swan_princess.jpg/155px-Swan_princess.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Swan_princess.jpg/206px-Swan_princess.jpg 2x" data-file-width="355" data-file-height="550" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Vrubel" title="Mikhail Vrubel">Mikhail Vrubel</a>, <i>The Swan Princess</i>, 1900</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stuck_Susanna.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Franz von Stuck, Susanna und die beiden Alten, 1913"><img alt="Franz von Stuck, Susanna und die beiden Alten, 1913" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Stuck_Susanna.jpg/116px-Stuck_Susanna.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Stuck_Susanna.jpg/174px-Stuck_Susanna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Stuck_Susanna.jpg/232px-Stuck_Susanna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4127" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Stuck" title="Franz von Stuck">Franz von Stuck</a>, <i>Susanna und die beiden Alten</i>, 1913</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bloktheatre.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The cover to Aleksander Blok's 1909 book Theatre. Konstantin Somov's illustrations for the Russian symbolist poet display the continuity between symbolism and Art Nouveau artists such as Aubrey Beardsley."><img alt="The cover to Aleksander Blok's 1909 book Theatre. Konstantin Somov's illustrations for the Russian symbolist poet display the continuity between symbolism and Art Nouveau artists such as Aubrey Beardsley." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Bloktheatre.jpg/120px-Bloktheatre.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Bloktheatre.jpg/181px-Bloktheatre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Bloktheatre.jpg/241px-Bloktheatre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="599" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The cover to <a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Blok" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleksander Blok">Aleksander Blok</a>'s 1909 book <i>Theatre</i>. <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Somov" title="Konstantin Somov">Konstantin Somov</a>'s illustrations for the <a href="/wiki/Russian_symbolism" title="Russian symbolism">Russian symbolist</a> poet display the continuity between symbolism and <a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a> artists such as <a href="/wiki/Aubrey_Beardsley" title="Aubrey Beardsley">Aubrey Beardsley</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_last_king.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Alfred Kubin, The Last King, 1902"><img alt="Alfred Kubin, The Last King, 1902" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/The_last_king.jpg/140px-The_last_king.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/The_last_king.jpg/210px-The_last_king.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/The_last_king.jpg/280px-The_last_king.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="730" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kubin" title="Alfred Kubin">Alfred Kubin</a>, <i>The Last King</i>, 1902</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:STUCK,_FRANZ-VON_-_S%C3%BCNDE_-_CC-BY-SA_BSTGS_7925.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Franz von Stuck, Die Sünde, 1893"><img alt="Franz von Stuck, Die Sünde, 1893" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/STUCK%2C_FRANZ-VON_-_S%C3%BCNDE_-_CC-BY-SA_BSTGS_7925.jpg/125px-STUCK%2C_FRANZ-VON_-_S%C3%BCNDE_-_CC-BY-SA_BSTGS_7925.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/STUCK%2C_FRANZ-VON_-_S%C3%BCNDE_-_CC-BY-SA_BSTGS_7925.jpg/188px-STUCK%2C_FRANZ-VON_-_S%C3%BCNDE_-_CC-BY-SA_BSTGS_7925.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/STUCK%2C_FRANZ-VON_-_S%C3%BCNDE_-_CC-BY-SA_BSTGS_7925.jpg/250px-STUCK%2C_FRANZ-VON_-_S%C3%BCNDE_-_CC-BY-SA_BSTGS_7925.jpg 2x" data-file-width="931" data-file-height="1189" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Stuck" title="Franz von Stuck">Franz von Stuck</a>, <i>Die Sünde</i>, 1893</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gef%C3%BChl_der_Abh%C3%A4ngigkeit.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sascha Schneider The Feeling of Dependence, 1920"><img alt="Sascha Schneider The Feeling of Dependence, 1920" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Gef%C3%BChl_der_Abh%C3%A4ngigkeit.jpg/103px-Gef%C3%BChl_der_Abh%C3%A4ngigkeit.jpg" decoding="async" width="103" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Gef%C3%BChl_der_Abh%C3%A4ngigkeit.jpg/155px-Gef%C3%BChl_der_Abh%C3%A4ngigkeit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Gef%C3%BChl_der_Abh%C3%A4ngigkeit.jpg/207px-Gef%C3%BChl_der_Abh%C3%A4ngigkeit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3086" data-file-height="4778" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sascha_Schneider" title="Sascha Schneider">Sascha Schneider</a> <i>The Feeling of Dependence</i>, 1920</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jupiter_and_Semele_by_Gustave_Moreau.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gustave Moreau, Jupiter and Semele, 1894–95"><img alt="Gustave Moreau, Jupiter and Semele, 1894–95" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Jupiter_and_Semele_by_Gustave_Moreau.jpg/88px-Jupiter_and_Semele_by_Gustave_Moreau.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Jupiter_and_Semele_by_Gustave_Moreau.jpg/133px-Jupiter_and_Semele_by_Gustave_Moreau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Jupiter_and_Semele_by_Gustave_Moreau.jpg/177px-Jupiter_and_Semele_by_Gustave_Moreau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3399" data-file-height="6144" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Moreau" title="Gustave Moreau">Gustave Moreau</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_and_Semele" title="Jupiter and Semele">Jupiter and Semele</a></i>, 1894–95</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ferdinand_Hodler_005.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ferdinand Hodler, The Night, 1889–90"><img alt="Ferdinand Hodler, The Night, 1889–90" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Ferdinand_Hodler_005.jpg/160px-Ferdinand_Hodler_005.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Ferdinand_Hodler_005.jpg/240px-Ferdinand_Hodler_005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Ferdinand_Hodler_005.jpg/320px-Ferdinand_Hodler_005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="1570" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Hodler" title="Ferdinand Hodler">Ferdinand Hodler</a>, <i>The Night</i>, 1889–90</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arnold_B%C3%B6cklin_-_Die_Toteninsel_I_(Basel,_Kunstmuseum).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arnold Böcklin – Die Toteninsel I, 1880"><img alt="Arnold Böcklin – Die Toteninsel I, 1880" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Arnold_B%C3%B6cklin_-_Die_Toteninsel_I_%28Basel%2C_Kunstmuseum%29.jpg/160px-Arnold_B%C3%B6cklin_-_Die_Toteninsel_I_%28Basel%2C_Kunstmuseum%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Arnold_B%C3%B6cklin_-_Die_Toteninsel_I_%28Basel%2C_Kunstmuseum%29.jpg/240px-Arnold_B%C3%B6cklin_-_Die_Toteninsel_I_%28Basel%2C_Kunstmuseum%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Arnold_B%C3%B6cklin_-_Die_Toteninsel_I_%28Basel%2C_Kunstmuseum%29.jpg/320px-Arnold_B%C3%B6cklin_-_Die_Toteninsel_I_%28Basel%2C_Kunstmuseum%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6784" data-file-height="4837" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Arnold_B%C3%B6cklin" title="Arnold Böcklin">Arnold Böcklin</a> – <i>Die Toteninsel I</i>, 1880</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Malczewski_Jacek_Przy_studni.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jacek Malczewski, Poisoned Well with Chimera, 1905"><img alt="Jacek Malczewski, Poisoned Well with Chimera, 1905" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Malczewski_Jacek_Przy_studni.jpg/121px-Malczewski_Jacek_Przy_studni.jpg" decoding="async" width="121" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Malczewski_Jacek_Przy_studni.jpg/181px-Malczewski_Jacek_Przy_studni.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Malczewski_Jacek_Przy_studni.jpg/242px-Malczewski_Jacek_Przy_studni.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2923" data-file-height="3865" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jacek_Malczewski" title="Jacek Malczewski">Jacek Malczewski</a>, <i>Poisoned Well with Chimera</i>, 1905</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mikhail_Nesterov_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mikhail Nesterov, The Vision of the Youth Bartholomew, 1890"><img alt="Mikhail Nesterov, The Vision of the Youth Bartholomew, 1890" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Mikhail_Nesterov_001.jpg/160px-Mikhail_Nesterov_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Mikhail_Nesterov_001.jpg/240px-Mikhail_Nesterov_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Mikhail_Nesterov_001.jpg/320px-Mikhail_Nesterov_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1534" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Nesterov" title="Mikhail Nesterov">Mikhail Nesterov</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Vision_of_the_Youth_Bartholomew" class="mw-redirect" title="The Vision of the Youth Bartholomew">The Vision of the Youth Bartholomew</a></i>, 1890</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:La_vetta_-_Cesare_Saccaggi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cesare Saccaggi [it], La Vetta, (1898)"><img alt="Cesare Saccaggi [it], La Vetta, (1898)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/La_vetta_-_Cesare_Saccaggi.jpg/160px-La_vetta_-_Cesare_Saccaggi.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/La_vetta_-_Cesare_Saccaggi.jpg/240px-La_vetta_-_Cesare_Saccaggi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/La_vetta_-_Cesare_Saccaggi.jpg/320px-La_vetta_-_Cesare_Saccaggi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="598" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cesare_Saccaggi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cesare Saccaggi (page does not exist)">Cesare Saccaggi</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesare_Saccaggi" class="extiw" title="it:Cesare Saccaggi">it</a>]</span>, <i>La Vetta</i>, (1898)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbolism_(movement)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbaye_de_Cr%C3%A9teil" title="Abbaye de Créteil">Abbaye de Créteil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystical_Anarchism" title="Mystical Anarchism">Mystical Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetism" title="Synthetism">Synthetism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Yellow_Book" title="The Yellow Book">The Yellow Book</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visionary_art" title="Visionary art">Visionary art</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbolism_(movement)&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Balakian, Anna, <i>The Symbolist Movement: a critical appraisal</i>. Random House, 1967, ch. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Balakian, see above; see also Houston, introduction.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Album_zutique"><i>Album zutique – Wikisource</i></a>. Gallimard, NRF, Bibliothèque de la Pléiade. 12 February 1965. pp. <span class="nowrap">111–</span>121.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Album+zutique+%E2%80%93+Wikisource&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E111-%3C%2Fspan%3E121&rft.pub=Gallimard%2C+NRF%2C+Biblioth%C3%A8que+de+la+Pl%C3%A9iade&rft.date=1965-02-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FAlbum_zutique&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymbolism+%28movement%29" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|website=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Figaro_1886-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Figaro_1886_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Figaro_1886_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k2723555/f2.item.r=%22Un%20Manifeste%20litt%C3%A9raire%22">Jean Moréas, <i>Un Manifeste littéraire</i>, <i>Le Symbolisme</i>, Le Figaro. Supplément Littéraire, No. 38, Saturday 18 September 1886, p. 150</a>, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Gallica</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Mor%C3%A9as" title="Jean Moréas">Jean Moréas</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ieeff.org/manifestesymbolisme.htm">Le Manifeste du Symbolisme</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Figaro" title="Le Figaro">Le Figaro</a></i>, 1886.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Conway Morris, Roderick "The Elusive Symbolist movement" – <i>International Herald Tribune</i>, 17 March 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Hirsch" title="Edward Hirsch">Edward Hirsch</a> (2017), <i>The Essential Poets Glossary</i>, Mariner Books. Page 314.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael and Erika Metzger (1972), <i>Stefan George</i>, Twayne's World Authors Series. Page 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Untermeyer, Louis, Preface to <i>Modern American Poetry</i> Harcourt Brace & Co New York 1950</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pratt, William. <i>The Imagist Poem, Modern Poetry in Miniature</i> (Story Line Press, 1963, expanded 2001). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58654-009-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-58654-009-2">1-58654-009-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Olds, Marshal C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1027&context=modlangfrench">"Literary Symbolism"</a>, originally published (as Chapter 14) in <i>A Companion to Modernist Literature and Culture</i>, edited by David Bradshaw and Kevin J. H. Dettmar. Malden, MA : Blackwell Publishing, 2006. Pages 155–162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Verlaine" title="Paul Verlaine">Paul Verlaine</a>, <i><a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Les_Po%C3%A8tes_maudits">Les Poètes maudits</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire" title="Charles Baudelaire">Charles Baudelaire</a>, <i><a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/B%C3%A9n%C3%A9diction">Bénédiction</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Delvaille, Bernard, <i>La poésie symboliste: anthologie</i>, introduction. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-221-50161-6" title="Special:BookSources/2-221-50161-6">2-221-50161-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Luxure, fruit de mort à l'arbre de la vie... </i>, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Samain" title="Albert Samain">Albert Samain</a>, "Luxure", in the publication <i>Au jardin de l'infante</i> (1889)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stéphane Mallarmé, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cage.ugent.be/~dc/Literature/Mallarme/Mal08.html"><i>Les fenêtres</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041209140346/http://cage.ugent.be/~dc/Literature/Mallarme/Mal08.html">Archived</a> 9 December 2004 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wisegeek.com/what-was-the-decadent-movement-in-literature.htm">"What Was the Decadent Movement in Literature? (with pictures)"</a>. <i>wiseGEEK</i>. 5 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wiseGEEK&rft.atitle=What+Was+the+Decadent+Movement+in+Literature%3F+%28with+pictures%29&rft.date=2023-06-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wisegeek.com%2Fwhat-was-the-decadent-movement-in-literature.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymbolism+%28movement%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Schimmelpenninck van der Oye, <i>Russian orientalism: Asia in the Russian mind from Peter the Great to the emigration</i>, New Haven: Yale UP, 2010, p. 211 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Kk8XrtXe3IcC&q=decadence+symbolism&pg=PA211">online</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Olds, see above, p. 160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Langueur"><i>Langueur</i></a>, from <i>Jadis et Naguère</i>, 1884</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Henri_Beauclair" title="Henri Beauclair">Henri Beauclair</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Vicaire" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabriel Vicaire">Gabriel Vicaire</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000816032204/http://www.bmlisieux.com/archives/deliqu01.htm"><i>Les Déliquescences d'Adoré Floupette</i></a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup> (1885)<br /><a href="/wiki/File:Floupette_-_Les_D%C3%A9liquescences,_1885.djvu" title="File:Floupette - Les Déliquescences, 1885.djvu"><i>Les Déliquescences</i> – poèmes décadents d'Adoré Floupette, avec sa vie par Marius Tapora</a> by Henri Beauclair and Gabriel Vicaire <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jullian Phillipe, <i>The Symbolists</i>, 1977, p. 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200807203804/https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/decadent-novel-a-rebours-or-against-nature">"Decadent novel <i>A rebours, or, Against Nature</i>"</a>. <i>The British Library</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/decadent-novel-a-rebours-or-against-nature">the original</a> on 7 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+British+Library&rft.atitle=Decadent+novel+A+rebours%2C+or%2C+Against+Nature&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bl.uk%2Fcollection-items%2Fdecadent-novel-a-rebours-or-against-nature&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymbolism+%28movement%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Hollinghurst" title="Alan Hollinghurst">Alan Hollinghurst</a>, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2005/jan/29/featuresreviews.guardianreview30">Bruges of sighs</a>" (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>, 29 January 2005, accessed 26 April 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSaraivaLopes2017" class="citation book cs1">Saraiva, António José; Lopes, Óscar (2017). <i>História da Literatura Portuguesa</i> (17th ed.). Lisboa: Porto Editora. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-972-0-30170-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-972-0-30170-3"><bdi>978-972-0-30170-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hist%C3%B3ria+da+Literatura+Portuguesa&rft.place=Lisboa&rft.edition=17th&rft.pub=Porto+Editora&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-972-0-30170-3&rft.aulast=Saraiva&rft.aufirst=Ant%C3%B3nio+Jos%C3%A9&rft.au=Lopes%2C+%C3%93scar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymbolism+%28movement%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EBS-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EBS_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBS_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBS_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/577796/Symbolist-movement">"Symbolism"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Symbolism&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F577796%2FSymbolist-movement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymbolism+%28movement%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Plays of Anton Chekhov</i>, trans. Paul Schmidt (1997)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlokYarmolinskyDeutsch1929" class="citation journal cs1">Blok, Alexander; Yarmolinsky, Avrahm; Deutsch, Babette (1929). "The Twelve". <i>The Slavonic and East European Review</i>. <b>8</b> (22): <span class="nowrap">188–</span>198. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4202372">4202372</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Slavonic+and+East+European+Review&rft.atitle=The+Twelve&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=22&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E188-%3C%2Fspan%3E198&rft.date=1929&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4202372%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Blok&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft.au=Yarmolinsky%2C+Avrahm&rft.au=Deutsch%2C+Babette&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymbolism+%28movement%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">de Gourmont, Remy. <i>La France</i> (1915)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrooker2004" class="citation book cs1">Brooker, Joseph (2004). <i>Joyce's Critics: Transitions in Reading and Culture</i>. Madison, Wisc.: University of Wisconsin Press. p. 73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0299196042" title="Special:BookSources/978-0299196042"><bdi>978-0299196042</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Joyce%27s+Critics%3A+Transitions+in+Reading+and+Culture&rft.place=Madison%2C+Wisc.&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0299196042&rft.aulast=Brooker&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymbolism+%28movement%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lituanus-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lituanus_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lituanus.org/2003/03_2_04.htm">"Symbolist Visions; The role of music in the paintings of M. K. Ciurlionis – Nathalie Lorand"</a>. <i>lituanus.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lituanus.org&rft.atitle=Symbolist+Visions%3B+The+role+of+music+in+the+paintings+of+M.+K.+Ciurlionis+%E2%80%93+Nathalie+Lorand&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lituanus.org%2F2003%2F03_2_04.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymbolism+%28movement%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSobolev2017" class="citation book cs1">Sobolev, Olga (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/85314/"><i>The symbol of the symbolists: Aleksandr Blok in the changing Russian literary canon</i></a>. Open Book Publishers. p. 147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781783740888" title="Special:BookSources/9781783740888"><bdi>9781783740888</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+symbol+of+the+symbolists%3A+Aleksandr+Blok+in+the+changing+Russian+literary+canon&rft.pages=147&rft.pub=Open+Book+Publishers&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781783740888&rft.aulast=Sobolev&rft.aufirst=Olga&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.lse.ac.uk%2F85314%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymbolism+%28movement%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boris Christa, 'Andrey Bely and the Symbolist Movement in Russia' in <i>The Symbolist Movement in the Literature of European Languages</i> John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1984, p. 389</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philippe Jullian, <i>The Symbolists</i>, 1977, p. 55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jullian, Philippe, <i>The Symbolists</i>. (Dutton, 1977) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7148-1739-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7148-1739-2">0-7148-1739-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSencourt1971" class="citation book cs1">Sencourt, Robert (1971). Adamson, Donald (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/tseliotmemoir00senc"><i>T. S. Eliot: A Memoir</i></a>. New York: Dodd, Mead & Company. pp. <span class="nowrap">27–</span>28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-396-06347-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-396-06347-6"><bdi>978-0-396-06347-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=T.+S.+Eliot%3A+A+Memoir&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E27-%3C%2Fspan%3E28&rft.pub=Dodd%2C+Mead+%26+Company&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-396-06347-6&rft.aulast=Sencourt&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftseliotmemoir00senc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymbolism+%28movement%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lee 2020, <a href="/wiki/Anna_Vaninskaya" title="Anna Vaninskaya">Anna Vaninskaya</a>, "Modernity: Tolkien and His Contemporaries", pages 350–366</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbolism_(movement)&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Anna Balakian, <i>The Symbolist Movement: a critical appraisal</i>. New York: Random House, 1967</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Facos" title="Michelle Facos">Michelle Facos</a>, <i>Symbolist Art in Context</i>. London: Routledge, 2011</li> <li>Russell T. Clement, <i>Four French Symbolists: A Sourcebook on Pierre Puvis de Chavannes, Gustave Moreau, Odilon Redon, and Maurice Denis.</i> Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1996.</li> <li>Bernard Delvaille, <i>La poésie symboliste: anthologie</i>. Paris: Seghers, 1971. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-221-50161-6" title="Special:BookSources/2-221-50161-6">2-221-50161-6</a></li> <li>John Porter Houston and Mona Tobin Houston, <i>French Symbolist Poetry: An Anthology</i>. Bloomington : Indiana University Press, 1980. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-20250-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-20250-7">0-253-20250-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Jullian" title="Philippe Jullian">Philippe Jullian</a>, <i>The Symbolists</i>. Oxford: Phaidon; New York: E.P. Dutton, 1973. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7148-1739-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7148-1739-2">0-7148-1739-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_George_Lehmann" title="Andrew George Lehmann">Andrew George Lehmann</a>, <i>The Symbolist Aesthetic in France 1885–1895</i>. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1950, 1968</li> <li><i>The Oxford Companion to French Literature</i>, <a href="/wiki/Sir_Paul_Harvey" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Paul Harvey">Sir Paul Harvey</a> and J. E. Heseltine (eds.). Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1959. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-866104-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-866104-5">0-19-866104-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Praz" title="Mario Praz">Mario Praz</a>, <i>The Romantic Agony</i>. London: Oxford University Press, 1930. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-281061-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-281061-8">0-19-281061-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Symons" title="Arthur Symons">Arthur Symons</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Symbolist_Movement_in_Literature" title="The Symbolist Movement in Literature">The Symbolist Movement in Literature</a></i>. E. P. Dutton and Co., Inc. (A Dutton Paperback), 1958</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Wilson" title="Edmund Wilson">Edmund Wilson</a>, <i>Axel's Castle: A Study in the Imaginative Literature of 1870–1930.</i> New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1931 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/axelscastle030404mbp">online version</a>). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59853-013-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59853-013-1">978-1-59853-013-1</a> (<a href="/wiki/Library_of_America" title="Library of America">Library of America</a>)</li> <li>Michael Gibson, <i>Symbolism</i> London: Taschen, 1995 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3822893242" title="Special:BookSources/3822893242">3822893242</a></li> <li>Bernice Glatzer Rosenthal. "Theatre As Church: The Vision of the Mystical Anarchists" in <i><a href="/wiki/Russian_History_(Brill_journal)" title="Russian History (Brill journal)">Russian History</a>,</i> 1977, Vol. 4, No. 2 (1977), pp. 122-141. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24649518">Available Online</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbolism_(movement)&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Symbolism_(movement)" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Symbolism (movement)">Symbolism (movement)</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.symbolismus.com">Collection of German Symbolist art</a> The <a href="/wiki/James_(Jack)_Daulton" class="mw-redirect" title="James (Jack) Daulton">Jack Daulton</a> Collection</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.poetes.com/textes/ver_poemau.pdf"><i>Les Poètes maudits</i></a> by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Verlaine" title="Paul Verlaine">Paul Verlaine</a> <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020802071729/http://artmagick.com/default.aspx">ArtMagick The Symbolist Gallery</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tendreams.org/symbolism-art.htm">What is Symbolism in Art</a> Ten Dreams Galleries – extensive article on Symbolism</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://serdar-hizli-art.com/modern_painting/symbolism.htm">Symbolism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120519121815/http://serdar-hizli-art.com/modern_painting/symbolism.htm">Archived</a> 19 May 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Moreau" title="Gustave Moreau">Gustave Moreau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puvis_de_Chavannes" class="mw-redirect" title="Puvis de Chavannes">Puvis de Chavannes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odilon_Redon" title="Odilon Redon">Odilon Redon</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Battista_Alberti" title="Leon Battista Alberti">Alberti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bal%C3%A1zs" title="Béla Balázs">Balázs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Urs_von_Balthasar" title="Hans Urs von Balthasar">Balthasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire" title="Charles Baudelaire">Baudelaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gottlieb_Baumgarten" title="Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten">Baumgarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clive_Bell" title="Clive Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._G._Collingwood" title="R. G. Collingwood">Collingwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananda_Coomaraswamy" title="Ananda Coomaraswamy">Coomaraswamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Danto" title="Arthur Danto">Danto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Fry" title="Roger Fry">Fry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Goodman" title="Nelson Goodman">Goodman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Greenberg" title="Clement Greenberg">Greenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Hanslick" title="Eduard Hanslick">Hanslick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Hutcheson_(philosopher)" title="Francis Hutcheson (philosopher)">Hutcheson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Klee" title="Paul Klee">Klee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susanne_Langer" title="Susanne Langer">Langer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Lipps" title="Theodor Lipps">Lipps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Xie" title="Liu Xie">Liu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard" title="Jean-François Lyotard">Lyotard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_de_Man" title="Paul de Man">Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Merleau-Ponty" title="Maurice Merleau-Ponty">Merleau-Ponty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega y Gasset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">Orwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Pater" title="Walter Pater">Pater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ranci%C3%A8re" title="Jacques Rancière">Rancière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I._A._Richards" title="I. A. Richards">Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Schiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Schopenhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun%27ichir%C5%8D_Tanizaki" title="Jun'ichirō Tanizaki">Tanizaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Vasari" title="Giorgio Vasari">Vasari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Wilde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Joachim_Winckelmann" title="Johann Joachim Winckelmann">Winckelmann</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_aestheticians" title="List of aestheticians">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appropriation_(art)" title="Appropriation (art)">Appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_for_art%27s_sake" title="Art for art's sake">Art for art's sake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_manifesto" title="Art manifesto">Art manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_merit" title="Artistic merit">Artistic merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">Avant-garde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beauty" title="Beauty">Beauty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminine_beauty_ideal" title="Feminine beauty ideal">Feminine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculine_beauty_ideal" title="Masculine beauty ideal">Masculine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_(style)" title="Camp (style)">Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy" title="Comedy">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creativity" title="Creativity">Creativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuteness" title="Cuteness">Cuteness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depiction" title="Depiction">Depiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disgust" title="Disgust">Disgust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecstasy_(philosophy)" title="Ecstasy (philosophy)">Ecstasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elegance" title="Elegance">Elegance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_emotions" title="Aesthetic emotions">Emotions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment" title="Entertainment">Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eroticism" title="Eroticism">Eroticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion" title="Fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaze" title="Gaze">Gaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmony" title="Harmony">Harmony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humour" title="Humour">Humour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_interpretation" title="Aesthetic interpretation">Interpretation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judgment" class="mw-redirect" title="Judgment">Judgment</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitsch" title="Kitsch">Kitsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_imitating_art" title="Life imitating art">Life imitating art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnificence_(history_of_ideas)" title="Magnificence (history of ideas)">Magnificence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimesis" title="Mimesis">Mimesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">Perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picturesque" title="Picturesque">Picturesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_(philosophy)" title="Quality (philosophy)">Quality</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rasa_(aesthetics)" title="Rasa (aesthetics)">Rasa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreation" title="Recreation">Recreation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverence_(emotion)" title="Reverence (emotion)">Reverence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_(visual_arts)" title="Style (visual arts)">Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sublime_(philosophy)" title="Sublime (philosophy)">Sublime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taste_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Taste (sociology)">Taste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy" title="Tragedy">Tragedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_of_art" title="Work of art">Work of art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hippias_Major" title="Hippias Major">Hippias Major</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 390 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Poetics_(Aristotle)" title="Poetics (Aristotle)">Poetics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 335 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Literary_Mind_and_the_Carving_of_Dragons" title="The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons">The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 100)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Sublime" title="On the Sublime">On the Sublime</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 500)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Philosophical_Enquiry_into_the_Origin_of_Our_Ideas_of_the_Sublime_and_Beautiful" title="A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful">A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1757)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lectures_on_Aesthetics" title="Lectures on Aesthetics">Lectures on Aesthetics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1835)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Critic_as_Artist" title="The Critic as Artist">The Critic as Artist</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1891)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_Praise_of_Shadows" title="In Praise of Shadows">In Praise of Shadows</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1933)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Art_as_Experience" title="Art as Experience">Art as Experience</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1934)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Work_of_Art_in_the_Age_of_Mechanical_Reproduction" title="The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction">The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1935)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Avant-Garde_and_Kitsch" title="Avant-Garde and Kitsch">Avant-Garde and Kitsch</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1939)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Critical_Essays_(Orwell)" title="Critical Essays (Orwell)">Critical Essays</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1946)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Aesthetic_Dimension" title="The Aesthetic Dimension">The Aesthetic Dimension</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1977)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Why_Beauty_Matters" title="Why Beauty Matters">Why Beauty Matters</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2009)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticization_of_politics" title="Aestheticization of politics">Aestheticization of politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_aesthetics" title="Applied aesthetics">Applied aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_criticism" title="Arts criticism">Arts criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiology">Axiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_aesthetics" title="Evolutionary aesthetics">Evolutionary aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_beauty" title="Mathematical beauty">Mathematical beauty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroesthetics" title="Neuroesthetics">Neuroesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patterns_in_nature" title="Patterns in nature">Patterns in nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_design" title="Philosophy of design">Philosophy of design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_film" title="Philosophy of film">Philosophy of film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_music" title="Philosophy of music">Philosophy of music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_art" title="Psychology of art">Psychology of art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_art" title="Theory of art">Theory of art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_aesthetics_articles" title="Index of aesthetics articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_aesthetics" title="Outline of aesthetics">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Aesthetics" title="Category:Aesthetics">Category</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/18px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/27px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/36px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Modernism414" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Modernism" title="Template:Modernism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Modernism" title="Template talk:Modernism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Modernism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Modernism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Modernism414" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Acmeist_poetry" title="Acmeist poetry">Acmeism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a></i></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a></i></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ashcan_School" title="Ashcan School">Ashcan School</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Constructivism_(art)" title="Constructivism (art)">Constructivism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dada" title="Dada">Dada</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Expressionism" title="Expressionism">Expressionism</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Der_Blaue_Reiter" title="Der Blaue Reiter">Der Blaue Reiter</a></i></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Die_Br%C3%BCcke" title="Die Brücke">Die Brücke</a></i></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Expressionist_music" title="Expressionist music">Music</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fauvism" title="Fauvism">Fauvism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(architecture)" title="Functionalism (architecture)">Functionalism</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Futurism" title="Futurism">Futurism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Imagism" title="Imagism">Imagism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lettrism" title="Lettrism">Lettrism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Neoplasticism" title="Neoplasticism">Neoplasticism</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl"><a href="/wiki/De_Stijl" title="De Stijl">De Stijl</a></i></span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Orphism_(art)" title="Orphism (art)">Orphism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">Surrealism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Synchromism" title="Synchromism">Synchromism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tonalism" title="Tonalism">Tonalism</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_arts#Literary_arts" title="The arts">Literary arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Literary_modernism" title="Literary modernism">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Apollinaire" title="Guillaume Apollinaire">Apollinaire</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Djuna_Barnes" title="Djuna Barnes">Barnes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beckett" title="Samuel Beckett">Beckett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Bely" title="Andrei Bely">Bely</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Breton" title="André Breton">Breton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Broch" title="Hermann Broch">Broch</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bulgakov" title="Mikhail Bulgakov">Bulgakov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anton_Chekhov" title="Anton Chekhov">Chekhov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Conrad" title="Joseph Conrad">Conrad</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_D%C3%B6blin" title="Alfred Döblin">Döblin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/E._M._Forster" title="E. M. Forster">Forster</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Faulkner" title="William Faulkner">Faulkner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert">Flaubert</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ford_Madox_Ford" title="Ford Madox Ford">Ford</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gide" title="André Gide">Gide</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Knut_Hamsun" title="Knut Hamsun">Hamsun</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_Ha%C5%A1ek" title="Jaroslav Hašek">Hašek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway">Hemingway</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Hesse" title="Hermann Hesse">Hesse</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">Joyce</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka">Kafka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Koestler" title="Arthur Koestler">Koestler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/D._H._Lawrence" title="D. H. Lawrence">Lawrence</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Mann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Mansfield" title="Katherine Mansfield">Mansfield</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Filippo_Tommaso_Marinetti" title="Filippo Tommaso Marinetti">Marinetti</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Musil" title="Robert Musil">Musil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Dos_Passos" title="John Dos Passos">Dos Passos</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Platonov" title="Andrei Platonov">Platonov</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Anne_Porter" title="Katherine Anne Porter">Porter</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Proust" title="Marcel Proust">Proust</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Stein" title="Gertrude Stein">Stein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italo_Svevo" title="Italo Svevo">Svevo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Unamuno" title="Miguel de Unamuno">Unamuno</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Woolf" title="Virginia Woolf">Woolf</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modernist_poetry" title="Modernist poetry">Poetry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anna_Akhmatova" title="Anna Akhmatova">Akhmatova</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Aldington" title="Richard Aldington">Aldington</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/W._H._Auden" title="W. H. Auden">Auden</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Cendrars" title="Blaise Cendrars">Cendrars</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hart_Crane" title="Hart Crane">Crane</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/H.D." title="H.D.">H.D.</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Desnos" title="Robert Desnos">Desnos</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_%C3%89luard" title="Paul Éluard">Éluard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Odysseas_Elytis" title="Odysseas Elytis">Elytis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stefan_George" title="Stefan George">George</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Max_Jacob" title="Max Jacob">Jacob</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca" title="Federico García Lorca">Lorca</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Amy_Lowell" title="Amy Lowell">Lowell (Amy)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lowell" title="Robert Lowell">Lowell (Robert)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Mallarm%C3%A9" title="Stéphane Mallarmé">Mallarmé</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marianne_Moore" title="Marianne Moore">Moore</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wilfred_Owen" title="Wilfred Owen">Owen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Pessoa" title="Fernando Pessoa">Pessoa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound" title="Ezra Pound">Pound</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Maria_Rilke" title="Rainer Maria Rilke">Rilke</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Giorgos_Seferis" title="Giorgos Seferis">Seferis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wallace_Stevens" title="Wallace Stevens">Stevens</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dylan_Thomas" title="Dylan Thomas">Thomas</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tristan_Tzara" title="Tristan Tzara">Tzara</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Val%C3%A9ry" title="Paul Valéry">Valéry</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Carlos_Williams" title="William Carlos Williams">Williams</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/W._B._Yeats" title="W. B. Yeats">Yeats</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/In_Search_of_Lost_Time" title="In Search of Lost Time">In Search of Lost Time</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1913–1927)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Metamorphosis" title="The Metamorphosis">The Metamorphosis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1915)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(novel)" title="Ulysses (novel)">Ulysses</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1922)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Waste_Land" title="The Waste Land">The Waste Land</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1922)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Magic_Mountain" title="The Magic Mountain">The Magic Mountain</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1924)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Mrs_Dalloway" title="Mrs Dalloway">Mrs Dalloway</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1925)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sun_Also_Rises" title="The Sun Also Rises">The Sun Also Rises</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1926)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Master_and_Margarita" title="The Master and Margarita">The Master and Margarita</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1928–1940)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sound_and_the_Fury" title="The Sound and the Fury">The Sound and the Fury</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1929)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">Visual arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_art" title="Modern art">Painting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Josef_Albers" title="Josef Albers">Albers</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Arp" title="Jean Arp">Arp</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Balthus" title="Balthus">Balthus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Bellows" title="George Bellows">Bellows</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Boccioni" title="Umberto Boccioni">Boccioni</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bonnard" title="Pierre Bonnard">Bonnard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Br%C3%A2ncu%C8%99i" title="Constantin Brâncuși">Brâncuși</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Georges_Braque" title="Georges Braque">Braque</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Calder" title="Alexander Calder">Calder</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Cassatt" title="Mary Cassatt">Cassatt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_C%C3%A9zanne" title="Paul Cézanne">Cézanne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marc_Chagall" title="Marc Chagall">Chagall</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_de_Chirico" title="Giorgio de Chirico">Chirico</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Camille_Claudel" title="Camille Claudel">Claudel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD" title="Salvador Dalí">Dalí</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Degas" title="Edgar Degas">Degas</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Willem_de_Kooning" title="Willem de Kooning">Kooning</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Delaunay" title="Robert Delaunay">Delaunay</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Delaunay" title="Sonia Delaunay">Delaunay</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Demuth" title="Charles Demuth">Demuth</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Otto_Dix" title="Otto Dix">Dix</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theo_van_Doesburg" title="Theo van Doesburg">Doesburg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Duchamp" title="Marcel Duchamp">Duchamp</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Raoul_Dufy" title="Raoul Dufy">Dufy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Ensor" title="James Ensor">Ensor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Max_Ernst" title="Max Ernst">Ernst</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin">Gauguin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Giacometti" title="Alberto Giacometti">Giacometti</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Natalia_Goncharova" title="Natalia Goncharova">Goncharova</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Juan_Gris" title="Juan Gris">Gris</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Grosz" title="George Grosz">Grosz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hannah_H%C3%B6ch" title="Hannah Höch">Höch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Hopper" title="Edward Hopper">Hopper</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frida_Kahlo" title="Frida Kahlo">Kahlo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wassily_Kandinsky" title="Wassily Kandinsky">Kandinsky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ludwig_Kirchner" title="Ernst Ludwig Kirchner">Kirchner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Klee" title="Paul Klee">Klee</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oskar_Kokoschka" title="Oskar Kokoschka">Kokoschka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fernand_L%C3%A9ger" title="Fernand Léger">Léger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Magritte" title="René Magritte">Magritte</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kazimir_Malevich" title="Kazimir Malevich">Malevich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Manet" title="Édouard Manet">Manet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Franz_Marc" title="Franz Marc">Marc</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henri_Matisse" title="Henri Matisse">Matisse</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Metzinger" title="Jean Metzinger">Metzinger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joan_Mir%C3%B3" title="Joan Miró">Miró</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Amedeo_Modigliani" title="Amedeo Modigliani">Modigliani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Piet_Mondrian" title="Piet Mondrian">Mondrian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Claude_Monet" title="Claude Monet">Monet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Moore" title="Henry Moore">Moore</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edvard_Munch" title="Edvard Munch">Munch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Emil_Nolde" title="Emil Nolde">Nolde</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_O%27Keeffe" title="Georgia O'Keeffe">O'Keeffe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Picabia" title="Francis Picabia">Picabia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Picasso</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Camille_Pissarro" title="Camille Pissarro">Pissarro</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Man_Ray" title="Man Ray">Ray</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Odilon_Redon" title="Odilon Redon">Redon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Auguste_Renoir" title="Pierre-Auguste Renoir">Renoir</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Rodin" title="Auguste Rodin">Rodin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henri_Rousseau" title="Henri Rousseau">Rousseau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Egon_Schiele" title="Egon Schiele">Schiele</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Georges_Seurat" title="Georges Seurat">Seurat</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Signac" title="Paul Signac">Signac</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Sisley" title="Alfred Sisley">Sisley</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chaim_Soutine" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaim Soutine">Soutine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Steichen" title="Edward Steichen">Steichen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Stieglitz" title="Alfred Stieglitz">Stieglitz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Toulouse-Lautrec" title="Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec">Toulouse-Lautrec</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Vincent van Gogh">Van Gogh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Vuillard" title="Édouard Vuillard">Vuillard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Grant_Wood" title="Grant Wood">Wood</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modernist_film" title="Modernist film">Film</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chantal_Akerman" title="Chantal Akerman">Akerman</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Aldrich" title="Robert Aldrich">Aldrich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michelangelo_Antonioni" title="Michelangelo Antonioni">Antonioni</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tex_Avery" title="Tex Avery">Avery</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ingmar_Bergman" title="Ingmar Bergman">Bergman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bresson" title="Robert Bresson">Bresson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luis_Bu%C3%B1uel" title="Luis Buñuel">Buñuel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Carn%C3%A9" title="Marcel Carné">Carné</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Cassavetes" title="John Cassavetes">Cassavetes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Chaplin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Clair" title="René Clair">Clair</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Cocteau" title="Jean Cocteau">Cocteau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jules_Dassin" title="Jules Dassin">Dassin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maya_Deren" title="Maya Deren">Deren</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dovzhenko" title="Alexander Dovzhenko">Dovzhenko</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Theodor_Dreyer" title="Carl Theodor Dreyer">Dreyer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Blake_Edwards" title="Blake Edwards">Edwards</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Eisenstein" title="Sergei Eisenstein">Eisenstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Epstein" title="Jean Epstein">Epstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Werner_Fassbinder" title="Rainer Werner Fassbinder">Fassbinder</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Federico_Fellini" title="Federico Fellini">Fellini</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Flaherty" title="Robert J. Flaherty">Flaherty</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Ford" title="John Ford">Ford</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Fuller" title="Samuel Fuller">Fuller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Abel_Gance" title="Abel Gance">Gance</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Godard" title="Jean-Luc Godard">Godard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock">Hitchcock</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Hubley" title="John Hubley">Hubley</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Jones" title="Chuck Jones">Jones</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Buster_Keaton" title="Buster Keaton">Keaton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Kubrick" title="Stanley Kubrick">Kubrick</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lev_Kuleshov" title="Lev Kuleshov">Kuleshov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Akira_Kurosawa" title="Akira Kurosawa">Kurosawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Lang" title="Fritz Lang">Lang</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Losey" title="Joseph Losey">Losey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ida_Lupino" title="Ida Lupino">Lupino</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chris_Marker" title="Chris Marker">Marker</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vincente_Minnelli" title="Vincente Minnelli">Minnelli</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/F._W._Murnau" title="F. W. Murnau">Murnau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yasujir%C5%8D_Ozu" title="Yasujirō Ozu">Ozu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/G._W._Pabst" title="G. W. Pabst">Pabst</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vsevolod_Pudovkin" title="Vsevolod Pudovkin">Pudovkin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Ray" title="Nicholas Ray">Ray (Nicholas)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Satyajit_Ray" title="Satyajit Ray">Ray (Satyajit)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alain_Resnais" title="Alain Resnais">Resnais</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Renoir" title="Jean Renoir">Renoir</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tony_Richardson" title="Tony Richardson">Richardson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Rossellini" title="Roberto Rossellini">Rossellini</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Sirk" title="Douglas Sirk">Sirk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Sj%C3%B6str%C3%B6m" title="Victor Sjöström">Sjöström</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Josef_von_Sternberg" title="Josef von Sternberg">Sternberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Tarkovsky" title="Andrei Tarkovsky">Tarkovsky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Tati" title="Jacques Tati">Tati</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_Trnka" title="Jiří Trnka">Trnka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Truffaut" title="François Truffaut">Truffaut</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Agn%C3%A8s_Varda" title="Agnès Varda">Varda</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dziga_Vertov" title="Dziga Vertov">Vertov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Vigo" title="Jean Vigo">Vigo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles">Welles</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wiene" title="Robert Wiene">Wiene</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ed_Wood" title="Ed Wood">Wood</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Breuer" title="Marcel Breuer">Breuer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Bunshaft" title="Gordon Bunshaft">Bunshaft</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Gaud%C3%AD" title="Antoni Gaudí">Gaudí</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Gropius" title="Walter Gropius">Gropius</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hector_Guimard" title="Hector Guimard">Guimard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Horta" title="Victor Horta">Horta</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Friedensreich_Hundertwasser" title="Friedensreich Hundertwasser">Hundertwasser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Johnson" title="Philip Johnson">Johnson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Kahn" title="Louis Kahn">Kahn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Le_Corbusier" title="Le Corbusier">Le Corbusier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Loos" title="Adolf Loos">Loos</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Melnikov" title="Konstantin Melnikov">Melnikov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Erich_Mendelsohn" title="Erich Mendelsohn">Mendelsohn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pier_Luigi_Nervi" title="Pier Luigi Nervi">Nervi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Neutra" title="Richard Neutra">Neutra</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Niemeyer" title="Oscar Niemeyer">Niemeyer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gerrit_Rietveld" title="Gerrit Rietveld">Rietveld</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eero_Saarinen" title="Eero Saarinen">Saarinen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner">Steiner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Sullivan" title="Louis Sullivan">Sullivan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Tatlin" title="Vladimir Tatlin">Tatlin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Mies_van_der_Rohe" title="Ludwig Mies van der Rohe">Mies</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wright" title="Frank Lloyd Wright">Wright</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/A_Sunday_Afternoon_on_the_Island_of_La_Grande_Jatte" title="A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte">A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1886)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Mont_Sainte-Victoire_(C%C3%A9zanne)" title="Mont Sainte-Victoire (Cézanne)">Mont Sainte-Victoir</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1887)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Starry_Night" title="The Starry Night">The Starry Night</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1889)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Les_Demoiselles_d%27Avignon" title="Les Demoiselles d'Avignon">Les Demoiselles d'Avignon</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1907)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Dance_(Matisse)" title="Dance (Matisse)">The Dance</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1909–1910)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Nude_Descending_a_Staircase,_No._2" title="Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2">Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1912)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Black_Square" title="Black Square">Black Square</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1915)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cabinet_of_Dr._Caligari" title="The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari">The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1920)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Ballet_M%C3%A9canique" title="Ballet Mécanique">Ballet Mécanique</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1923)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Battleship_Potemkin" title="Battleship Potemkin">Battleship Potemkin</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1925)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Metropolis_(1927_film)" title="Metropolis (1927 film)">Metropolis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1927)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Un_Chien_Andalou" title="Un Chien Andalou">Un Chien Andalou</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1929)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Villa_Savoye" title="Villa Savoye">Villa Savoye</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1931)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fallingwater" title="Fallingwater">Fallingwater</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1936)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Citizen_Kane" title="Citizen Kane">Citizen Kane</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1941)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Meshes_of_the_Afternoon" title="Meshes of the Afternoon">Meshes of the Afternoon</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1943)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Performing_arts" title="Performing arts">Performing<br />arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modernism_(music)" title="Modernism (music)">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Antheil" title="George Antheil">Antheil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3k" title="Béla Bartók">Bartók</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alban_Berg" title="Alban Berg">Berg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luciano_Berio" title="Luciano Berio">Berio</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nadia_Boulanger" title="Nadia Boulanger">Boulanger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez">Boulez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Copland" title="Aaron Copland">Copland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy">Debussy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henri_Dutilleux" title="Henri Dutilleux">Dutilleux</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_Falla" title="Manuel de Falla">Falla</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Morton_Feldman" title="Morton Feldman">Feldman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henryk_G%C3%B3recki" title="Henryk Górecki">Górecki</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hindemith" title="Paul Hindemith">Hindemith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Honegger" title="Arthur Honegger">Honegger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Ives" title="Charles Ives">Ives</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leo%C5%A1_Jan%C3%A1%C4%8Dek" title="Leoš Janáček">Janáček</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Ligeti" title="György Ligeti">Ligeti</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Witold_Lutos%C5%82awski" title="Witold Lutosławski">Lutosławski</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Darius_Milhaud" title="Darius Milhaud">Milhaud</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Nono" title="Luigi Nono">Nono</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harry_Partch" title="Harry Partch">Partch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Russolo" title="Luigi Russolo">Russolo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Erik_Satie" title="Erik Satie">Satie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Schaeffer" title="Pierre Schaeffer">Schaeffer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Schoenberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Scriabin" title="Alexander Scriabin">Scriabin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen" title="Karlheinz Stockhausen">Stockhausen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Strauss</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Stravinsky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Karol_Szymanowski" title="Karol Szymanowski">Szymanowski</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edgard_Var%C3%A8se" title="Edgard Varèse">Varèse</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Heitor_Villa-Lobos" title="Heitor Villa-Lobos">Villa-Lobos</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anton_Webern" title="Anton Webern">Webern</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Weill" title="Kurt Weill">Weill</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modernist_theatre" title="Modernist theatre">Theatre</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maxwell_Anderson" title="Maxwell Anderson">Anderson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Anouilh" title="Jean Anouilh">Anouilh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Artaud" title="Antonin Artaud">Artaud</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beckett" title="Samuel Beckett">Beckett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht">Brecht</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anton_Chekhov" title="Anton Chekhov">Chekhov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen">Ibsen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Jarry" title="Alfred Jarry">Jarry</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Georg_Kaiser" title="Georg Kaiser">Kaiser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Maeterlinck" title="Maurice Maeterlinck">Maeterlinck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Mayakovsky" title="Vladimir Mayakovsky">Mayakovsky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_O%27Casey" title="Seán O'Casey">O'Casey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eugene_O%27Neill" title="Eugene O'Neill">O'Neill</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Osborne" title="John Osborne">Osborne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello" title="Luigi Pirandello">Pirandello</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Piscator" title="Erwin Piscator">Piscator</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/August_Strindberg" title="August Strindberg">Strindberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Toller" title="Ernst Toller">Toller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wedekind" title="Frank Wedekind">Wedekind</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thornton_Wilder" title="Thornton Wilder">Wilder</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Ignacy_Witkiewicz" title="Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz">Witkiewicz</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_dance" title="Modern dance">Dance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Balanchine" title="George Balanchine">Balanchine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Merce_Cunningham" title="Merce Cunningham">Cunningham</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Diaghilev" title="Sergei Diaghilev">Diaghilev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Isadora_Duncan" title="Isadora Duncan">Duncan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michel_Fokine" title="Michel Fokine">Fokine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Loie_Fuller" title="Loie Fuller">Fuller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Martha_Graham" title="Martha Graham">Graham</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hanya_Holm" title="Hanya Holm">Holm</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Laban" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudolf Laban">Laban</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9onide_Massine" title="Léonide Massine">Massine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vaslav_Nijinsky" title="Vaslav Nijinsky">Nijinsky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ted_Shawn" title="Ted Shawn">Shawn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anna_Sokolow" title="Anna Sokolow">Sokolow</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ruth_St._Denis" title="Ruth St. Denis">St. Denis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Helen_Tamiris" title="Helen Tamiris">Tamiris</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Grete_Wiesenthal" title="Grete Wiesenthal">Wiesenthal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wigman" title="Mary Wigman">Wigman</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Don_Juan_(Strauss)" title="Don Juan (Strauss)">Don Juan</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1888)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Ubu_Roi" title="Ubu Roi">Ubu Roi</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1896)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Verkl%C3%A4rte_Nacht" title="Verklärte Nacht">Verklärte Nacht</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1899)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Pell%C3%A9as_et_M%C3%A9lisande_(opera)" title="Pelléas et Mélisande (opera)">Pelléas et Mélisande</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1902)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Salome_(opera)" title="Salome (opera)">Salome</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1905)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Firebird" title="The Firebird">The Firebird</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1910)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Afternoon_of_a_Faun_(Nijinsky)" title="Afternoon of a Faun (Nijinsky)">Afternoon of a Faun</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1912)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rite_of_Spring" title="The Rite of Spring">The Rite of Spring</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1913)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Fountain_(Duchamp)" title="Fountain (Duchamp)">Fountain</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1917)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Six_Characters_in_Search_of_an_Author" title="Six Characters in Search of an Author">Six Characters in Search of an Author</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1921)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Threepenny_Opera" title="The Threepenny Opera">The Threepenny Opera</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1928)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Waiting_for_Godot" title="Waiting for Godot">Waiting for Godot</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1953)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_modernism" title="American modernism">American modernism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Armory_Show" title="Armory Show">Armory Show</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">Avant-garde</a></i></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Ballets_Russes" title="Ballets Russes">Ballets Russes</a></i></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Group" title="Bloomsbury Group">Bloomsbury Group</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Classical_Hollywood_cinema" title="Classical Hollywood cinema">Classical Hollywood cinema</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Degenerate_art" title="Degenerate art">Degenerate art</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ecomodernism" title="Ecomodernism">Ecomodernism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Experimental_film" title="Experimental film">Experimental film</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Film_noir" title="Film noir">Film noir</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fourth_dimension_in_art" title="Fourth dimension in art">Fourth dimension in art</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fourth_dimension_in_literature" title="Fourth dimension in literature">Fourth dimension in literature</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Grosvenor_School_of_Modern_Art" title="Grosvenor School of Modern Art">Grosvenor School of Modern Art</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hanshinkan_Modernism" title="Hanshinkan Modernism">Hanshinkan Modernism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/High_modernism" title="High modernism">High modernism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Hippie modernism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">Impressionism</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Impressionism_in_music" title="Impressionism in music">Music</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Impressionism_(literature)" title="Impressionism (literature)">Literature</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Post-Impressionism" title="Post-Impressionism">Post-</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Incoherents" title="Incoherents">Incoherents</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_Style" title="International Style">International Style</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Late_modernism" title="Late modernism">Late modernism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Late_modernity" title="Late modernity">Late modernity</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_movements" title="List of art movements">List of art movements</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_avant-garde_artists" title="List of avant-garde artists">List of avant-garde artists</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_modernist_poets" title="List of modernist poets">List of modernist poets</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maximalism" title="Maximalism">Maximalism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">Modernity</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Neo-primitivism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-primitivism">Neo-primitivism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Neo-romanticism" title="Neo-romanticism">Neo-romanticism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_Hollywood" title="New Hollywood">New Hollywood</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_Objectivity" title="New Objectivity">New Objectivity</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Poetic_realism" title="Poetic realism">Poetic realism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pop_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Pop Art">Pop Art</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pulp_noir" title="Pulp noir">Pulp noir</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_modernism" title="Reactionary modernism">Reactionary modernism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Metamodernism" title="Metamodernism">Metamodernism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Remodernism" title="Remodernism">Remodernism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Viennese_School" title="Second Viennese School">Second Viennese School</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Structural_film" title="Structural film">Structural film</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Underground_film" title="Underground film">Underground film</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_auteurism" title="Vulgar auteurism">Vulgar modernism</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div style="position:absolute;">← <b><a href="/wiki/Template:Romanticism" title="Template:Romanticism">Romanticism</a></b></div> <div 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id="Avant-garde_movements116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">Avant-garde</a> movements</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Visual art</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_expressionism" title="Abstract expressionism">Abstract expressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_%26_Language" title="Art & Language">Art & Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_art" title="Conceptual art">Conceptual art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructivism_(art)" title="Constructivism (art)">Constructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Cubism" title="Proto-Cubism">Proto-Cubism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(architecture)" title="Functionalism (architecture)">Functionalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grosvenor_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Grosvenor School">Grosvenor School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dev%C4%9Btsil" title="Devětsil">Devětsil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divisionism" title="Divisionism">Divisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauvism" title="Fauvism">Fauvism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">Impressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Impressionism" title="Neo-Impressionism">Neo-Impressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Impressionism" title="Post-Impressionism">Post-Impressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_Field" class="mw-redirect" title="Color Field">Color Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incoherents" title="Incoherents">Incoherents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyrical_abstraction" title="Lyrical abstraction">Lyrical Abstraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mail_art" title="Mail art">Mail art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimalism_(visual_arts)" title="Minimalism (visual arts)">Minimalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_iskusstva" title="Mir iskusstva">Mir iskusstva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multidimensional_art" title="Multidimensional art">Multidimensional art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplasticism" title="Neoplasticism">Neoplasticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/De_Stijl" title="De Stijl">De Stijl</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_Slowenische_Kunst" title="Neue Slowenische Kunst">Neue Slowenische Kunst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Nonconformist_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Nonconformist Art">Nonconformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouveau_r%C3%A9alisme" title="Nouveau réalisme">Nouveau réalisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphism_(art)" title="Orphism (art)">Orphism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_art" title="Performance art">Performance art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_art" title="Pop art">Pop art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_art" title="Process art">Process art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purism" title="Purism">Purism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayonism" title="Rayonism">Rayonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suprematism" title="Suprematism">Suprematism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Temporary art">Temporary art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vorticism" title="Vorticism">Vorticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature<br />and poetry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acmeist_poetry" title="Acmeist poetry">Acmeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angry_Penguins" title="Angry Penguins">Angry Penguins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asemic_writing" title="Asemic writing">Asemic writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_writing" title="Conceptual writing">Conceptual poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk">Cyberpunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ego-Futurism" title="Ego-Futurism">Ego-Futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_literature" title="Experimental literature">Experimental literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flarf_poetry" title="Flarf poetry">Flarf poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungry_generation" title="Hungry generation">Hungry generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imaginism" title="Imaginism">Imaginism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagism" title="Imagism">Imagism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_poets" title="Language poets">Language poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoavanguardia" title="Neoavanguardia">Neoavanguardia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoteric" title="Neoteric">Neoteric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouveau_roman" title="Nouveau roman">Nouveau roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberiu" title="Oberiu">Oberiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oulipo" title="Oulipo">Oulipo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slam_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Slam poetry">Slam poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraist_movement" title="Ultraist movement">Ultraísmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_poetry" title="Visual poetry">Visual poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaum" title="Zaum">Zaum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde_music" title="Avant-garde music">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By style</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avant-funk" title="Avant-funk">Funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde_jazz" title="Avant-garde jazz">Jazz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_funk" title="Free funk">Free funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yass_(music)" title="Yass (music)">Yass</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-pop" title="Avant-pop">Pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_rock" title="Experimental rock">Rock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avant-prog" title="Avant-prog">Prog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-punk" title="Avant-punk">Punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde_metal" title="Avant-garde metal">Metal</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleatoric_music" title="Aleatoric music">Aleatoric music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ars_nova" title="Ars nova">Ars nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ars_subtilior" title="Ars subtilior">Ars subtilior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atonality" title="Atonality">Atonal music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroacoustic_music" title="Electroacoustic music">Electroacoustic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">Electronic music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_music" title="Industrial music">Industrial music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_pop" title="Experimental pop">Experimental pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_jazz" title="Free jazz">Free jazz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_improvisation" title="Free improvisation">Free improvisation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurism_(music)" title="Futurism (music)">Futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microtonal_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Microtonal music">Microtonal music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimal_music" title="Minimal music">Minimal music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drone_music" title="Drone music">Drone music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_theatre" title="Music theatre">Music theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musique_concr%C3%A8te" title="Musique concrète">Musique concrète</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Complexity" title="New Complexity">New Complexity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_wave" title="No wave">No wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_music" title="Noise music">Noise music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-rock" title="Post-rock">Post-rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_in_Opposition" title="Rock in Opposition">Rock in Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Viennese_School" title="Second Viennese School">Second Viennese School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serialism" title="Serialism">Serialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectral_music" title="Spectral music">Spectral music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stochastic#Music" title="Stochastic">Stochastic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_mass" title="Sound mass">Textural music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalism" title="Totalism">Totalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve-tone_technique" title="Twelve-tone technique">Twelve-tone technique</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cinema<br />and theatre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_pur" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinéma pur">Cinéma pur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogme_95" title="Dogme 95">Dogme 95</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drop_Art" title="Drop Art">Drop Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_theatre" title="Epic theatre">Epic theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_film" title="Experimental film">Experimental film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_theatre" title="Experimental theatre">Experimental theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernist_film" title="Modernist film">Modernist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetic_realism" title="Poetic realism">Poetic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postdramatic_theatre" title="Postdramatic theatre">Postdramatic theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remodernist_film" title="Remodernist film">Remodernist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_film" title="Structural film">Structural film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_the_Absurd" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatre of the Absurd">Theatre of the Absurd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Cruelty" title="Theatre of Cruelty">Theatre of Cruelty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constructivism_(art)" title="Constructivism (art)">Constructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dada" title="Dada">Dada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressionism" title="Expressionism">Expressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluxus" title="Fluxus">Fluxus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurism" title="Futurism">Futurism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Futurism" title="Russian Futurism">Russian Futurism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cubo-Futurism" title="Cubo-Futurism">Cubo-Futurism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lettrism" title="Lettrism">Lettrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimalism" title="Minimalism">Minimalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postminimalism" title="Postminimalism">Postminimalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-minimalism" title="Neo-minimalism">Neo-minimalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Dada" title="Neo-Dada">Neo-Dada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoism" title="Neoism">Neoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">Postmodernism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernist_film" title="Postmodernist film">Postmodernist film</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_modernism" title="Late modernism">Late modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitivism" title="Primitivism">Primitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situationist_International" title="Situationist International">Situationist International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_realism" title="Social realism">Social realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">Surrealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_symbolism" title="Russian symbolism">Russian symbolism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Schools_of_poetry189" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Schools_of_poetry" title="Template:Schools of poetry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Schools_of_poetry" title="Template talk:Schools of poetry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Schools_of_poetry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Schools of poetry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Schools_of_poetry189" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_poetry_groups_and_movements" title="List of poetry groups and movements">Schools</a> of <a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">poetry</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acmeist_poetry" title="Acmeist poetry">Acmeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhmatova%27s_Orphans" title="Akhmatova's Orphans">Akhmatova's Orphans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angry_Penguins" title="Angry Penguins">Angry Penguins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auden_Group" title="Auden Group">Auden Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beat_Generation" title="Beat Generation">The Beats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Arts_Movement" title="Black Arts Movement">Black Arts Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Mountain_poets" title="Black Mountain poets">Black Mountain poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Poetry_Revival" title="British Poetry Revival">British Poetry Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_poets" title="Cairo poets">Cairo poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castalian_Band" title="Castalian Band">Castalian Band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalier_poet" title="Cavalier poet">Cavalier poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhayavaad" class="mw-redirect" title="Chhayavaad">Chhayavaad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graveyard_poets" title="Graveyard poets">Churchyard poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptismo" title="Conceptismo">Conceptismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessional_poetry" title="Confessional poetry">Confessionalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A9olit%C3%A9" title="Créolité">Créolité</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cubo-Futurism" title="Cubo-Futurism">Cubo-Futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culteranismo" title="Culteranismo">Culteranismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclic_Poets" title="Cyclic Poets">Cyclic Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dada" title="Dada">Dada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_image" title="Deep image">Deep image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Della_Cruscans" title="Della Cruscans">Della Cruscans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolce_Stil_Novo" title="Dolce Stil Novo">Dolce Stil Novo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dymock_poets" title="Dymock poets">Dymock poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecopoetry" title="Ecopoetry">Ecopoetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ego-Futurism" title="Ego-Futurism">Ego-Futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_poets_of_Elan" class="mw-redirect" title="The poets of Elan">The poets of Elan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flarf_poetry" title="Flarf poetry">Flarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitives_(poets)" title="Fugitives (poets)">Fugitives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garip" title="Garip">Garip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consistori_del_Gay_Saber" title="Consistori del Gay Saber">Gay Saber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generation_of_%2727" title="Generation of '27">Generation of '27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Generation_of_the_%2730s" title="Category:Generation of the '30s">Generation of the '30s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generation_of_%2798" title="Generation of '98">Generation of '98</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_poets" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian poets">Georgian poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goliard" class="mw-redirect" title="Goliard">Goliard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Group_(literature)" title="The Group (literature)">The Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance" title="Harlem Renaissance">Harlem Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Aesthetes" title="Harvard Aesthetes">Harvard Aesthetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungry_generation" title="Hungry generation">Hungry generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imaginism" title="Imaginism">Imaginism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagism" title="Imagism">Imagism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Informationist_poetry" title="Informationist poetry">Informationist poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%B0kinci_Yeni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="İkinci Yeni (page does not exist)">İkinci Yeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jindyworobak_Movement" title="Jindyworobak Movement">Jindyworobaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Poets" title="Lake Poets">Lake Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_poets" title="Language poets">Language poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marinism" title="Marinism">Marinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_poetry" title="Martian poetry">Martian poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_poets" title="Metaphysical poets">Metaphysical poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misty_Poets" title="Misty Poets">Misty Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernist_poetry" title="Modernist poetry">Modernist poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Movement_(literature)" title="The Movement (literature)">The Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9gritude" title="Négritude">Négritude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoteric" title="Neoteric">Neotericism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_American_Poetry_1945%E2%80%931960" title="The New American Poetry 1945–1960">New American Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Apocalyptics" title="New Apocalyptics">New Apocalyptics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Formalism" title="New Formalism">New Formalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_School_(art)" title="New York School (art)">New York School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberiu" title="Oberiu">Oberiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivist_poets" class="mw-redirect" title="Objectivist poets">Objectivists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Others_(art_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Others (art group)">Others</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parnassianism" title="Parnassianism">Parnassian poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Pl%C3%A9iade" title="La Pléiade">La Pléiade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cieuses" title="Précieuses">Précieuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhymers%27_Club" title="Rhymers' Club">Rhymers' Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Renaissance" title="San Francisco Renaissance">San Francisco Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Renaissance" title="Scottish Renaissance">Scottish Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_School" title="Sicilian School">Sicilian School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Ben_(literary_group)" title="Sons of Ben (literary group)">Sons of Ben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Agrarians" title="Southern Agrarians">Southern Agrarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spasmodic_poets" title="Spasmodic poets">Spasmodic poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sung_poetry" title="Sung poetry">Sung poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">Surrealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranian_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Uranian poetry">Uranian poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zutiste" title="Zutiste">Zutiste</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Quill_and_ink.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Quill_and_ink.svg/16px-Quill_and_ink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Quill_and_ink.svg/24px-Quill_and_ink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Quill_and_ink.svg/32px-Quill_and_ink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="152" data-file-height="152" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Poetry" title="Portal:Poetry">Poetry portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Post-Impressionism172" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:brown; color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Post-Impressionism" title="Template:Post-Impressionism"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Post-Impressionism" title="Template talk:Post-Impressionism"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Post-Impressionism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Post-Impressionism"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Post-Impressionism172" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Post-Impressionism" title="Post-Impressionism"><span style="color:white;">Post-Impressionism</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:brown; color:white;;width:1%">19th-century <br /> movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Impressionism" title="Neo-Impressionism">Neo-Impressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divisionism" title="Divisionism">Divisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pointillism" title="Pointillism">Pointillism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloisonnism" title="Cloisonnism">Cloisonnism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Les_Nabis" class="mw-redirect" title="Les Nabis">Les Nabis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetism" title="Synthetism">Synthetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:brown; color:white;;width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuno_Amiet" title="Cuno Amiet">Cuno Amiet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Angrand" title="Charles Angrand">Charles Angrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Bernard" title="Émile Bernard">Émile Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edvard_Munch" title="Edvard Munch">Edvard Munch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bonnard" title="Pierre Bonnard">Pierre Bonnard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marius_Borgeaud" title="Marius Borgeaud">Marius Borgeaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_C%C3%A9zanne" title="Paul Cézanne">Paul Cézanne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri-Edmond_Cross" title="Henri-Edmond Cross">Henri-Edmond Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Denis" title="Maurice Denis">Maurice Denis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Dufr%C3%A9noy" title="Georges Dufrénoy">Georges Dufrénoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin">Paul Gauguin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Petitjean" title="Hippolyte Petitjean">Hippolyte Petitjean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ranson" title="Paul Ranson">Paul Ranson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odilon_Redon" title="Odilon Redon">Odilon Redon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Rousseau" title="Henri Rousseau">Henri Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Sch%C3%BCtzenberger" title="René Schützenberger">René Schützenberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_S%C3%A9rusier" title="Paul Sérusier">Paul Sérusier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Seurat" title="Georges Seurat">Georges Seurat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Signac" title="Paul Signac">Paul Signac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Toulouse-Lautrec" title="Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec">Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Laval" title="Charles Laval">Charles Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Lemmen" title="Georges Lemmen">Georges Lemmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilien_Luce" title="Maximilien Luce">Maximilien Luce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Vincent van Gogh">Vincent van Gogh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9o_van_Rysselberghe" title="Théo van Rysselberghe">Théo van Rysselberghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Vallotton" title="Félix Vallotton">Félix Vallotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Vuillard" title="Édouard Vuillard">Édouard Vuillard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:brown; color:white;;width:1%">20th-century <br /> movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fauvism" title="Fauvism">Fauvism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die_Br%C3%BCcke" title="Die Brücke">Die Brücke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_Blaue_Reiter" title="Der Blaue Reiter">Der Blaue Reiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressionism" title="Expressionism">Expressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:brown; color:white;;width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Braque" title="Georges Braque">Georges Braque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Camoin" title="Charles Camoin">Charles Camoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Derain" title="André Derain">André Derain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raoul_Dufy" title="Raoul Dufy">Raoul Dufy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Matisse" title="Henri Matisse">Henri Matisse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Gleizes" title="Albert Gleizes">Albert Gleizes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ludwig_Kirchner" title="Ernst Ludwig Kirchner">Ernst Ludwig Kirchner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Schmidt-Rottluff" title="Karl Schmidt-Rottluff">Karl Schmidt-Rottluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassily_Kandinsky" title="Wassily Kandinsky">Wassily Kandinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Lewitska" title="Sonia Lewitska">Sonia Lewitska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Marc" title="Franz Marc">Franz Marc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Metzinger" title="Jean Metzinger">Jean Metzinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Ottmann" title="Henri Ottmann">Henry Ottmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Picabia" title="Francis Picabia">Francis Picabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Pablo Picasso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Antoine_Pinchon" title="Robert Antoine Pinchon">Robert Antoine Pinchon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henriette_Tirman" title="Henriette Tirman">Henriette Tirman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Marchand_(painter)" title="Jean Marchand (painter)">Jean Marchand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othon_Friesz" title="Othon Friesz">Othon Friesz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:brown; color:white;;width:1%">Exhibitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_des_Artistes_Ind%C3%A9pendants" title="Société des Artistes Indépendants">Artistes Indépendants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_XX" title="Les XX">Les XX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Volpini_Exhibition,_1889" title="The Volpini Exhibition, 1889">Volpini Exhibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Barc_de_Boutteville" title="Le Barc de Boutteville">Le Barc de Boutteville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Libre_Esth%C3%A9tique" title="La Libre Esthétique">La Libre Esthétique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambroise_Vollard" title="Ambroise Vollard">Ambroise Vollard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salon_d%27Automne" title="Salon d'Automne">Salon d'Automne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salon_des_Ind%C3%A9pendants" class="mw-redirect" title="Salon des Indépendants">Salon des Indépendants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salon_des_Cent" title="Salon des Cent">Salon des Cent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salon_des_Tuileries" title="Salon des Tuileries">Salon des Tuileries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:brown; color:white;;width:1%">Critics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_F%C3%A9n%C3%A9on" title="Félix Fénéon">Félix Fénéon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Aurier" title="Albert Aurier">Albert Aurier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:brown; color:white;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">Impressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_art" title="Modern art">Modern art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession_(art)" title="Secession (art)">Secessionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Premodern,_Modern_and_Contemporary_art_movements454" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#EAE0C8;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Western_art_movements" title="Template:Western art movements"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Western_art_movements" title="Template talk:Western art movements"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Western_art_movements" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Western art movements"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Premodern,_Modern_and_Contemporary_art_movements454" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Europe" title="Art of Europe">Premodern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modern_art" title="Modern art">Modern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_art" title="Contemporary art">Contemporary</a> art movements</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#EAE0C8;"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_movements" title="List of art movements">List of art movements</a>/<a href="/wiki/Periods_in_Western_art_history" title="Periods in Western art history">periods</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EAE0C8;;width:1%">Premodern<br />(Western)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_art" title="Ancient art">Ancient</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_treasure" title="Thracian treasure">Thracian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_art" title="Dacian art">Dacian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization#Culture" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_art" title="Aegean art">Aegean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cycladic_art" title="Cycladic art">Cycladic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_art" title="Minoan art">Minoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minyan_ware" title="Minyan ware">Minyan ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece#Art_and_pottery" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art" title="Ancient Greek art">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sub-Mycenaean_pottery" title="Sub-Mycenaean pottery">Sub-Mycenaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protogeometric_style" title="Protogeometric style">Protogeometric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geometric_art" title="Geometric art">Geometric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orientalizing_period" title="Orientalizing period">Orientalizing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greek_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaic Greek art">Archaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-figure_pottery" title="Black-figure pottery">Black-figure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-figure_pottery" title="Red-figure pottery">Red-figure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severe_style" title="Severe style">Severe style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art#Classical" title="Ancient Greek art">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerch_style" title="Kerch style">Kerch style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_art" title="Hellenistic art">Hellenistic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_art#"Baroque"" title="Hellenistic art">"Baroque"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_art" title="Indo-Greek art">Indo-Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Attic" title="Neo-Attic">Neo-Attic</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_art" title="Etruscan art">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Scythian art">Scythian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_sculpture" title="Iberian sculpture">Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauls#Art" title="Gauls">Gaulish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_art" title="Roman art">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republican_art" title="Roman Republican art">Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallo-Roman art">Gallo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustan_and_Julio-Claudian_art" title="Augustan and Julio-Claudian art">Julio-Claudian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompeian_Styles" title="Pompeian Styles">Pompeian Styles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajanic_art" title="Trajanic art">Trajanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severan_art" title="Severan art">Severan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_art" title="Medieval art">Medieval</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Antique_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Antique art">Late antique</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christian_art_and_architecture" title="Early Christian art and architecture">Early Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_art" title="Coptic art">Coptic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_art" title="Ethiopian art">Ethiopian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period_art" title="Migration Period art">Migration Period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_art" title="Anglo-Saxon art">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunnic_art" title="Hunnic art">Hunnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_art" title="Insular art">Insular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombards#Art" title="Lombards">Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigothic_art_and_architecture" title="Visigothic art and architecture">Visigothic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donor_portrait" title="Donor portrait">Donor portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picts#Art" title="Picts">Pictish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_art_and_architecture" title="Mozarabic art and architecture">Mozarabic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Repoblaci%C3%B3n_art_and_architecture" title="Repoblación art and architecture">Repoblación</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_art" title="Viking art">Viking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_art" title="Byzantine art">Byzantine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_art_(Byzantine)" title="Macedonian art (Byzantine)">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaeologan_Renaissance#Art_and_architecture" title="Palaeologan Renaissance">Palaeologan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Byzantine" title="Italo-Byzantine">Italo-Byzantine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franks#Art_and_architecture" title="Franks">Frankish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Merovingian_art_and_architecture" title="Merovingian art and architecture">Merovingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_art" title="Carolingian art">Carolingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Romanesque_art_and_architecture" title="Pre-Romanesque art and architecture">Pre-Romanesque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottonian_art" title="Ottonian art">Ottonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanesque_art" title="Romanesque art">Romanesque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mosan_art" title="Mosan art">Mosan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Romanesque" title="Spanish Romanesque">Spanish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normans#Visual_arts" title="Normans">Norman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norman%E2%80%93Arab%E2%80%93Byzantine_culture" title="Norman–Arab–Byzantine culture">Norman-Sicilian</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Opus_Anglicanum" title="Opus Anglicanum">Opus Anglicanum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_art" title="Gothic art">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_art_in_Milan" title="Gothic art in Milan">Gothic art in Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Gothic" title="International Gothic">International Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Gothic_art_in_Italy" title="International Gothic art in Italy">International Gothic art in Italy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucchese_school" title="Lucchese school">Lucchese school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Crusades" title="Art of the Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_school" title="Moscow school">Moscow school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novgorod_school" title="Novgorod school">Novgorod school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duecento" title="Duecento">Duecento</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sienese_school" title="Sienese school">Sienese school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mud%C3%A9jar_art" title="Mudéjar art">Mudéjar</a></li> <li>Medieval <a href="/wiki/History_of_cartography#Medieval_Europe" title="History of cartography">cartography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cartography#Italian_cartography_and_the_birth_of_portolan_charts" title="History of cartography">Italian school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majorcan_cartographic_school" title="Majorcan cartographic school">Majorcan school</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mappa_mundi" title="Mappa mundi">Mappa mundi</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_art" title="Renaissance art">Renaissance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance_painting" title="Italian Renaissance painting">Italian Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trecento" title="Trecento">Trecento</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Renaissance">Proto-Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florentine_painting" title="Florentine painting">Florentine school</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pittura_infamante" title="Pittura infamante">Pittura infamante</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quattrocento" title="Quattrocento">Quattrocento</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Ferrara" title="School of Ferrara">Ferrarese school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forlivese_school_of_art" title="Forlivese school of art">Forlivese school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_painting" title="Venetian painting">Venetian school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinquecento" title="Cinquecento">Cinquecento</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Renaissance" title="High Renaissance">High Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolognese_school" title="Bolognese school">Bolognese school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannerism" title="Mannerism">Mannerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Maniera" title="Counter-Maniera">Counter-<i>Maniera</i></a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Renaissance" title="Northern Renaissance">Northern Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Netherlandish_painting" title="Early Netherlandish painting">Early Netherlandish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_landscape" title="World landscape">World landscape</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghent%E2%80%93Bruges_school" title="Ghent–Bruges school">Ghent–Bruges school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mannerism" title="Northern Mannerism">Northern Mannerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Renaissance" title="German Renaissance">German Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cologne_school_of_painting" title="Cologne school of painting">Cologne school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danube_school" title="Danube school">Danube school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_and_Flemish_Renaissance_painting" title="Dutch and Flemish Renaissance painting">Dutch and Flemish Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antwerp_Mannerism" title="Antwerp Mannerism">Antwerp Mannerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanism_(painting)" title="Romanism (painting)">Romanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Still_life" title="Still life">Still life</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Renaissance#Visual_arts" title="English Renaissance">English Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artists_of_the_Tudor_court" title="Artists of the Tudor court">Tudor court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_school" title="Cretan school">Cretan school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turquerie" title="Turquerie">Turquerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Fontainebleau" title="School of Fontainebleau">Fontainebleau school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_late_16th_century_in_Milan" title="Art of the late 16th century in Milan">Art of the late 16th century in Milan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">17th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_in_Milan" class="mw-redirect" title="Baroque in Milan">Baroque in Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Baroque_painting" title="Flemish Baroque painting">Flemish Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caravaggisti" title="Caravaggisti">Caravaggisti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Utrecht_Caravaggism" title="Utrecht Caravaggism">in Utrecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenebrism" title="Tenebrism">Tenebrism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII_style" title="Louis XIII style">Louis XIII style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_baroque" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran baroque">Lutheran Baroque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroganov_school" title="Stroganov school">Stroganov school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_painter" title="Animal painter">Animal painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild_of_Romanists" title="Guild of Romanists">Guild of Romanists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age_painting" title="Dutch Golden Age painting">Dutch Golden Age</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delft_school_(painting)" title="Delft school (painting)">Delft school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capriccio_(art)" title="Capriccio (art)">Capriccio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_school_(painting)" title="Ionian school (painting)">Heptanese school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classicism#In_the_fine_arts" title="Classicism">Classicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_style" title="Louis XIV style">Louis XIV style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poussinists_and_Rubenists" title="Poussinists and Rubenists">Poussinists and Rubenists</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">18th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">Rococo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rocaille" title="Rocaille">Rocaille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XV_style" title="Louis XV style">Louis XV style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederician_Rococo" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederician Rococo">Frederician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinoiserie" title="Chinoiserie">Chinoiserie</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/F%C3%AAte_galante" title="Fête galante">Fête galante</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">Neoclassicism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Go%C3%BBt_grec" title="Goût grec">Goût grec</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI_style" title="Louis XVI style">Louis XVI style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_style" title="Adam style">Adam style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directoire_style" title="Directoire style">Directoire style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture_in_Milan" title="Neoclassical architecture in Milan">Neoclassical architecture in Milan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picturesque" title="Picturesque">Picturesque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">Colonial art</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Art of the <a href="/wiki/African_diaspora" title="African diaspora">African diaspora</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_art" title="African-American art">African-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_art" title="Caribbean art">Caribbean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_art" title="Haitian art">Haitian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Colonial Asian art <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arts_in_the_Philippines" title="Arts in the Philippines">Arts in the Philippines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Letras_y_figuras" title="Letras y figuras">Letras y figuras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipos_del_Pa%C3%ADs" title="Tipos del País">Tipos del País</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque#Baroque_in_the_Spanish_and_Portuguese_Colonial_Asia" title="Baroque">Colonial Asian Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company_style" title="Company style">Company style</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_art" title="Latin American art">Latin American art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casta_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Casta painting">Casta painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indochristian_art" title="Indochristian art">Indochristian art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chilote_school_of_religious_imagery" title="Chilote school of religious imagery">Chilote school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuzco_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuzco school">Cuzco school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quito_school" title="Quito school">Quito school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque#Baroque_in_the_Spanish_and_Portuguese_Colonial_Americas" title="Baroque">Latin American Baroque</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">Art borrowing<br />Western elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus#Art_and_architecture" title="Al-Andalus">Moorish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_art" title="Manichaean art">Manichaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal art">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_art" title="Qajar art">Qajar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_handicrafts" title="Qing handicrafts">Qing handicrafts</a></li> <li>Western influence in <a href="/wiki/Japanese_art" title="Japanese art">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akita_ranga" title="Akita ranga">Akita ranga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uki-e" title="Uki-e">Uki-e</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_art#Western_art_after_1770" title="History of art">Transition<br />to modern</a><br />(c. 1770 – 1862)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism#Visual_arts" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_painting" title="Fairy painting">Fairy painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Golden_Age" title="Danish Golden Age">Danish Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troubadour_style" title="Troubadour style">Troubadour style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazarene_movement" title="Nazarene movement">Nazarene movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purismo" title="Purismo">Purismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancients_(art_group)" title="Ancients (art group)">Shoreham Ancients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf_school_of_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Düsseldorf school of painting">Düsseldorf school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Raphaelite_Brotherhood" title="Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood">Pre-Raphaelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_River_School" title="Hudson River School">Hudson River School</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luminism_(American_art_style)" title="Luminism (American art style)">American luminism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orientalism#Orientalist_art" title="Orientalism">Orientalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwich_school_of_painters" title="Norwich school of painters">Norwich school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_style" title="Empire style">Empire style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism_(art)" title="Historicism (art)">Historicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revivalism_(architecture)" title="Revivalism (architecture)">Revivalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biedermeier" title="Biedermeier">Biedermeier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realism_(art_movement)" title="Realism (art movement)">Realism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbizon_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbizon school">Barbizon school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costumbrismo" title="Costumbrismo">Costumbrismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verismo_(painting)" title="Verismo (painting)">Verismo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macchiaioli" title="Macchiaioli">Macchiaioli</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_art" title="Academic art">Academic art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Munich_school" title="Munich school">Munich school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_academic_art_of_the_19th_century" title="Greek academic art of the 19th century">in Greece</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Grec#Painting" title="Neo-Grec">Neo-Grec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etching_revival" title="Etching revival">Etching revival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EAE0C8;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_art" title="Modern art">Modern</a><br />(1863–1944)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1863–1899</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-romanticism" title="Neo-romanticism">Neo-romanticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism#Arts" title="Romantic nationalism">National romanticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dga" title="Yōga">Yōga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihonga" title="Nihonga">Nihonga</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Japonisme" title="Japonisme">Japonisme</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Japanese_style" title="Anglo-Japanese style">Anglo-Japanese style</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beuron_school" title="Beuron school">Beuron school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Hague school">Hague school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peredvizhniki" title="Peredvizhniki">Peredvizhniki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">Impressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Impressionism" title="American Impressionism">American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hoosier_Group" title="Hoosier Group">Hoosier Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_school_(painting)" title="Boston school (painting)">Boston school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Impressionism" title="Amsterdam Impressionism">Amsterdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Impressionism" title="Canadian Impressionism">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Heidelberg school">Heidelberg school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticism" title="Aestheticism">Aestheticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts_movement" title="Arts and Crafts movement">Arts and Crafts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_pottery" title="Art pottery">Art pottery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonalism" title="Tonalism">Tonalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decadent_movement" title="Decadent movement">Decadent movement</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Symbolism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Symbolist_movement_in_Romania" title="Symbolist movement in Romania">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_symbolism#Visual_arts" title="Russian symbolism">Russian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcano_school" title="Volcano school">Volcano school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incoherents" title="Incoherents">Incoherents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Impressionism" title="Post-Impressionism">Post-Impressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Impressionism" title="Neo-Impressionism">Neo-Impressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luminism_(Impressionism)" title="Luminism (Impressionism)">Luminism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divisionism" title="Divisionism">Divisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pointillism" title="Pointillism">Pointillism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pont-Aven_School" title="Pont-Aven School">Pont-Aven School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloisonnism" title="Cloisonnism">Cloisonnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetism" title="Synthetism">Synthetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Nabis" class="mw-redirect" title="Les Nabis">Les Nabis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Barbizon_school" class="mw-redirect" title="American Barbizon school">American Barbizon school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_tonalism" class="mw-redirect" title="California tonalism">California tonalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costumbrismo#Visual_costumbrismo_in_the_Americas" title="Costumbrismo">Costumbrismo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1900–1914</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau_in_Milan" title="Art Nouveau in Milan">Art Nouveau in Milan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitivism" title="Primitivism">Primitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Impressionism" title="California Impressionism">California Impressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession_(art)" title="Secession (art)">Secessionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Paris" title="School of Paris">School of Paris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Munich_Secession" title="Munich Secession">Munich Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_Secession" title="Vienna Secession">Vienna Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Secession" title="Berlin Secession">Berlin Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonderbund_westdeutscher_Kunstfreunde_und_K%C3%BCnstler" title="Sonderbund westdeutscher Kunstfreunde und Künstler">Sonderbund</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Impressionism" title="Pennsylvania Impressionism">Pennsylvania Impressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_iskusstva" title="Mir iskusstva">Mir iskusstva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_American_Painters" title="Ten American Painters">Ten American Painters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauvism" title="Fauvism">Fauvism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressionism" title="Expressionism">Expressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Die_Br%C3%BCcke" title="Die Brücke">Die Brücke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_Blaue_Reiter" title="Der Blaue Reiter">Der Blaue Reiter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noucentisme" title="Noucentisme">Noucentisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Werkbund" title="Deutscher Werkbund">Deutscher Werkbund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Realism" class="mw-redirect" title="American Realism">American Realism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashcan_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashcan school">Ashcan school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Cubism" title="Proto-Cubism">Proto-Cubism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphism_(art)" title="Orphism (art)">Orphism</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Eight_(painters)" title="The Eight (painters)">A Nyolcak</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_K%C3%BCnstlervereinigung_M%C3%BCnchen" title="Neue Künstlervereinigung München">Neue Künstlervereinigung München</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurism" title="Futurism">Futurism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cubo-Futurism" title="Cubo-Futurism">Cubo-Futurism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_painting" title="Metaphysical painting">Metaphysical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayonism" title="Rayonism">Rayonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Productivism_(art)" title="Productivism (art)">Productivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchromism" title="Synchromism">Synchromism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vorticism" title="Vorticism">Vorticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1915–1944</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sosaku-hanga" class="mw-redirect" title="Sosaku-hanga">Sosaku-hanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suprematism" title="Suprematism">Suprematism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Paris" title="School of Paris">School of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_Cubism" title="Crystal Cubism">Crystal Cubism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructivism_(art)" title="Constructivism (art)">Constructivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_art#Constructivist_movement" title="Latin American art">Latin American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Constructivism" title="Universal Constructivism">Universal Constructivism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dada" title="Dada">Dada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin-hanga" title="Shin-hanga">Shin-hanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplasticism" title="Neoplasticism">Neoplasticism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/De_Stijl" title="De Stijl">De Stijl</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purism" title="Purism">Purism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_to_order" title="Return to order">Return to order</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Novecento_Italiano" title="Novecento Italiano">Novecento Italiano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figurative_Constructivism" title="Figurative Constructivism">Figurative Constructivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stupid_(art_movement)" title="Stupid (art movement)">Stupid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cologne_Progressives" title="Cologne Progressives">Cologne Progressives</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbeitsrat_f%C3%BCr_Kunst" title="Arbeitsrat für Kunst">Arbeitsrat für Kunst</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/November_Group_(German)" title="November Group (German)">November Group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_tonalism" title="Australian tonalism">Australian tonalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dresden_Secession" title="Dresden Secession">Dresden Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_realism" title="Social realism">Social realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(architecture)" title="Functionalism (architecture)">Functionalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinetic_art" title="Kinetic art">Kinetic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_Antrop%C3%B3fago" title="Manifesto Antropófago">Anthropophagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mingei" title="Mingei">Mingei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_Seven_(artists)" title="Group of Seven (artists)">Group of Seven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Objectivity" title="New Objectivity">New Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grosvenor_School_of_Modern_Art" title="Grosvenor School of Modern Art">Grosvenor school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neues_Sehen" title="Neues Sehen">Neues Sehen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">Surrealism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_modern_and_contemporary_art#Surrealism_in_Iran" title="Iranian modern and contemporary art">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_art#Surrealism" title="Latin American art">Latin American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_muralism" title="Mexican muralism">Mexican muralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Fauvism" title="Neo-Fauvism">Neo-Fauvism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precisionism" title="Precisionism">Precisionism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aeropittura" title="Aeropittura">Aeropittura</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Revolutionary_Visual_Artists" title="Association of Revolutionary Visual Artists">Asso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuola_Romana" title="Scuola Romana">Scuola Romana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cercle_et_Carr%C3%A9" title="Cercle et Carré">Cercle et Carré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Group_(New_Zealand_art)" title="The Group (New Zealand art)">The Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance" title="Harlem Renaissance">Harlem Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapists" title="Kapists">Kapists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regionalism_(art)" title="Regionalism (art)">Regionalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_Scene_Painting" title="California Scene Painting">California Scene Painting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_realism" title="Heroic realism">Heroic realism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Art in Nazi Germany">Nazi art</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streamline_Moderne" title="Streamline Moderne">Streamline Moderne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concrete_art" title="Concrete art">Concrete art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstraction-Cr%C3%A9ation" title="Abstraction-Création">Abstraction-Création</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiki_culture" title="Tiki culture">Tiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ten_(Expressionists)" title="The Ten (Expressionists)">The Ten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_dimension_in_art#Dimensionist_manifesto" title="Fourth dimension in art">Dimensionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Expressionism" title="Boston Expressionism">Boston Expressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leningrad_School_of_Painting" title="Leningrad School of Painting">Leningrad school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EAE0C8;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_art" title="Contemporary art">Contemporary</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Postmodern_art" title="Postmodern art">Postmodern</a><br />(1945–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1945–1959</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Typographic_Style" title="International Typographic Style">International Typographic Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_expressionism" title="Abstract expressionism">Abstract expressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Color_School" title="Washington Color School">Washington Color School</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visionary_art" title="Visionary art">Visionary art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_School_of_Fantastic_Realism" title="Vienna School of Fantastic Realism">Vienna School of Fantastic Realism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spatialism" title="Spatialism">Spatialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_field" title="Color field">Color field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyrical_abstraction" title="Lyrical abstraction">Lyrical abstraction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tachisme" title="Tachisme">Tachisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arte_Informale" title="Arte Informale">Arte Informale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COBRA_(art_movement)" title="COBRA (art movement)">COBRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuagisme" title="Nuagisme">Nuagisme</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generaci%C3%B3n_de_la_Ruptura" title="Generación de la Ruptura">Generación de la Ruptura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jikken_K%C5%8Db%C5%8D" title="Jikken Kōbō">Jikken Kōbō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metcalf_Chateau" title="Metcalf Chateau">Metcalf Chateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mono-ha" title="Mono-ha">Mono-ha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanyang_Style" title="Nanyang Style">Nanyang Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_painting" title="Action painting">Action painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Figurative_Expressionism" title="American Figurative Expressionism">American Figurative Expressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Figurative_Expressionism" title="New York Figurative Expressionism">in New York</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_media_art" title="New media art">New media art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_School_(art)#Visual_arts" title="New York School (art)">New York school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard-edge_painting" title="Hard-edge painting">Hard-edge painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Area_Figurative_Movement" title="Bay Area Figurative Movement">Bay Area Figurative Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Plasticiens" title="Les Plasticiens">Les Plasticiens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutai_Art_Association" title="Gutai Art Association">Gutai Art Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendai_Bijutsu_Kondankai" title="Gendai Bijutsu Kondankai">Gendai Bijutsu Kondankai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_art" title="Pop art">Pop art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situationist_International" title="Situationist International">Situationist International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Nonconformist_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Nonconformist Art">Soviet Nonconformist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_underground" title="Ukrainian underground">Ukrainian underground</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lettrism" title="Lettrism">Lettrism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Letterist_International" title="Letterist International">Letterist International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-Lettrist" title="Ultra-Lettrist">Ultra-Lettrist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Highwaymen" class="mw-redirect" title="Florida Highwaymen">Florida Highwaymen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybernetic_art" title="Cybernetic art">Cybernetic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipodeans" title="Antipodeans">Antipodeans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1960–1969</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otra_Figuraci%C3%B3n" title="Otra Figuración">Otra Figuración</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrofuturism" title="Afrofuturism">Afrofuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nueva_Presencia" title="Nueva Presencia">Nueva Presencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_(art)" title="Zero (art)">ZERO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happening" title="Happening">Happening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Dada" title="Neo-Dada">Neo-Dada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Dada_Organizers" title="Neo-Dada Organizers">Neo-Dada Organizers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Op_art" title="Op art">Op art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouveau_r%C3%A9alisme" title="Nouveau réalisme">Nouveau réalisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_tendance" title="Nouvelle tendance">Nouvelle tendance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_realism" title="Capitalist realism">Capitalist realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_%26_Language" title="Art & Language">Art & Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arte_Povera" title="Arte Povera">Arte Povera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Arts_Movement" title="Black Arts Movement">Black Arts Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Caribbean_Artists_Movement" title="The Caribbean Artists Movement">The Caribbean Artists Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_art_movement" title="Chicano art movement">Chicano art movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_art" title="Conceptual art">Conceptual art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_art" title="Land art">Land art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_art" title="Systems art">Systems art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_art" title="Video art">Video art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimalism_(visual_arts)" title="Minimalism (visual arts)">Minimalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluxus" title="Fluxus">Fluxus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_art" title="Generative art">Generative art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-painterly_abstraction" title="Post-painterly abstraction">Post-painterly abstraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermedia" title="Intermedia">Intermedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_art" title="Psychedelic art">Psychedelic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nut_Art" title="Nut Art">Nut Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photorealism" title="Photorealism">Photorealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_art" title="Environmental art">Environmental art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_art" title="Performance art">Performance art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_art" title="Process art">Process art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_critique" title="Institutional critique">Institutional critique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_and_Space" title="Light and Space">Light and Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_art" title="Street art">Street art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_movement" title="Feminist art movement">Feminist art movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Feminist art movement in the United States">in the US</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_modern_and_contemporary_art#Saqqakhaneh_movement" title="Iranian modern and contemporary art">Saqqakhaneh movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Stars_Art_Group" title="The Stars Art Group">The Stars Art Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropic%C3%A1lia" title="Tropicália">Tropicália</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoru_no_Kai" title="Yoru no Kai">Yoru no Kai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_art" title="Artificial intelligence art">Artificial intelligence art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1970–1999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-conceptual_art" title="Post-conceptual art">Post-conceptual art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Installation_art" title="Installation art">Installation art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artscene" class="mw-redirect" title="Artscene">Artscene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postminimalism" title="Postminimalism">Postminimalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endurance_art" title="Endurance art">Endurance art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sots_Art" title="Sots Art">Sots Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Conceptualists" title="Moscow Conceptualists">Moscow Conceptualists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattern_and_Decoration" title="Pattern and Decoration">Pattern and Decoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliontanism" title="Pliontanism">Pliontanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_visual_art" title="Punk visual art">Punk art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-expressionism" title="Neo-expressionism">Neo-expressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transavantgarde" title="Transavantgarde">Transavantgarde</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_art#Saint_Soleil_School" title="Haitian art">Saint Soleil school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_art" title="Guerrilla art">Guerrilla art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowbrow_(art_movement)" title="Lowbrow (art movement)">Lowbrow art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telematic_art" title="Telematic art">Telematic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appropriation_(art)" title="Appropriation (art)">Appropriation art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-conceptual_art" title="Neo-conceptual art">Neo-conceptual art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_European_Painting" title="New European Painting">New European Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_collaborative_painting" title="Tunisian collaborative painting">Tunisian collaborative painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_Group" title="Memphis Group">Memphis Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberdelic" title="Cyberdelic">Cyberdelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_Slowenische_Kunst" title="Neue Slowenische Kunst">Neue Slowenische Kunst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scratch_video" title="Scratch video">Scratch video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgressive_art" title="Transgressive art">Transgressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrofuturism" title="Retrofuturism">Retrofuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_British_Artists" title="Young British Artists">Young British Artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superfiction" title="Superfiction">Superfiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taring_Padi" title="Taring Padi">Taring Padi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superflat" title="Superflat">Superflat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Leipzig_School" title="New Leipzig School">New Leipzig school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artist-run_initiative" class="mw-redirect" title="Artist-run initiative">Artist-run initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artivism" title="Artivism">Artivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Designers_Republic" title="The Designers Republic">The Designers Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grunge#Graphic_design" title="Grunge">Grunge design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verdadism" title="Verdadism">Verdadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Apartment_Art" title="Chinese Apartment Art">Chinese Apartment Art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">2000–<br />present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazonian_pop_art" title="Amazonian pop art">Amazonian pop art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altermodern" title="Altermodern">Altermodern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_for_art" title="Art for art">Art for art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_game" title="Art game">Art game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_intervention" title="Art intervention">Art intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandalism" title="Brandalism">Brandalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Realism" title="Classical Realism">Classical Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_African_art" title="Contemporary African art">Contemporary African art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africanfuturism" title="Africanfuturism">Africanfuturism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Indigenous_Australian_art" title="Contemporary Indigenous Australian art">Contemporary Indigenous Australian art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-fungible_token#Digital_art" title="Non-fungible token">Crypto art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyborg_art" title="Cyborg art">Cyborg art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excessivism" title="Excessivism">Excessivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictive_art" title="Fictive art">Fictive art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_design" title="Flat design">Flat design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_Memphis" title="Corporate Memphis">Corporate Memphis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypermodernism_(art)" title="Hypermodernism (art)">Hypermodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperrealism_(visual_arts)" title="Hyperrealism (visual arts)">Hyperrealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idea_art" title="Idea art">Idea art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_art" title="Internet art">Internet art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-Internet" title="Post-Internet">Post-Internet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPhone_art" title="IPhone art">iPhone art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitsch_movement" title="Kitsch movement">Kitsch movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightpainting" title="Lightpainting">Lightpainting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massurrealism" title="Massurrealism">Massurrealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_European_ink_painting" title="Modern European ink painting">Modern European ink painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-futurism" title="Neo-futurism">Neo-futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neomodern#Artist_group" title="Neomodern">Neomodern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neosymbolism" title="Neosymbolism">Neosymbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passionism" title="Passionism">Passionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-YBAs" title="Post-YBAs">Post-YBAs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_art" title="Relational art">Relational art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeuomorph#In_design" title="Skeuomorph">Skeuomorphism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_art" title="Software art">Software art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_art" title="Sound art">Sound art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuckism" title="Stuckism">Stuckism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superflat" title="Superflat">Superflat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SoFlo_Superflat" title="SoFlo Superflat">SoFlo Superflat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstroke" title="Superstroke">Superstroke</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyism" title="Toyism">Toyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unilalianism" title="Unilalianism">Unilalianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaporwave" title="Vaporwave">Vaporwave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking_Artists_Network" title="Walking Artists Network">Walking Artists Network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EAE0C8;;width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_art" title="History of art">History of art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_art" title="Abstract art">Abstract art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asemic_writing" title="Asemic writing">Asemic writing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-art" title="Anti-art">Anti-art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">Avant-garde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballets_Russes" title="Ballets Russes">Ballets Russes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Christian art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_the_Protestant_Reformation_and_Counter-Reformation" title="Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation">Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_art" title="Catholic art">Catholic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">Icon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_art" title="Lutheran art">Lutheran art</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_art" title="Digital art">Digital art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_art" title="Fantastic art">Fantastic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_art" title="Folk art">Folk art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_genres" title="Hierarchy of genres">Hierarchy of genres</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genre_painting" title="Genre painting">Genre painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_painting" title="History painting">History painting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">Illuminated manuscript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illustration" title="Illustration">Illustration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactive_art" title="Interactive art">Interactive art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_art" title="Jewish art">Jewish art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitsch" title="Kitsch">Kitsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_painting" title="Landscape painting">Landscape painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_sculpture" title="Modern sculpture">Modern sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_modernism" title="Late modernism">Late modernism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na%C3%AFve_art" title="Naïve art">Naïve art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outsider_art" title="Outsider art">Outsider art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrait" title="Portrait">Portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_art#Europe" title="Prehistoric art">Prehistoric European art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_art" title="Queer art">Queer art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realism_(arts)" title="Realism (arts)">Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_art" title="Shock art">Shock art</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trompe-l%27%C5%93il" title="Trompe-l'œil">Trompe-l'œil</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_painting" title="Western painting">Western painting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#EAE0C8;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Art_movements" title="Category:Art movements">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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