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</a> <ul id="toc-Guru_Panth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sikh_scriptures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sikh_scriptures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Sikh scriptures </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sikh_scriptures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Wars </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Wars-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Wars subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Battles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Battles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mughal_accounts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mughal_accounts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Mughal accounts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mughal_accounts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_other_religious_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_other_religious_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Relationship with other religious groups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_other_religious_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-war_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-war_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Post-war years </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Post-war_years-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Post-war years subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Post-war_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Zafarnama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zafarnama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Zafarnama </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zafarnama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_of_family_members" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_of_family_members"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Death of family members </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_of_family_members-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_days" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_days"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Final days </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_days-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dohra_Mahalla_Dasvan_(10)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dohra_Mahalla_Dasvan_(10)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Dohra Mahalla Dasvan (10) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dohra_Mahalla_Dasvan_(10)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sectoral_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sectoral_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Sectoral views </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sectoral_views-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Sectoral views subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Sectoral_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Namdhari" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Namdhari"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Namdhari </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Namdhari-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radha_Soami" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radha_Soami"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Radha Soami </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radha_Soami-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 In popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Guru Gobind Singh</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 60 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-60" aria-hidden="true" > 60 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88_%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%BA" title="غورو جوبيند سينغ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غورو جوبيند سينغ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gur%C3%BA_Gobind_Singh" title="Gurú Gobind Singh – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Gurú Gobind Singh" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qobind_Sinqh" title="Qobind Sinqh – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qobind Sinqh" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82" title="গুরু গোবিন্দ সিং – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গুরু গোবিন্দ সিং" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%85" title="Гобинд Сингх – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Гобинд Сингх" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9" title="गुरु गोबिंद सिंह – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="गुरु गोबिंद सिंह" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%85" title="Гобинд Сингх – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гобинд Сингх" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh_Ji" title="Guru Gobind Singh Ji – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Guru Gobind Singh Ji" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B3vind_Singh" title="Góvind Singh – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Góvind Singh" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobind_Singh" title="Gobind Singh – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gobind Singh" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%8D_%CE%93%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%AF%CE%BD%CF%84_%CE%A3%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA" title="Γκουρού Γκομπίντ Σινγκ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γκουρού Γκομπίντ Σινγκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gur%C3%BA_Gobind_Singh" title="Gurú Gobind Singh – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gurú Gobind Singh" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobind_Singh" title="Gobind Singh – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Gobind Singh" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Guru Gobind Singh" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88_%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF" title="گورو گوبیند سینگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گورو گوبیند سینگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Guru Gobind Singh" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Guru Gobind Singh" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobind_Singh" title="Gobind Singh – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Gobind Singh" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%81_%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%A6%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%B9" title="ગુરુ ગોવિંદસિંહ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ગુરુ ગોવિંદસિંહ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%AC%EB%A3%A8_%EA%B3%A0%EB%B9%88%EB%93%9C_%EC%8B%B1" title="구루 고빈드 싱 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="구루 고빈드 싱" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9" title="गुरु गोबिन्द सिंह – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="गुरु गोबिन्द सिंह" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Guru Gobind Singh" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guru Gobind Singh" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%81_%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C%E2%80%8C_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D" title="ಗುರು ಗೋಬಿಂದ್‌‌ ಸಿಂಗ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಗುರು ಗೋಬಿಂದ್‌‌ ಸಿಂಗ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%8F%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%97_%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%90%D9%86%D9%9B%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D9%90%D9%86%D9%9B%DA%AF%DA%BE" title="گُروٗ گوبِنٛد سِنٛگھ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="گُروٗ گوبِنٛد سِنٛگھ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%85" title="Гобинд Сингх – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Гобинд Сингх" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Guru Gobind Singh" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobindas_Singhas" title="Gobindas Singhas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gobindas Singhas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9" title="गुरु गोविन्द सिंह – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="गुरु गोविन्द सिंह" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gur%C5%AB_Gobind_Singh" title="Gurū Gobind Singh – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Gurū Gobind Singh" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81_%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D" title="ഗുരു ഗോബിന്ദ് സിങ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗുരു ഗോബിന്ദ് സിങ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9" title="गुरू गोविंदसिंह – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="गुरू गोविंदसिंह" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Guru Gobind Singh" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Guru Gobind Singh" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%98%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%92%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%86%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%82%E1%80%BA" title="ဂိုဘင်ဒ် ဆင်းဂ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂိုဘင်ဒ် ဆင်းဂ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goeroe_Gobind_Singh" title="Goeroe Gobind Singh – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Goeroe Gobind Singh" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B4%E3%83%BC%E3%83%93%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0" title="グル・ゴービンド・シング – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="グル・ゴービンド・シング" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobindh_Singh" title="Gobindh Singh – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gobindh Singh" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Guru Gobind Singh" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Govind_singh" title="Govind singh – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Govind singh" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%82_%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A6_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%98" title="ਗੁਰੂ ਗੋਬਿੰਦ ਸਿੰਘ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਗੁਰੂ ਗੋਬਿੰਦ ਸਿੰਘ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%88_%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%BE" title="گرو گوبند سنگھ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="گرو گوبند سنگھ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Guru Gobind Singh" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Guru Gobind Singh" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%85,_%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Сингх, Гобинд – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сингх, Гобинд" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9" title="गुरु गोविन्द सिंह – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="गुरु गोविन्द सिंह" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%88_%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%BE" title="گرو گوبند سنگھ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="گرو گوبند سنگھ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Sing" title="Guru Gobind Sing – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Guru Gobind Sing" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Guru Gobind Singh" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Guru Gobind Singh" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D" title="குரு கோவிந்த் சிங் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="குரு கோவிந்த் சிங்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%81_%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A6_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D" title="గురు గోవింద సింగ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="గురు గోవింద సింగ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C" title="คุรุโควินทสิงห์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คุรุโควินทสิงห์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Guru Gobind Singh" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%90%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%BD%D2%91%D1%85" title="Ґобінд Сінґх – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ґобінд Сінґх" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%88_%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%BE" title="گرو گوبند سنگھ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="گرو گوبند سنگھ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Guru Gobind Singh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Guru Gobind Singh" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E8%B3%93%E6%98%9F" title="哥賓星 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="哥賓星" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%88%88%E8%B3%93%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%BE%9B%E6%A0%BC" title="戈賓德·辛格 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="戈賓德·辛格" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div 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navigation-not-searchable">"Gobind Singh" redirects here. For the recipient of the Victoria Cross, see <a href="/wiki/Gobind_Singh_(VC)" title="Gobind Singh (VC)">Gobind Singh (VC)</a>. For the Malaysian politician, see <a href="/wiki/Gobind_Singh_Deo" title="Gobind Singh Deo">Gobind Singh Deo</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;background: #FFC600; color: #000000;"><div class="fn">Guru Gobind Singh</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;"><div class="nickname">ਗੁਰੂ ਗੋਬਿੰਦ ਸਿੰਘ</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Guru_Gobind_Singh_contemporary_painting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Guru Gobind Singh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Guru_Gobind_Singh_contemporary_painting.jpg/220px-Guru_Gobind_Singh_contemporary_painting.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Guru_Gobind_Singh_contemporary_painting.jpg/330px-Guru_Gobind_Singh_contemporary_painting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Guru_Gobind_Singh_contemporary_painting.jpg/440px-Guru_Gobind_Singh_contemporary_painting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1990" data-file-height="2749" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Contemporary painting of Guru Gobind Singh (seated) found within a Dasam Granth manuscript of <a href="/wiki/Anandpur_Sahib" title="Anandpur Sahib">Anandpur Sahib</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #FFC600; color: #000000;">Personal life</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Gobind Das</div> 22 December 1666<a href="#cite_note-eos-1">[1]</a> <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Patna_Sahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Patna Sahib">Patna Sahib</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bihar_Subah" title="Bihar Subah">Bihar Subah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">7 October 1708(1708-10-07) (aged 41) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Hazur_Sahib" title="Hazur Sahib">Hazur Sahib</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nanded" title="Nanded">Nanded</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subah#List_of_Subahs_of_the_Mughal_Empire" title="Subah">Bidah Subah</a>, Mughal Empire</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cause of death</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Assassination" title="Assassination">Assassination</a><a href="#cite_note-FenechMcleodp9-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Grewal1998p78-17">[17]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mata_Jito" title="Mata Jito">Mata Ajeet Kaur</a> <a href="/wiki/Mata_Sundari" title="Mata Sundari">Mata Sundar Kaur</a> <a href="/wiki/Mata_Sahib_Kaur" class="mw-redirect" title="Mata Sahib Kaur">Mata Sahib Kaur</a><a href="#cite_note-dalbirsingh144-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajit_Singh_(Sikhism)" title="Ajit Singh (Sikhism)">Ajit Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jujhar_Singh" title="Jujhar Singh">Jujhar Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zorawar_Singh_(Sikhism)" title="Zorawar Singh (Sikhism)">Zorawar Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fateh_Singh_(Sikhism)" title="Fateh Singh (Sikhism)">Fateh Singh</a></li> <li>Zorawar Singh Palit (Adopted)<a href="#cite_note-The_encyclopaedia_of_Sikhism-3">[3]</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Tegh_Bahadur" title="Guru Tegh Bahadur">Guru Tegh Bahadur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mata_Gujri" title="Mata Gujri">Mata Gujri</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li>Founding the <a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a><a href="#cite_note-MandairShackle2013p25-4">[4]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasam_Granth" title="Dasam Granth">Dasam Granth</a><a href="#cite_note-aarweb.org-5">[5]</a></li> <li>Composing the Sikh national anthem <a href="/wiki/Deh_Shiva_Bar_Mohe_Eha" title="Deh Shiva Bar Mohe Eha">Deh Shiva Bar Mohe Eha</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zafarnama_(letter)" title="Zafarnama (letter)">Zafarnamah</a> "a letter of victory" to the Mughal Emperor <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a> after the Battle of Chamkaur</li> <li>Founded the Sikh festival of <a href="/wiki/Hola_Mohalla" title="Hola Mohalla">Hola Mohalla</a></li> <li>Establishing a Democratic quintet <a href="/wiki/Panj_Pyare" title="Panj Pyare">Panj Pyare</a><a href="#cite_note-Celebrating_life-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-6">[6]</a></li> <li>Giving 52 Hukams at Nanded <a href="/wiki/The_52_Hukams_of_Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="The 52 Hukams of Guru Gobind Singh">The 52 Hukams of Guru Gobind Singh</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></li> <li>Ordaining the <a href="/wiki/Five_Ks" title="Five Ks">Five Ks</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></li> <li>The jaikara or slogan <a href="/wiki/Bole_So_Nihal" title="Bole So Nihal">Bole So Nihal</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Tenth Nanak<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Tenth Master Dashmesh Pita</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pen name</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Shyam Ram Kaal Gobind Das Nanak Gobind Singh Shah Gobind<a href="#cite_note-Gandhi_1978_607-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Singh_2015_66,_68,_77-15">[15]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Autograph_(neeshan)_of_Guru_Gobind_Singh.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Autograph_%28neeshan%29_of_Guru_Gobind_Singh.png/150px-Autograph_%28neeshan%29_of_Guru_Gobind_Singh.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Autograph_%28neeshan%29_of_Guru_Gobind_Singh.png/225px-Autograph_%28neeshan%29_of_Guru_Gobind_Singh.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Autograph_%28neeshan%29_of_Guru_Gobind_Singh.png/300px-Autograph_%28neeshan%29_of_Guru_Gobind_Singh.png 2x" data-file-width="1566" data-file-height="1266" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #FFC600; color: #000000;">Religious life</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founder of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Sikh_flag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Sikh_flag.jpg/20px-Sikh_flag.jpg" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Sikh_flag.jpg/30px-Sikh_flag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Sikh_flag.jpg/40px-Sikh_flag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="496" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Sikh_flag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Sikh_flag.jpg/20px-Sikh_flag.jpg" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Sikh_flag.jpg/30px-Sikh_flag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Sikh_flag.jpg/40px-Sikh_flag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="496" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Khalsa_Fauj" title="Khalsa Fauj">Khalsa Fauj</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #FFC600; color: #000000;">Religious career</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Period in office</th><td class="infobox-data">1675–1708</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Guru_Tegh_Bahadur" title="Guru Tegh Bahadur">Guru Tegh Bahadur</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #FFC600; color: #000000;">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Akal_Sena_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Akal_Sena_Flag.svg/20px-Akal_Sena_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Akal_Sena_Flag.svg/30px-Akal_Sena_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Akal_Sena_Flag.svg/40px-Akal_Sena_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="225" /></a>Supreme Commander of <a href="/wiki/Akal_Sena" title="Akal Sena">Akal Sena</a> (1675–1699) <a href="/wiki/File:Sikh_flag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Sikh_flag.jpg/20px-Sikh_flag.jpg" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Sikh_flag.jpg/30px-Sikh_flag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Sikh_flag.jpg/40px-Sikh_flag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="496" /></a>Supreme Commander of <a href="/wiki/Khalsa_Fauj" title="Khalsa Fauj">Khalsa Fauj</a> (1699–1708) <a href="/wiki/File:Sikh_flag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Sikh_flag.jpg/20px-Sikh_flag.jpg" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Sikh_flag.jpg/30px-Sikh_flag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Sikh_flag.jpg/40px-Sikh_flag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="496" /></a> Supreme Commander of <a href="/wiki/Khalsa_Panth" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalsa Panth">Khalsa Panth</a> (Eternal)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data">Wars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal-Sikh_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal-Sikh Wars">Mughal-Sikh Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_States-Sikh_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Hill States-Sikh Wars">Hill States-Sikh Wars</a></li></ul> Battles <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anandpur_(1682)" title="Battle of Anandpur (1682)">Battle of Anandpur (1682)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anandpur_(1685)" title="Battle of Anandpur (1685)">Battle of Anandpur (1685)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bhangani" title="Battle of Bhangani">Battle of Bhangani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nadaun" title="Battle of Nadaun">Battle of Nadaun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guler_(1696)" title="Battle of Guler (1696)">Battle of Guler (1696)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anandpur_(1699)" title="Battle of Anandpur (1699)">Battle of Anandpur (1699)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anandpur_(1700)" title="Battle of Anandpur (1700)">Battle of Anandpur (1700)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_siege_of_Anandpur" title="First siege of Anandpur">First siege of Anandpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Taragarh" title="Battle of Taragarh">Battle of Taragarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Basoli" title="Battle of Basoli">Battle of Basoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Chamkaur" class="mw-redirect" title="First Battle of Chamkaur">First Battle of Chamkaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anandpur_(1703)" title="Battle of Anandpur (1703)">Battle of Anandpur (1703)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Anandpur_(1704)" title="First Battle of Anandpur (1704)">First Battle of Anandpur (1704)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_siege_of_Anandpur" title="Second siege of Anandpur">Second siege of Anandpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarsa" title="Battle of Sarsa">Battle of Sarsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Chamkaur_(1704)" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Battle of Chamkaur (1704)">Second Battle of Chamkaur (1704)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Muktsar" title="Battle of Muktsar">Battle of Muktsar</a></li> <li>Battle of Baghaur</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jajau" title="Battle of Jajau">Battle of Jajau</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Sikhism" title="Category:Sikhism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: #FFC600; padding:0.2em; font-size:140%;"><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/Khanda_(Sikh_symbol)" title="Khanda"><img alt="Khanda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/100px-Khanda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/150px-Khanda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/200px-Khanda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="632" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="border-top:1px solid #FFC600;border-bottom:1px solid #FFC600;padding-bottom:.35em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikhs" title="Category:Sikhs">Topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Sikhism" title="Outline of Sikhism">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sikhism" title="History of Sikhism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Sikhism" title="Glossary of Sikhism">Glossary</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC600; padding:0.1em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_gurus" title="Sikh gurus">Sikh gurus</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak">Guru Nanak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Angad" title="Guru Angad">Guru Angad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Amar_Das" title="Guru Amar Das">Guru Amar Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Ram_Das" title="Guru Ram Das">Guru Ram Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Arjan" title="Guru Arjan">Guru Arjan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Hargobind" title="Guru Hargobind">Guru Hargobind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Har_Rai" title="Guru Har Rai">Guru Har Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Har_Krishan" title="Guru Har Krishan">Guru Har Krishan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Tegh_Bahadur" title="Guru Tegh Bahadur">Guru Tegh Bahadur</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Guru Gobind Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC600; padding:0.1em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Bhagat" title="Bhagat"> Selected revered saints</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Bhagat Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Ravidas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagat Ravidas">Bhagat Ravidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Farid" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagat Farid">Bhagat Farid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Ramanand" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagat Ramanand">Bhagat Ramanand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Beni" title="Bhagat Beni">Bhagat Beni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namdev" title="Namdev">Bhagat Namdev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Sadhana" title="Bhagat Sadhana">Bhagat Sadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Bhikhan" title="Bhagat Bhikhan">Bhagat Bhikhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Parmanand" title="Bhagat Parmanand">Bhagat Parmanand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Sain" title="Bhagat Sain">Bhagat Sain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Dhanna" title="Bhagat Dhanna">Bhagat Dhanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Pipa" title="Bhagat Pipa">Bhagat Pipa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surdas" title="Surdas">Bhagat Surdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayadeva" title="Jayadeva">Bhagat Jaidev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Trilochan" title="Bhagat Trilochan">Bhagat Trilochan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Kalshar" title="Bhatt Kalshar">Bhatt Kalshar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Balh" title="Bhatt Balh">Bhatt Balh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Bhalh" title="Bhatt Bhalh">Bhatt Bhalh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Bhika" title="Bhatt Bhika">Bhatt Bhika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Gayand" title="Bhatt Gayand">Bhatt Gayand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Harbans" title="Bhatt Harbans">Bhatt Harbans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Jalap" title="Bhatt Jalap">Bhatt Jalap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Kirat" title="Bhatt Kirat">Bhatt Kirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Mathura" title="Bhatt Mathura">Bhatt Mathura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Nalh" title="Bhatt Nalh">Bhatt Nalh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Salh" title="Bhatt Salh">Bhatt Salh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Sunder" title="Baba Sunder">Baba Sundar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satta_Doom" title="Satta Doom">Satta Doom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balvand_Rai" title="Balvand Rai">Balvand Rai</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC600; padding:0.1em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_religious_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh religious philosophy">Philosophy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naam_Japo" title="Naam Japo">Naam Japo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Karo" title="Kirat Karo">Kirat Karō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vand_Chhako" title="Vand Chhako">Vand Chakkō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charhdi_Kala" class="mw-redirect" title="Charhdi Kala">Charhdi Kalā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Maneyo_Granth" title="Guru Maneyo Granth">Guru Maneyo Granth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Thieves" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Thieves">Five Thieves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Virtues" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Virtues">Five Virtues</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC600; padding:0.1em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_practices" title="Category:Sikh practices">Practices</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Rehat_Maryada" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh Rehat Maryada">Sikh Rehat Maryada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibitions_in_Sikhism" title="Prohibitions in Sikhism">Prohibitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ard%C4%81s" title="Ardās">Ardās</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">Kirtan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amrit_Vel%C4%81" title="Amrit Velā">Amrit Velā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasvand" class="mw-redirect" title="Dasvand">Dasvand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Five_Ks" class="mw-redirect" title="The Five Ks">The Five Ks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langar_(Sikhism)" title="Langar (Sikhism)">Langar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seva_(Indian_religions)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seva (Indian religions)">Sewa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simran" title="Simran">Simran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitnem" title="Nitnem">Nitnem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dastar" title="Dastar">Dastar</a> (Turban)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naam_Karan" title="Naam Karan">Naam Karan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amrit_Sanskar" title="Amrit Sanskar">Amrit Sanskar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anand_Karaj" title="Anand Karaj">Anand Karaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antam_Sanskar" title="Antam Sanskar">Antam Sanskar</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC600; padding:0.1em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_scripture" title="Category:Sikh scripture">Scripture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasam_Granth" title="Dasam Granth">Dasam Granth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarbloh_Granth" title="Sarbloh Granth">Sarbloh Granth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Banis" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Banis">Five Banis</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC600; padding:0.1em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_places" title="Category:Sikh places">Places</a> and <a href="/wiki/Panj_Takht" title="Panj Takht">Takhts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gurdwara" title="Gurdwara">Gurdwara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmandir_Sahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmandir Sahib">Harmandir Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akal_Takht" title="Akal Takht">Akal Takht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht_Sri_Keshgarh_Sahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Takht Sri Keshgarh Sahib">Keshgarh Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht_Sri_Damdama_Sahib" title="Takht Sri Damdama Sahib">Damdama Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht_Sri_Patna_Sahib" title="Takht Sri Patna Sahib">Patna Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht_Sri_Hazur_Sahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Takht Sri Hazur Sahib">Hazur Sahib</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC600; padding:0.1em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikhism" title="Category:Sikhism">General topics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ik_Onkar" title="Ik Onkar">Ik Onkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waheguru" title="Waheguru">Waheguru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panj_Pyare" title="Panj Pyare">Panj Pyare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirgun_and_Sargun_(Sikhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nirgun and Sargun (Sikhism)">Nirgun and Sargun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanda_(Sikh_symbol)" title="Khanda (Sikh symbol)">Khanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_literature" title="Category:Sikh literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_music" title="Category:Sikh music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_names" title="Sikh names">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanakshahi_calendar" title="Nanakshahi calendar">Nanakshahi calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Sikhism" title="Criticism of Sikhism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jathedar_of_Akal_Takht" class="mw-redirect" title="Jathedar of Akal Takht">Jathedar of Akal Takht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharamyudh_(Sikhism)" title="Dharamyudh (Sikhism)">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sects_of_Sikhism" title="Sects of Sikhism">Sects</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC600; padding:0.1em;;color: var(--color-base)">Sikhism and other religions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Sikhism" title="Hinduism and Sikhism">Sikhism and Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Sikhism" title="Islam and Sikhism">Sikhism and Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_Sikhism" title="Jainism and Sikhism">Sikhism and Jainism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="border-top:1px solid #FFC600;border-bottom:1px solid #FFC600;padding-bottom:0.4em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/16px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/24px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/32px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sikhism_sidebar" title="Template:Sikhism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sikhism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Sikhism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sikhism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sikhism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Guru Gobind Singh (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Punjabi pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Punjabi" title="Help:IPA/Punjabi">[gʊɾuː goːbɪn̪d̪ᵊ sɪ́ŋgᵊ]</a>; born Gobind Das;<a href="#cite_note-19">[a]</a> 22 December 1666 – 7 October 1708)<a href="#cite_note-eos-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-colesambhip36-20">[19]</a> was the tenth and last human <a href="/wiki/Sikh_gurus" title="Sikh gurus">Sikh Guru</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[b]</a> He was a warrior, poet, and philosopher. In 1675, at the age of nine he was formally installed as the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">Sikhs</a> after his father <a href="/wiki/Guru_Tegh_Bahadur" title="Guru Tegh Bahadur">Guru Tegh Bahadur</a> was executed by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[c]</a> His father was the ninth Sikh Guru. His four biological sons died during his lifetime – two in battle and two executed by the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a> governor <a href="/wiki/Wazir_Khan_(Sirhind)" title="Wazir Khan (Sirhind)">Wazir Khan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Routledge-29">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[28]</a> Among his notable contributions to <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> are founding the Sikh warrior community called <a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a> in 1699<a href="#cite_note-MandairShackle2013p25-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC-32">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[30]</a> and introducing <a href="/wiki/The_Five_Ks" class="mw-redirect" title="The Five Ks">the Five Ks</a>, the five articles of faith that Khalsa Sikhs wear at all times. Guru Gobind Singh is credited with the <a href="/wiki/Dasam_Granth" title="Dasam Granth">Dasam Granth</a> whose hymns are a sacred part of Sikh prayers and Khalsa rituals.<a href="#cite_note-britdasam-34">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-McLeod1990-35">[32]</a> He is also credited as the one who finalized and enshrined the <a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a> as Sikhism's primary holy religious scripture and the eternal <a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">Guru</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MandairShackle2013p11-36">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-shelke199-37">[34]</a> He also established the concept of Guru Panth as his spiritual successor, however this manner of guruship is seldom evoked today.<a href="#cite_note-:02-38">[35]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family_and_early_life">Family and early life</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GuruGobindBirthPlace.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/GuruGobindBirthPlace.jpg/220px-GuruGobindBirthPlace.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/GuruGobindBirthPlace.jpg/330px-GuruGobindBirthPlace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/GuruGobindBirthPlace.jpg/440px-GuruGobindBirthPlace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="1152" /></a><figcaption>Guru Gobind Singh's birthplace in Patna, Bihar</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guru_Tegh_Bahadar_and_a_young_Gobind_Rai_at_the_Anandpur_Darbar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Guru_Tegh_Bahadar_and_a_young_Gobind_Rai_at_the_Anandpur_Darbar.jpg/220px-Guru_Tegh_Bahadar_and_a_young_Gobind_Rai_at_the_Anandpur_Darbar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Guru_Tegh_Bahadar_and_a_young_Gobind_Rai_at_the_Anandpur_Darbar.jpg/330px-Guru_Tegh_Bahadar_and_a_young_Gobind_Rai_at_the_Anandpur_Darbar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Guru_Tegh_Bahadar_and_a_young_Gobind_Rai_at_the_Anandpur_Darbar.jpg/440px-Guru_Tegh_Bahadar_and_a_young_Gobind_Rai_at_the_Anandpur_Darbar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1524" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Guru_Tegh_Bahadur" title="Guru Tegh Bahadur">Guru Tegh Bahadar</a> and a young Gobind Das at the <a href="/wiki/Anandpur_Sahib" title="Anandpur Sahib">Anandpur Darbar</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Artistic_depiction_of_%22Dusht_Daman%22,_the_alleged_previous_incarnation_of_Guru_Gobind_Singh_as_narrated_in_the_%22Bachittar_Natak%22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Artistic_depiction_of_%22Dusht_Daman%22%2C_the_alleged_previous_incarnation_of_Guru_Gobind_Singh_as_narrated_in_the_%22Bachittar_Natak%22.jpg/229px-Artistic_depiction_of_%22Dusht_Daman%22%2C_the_alleged_previous_incarnation_of_Guru_Gobind_Singh_as_narrated_in_the_%22Bachittar_Natak%22.jpg" decoding="async" width="229" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Artistic_depiction_of_%22Dusht_Daman%22%2C_the_alleged_previous_incarnation_of_Guru_Gobind_Singh_as_narrated_in_the_%22Bachittar_Natak%22.jpg/345px-Artistic_depiction_of_%22Dusht_Daman%22%2C_the_alleged_previous_incarnation_of_Guru_Gobind_Singh_as_narrated_in_the_%22Bachittar_Natak%22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Artistic_depiction_of_%22Dusht_Daman%22%2C_the_alleged_previous_incarnation_of_Guru_Gobind_Singh_as_narrated_in_the_%22Bachittar_Natak%22.jpg/459px-Artistic_depiction_of_%22Dusht_Daman%22%2C_the_alleged_previous_incarnation_of_Guru_Gobind_Singh_as_narrated_in_the_%22Bachittar_Natak%22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1044" data-file-height="1305" /></a><figcaption>Artistic depiction of "Dusht Daman", the alleged previous incarnation of Guru Gobind Singh as narrated in the "Bachittar Natak"</figcaption></figure> Gobind Singh was the only son of <a href="/wiki/Guru_Tegh_Bahadur" title="Guru Tegh Bahadur">Guru Tegh Bahadur</a>, the ninth <a href="/wiki/Sikh_guru" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh guru">Sikh guru</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mata_Gujri" title="Mata Gujri">Mata Gujri</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[36]</a> He was born into the <a href="/wiki/Sodhi" title="Sodhi">Sodhi</a> clan of the Punjabi <a href="/wiki/Khatri" title="Khatri">Khatri</a> community. He was born in <a href="/wiki/Patna" title="Patna">Patna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a> on 22 December 1666 while his father was visiting <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-eos-1">[1]</a> According to Desi Calendar, his birth date is Seven days after the New Moon Day in the Lunar Month of Poh (also called Poh Sudi 7 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ- ਪੋਹ ਸੁਦੀ ੭). His birth name was Gobind Das and a shrine named <a href="/wiki/Takht_Sri_Patna_Sahib" title="Takht Sri Patna Sahib">Takht Sri Patna Harimandar Sahib</a> marks the site of the house where he was born and spent the first four years of his life.<a href="#cite_note-eos-1">[1]</a> In 1670, his family returned to Punjab, and in March 1672, they moved to Chakk Nanaki in the Himalayan foothills of north India, called the Sivalik range, where he was schooled.<a href="#cite_note-eos-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC-32">[29]</a> Tegh Bahadur was petitioned by <a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_Pandit" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashmiri Pandit">Kashmiri Pandits</a><a href="#cite_note-pslf-40">[37]</a> in 1675 for protection from the fanatic persecution by Iftikar Khan, the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a> governor of Kashmir under Mughal Emperor <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a>.<a href="#cite_note-eos-1">[1]</a> Tegh Bahadur considered a peaceful resolution by meeting Aurangzeb, but was cautioned by his advisors that his life may be at risk. The young Gobind Das – to be known as Gobind Singh after 1699<a href="#cite_note-colesambhip36-20">[19]</a> – advised his father that no one was more worthy to lead and make a sacrifice than him.<a href="#cite_note-eos-1">[1]</a> His father made the attempt, but was arrested then publicly beheaded in <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a> on 11 November 1675 under the orders of Aurangzeb for refusing to convert to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> and the ongoing conflicts between Sikhism and the Islamic Empire.<a href="#cite_note-41">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[39]</a> Before dying, Tegh Bahadur wrote a letter to Gobind Das (the letter was called Mahalla Dasven and it is part of the <a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a>) as one last test to find the next Guru, after his father's martyrdom he was made the tenth Sikh Guru on <a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a> on 29 March 1676.<a href="#cite_note-Hansra2007-43">[40]</a> The education of Gobind Singh continued after he became the 10th Guru, both in reading and writing as well as martial arts such as horse riding and archery. The Guru learned <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Farsi</a> in a year and at the age of 6 started training in martial arts.<a href="#cite_note-44">[41]</a> In 1684, he wrote the <a href="/wiki/Chandi_di_Var" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandi di Var">Chandi di Var</a> in Punjabi language – a legendary war between the good and the evil, where the good stands up against injustice and tyranny, as described in the ancient <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_literature" title="Sanskrit literature">Sanskrit text</a> <a href="/wiki/Markandeya_Purana" title="Markandeya Purana">Markandeya Purana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-eos-1">[1]</a> He stayed in Paonta, near the banks of river <a href="/wiki/Yamuna" title="Yamuna">Yamuna</a>, until 1685.<a href="#cite_note-eos-1">[1]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guru_Gobind_Singh_at_age_23.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Guru_Gobind_Singh_at_age_23.jpg/220px-Guru_Gobind_Singh_at_age_23.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="413" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Guru_Gobind_Singh_at_age_23.jpg/330px-Guru_Gobind_Singh_at_age_23.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Guru_Gobind_Singh_at_age_23.jpg/440px-Guru_Gobind_Singh_at_age_23.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="2028" /></a><figcaption>From Bhai Rupa showing the Guru at the age of 23 (contemporary painting from circa 1701)</figcaption></figure> Guru Gobind Singh had three wives:<a href="#cite_note-dalbirsingh144-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[42]</a> <ul><li>At age 10, he married <a href="/wiki/Mata_Jito" title="Mata Jito">Jito</a> on 21 June 1677 at Basantgaṛh, 10 km north of Anandpur. The couple had three sons: <a href="/wiki/Jujhar_Singh" title="Jujhar Singh">Jujhar Singh</a> (b. 1691), <a href="/wiki/Zorawar_Singh_(Sikhism)" title="Zorawar Singh (Sikhism)">Zorawar Singh</a> (b. 1696), and <a href="/wiki/Fateh_Singh_(Sikhism)" title="Fateh Singh (Sikhism)">Fateh Singh</a> (b. 1699).<a href="#cite_note-46">[43]</a></li> <li>At age 17, he married <a href="/wiki/Mata_Sundari" title="Mata Sundari">Sundari</a> on 4 April 1684 at Anandpur. The couple had one son, <a href="/wiki/Ajit_Singh_(Sikhism)" title="Ajit Singh (Sikhism)">Ajit Singh</a> (b. 1687).<a href="#cite_note-47">[44]</a></li> <li>At age 33, he married <a href="/wiki/Mata_Sahib_Kaur" class="mw-redirect" title="Mata Sahib Kaur">Sahib Devan</a> on 15 April 1700 at Anandpur. They had no children, but she had an influential role in Sikhism. Guru Gobind Singh proclaimed her as the Mother of the Khalsa.<a href="#cite_note-48">[45]</a> The Guru initially rejected her marriage proposal as he was already married and had four sons. The Sangat and the Guru's family agreed to the marriage. However, Gobind Singh made it clear that his relationship with Sahib Diwan will be spiritual and not physical.<a href="#cite_note-49">[46]</a></li></ul> The life example and leadership of Gobind Singh have been of historical importance to the Sikhs. He institutionalized the <a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a> (literally, Pure Ones), who played the key role in protecting the Sikhs long after his death, such as during the nine invasions of Panjab and the attacks by <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Durrani" title="Ahmad Shah Durrani">Ahmad Shah Abdali</a> from Afghanistan between 1747 and 1769.<a href="#cite_note-colesambhip36-20">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birth_name">Birth name</h3></div> While his birth name is commonly acknowledged as being "Gobind Rai", <a href="/wiki/J._S._Grewal" title="J. S. Grewal">J.S Grewal</a> and W.H McLeod, among other scholars, point out that hukamnamas and documents issued by his father, Guru Tegh Bahadur, mention him as "Gobind Das". According to McLeod, "Gobind Rai" was an exonym used within Muslim sources.<a href="#cite_note-52">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cole_2004_68-53">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-McLeod_1997_47-54">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-55">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-Holt_2022_164-56">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birth_year">Birth year</h3></div> Whilst the commonly accepted birth year for the guru is 1666, some sources record his birth year as being 1661.<a href="#cite_note-57">[54]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Studies" title="Sikh Studies">Sikhologist</a> Louis E. Fenech believes 1661 is more likely to be the true birth year of the guru as it lines up more reliably with events later in his life regarding his coming-of-age and leadership in 1679.<a href="#cite_note-58">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Founding_the_Khalsa">Founding the Khalsa</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GuruGobindSinghJiGurdwaraBhaiThanSingh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/GuruGobindSinghJiGurdwaraBhaiThanSingh.jpg/220px-GuruGobindSinghJiGurdwaraBhaiThanSingh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/GuruGobindSinghJiGurdwaraBhaiThanSingh.jpg/330px-GuruGobindSinghJiGurdwaraBhaiThanSingh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/GuruGobindSinghJiGurdwaraBhaiThanSingh.jpg/440px-GuruGobindSinghJiGurdwaraBhaiThanSingh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>A Fresco of Guru Gobind Singh and The <a href="/wiki/Panj_Piare" class="mw-redirect" title="Panj Piare">Panj Piare</a> in Gurdwara Bhai Than Singh built in the reign of Maharaja <a href="/wiki/Ranjit_Singh" title="Ranjit Singh">Ranjit Singh</a></figcaption></figure> In 1699, Guru Gobind Singh requested the Sikhs to congregate at <a href="/wiki/Anandpur_Sahib" title="Anandpur Sahib">Anandpur</a> on <a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a> (the annual spring <a href="/wiki/Harvest_festival" title="Harvest festival">harvest festival</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Cynthia_Mahmood_Faith_Baisakhi-59">[56]</a> According to the Sikh tradition, he asked for a volunteer. One came forward, whom he took inside a tent. The Guru returned to the crowd alone, with a bloody sword.<a href="#cite_note-Cynthia_Mahmood_Faith_Baisakhi-59">[56]</a> He asked for another volunteer, and repeated the same process of returning from the tent without anyone and with a bloodied sword four more times. After the fifth volunteer went with him into the tent, the Guru returned with all five volunteers, all safe. He called them the <a href="/wiki/Panj_Pyare" title="Panj Pyare">Panj Pyare</a> and the first Khalsa in the Sikh tradition.<a href="#cite_note-60">[57]</a> Gobind Singh then mixed water and sugar into an iron bowl, stirring it with a double-edged sword to prepare what he called <a href="/wiki/Amrita" title="Amrita">Amrit</a> ("nectar"). He then administered this to the Panj Pyare, accompanied with recitations from the Adi Granth, thus founding the khande ka pahul (baptization ceremony) of a Khalsa – a warrior community.<a href="#cite_note-Cynthia_Mahmood_Faith_Baisakhi-59">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[58]</a> The Guru also gave them a new surname "<a href="/wiki/Singh" title="Singh">Singh</a>" (lion). After the first five Khalsa had been baptized, the Guru asked the five to baptize him as a Khalsa. This made the Guru the sixth Khalsa, and his name changed from Guru Gobind Das to Guru Gobind Singh.<a href="#cite_note-Cynthia_Mahmood_Faith_Baisakhi-59">[56]</a> This initiation ceremony replaced the charan pahul ritual practiced by the previous gurus, in which an initiate would drink the water either the Guru or a <a href="/wiki/Masand" title="Masand">masand</a> of the guru had dipped their right toe in.<a href="#cite_note-62">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[60]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sikh_Articles_of_Faith.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Sikh_Articles_of_Faith.JPG/220px-Sikh_Articles_of_Faith.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Sikh_Articles_of_Faith.JPG/330px-Sikh_Articles_of_Faith.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Sikh_Articles_of_Faith.JPG/440px-Sikh_Articles_of_Faith.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Kanga, Kara and Kirpan – three of the five Ks</figcaption></figure> Gobind Singh initiated the <a href="/wiki/Five_K%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="Five K's">Five K's</a> tradition of the Khalsa,<a href="#cite_note-colesambhip37-64">[61]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kesh_(Sikhism)" title="Kesh (Sikhism)">Kesh</a>: uncut hair.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangha" title="Kangha">Kangha</a>: a wooden comb.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara_(Sikhism)" title="Kara (Sikhism)">Kara</a>: an iron or steel bracelet worn on the wrist.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirpan" title="Kirpan">Kirpan</a>: a sword.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kacchera" title="Kacchera">Kacchera</a>: short breeches.</li></ul> He also announced a code of discipline for Khalsa warriors. Tobacco, eating 'halal' meat (a way of slaughtering in which the animal's throat is slit open and it is left to bleed before being slaughtered), fornication and adultery were forbidden.<a href="#cite_note-colesambhip37-64">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-johnkoller313-65">[62]</a> The Khalsas also agreed to never interact with those who followed rivals or their successors.<a href="#cite_note-colesambhip37-64">[61]</a> The co-initiation of men and women from different castes into the ranks of Khalsa also institutionalized the principle of equality in Sikhism regardless of one's caste or gender.<a href="#cite_note-johnkoller313-65">[62]</a> Gobind Singh's significance to the Sikh tradition has been very important, as he institutionalized the Khalsa, resisted the ongoing persecution by the Mughal Empire, and continued the defence of dharma, by which he meant True Religion, against the assault of Aurangzeb.<a href="#cite_note-66">[63]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2_Sri_Kesgarh_Takhat_Anandpur_Sahib_Khalsa_birthplace_Himalayan_foothills_in_view_Punjab_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/2_Sri_Kesgarh_Takhat_Anandpur_Sahib_Khalsa_birthplace_Himalayan_foothills_in_view_Punjab_India.jpg/170px-2_Sri_Kesgarh_Takhat_Anandpur_Sahib_Khalsa_birthplace_Himalayan_foothills_in_view_Punjab_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/2_Sri_Kesgarh_Takhat_Anandpur_Sahib_Khalsa_birthplace_Himalayan_foothills_in_view_Punjab_India.jpg/255px-2_Sri_Kesgarh_Takhat_Anandpur_Sahib_Khalsa_birthplace_Himalayan_foothills_in_view_Punjab_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/2_Sri_Kesgarh_Takhat_Anandpur_Sahib_Khalsa_birthplace_Himalayan_foothills_in_view_Punjab_India.jpg/340px-2_Sri_Kesgarh_Takhat_Anandpur_Sahib_Khalsa_birthplace_Himalayan_foothills_in_view_Punjab_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Anandpur_Sahib" title="Anandpur Sahib">Anandpur Sahib</a> gurdwara, Punjab, the birthplace of <a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a></figcaption></figure> He introduced ideas that indirectly challenged the discriminatory taxes imposed by the Mughal authorities. For example, Aurangzeb had imposed taxes on non-Muslims that were collected from the Sikhs as well, the <a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">jizya</a> (poll tax on non-Muslims), pilgrim tax, and Bhaddar tax – the last being a tax to be paid by anyone following the Hindu ritual of shaving the head after the death of a loved one and cremation.<a href="#cite_note-MandairShackle2013p25-4">[4]</a> Guru Gobind Singh declared that Khalsa does not need to continue this practice, because Bhaddar is not <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">dharam</a>, but a bharam (illusion).<a href="#cite_note-MandairShackle2013p25-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[64]</a> Not shaving the head also meant not having to pay the taxes by Sikhs who lived in Delhi and other parts of the Mughal Empire.<a href="#cite_note-MandairShackle2013p25-4">[4]</a> However, the new code of conduct also led to internal disagreements between Sikhs in the 18th century, particularly between the Nanakpanthi and the Khalsa.<a href="#cite_note-MandairShackle2013p25-4">[4]</a> Gobind Singh had a deep respect for the Khalsa and stated that there is no difference between the True Guru and the sangat (panth).<a href="#cite_note-68">[65]</a> Before his founding of the Khalsa, the Sikh movement had used the Sanskrit word Sisya (literally, disciple or student), but the favored term thereafter became Khalsa.<a href="#cite_note-Oberoi1994p59-69">[66]</a> Additionally, prior to the Khalsa, the Sikh congregations across India had a system of Masands appointed by the Sikh Gurus. The Masands led the local Sikh communities, local temples, and collected wealth and donations for the Sikh cause.<a href="#cite_note-Oberoi1994p59-69">[66]</a> Gobind Singh concluded that the Masands system had become corrupt, he abolished them and introduced a more centralized system with the help of Khalsa that was under his direct supervision.<a href="#cite_note-Oberoi1994p59-69">[66]</a> These developments created two groups of Sikhs, those who initiated as Khalsa, and others who remained Sikhs but did not undertake the initiation.<a href="#cite_note-Oberoi1994p59-69">[66]</a> The Khalsa Sikhs saw themselves as a separate religious entity, while the <a href="/wiki/Nanakpanthi" title="Nanakpanthi">Nanakpanthi</a> Sikhs retained their different perspective.<a href="#cite_note-70">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[68]</a> The Khalsa warrior community tradition started by Guru Gobind Singh has contributed to modern scholarly debate on pluralism within Sikhism. His tradition has survived into the modern times, with initiated Sikh referred to as Khalsa Sikh, while those who do not get baptized referred to as Sahajdhari Sikhs.<a href="#cite_note-SinghFenech2014p23-72">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Guru_Panth">Guru Panth</h3></div> Whilst Guru Gobind Singh passed on the mantle of guruship to both the Guru Granth and Guru Panth, the practice of Guru Panth was prevalent in the 18th century during the era of the <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Confederacy" title="Sikh Confederacy">Sikh Confederacy</a> but fell into obscurity during the rise of <a href="/wiki/Ranjit_Singh" title="Ranjit Singh">Ranjit Singh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:02-38">[35]</a> Today, the Guru Panth is rarely evoked, being overshadowed by the more popular Guru Granth.<a href="#cite_note-:02-38">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sikh_scriptures">Sikh scriptures</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dasam_Granth_frontispiece_British_Library_Manuscript_Or_6298_1825-1850_CE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Dasam_Granth_frontispiece_British_Library_Manuscript_Or_6298_1825-1850_CE.jpg/220px-Dasam_Granth_frontispiece_British_Library_Manuscript_Or_6298_1825-1850_CE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Dasam_Granth_frontispiece_British_Library_Manuscript_Or_6298_1825-1850_CE.jpg/330px-Dasam_Granth_frontispiece_British_Library_Manuscript_Or_6298_1825-1850_CE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Dasam_Granth_frontispiece_British_Library_Manuscript_Or_6298_1825-1850_CE.jpg/440px-Dasam_Granth_frontispiece_British_Library_Manuscript_Or_6298_1825-1850_CE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2696" data-file-height="2368" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Dasam_Granth" title="Dasam Granth">Dasam Granth</a> is attributed to Guru Gobind Singh. It incorporates among other things the warrior-saint mythologies of ancient India.<a href="#cite_note-75">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[73]</a></figcaption></figure> <blockquote>Piara Singh Padam in his Sri Guru Gobind Singh Ji de Darbari Ratan highlights that Guru Gobind Singh gave as much regard to the pen as to the sword.<a href="#cite_note-77">[74]</a></blockquote> Guru Gobind Singh is credited in the Sikh tradition with finalizing the Kartarpur Pothi (manuscript) of the <a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a> – the primary scripture of Sikhism.<a href="#cite_note-MandairShackle2013p11-36">[33]</a> The final version did not accept the extraneous hymns in other versions, and included the compositions of his father Guru Tegh Bahadur.<a href="#cite_note-MandairShackle2013p11-36">[33]</a> Gobind Singh also declared this text to be the eternal Guru for Sikhs.<a href="#cite_note-shelke199-37">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[75]</a> Gobind Singh is also credited with the <a href="/wiki/Dasam_Granth" title="Dasam Granth">Dasam Granth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-britdasam-34">[31]</a> It is a controversial <a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">religious text</a> considered to be the second scripture by some Sikhs, and of disputed authority to other Sikhs.<a href="#cite_note-SinghFenech2014p136-79">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-McLeod1990-35">[32]</a> The standard edition of the text contains 1,428 pages with 17,293 verses in 18 sections.<a href="#cite_note-SinghFenech2014p136-79">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-hss54-80">[77]</a> The Dasam Granth includes hymns, mythological tales from <a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Hindu texts</a>,<a href="#cite_note-britdasam-34">[31]</a> a celebration of the feminine in the form of goddess <a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Nesbitt2016p107-81">[78]</a> fables dealing with <a href="/wiki/Kaam" title="Kaam">sexuality</a>,<a href="#cite_note-britdasam-34">[31]</a> an autobiography, secular stories from the <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a>, letters to others such as the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal emperor</a>, as well as reverential discussion of warriors and theology.<a href="#cite_note-SinghFenech2014p136-79">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[80]</a> In his writings Guru Gobind Singh uses a variety of pen names such as Shyam, Raam, Kaal, Gobind Das, Gobind Singh, Nanak, and Shah Gobind.<a href="#cite_note-Gandhi_1978_607-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Singh_2015_66,_68,_77-15">[15]</a> According to the Bansavlinama, written in 1755 by Kesar Singh Chibbar,<a href="#cite_note-84">[81]</a> Sikhs requested that Gobind Singh merge Dasam Granth with the Guru Granth Sahib. Gobind Singh responded to the request by saying, "This is the Adi Guru Granth; The root book. That one (Dasam Granth) is only for my diversion. Let this be kept in the mind and let the two stay separate."<a href="#cite_note-85">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[83]</a> The Dasam Granth has a significant role in the initiation and the daily life of devout Khalsa Sikhs.<a href="#cite_note-87">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[85]</a> Parts of its compositions such as the <a href="/wiki/Jaap_Sahib" title="Jaap Sahib">Jaap Sahib</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tav-Prasad_Savaiye" class="mw-redirect" title="Tav-Prasad Savaiye">Tav-Prasad Savaiye</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chaupai_(Sikhism)" title="Chaupai (Sikhism)">Benti Chaupai</a> are the daily prayers (<a href="/wiki/Nitnem" title="Nitnem">Nitnem</a>) and sacred liturgical verses used in the initiation of Khalsa Sikhs.<a href="#cite_note-McLeod1990-35">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-JacobsenMyrvold2012p233-89">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[87]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charitropakhyan_-_Invocation,_Stanza_1-2_in_the_hand_of_Guru_Gobind_Singh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Charitropakhyan_-_Invocation%2C_Stanza_1-2_in_the_hand_of_Guru_Gobind_Singh.jpg/220px-Charitropakhyan_-_Invocation%2C_Stanza_1-2_in_the_hand_of_Guru_Gobind_Singh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Charitropakhyan_-_Invocation%2C_Stanza_1-2_in_the_hand_of_Guru_Gobind_Singh.jpg/330px-Charitropakhyan_-_Invocation%2C_Stanza_1-2_in_the_hand_of_Guru_Gobind_Singh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Charitropakhyan_-_Invocation%2C_Stanza_1-2_in_the_hand_of_Guru_Gobind_Singh.jpg/440px-Charitropakhyan_-_Invocation%2C_Stanza_1-2_in_the_hand_of_Guru_Gobind_Singh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1273" data-file-height="774" /></a><figcaption>The handwriting of Guru Gobind Singh while writing Gurmukhi. Displayed here is the first chapter of the Charitropakhyan.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wars">Wars</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="; color: #202122;background-color: #FFDB00;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <div class="poem"> When all other means have failed, It is but lawful to take to the sword. </div> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">– Guru Gobind Singh, Zafarnamah<a href="#cite_note-91">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[89]</a></cite></div> </div> The period following the execution of Guru Tegh Bahadur – the father of Guru Gobind Singh, was a period where the Mughal Empire under Aurangzeb was an increasingly hostile enemy of the Sikh people.<a href="#cite_note-ReichbergSyse2014p673-93">[90]</a> The Sikh resisted, led by Gobind Singh, and the Muslim-Sikh conflicts peaked during this period.<a href="#cite_note-ReichbergSyse2014p673-93">[90]</a> Both Mughal administration and Aurangzeb's army had an active interest in Gobind Singh. Aurangzeb issued an order to exterminate Gobind Singh and his family.<a href="#cite_note-94">[91]</a> Gobind Singh believed in a <a href="/wiki/Dharamyudh_(Sikhism)" title="Dharamyudh (Sikhism)">Dharamyudh</a> (war in defence of righteousness), something that is fought as a last resort, neither out of a wish for revenge nor for greed nor for any destructive goals.<a href="#cite_note-Wright2003p153-95">[92]</a> To the Guru, one must be prepared to die to stop tyranny, end persecution, and to defend one's own religious values.<a href="#cite_note-Wright2003p153-95">[92]</a> He led fourteen wars with these objectives, but never took captives nor damaged anyone's place of worship.<a href="#cite_note-Wright2003p153-95">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battles">Battles</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Battles_of_Guru_Gobind_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Battles of Guru Gobind Singh">List of Battles of Guru Gobind Singh</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GuruGobind_Singh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/GuruGobind_Singh.jpg/170px-GuruGobind_Singh.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/GuruGobind_Singh.jpg/255px-GuruGobind_Singh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/GuruGobind_Singh.jpg/340px-GuruGobind_Singh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Guru Gobind Singh with his horse</figcaption></figure> Guru Gobind Singh fought 21 battles against the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> and the kings of <a href="/wiki/Sivalik_Hills" title="Sivalik Hills">Siwalik Hills</a>. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anandpur_(1682)" title="Battle of Anandpur (1682)">Battle of Anandpur (1682)</a> Bhim Chand attacks Gobind Singh.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anandpur_(1685)" title="Battle of Anandpur (1685)">Battle Of Anandpur (1685)</a> Bhim Chand attacks Gobind Singh once again</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bhangani" title="Battle of Bhangani">Battle of Bhangani (1688)</a>, which states chapter 8 of Gobind Singh's Bicitra Natak, when Fateh Shah, along with mercenary commanders Hayat Khan and Najabat Khan,<a href="#cite_note-Grewal1998p73-96">[93]</a> attacked his forces without any purpose. The Guru was aided by the forces of Kripal (his maternal uncle) and a Brahmin named Daya Ram, both of whom he praises as heroes in his text.<a href="#cite_note-97">[94]</a> The Guru's cousin named Sango Shah was killed in the battle, a cousin from <a href="/wiki/Guru_Hargobind" title="Guru Hargobind">Guru Hargobind</a>'s daughter.<a href="#cite_note-Grewal1998p73-96">[93]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nadaun" title="Battle of Nadaun">Battle of Nadaun (1691)</a>, against the Islamic armies of Mian Khan and his son Alif Khan, who were defeated by the allied forces of Gobind Singh, Bhim Chand and other <a href="/wiki/Hindu_king" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu king">Hindu kings</a> of Himalayan foothills.<a href="#cite_note-98">[95]</a> The non-Muslims aligned to the Guru had refused to pay tribute to the Islamic officials based in Jammu.<a href="#cite_note-Grewal1998p73-96">[93]</a></li> <li>In 1693, Aurangzeb was fighting the Hindu Marathas in the Deccan region of India, and he issued orders that Guru Gobind Singh and Sikhs should be prevented from gathering in Anandpur in large numbers.<a href="#cite_note-Grewal1998p73-96">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fenech2013p14-99">[96]</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Anandpur_(1695)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Anandpur (1695) (page does not exist)">Battle of Anandpur (1695)</a> Mughals attack Gobind Singh at Anandpur</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guler_(1696)" title="Battle of Guler (1696)">Battle of Guler (1696)</a>, first against the Muslim commander Dilawar Khan's son Rustam Khan, near Sutlej river, where the Guru teamed up with the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_king" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu king">Hindu king</a> of Guler and routed the Muslim army.<a href="#cite_note-Jaques2007p420-100">[97]</a> The commander sent his general Hussain Khan against the armies of the Guru and the Guler kingdom, a war fought near Pathankot, and Hussain Khan was defeated and killed by the joint forces.<a href="#cite_note-Jaques2007p420-100">[97]</a></li></ul> After the creation of the Khalsa the Hill Rajas, who had previously lost in battle to Guru Gobind Singh, sent a petition to Delhi requesting they act immediately and join them in battle against the Guru.l<a href="#cite_note-101">[98]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anandpur_(1699)" title="Battle of Anandpur (1699)">Battle of Anandpur (1699)</a>, was against two Rajas of the hills.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anandpur_(1700)" title="Battle of Anandpur (1700)">Battle of Anandpur (1700)</a>, against the Mughal army of Aurangzeb, who had sent 10,000 soldiers, in response to the Hill Rajas letter, under the command of Painda Khan and Dina Beg.<a href="#cite_note-Jaques2007p48-102">[99]</a> In direct combat between Gobind Singh and Painda Khan, the latter was killed. His death led to the Mughal army fleeing the battlefield.<a href="#cite_note-Jaques2007p48-102">[99]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_siege_of_Anandpur" title="First siege of Anandpur">First siege of Anandpur</a>, The hill Rajas of northern Punjab regrouped after defeat at Anandpur the previous year and resumed their campaign against Gobind Singh, joining forces with Gujar and other tribesmens to besiege Anandpur, northeast of Ludhiana. Gujar leader Jagatullah was killed on the first day and the Rajas were driven off after a brilliant defence led by the Guru's son Ajit Singh.<a href="#cite_note-Jaques2007p48-102">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rinehart2011p22-103">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fenech2013p14-99">[96]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Taragarh" title="Battle of Taragarh">Battle of Taragarh</a> was a battle fought in defence during the Siege of Anandpur.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Basoli" title="Battle of Basoli">Battle of Basoli</a> (1702), against the Mughal army; named after the kingdom of Basoli whose Raja Dharampul supported the Guru in the battle.<a href="#cite_note-Jaques2007p112-104">[101]</a> The Mughal army was supported by rival kingdom of Kahlur led by Raja Ajmer Chand. The battle ended when the two sides reached a tactical peace.<a href="#cite_note-Jaques2007p112-104">[101]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Chamkaur" class="mw-redirect" title="First Battle of Chamkaur">First Battle of Chamkaur (1702)</a>, Mughal Army was repulsed.<a href="#cite_note-Jaques2007p48-102">[99]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anandpur_(1703)" title="Battle of Anandpur (1703)">Battle of Anandpur (1703)</a> was fought between the Sikhs and the Hill Rajas. The Sikh won.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Anandpur_(1704)" title="First Battle of Anandpur (1704)">First Battle of Anandpur (1704)</a>, Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb sent a fresh force into northern Punjab under General Saiyad Khan, later replaced by Ramjan Khan. Ramjan was mortally wounded in further very heavy fighting around the Sikh stronghold at Anandpur, northeast of Ludhiana, and his force again withdrew.<a href="#cite_note-Jaques2007p48-102">[99]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Anandpur" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Battle of Anandpur">Second siege of Anandpur</a>, According to scholars, this siege was triggered by the proliferation of armed Sikhs in Anandpur, the increasing numbers creating a shortage of supplies. This led the Sikhs to raid local villages for supplies, food, and forage, which in turn dramatically frustrated the local pahari rajas who forged alliances and mounted an attack on Guru Gobind Singh's patrimony.<a href="#cite_note-105">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-Grewal1998p73-96">[93]</a> The Mughal general was fatally wounded by Sikh soldiers, and the army withdrew. Aurangzeb then sent a larger army with two generals, Wazir Khan and Zaberdast Khan in May 1704, to destroy the Sikh resistance.<a href="#cite_note-Jaques2007p48-102">[99]</a> The approach the Islamic army took in this battle was to lay a protracted siege against Anandpur, from May to December, cutting off all food and other supplies moving in and out, along with repeated battles.<a href="#cite_note-FenechMcleodp9-16">[16]</a> Some Sikh men deserted the Guru during the Anandpur siege in 1704 and escaped to their homes where their women shamed them and they rejoined the Guru's army and died fighting with him in 1705.<a href="#cite_note-106">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-mcleod2009p43-107">[104]</a> Towards the end, the Guru, his family, and followers accepted an offer by Aurangzeb of safe passage out of Anandpur.<a href="#cite_note-Prithi_PS_History-108">[105]</a> However, as they left Anandpur in two batches, they were attacked, and one of the batches with Mata Gujari and Guru's two sons – Zorawar Singh aged 8 and Fateh Singh aged 5 – were taken captive by the Mughal army.<a href="#cite_note-Rinehart2011p22-103">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-syanp220-109">[106]</a> Both his children were executed by burying them alive into a wall.<a href="#cite_note-FenechMcleodp9-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[107]</a> The grandmother Mata Gujari died there as well.<a href="#cite_note-Rinehart2011p22-103">[100]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarsa" title="Battle of Sarsa">Battle of Sarsa</a> (1704), against the Mughal army led by general Wazir Khan; the Muslim commander had conveyed Aurangzeb's promise of a safe passage to Guru Gobind Singh and his family in early December.<a href="#cite_note-syanp220-109">[106]</a> However, when the Guru accepted the offer and left, Wazir Khan took captives, executed them and pursued the Guru.<a href="#cite_note-Jaques2007p914-111">[108]</a> The retreating troops he was with were repeatedly attacked from behind, with heavy casualties to the Sikhs, particularly while crossing the Sarsa river.<a href="#cite_note-Jaques2007p914-111">[108]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chamkaur_(1704)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Chamkaur (1704)">Battle of Chamkaur (1704)</a> Regarded as one of the most important battles in Sikh history. It was against the Mughal army led by Nahar Khan;<a href="#cite_note-fenechmcleod218-112">[109]</a> the Muslim commander was killed,<a href="#cite_note-fenechmcleod218-112">[109]</a> while on Sikh side the remaining two elder sons of the Guru – Ajit Singh and Jujhar Singh, along with other Sikh soldiers were killed in this battle.<a href="#cite_note-113">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rinehart2011p22-103">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[111]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Muktsar" title="Battle of Muktsar">Battle of Muktsar</a> (1705), the Guru's army was re-attacked by the Mughal army, being hunted down by general Wazir Khan, in the arid area of Khidrana-ki-Dhab. The Mughals were blocked again, but with many losses of Sikh lives – particularly the famous Chalis Mukte (literally, the "forty liberated ones"),<a href="#cite_note-mcleod2009p43-107">[104]</a> and this was the last battle led by Guru Gobind Singh.<a href="#cite_note-Grewal1998p78-17">[17]</a> The place of battle called Khidrana was renamed about a 100 years later by <a href="/wiki/Ranjit_Singh" title="Ranjit Singh">Ranjit Singh</a> to Mukt-sar (literally, "lake of liberation"), after the term "Mukt" (<a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">moksha</a>) of the ancient Indian tradition, in honour of those who gave their lives for the cause of liberation.<a href="#cite_note-115">[112]</a></li> <li>Battle of Baghaur (1707) was fought against the Raja of Bhghaur and the locals of the area. It began over a dispute when some camels of the Guru went and ate the trees of a local gardener. The gardener took the camels and the rider hostage. Sikh negotiated for the release but he refused which led to a battle.<a href="#cite_note-116">[113]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jajau" title="Battle of Jajau">Battle of Jajau</a> (1707) was fought between <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Azam_Shah" title="Muhammad Azam Shah">Azam Shah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_I" title="Bahadur Shah I">Bhadur Shah</a> over the Mughal throne. Bahdur Shah sought Guru Gobind Singh's assistance. Gobind Singh provided assistance and is said to have killed Azam Shah in battle.<a href="#cite_note-117">[114]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mughal_accounts">Mughal accounts</h3></div> The Muslim historians of the Mughal court wrote about Guru Gobind Singh as well as the geopolitics of the times he lived in, and these official Persian accounts were readily available and the basis of colonial era English-language description of Sikh history.<a href="#cite_note-Dhavanp165-118">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[116]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jaap_Sahib_-_The_first_ang_(page)_with_the_opening_stanza_in_the_hand_of_Guru_Gobind_Singh.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Jaap_Sahib_-_The_first_ang_%28page%29_with_the_opening_stanza_in_the_hand_of_Guru_Gobind_Singh.webp/220px-Jaap_Sahib_-_The_first_ang_%28page%29_with_the_opening_stanza_in_the_hand_of_Guru_Gobind_Singh.webp.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Jaap_Sahib_-_The_first_ang_%28page%29_with_the_opening_stanza_in_the_hand_of_Guru_Gobind_Singh.webp/330px-Jaap_Sahib_-_The_first_ang_%28page%29_with_the_opening_stanza_in_the_hand_of_Guru_Gobind_Singh.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Jaap_Sahib_-_The_first_ang_%28page%29_with_the_opening_stanza_in_the_hand_of_Guru_Gobind_Singh.webp/440px-Jaap_Sahib_-_The_first_ang_%28page%29_with_the_opening_stanza_in_the_hand_of_Guru_Gobind_Singh.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="691" data-file-height="751" /></a><figcaption>The first page (Panna, or Ang) of the Jaap Sahib, the beginning composition of the Dasam Granth, in the hand of the Guru</figcaption></figure> According to Dhavan, the Persian texts that were composed by Mughal court historians during the lifetime of Gobind Singh were hostile to him but presented the Mughal perspective.<a href="#cite_note-Dhavanp165-118">[115]</a> They believed that the religious Guru tradition of Sikhs had been corrupted by him, through the creation of a military order willing to resist the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Mughal_Empire" title="Army of the Mughal Empire">imperial army</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dhavanp165-118">[115]</a> Dhavan writes that some Persian writers who wrote decades or a century after the death of Gobind Singh evolved from relying entirely on court histories of the Mughals which disparage the Guru, to including stories from the Sikh gurbilas text that praise the Guru.<a href="#cite_note-Dhavanp165-118">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[117]</a> The Mughal accounts suggest that the Muslim commanders viewed the Sikh panth as one divided into sects with different loyalties.<a href="#cite_note-121">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationship_with_other_religious_groups">Relationship with other religious groups</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Rehat_Maryada" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh Rehat Maryada">Sikh Rehat Maryada</a></div> As a result of the violent hostility between the Sikhs and the Mughal armies, Guru Gobind Singh ordered the social segregation between the Khalsa and the Muslims, the sentiments of which are reiterated in the contemporary and posthumous rahit-namas. To a lesser extent, injunctions were also made prohibiting the partake in certain Hindu rituals and beliefs as well as against schismatic Sikh factions opposed to the orthodox Khalsa community.<a href="#cite_note-126">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-war_years">Post-war years</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GGS_Marg_Map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/GGS_Marg_Map.jpg/220px-GGS_Marg_Map.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/GGS_Marg_Map.jpg/330px-GGS_Marg_Map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/GGS_Marg_Map.jpg/440px-GGS_Marg_Map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="748" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption>GGS Marg Map</figcaption></figure> After the Second Battle of Anandpur in 1704, the Guru and his remaining soldiers moved and stayed in different spots including hidden in places such as the Machhiwara jungle of southern Panjab.<a href="#cite_note-syanp220-109">[106]</a> Some of the various spots in north, west, and central India where the Guru lived after 1705, include Hehar with Kirpal Das (maternal uncle), Manuke, Mehdiana, Chakkar, Takhtupura, and Madhe and Dina (<a href="/wiki/Malwa_(Punjab)" title="Malwa (Punjab)">Malwa</a> region). He stayed with relatives or trusted Sikhs such as the three grandsons of Rai Jodh, a devotee of <a href="/wiki/Guru_Har_Gobind" class="mw-redirect" title="Guru Har Gobind">Guru Har Gobind</a>.<a href="#cite_note-133">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zafarnama">Zafarnama</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Zafarnama_(letter)" title="Zafarnama (letter)">Zafarnama (letter)</a></div> Guru Gobind Singh saw the war conduct of Aurangzeb and his army against his family and his people as a betrayal of a promise, unethical, unjust, and impious.<a href="#cite_note-syanp220-109">[106]</a> After all of Gobind Singh's children had been killed by the Mughal army and the battle of Muktsar, the Guru wrote a defiant letter in Persian to Aurangzeb, titled Zafarnama (literally, "epistle of victory"), a letter which the Sikh tradition considers important towards the end of the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-syanp220-109">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[132]</a> The Guru's letter was stern yet conciliatory to Aurangzeb. He indicted the Mughal Emperor and his commanders in spiritual terms, and accused them of a lack of morality both in governance and in the conduct of war.<a href="#cite_note-Hadley2001p20-136">[133]</a> The letter predicted that the Mughal Empire would soon end, because it persecutes, and is full of abuse, falsehood, and immorality. The letter is spiritually rooted in Gobind Singh's beliefs about justice and dignity without fear.<a href="#cite_note-Hadley2001p20-136">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_of_family_members">Death of family members</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pariwar_vichhora_gurudwara.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Pariwar_vichhora_gurudwara.jpg/220px-Pariwar_vichhora_gurudwara.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Pariwar_vichhora_gurudwara.jpg/330px-Pariwar_vichhora_gurudwara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Pariwar_vichhora_gurudwara.jpg/440px-Pariwar_vichhora_gurudwara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>Gurudwara <a href="/wiki/Parivar_Vichora" title="Parivar Vichora">Parivar Vichora</a> Sahib, Majri, Punjab where Guru's mother and younger sahibzaade got separated from him<a href="#cite_note-amar1-137">[134]</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Saka_Sirhind" title="Saka Sirhind">Saka Sirhind</a></div> Guru Gobind Singh's four sons, also referred to as Chaar Sahibzaade (the four princes), were killed during his lifetime – the elder two in a battle with <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughals</a>, and the younger two executed by the Mughal governor of <a href="/wiki/Sirhind-Fategarh" title="Sirhind-Fategarh">Sirhind</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Routledge-29">[26]</a> The Guru and his two elder sons had escaped the <a href="/wiki/Second_siege_of_Anandpur" title="Second siege of Anandpur">siege of Anandpur</a> in December 1704 and reached <a href="/wiki/Chamkaur" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamkaur">Chamkaur</a>, but they were pursued by a large Mughal army.<a href="#cite_note-TK-138">[135]</a> In the ensuing battle, Guru's elder sons, also called the 'Vaade Sahibzaade' fought bravely, but the Mughal army was much larger and well equipped.<a href="#cite_note-Statesman-139">[136]</a> While the Guru was taken to a safe place, his elder sons, <a href="/wiki/Ajit_Singh_(Sikhism)" title="Ajit Singh (Sikhism)">Sahibzada Ajit Singh</a> aged 17, and <a href="/wiki/Jujhar_Singh" title="Jujhar Singh">Jujhar Singh</a> aged 13 were killed in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chamkaur" title="Battle of Chamkaur">Battle of Chamkaur</a> in December 1704 against the Mughal army.<a href="#cite_note-FenechMcleodp9-16">[16]</a> Gobind Singh's mother Mata Gujri and his two younger sons got separated from him after escaping the Mughal siege of Anandpur in December 1704; and were later arrested by the forces of <a href="/wiki/Wazir_Khan_(Sirhind)" title="Wazir Khan (Sirhind)">Wazir Khan</a>, the Mughal governor of Sirhind.<a href="#cite_note-TK-138">[135]</a> The younger pair, called the 'Chotte Sahibzaade', along with their grandmother were imprisoned in an Open Tower (Thanda Burj), in chilling winter days.<a href="#cite_note-Statesman-139">[136]</a> Around 26 and 27 December 1704, the younger sons, <a href="/wiki/Fateh_Singh_(Sikhism)" title="Fateh Singh (Sikhism)">Sahibzada Fateh Singh</a> aged 6 and <a href="/wiki/Zorawar_Singh_(Sikhism)" title="Zorawar Singh (Sikhism)">Zorawar Singh</a> aged 9, were offered a safe passage if they converted to Islam, which they refused; and subsequently, <a href="/wiki/Wazir_Khan_(Sirhind)" title="Wazir Khan (Sirhind)">Wazir Khan</a> ordered them to be <a href="/wiki/Immurement" title="Immurement">bricked alive</a> in the wall.<a href="#cite_note-140">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[138]</a> Gujri fainted on hearing about her grandsons' death and died shortly thereafter.<a href="#cite_note-TK-138">[135]</a> His adopted son Zorawar Singh Palit whose real name is unknown died in 1708 near <a href="/wiki/Chittorgarh_Fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Chittorgarh Fort">Chittorgarh Fort</a> in a skirmish with local soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-The_encyclopaedia_of_Sikhism-3">[3]</a> According to Sainapati, Zorawar Singh Palit had managed to escape in the Battle of Chamkaur and later met the Guru in <a href="/wiki/Rajputana" title="Rajputana">Rajputana</a> after which he got in a minor scuffle at <a href="/wiki/Chittorgarh" title="Chittorgarh">Chittorgarh</a> and died.<a href="#cite_note-142">[139]</a> According to Sikh historians, Guru Gobind Singh took the harsh news about the execution of his sons, Fateh Singh and Zorawar Singh, with stoic calm, and wrote "What use is it to put out a few sparks when you raise a mighty flame instead?".<a href="#cite_note-143">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Final_days">Final days</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cremation_of_Guru_Gobind_Singh_at_Nanded.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Cremation_of_Guru_Gobind_Singh_at_Nanded.jpg/220px-Cremation_of_Guru_Gobind_Singh_at_Nanded.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Cremation_of_Guru_Gobind_Singh_at_Nanded.jpg/330px-Cremation_of_Guru_Gobind_Singh_at_Nanded.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Cremation_of_Guru_Gobind_Singh_at_Nanded.jpg/440px-Cremation_of_Guru_Gobind_Singh_at_Nanded.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="539" /></a><figcaption>Cremation of Guru Gobind Singh at Nanded</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Takht_Shri_Hazoor_Sahib_Gurudwara_Nanded.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Takht_Shri_Hazoor_Sahib_Gurudwara_Nanded.JPG/220px-Takht_Shri_Hazoor_Sahib_Gurudwara_Nanded.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Takht_Shri_Hazoor_Sahib_Gurudwara_Nanded.JPG/330px-Takht_Shri_Hazoor_Sahib_Gurudwara_Nanded.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Takht_Shri_Hazoor_Sahib_Gurudwara_Nanded.JPG/440px-Takht_Shri_Hazoor_Sahib_Gurudwara_Nanded.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2555" data-file-height="1876" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Takht_Sri_Hazur_Sahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Takht Sri Hazur Sahib">Takht Sri Hazur Sahib</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nanded" title="Nanded">Nanded</a>, built over the place where Guru Gobind Singh was cremated in 1708. The inner chamber is still called Angitha Sahib.</figcaption></figure> Aurangzeb died in 1707, and immediately a succession struggle began between his sons who attacked each other.<a href="#cite_note-Dhavan2011p45-144">[141]</a> Guru Gobind Singh supported <a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_I" title="Bahadur Shah I">Bahadur Shah I</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jajau" title="Battle of Jajau">Battle of Jajau</a> by sending 200–300 Sikhs under Bhai Dharam Singh and later joining the battle themselves.<a href="#cite_note-145">[142]</a> According to Sikh sources it was Guru Gobind Singh who killed <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Azam_Shah" title="Muhammad Azam Shah">Azam Shah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-146">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[144]</a> The official successor Bahadur Shah invited Guru Gobind Singh with his army to meet him in person in the Deccan region of India for reconciliation. Guru Gobind Singh hoped to get Anandpur, his former stronghold back, and remained close to the imperial camp for nearly a year. His appeals for the restoration of his lands turned out to be ineffectual however as Bahadur Shah went on postponing any restoration to the <a href="/wiki/Status_quo_ante_bellum" title="Status quo ante bellum">status quo ante</a> as he was not willing to offend either the Guru or the hill rajas.<a href="#cite_note-FenechMcleodp9-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dhavan2011p45-144">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrewal199879-148">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[146]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wazir_Khan_(Sirhind)" title="Wazir Khan (Sirhind)">Wazir Khan</a>, a Mughal army commander and the <a href="/wiki/Nawab" title="Nawab">Nawab</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sirhind-Fategarh" title="Sirhind-Fategarh">Sirhind</a>, against whose army the Guru had fought several wars,<a href="#cite_note-Grewal1998p78-17">[17]</a> commissioned two Afghans, Jamshed Khan, and Wasil Beg, to follow the Guru's army as it moved for the meeting with Bahadur Shah, and then <a href="/wiki/Assassination" title="Assassination">assassinate</a> the Guru. The two secretly pursued the Guru whose troops were in the Deccan area of India, and entered the camp when the Sikhs had been stationed near river <a href="/wiki/Godavari_River" title="Godavari River">Godavari</a> for months.<a href="#cite_note-Syan2013p223-150">[147]</a> They gained access to the Guru and Jamshed Khan stabbed him two times resulting in a fatal wound at <a href="/wiki/Nanded" title="Nanded">Nanded</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FenechMcleodp9-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-pri-151">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[149]</a> Some scholars state that the assassin who killed Guru Gobind Singh may not have been sent by Wazir Khan, but was instead sent by the Mughal army that was staying nearby.<a href="#cite_note-Grewal1998p78-17">[17]</a> According to Senapati's Sri Gur Sobha, an early 18th-century writer, the fatal wounds of the Guru was one below his heart. The Guru fought back and killed the assassin, while the assassin's companion was killed by the Sikh guards as he tried to escape.<a href="#cite_note-Syan2013p223-150">[147]</a> The Guru died of his wounds a few days later on 7 October 1708.<a href="#cite_note-153">[150]</a> His death fuelled a long and bitter war of the Sikhs with the Mughals.<a href="#cite_note-Syan2013p223-150">[147]</a> According to the Bansavalinama by Kesar Singh Chibber written in 1768, the Guru's last words were, "The Granth is the Guru and it will bring you to <a href="/wiki/God_in_Sikhism" title="God in Sikhism">Akal</a>. The Guru is the Khalsa and the Khalsa is the Guru. The seat has been given to Sri Sahib <a href="/wiki/Mata_Sahib_Kaur" class="mw-redirect" title="Mata Sahib Kaur">Mata Devi</a>. Love each other and expand the community. Follow the words of the Granth. The Sikh that follows Sikhi shall be with the Guru. Follow the conduct of the Guru. Always remain with <a href="/wiki/Waheguru" title="Waheguru">Waheguru</a>."<a href="#cite_note-154">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dohra_Mahalla_Dasvan_(10)">Dohra Mahalla Dasvan (10)</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Historical_handwritten_Guru_Granth_Sahib_manuscript,_where_%27Dohra%27_Mahalla_10_(Dasvan)_is_included_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Historical_handwritten_Guru_Granth_Sahib_manuscript%2C_where_%27Dohra%27_Mahalla_10_%28Dasvan%29_is_included_04.jpg/220px-Historical_handwritten_Guru_Granth_Sahib_manuscript%2C_where_%27Dohra%27_Mahalla_10_%28Dasvan%29_is_included_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Historical_handwritten_Guru_Granth_Sahib_manuscript%2C_where_%27Dohra%27_Mahalla_10_%28Dasvan%29_is_included_04.jpg/330px-Historical_handwritten_Guru_Granth_Sahib_manuscript%2C_where_%27Dohra%27_Mahalla_10_%28Dasvan%29_is_included_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Historical_handwritten_Guru_Granth_Sahib_manuscript%2C_where_%27Dohra%27_Mahalla_10_%28Dasvan%29_is_included_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="358" data-file-height="196" /></a><figcaption>Dohra of Guru Gobind Singh, as recorded in a copy of an Adi Granth, dated 1707 CE and autographed (containing a 'nisan') by Guru Gobind Singh, where 'Dohra' Mahalla 10 (Dasvan) is included. This is given as evidence of Guru Gobind Singh being the author of a Dohra (rhyming couplet) line contained at the end of the scripture on p. 1429.</figcaption></figure> While it is generally believed that Guru Gobind Singh did not add any of his own compositions to the <a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a>, there are some who argue that a single rhyming couplet, known as a Dohra, of the tenth Guru, titled Dohra Mahalla Dasvan (10), near the end of the scripture on page 1429 is the work of Guru Gobind Singh.<a href="#cite_note-:1-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[153]</a> The composition in-question is as follows:<a href="#cite_note-157">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[155]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">ਮਹਲਾ ੧੦: Mahalla 10: ਬਲੁ ਹੋਆ ਬੰਧਨ ਛੁਟੇ ਸਭੁ ਕਿਛੁ ਹੋਤ ਉਪਾਇ ॥ My strength has been restored, and my bonds have been broken; now, I can do everything. ਨਾਨਕ ਸਭੁ ਕਿਛੁ ਤੁਮਰੈ ਹਾਥ ਮੈ ਤੁਮ ਹੀ ਹੋਤ ਸਹਾਇ ॥੫੪॥ Nanak: everything is in Your hands, Lord; You are my Helper and Support. ||54||</blockquote>According to Trilochan Singh, Guru Tegh Bahadur sent a letter in the form of a <a href="/wiki/Shloka" title="Shloka">sloka</a> to the young Gobind Das while incarcerated in Delhi by Aurangzeb, delivered personally to the young child by Bhai Uda and Pundit Kirpa Ram:<a href="#cite_note-Guru_Tegh-159">[156]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">All human power has failed, Humanity groans in chains; Moral efforts are of no avail; Lord, save them O save With Thy Merciful aid, As Thou didst save The drowning elephant that prayed!<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Guru Tegh Bahadur, Guru Granth Sahib</cite></div></blockquote> It was a test of the potential successor to the Guruship. Gobind Das, who was writing from Anandpur, replied with a dohra, which affirmed his readiness to succeed as the next Sikh guru and calmed any apprehensions that the Sikhs of the time felt about the prospect.<a href="#cite_note-Guru_Tegh-159">[156]</a> Guru Tegh Bahadur knew his son was prepared to the take the reins and lead the Sikh community after his death.<a href="#cite_note-Guru_Tegh-159">[156]</a> After reading his son's reply, Guru Tegh Bahadur sent a final message to his son:<a href="#cite_note-Guru_Tegh-159">[156]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The Word of God shall ever abide, The Saints shall ever survive; Guru Gobind’s glory shall ever remain; Few and rare are those O Nanak, Who contemplate His Name<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Guru Tegh Bahadur, Guru Granth Sahib</cite></div></blockquote> This story is recorded in the account of Bhai Mani Singh written in his Sikhan di Bhagat Mal composition.<a href="#cite_note-Guru_Tegh-159">[156]</a> The story is further recounted in other historical sources, such as <a href="/wiki/Suraj_Prakash" title="Suraj Prakash">Suraj Prakash</a>, Mehma Prakash, and Kesar Singh Chibber's Bansavalinama.<a href="#cite_note-Guru_Tegh-159">[156]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Shiromani_Gurdwara_Parbandhak_Committee" title="Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee">SGPC</a>, for unknown reasons, decided to not ascribe the dohra to Guru Gobind Singh when it standardized the Guru Granth Sahib, which it subsequently publishes without it, despite the dohra being ascribed to the tenth Guru in many 17th and 18th century manuscripts of the Guru Granth Sahib, including many of which bear a signature of the tenth Guru.<a href="#cite_note-Guru_Tegh-159">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sectoral_views">Sectoral views</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Namdhari">Namdhari</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/Namdhari" title="Namdhari">Namdhari</a> <a href="/wiki/Sects_of_Sikhism" title="Sects of Sikhism">sect</a> believes that Guru Gobind Singh did not die in 1708 but rather continued to live-on under the alias and pseudonym of 'Ajapal Singh' and passed on the guruship to <a href="/wiki/Satguru_Balak_Singh" title="Satguru Balak Singh">Balak Singh</a> at the age of 146 in the year 1812.<a href="#cite_note-:12-160">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radha_Soami">Radha Soami</h3></div> Some of the <a href="/wiki/Radha_Soami" title="Radha Soami">Radhasoami</a> movement, a <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Sant_Mat_movements" title="Contemporary Sant Mat movements">contemporary Sant Mat</a> tradition, have linked Guru Gobind Singh, and therefore the lineage of Sikh gurus, to <a href="/wiki/Tulsi_Sahib" title="Tulsi Sahib">Tulsi Sahib</a> of Hathras by claiming that Guru Gobind Singh passed on leadership to a supposed individual named Ratnagar Rao, who then passed on the mastership to Tulsi Sahib of Hathras.<a href="#cite_note-:2-162">[159]</a> The claim postulates that Guru Gobind Singh visited a ruling family of <a href="/wiki/Peshwa" title="Peshwa">Peshwas</a> whilst he was in the <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Deccan</a>, which is how Tulsi Sahib became acquainted with the Sikh guru after he stayed with the family.<a href="#cite_note-:3-163">[160]</a> However, there is no evidence that Ratnagar Rao actually existed and this claim first arose with <a href="/wiki/Kirpal_Singh" title="Kirpal Singh">Kirpal Singh</a>, possibly as an effort to link the Radhasoami movement to the lineage and teachings of Sikhism.<a href="#cite_note-:2-162">[159]</a> This belief of a connection between Guru Gobind Singh and Tulsi Sahib is not widely accepted by Radhasoami branches aside from the <a href="/wiki/Ruhani_Satsang" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruhani Satsang">Ruhani Satsang</a> branch.<a href="#cite_note-:3-163">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2></div> While Sikh Gurus are generally not portrayed on screen due to certain beliefs in Sikhism,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] a number of Indian films surrounding Guru Gobind Singh's life have been made. These include:<a href="#cite_note-164">[161]</a> <ul><li>Sarbans Dani Guru Gobind Singh, a 1998 Indian <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>-language drama film directed by Ram Maheshwari. The film follows Guru's life but he is not directly portrayed by an actor.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaar_Sahibzaade" title="Chaar Sahibzaade">Chaar Sahibzaade</a>, a 2014 Indian computer-animated film by <a href="/wiki/Harry_Baweja" title="Harry Baweja">Harry Baweja</a>. It is based on the sacrifices of the sons of Guru Gobind Singh – <a href="/wiki/Ajit_Singh_(Sikhism)" title="Ajit Singh (Sikhism)">Ajit Singh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jujhar_Singh" title="Jujhar Singh">Jujhar Singh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zorawar_Singh_(Sikhism)" title="Zorawar Singh (Sikhism)">Zorawar Singh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fateh_Singh_(Sikhism)" title="Fateh Singh (Sikhism)">Fateh Singh</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaar_Sahibzaade:_Rise_of_Banda_Singh_Bahadur" title="Chaar Sahibzaade: Rise of Banda Singh Bahadur">Chaar Sahibzaade: Rise of Banda Singh Bahadur</a>, a 2016 Indian computer-animated film by Harry Baweja. It is a sequel to <a href="/wiki/Chaar_Sahibzaade" title="Chaar Sahibzaade">Chaar Sahibzaade</a> and follows <a href="/wiki/Baba_Banda_Singh_Bahadur" class="mw-redirect" title="Baba Banda Singh Bahadur">Baba Banda Singh Bahadur</a>'s fight against the Mughals under the guidance of Guru Gobind Singh.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/48px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/64px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="image" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Golden_Temple_%28Harmandir_Sahib%29_in_Amritsar%2C_India.jpg/32px-Golden_Temple_%28Harmandir_Sahib%29_in_Amritsar%2C_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Golden_Temple_%28Harmandir_Sahib%29_in_Amritsar%2C_India.jpg/48px-Golden_Temple_%28Harmandir_Sahib%29_in_Amritsar%2C_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Golden_Temple_%28Harmandir_Sahib%29_in_Amritsar%2C_India.jpg/64px-Golden_Temple_%28Harmandir_Sahib%29_in_Amritsar%2C_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1450" data-file-height="964" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Punjab" title="Portal:Punjab">Punjab portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_named_after_Guru_Gobind_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="List of places named after Guru Gobind Singh">List of places named after Guru Gobind Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_52_Hukams_of_Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="The 52 Hukams of Guru Gobind Singh">The 52 Hukams of Guru Gobind Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhai_Jiwan_Singh" title="Bhai Jiwan Singh">Bhai Jiwan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banda_Singh_Bahadur" title="Banda Singh Bahadur">Banda Singh Bahadur</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> Informational notes <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> His birth name being Gobind Rai is apocryphal. </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> In 1708, the Guruship was passed on to the holy Sikh scripture, <a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a>, which is now considered the living Guru by the followers of the Sikh faith.<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Jenkins, Grewal, and Olson state Tegh Bahadur was executed for refusing to convert to Islam.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2000200-24">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrewal199872-25">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlson200723-26">[24]</a> Whereas, Truschke states Tegh Bahadur was executed for causing unrest in the Punjab.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETruschke201754–55-27">[25]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> Citations <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-eos-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eos_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eos_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eos_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eos_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eos_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eos_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eos_1-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eos_1-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eos_1-8">i</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGanda_Singh" class="citation web cs1">Ganda Singh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIiE-l/page/n101">"Gobind Singh, Guru (1666–1708)"</a>. Encyclopaedia of Sikhism. Punjabi University Patiala. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170729230458/http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/index.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2017. Retrieved 7 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Sikhism&rft.atitle=Gobind+Singh%2C+Guru+%281666%E2%80%931708%29&rft.au=Ganda+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FTheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIiE-l%2Fpage%2Fn101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dalbirsingh144-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dalbirsingh144_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dalbirsingh144_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDhillon1988" class="citation book cs1">Dhillon, Dr Dalbir Singh (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=osnkLKPMWykC&pg=PA144">Sikhism – Origin and Development</a>. Atlantic Publishers and Distributors. p. 144. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160917230548/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=osnkLKPMWykC&pg=PA144">Archived</a> from the original on 17 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikhism+%E2%80%93+Origin+and+Development&rft.pages=144&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers+and+Distributors&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Dhillon&rft.aufirst=Dr+Dalbir+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DosnkLKPMWykC%26pg%3DPA144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_encyclopaedia_of_Sikhism-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_encyclopaedia_of_Sikhism_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_encyclopaedia_of_Sikhism_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh1992–1998" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Harbans (1992–1998). The encyclopaedia of Sikhism. Vol. 4. Patiala: Punjabi University. pp. 463–464. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788173805301" title="Special:BookSources/9788173805301"><bdi>9788173805301</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+encyclopaedia+of+Sikhism&rft.place=Patiala&rft.pages=463-464&rft.pub=Punjabi+University&rft.date=1992%2F1998&rft.isbn=9788173805301&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Harbans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MandairShackle2013p25-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MandairShackle2013p25_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MandairShackle2013p25_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MandairShackle2013p25_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MandairShackle2013p25_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MandairShackle2013p25_4-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MandairShackle2013p25_4-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMandairShackleSingh2013" class="citation book cs1">Mandair, Arvind-Pal Singh; Shackle, Christopher; Singh, Gurharpal (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D8xdAgAAQBAJ">Sikh Religion, Culture and Ethnicity</a>. Routledge. pp. 25–28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-84627-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-84627-4"><bdi>978-1-136-84627-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikh+Religion%2C+Culture+and+Ethnicity&rft.pages=25-28&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-84627-4&rft.aulast=Mandair&rft.aufirst=Arvind-Pal+Singh&rft.au=Shackle%2C+Christopher&rft.au=Singh%2C+Gurharpal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD8xdAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-aarweb.org-5"><a href="#cite_ref-aarweb.org_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aarweb.org/AARMBR/AARMBR/Publications-and-News-/Book-Series/Books/Religion-in-Translation-Series/Debating-the-Dasam-Granth.aspx#:~:text=The%20controversy%20stems%20from%20two,liaisons%20between%20men%20and%20women.">"Debating the Dasam Granth"</a>. aarweb.org. Retrieved 20 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aarweb.org&rft.atitle=Debating+the+Dasam+Granth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faarweb.org%2FAARMBR%2FAARMBR%2FPublications-and-News-%2FBook-Series%2FBooks%2FReligion-in-Translation-Series%2FDebating-the-Dasam-Granth.aspx%23%3A~%3Atext%3DThe%2520controversy%2520stems%2520from%2520two%2Cliaisons%2520between%2520men%2520and%2520women.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/39765536">Sikh art and literature</a>. Kerry, Brown. London: Routledge. 1999. p. 198. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-20288-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-20288-4"><bdi>0-415-20288-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/39765536">39765536</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikh+art+and+literature&rft.place=London&rft.pages=198&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F39765536&rft.isbn=0-415-20288-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F39765536&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDilgeer1997" class="citation book cs1">Dilgeer, Harjinder Singh (1997). The Sikh Reference Book. Sikh Educational Trust for Sikh University Centre, Denmark. p. 94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780969596424" title="Special:BookSources/9780969596424"><bdi>9780969596424</bdi></a>. <q>Some Sikhs, out of ignorance, began using " deh shiva bar mohe ihai shubh karman te kabhoon na taron ... " as the Sikh national anthem.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sikh+Reference+Book&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=Sikh+Educational+Trust+for+Sikh+University+Centre%2C+Denmark&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780969596424&rft.aulast=Dilgeer&rft.aufirst=Harjinder+Singh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Celebrating_life-8"><a href="#cite_ref-Celebrating_life_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2016" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Victoria (2016). "Dastaar Bandi and Amrit Sanchar, Sikhism". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/956633929">Celebrating life customs around the world : from baby showers to funerals</a>. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-3658-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-3658-9"><bdi>978-1-4408-3658-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/956633929">956633929</a>. <q>During the ceremony the amrit is accompanied by a solemn oath in the presence of Sri Guru Granth Sahib and Panj Pyare, or the five beloved ones. Panj Pyare is a quintet of initiated Sikh men or women that act as leaders within the Sikh community. The Panj Pyare oversee the Amrit Sanchar ceremony by preparing the initiates and administering the amrit to those ready to be initiated</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dastaar+Bandi+and+Amrit+Sanchar%2C+Sikhism&rft.btitle=Celebrating+life+customs+around+the+world+%3A+from+baby+showers+to+funerals&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F956633929&rft.isbn=978-1-4408-3658-9&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Victoria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F956633929&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2004" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Balawindara (2004). Fifty-Two Commandments Of Guru Gobind Singh. Michigan, US: Singh Bros. p. 9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fifty-Two+Commandments+Of+Guru+Gobind+Singh&rft.place=Michigan%2C+US&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Singh+Bros.&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Balawindara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh1991" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Satbir (1991). Aad Sikh Te Aad Sakhian. Jalandhar: New Book Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aad+Sikh+Te+Aad+Sakhian&rft.place=Jalandhar&rft.pub=New+Book+Company&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Satbir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldsikh.org/what_is_the_kirpan">"What is the kirpan?"</a>. World Sikh Organization of Canada. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402114654/http://www.worldsikh.org/what_is_the_kirpan">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 18 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Sikh+Organization+of+Canada&rft.atitle=What+is+the+kirpan%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldsikh.org%2Fwhat_is_the_kirpan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/document/80513870/Bole-So-Nihal">"Bole So Nihal | Asian Ethnic Religion | Religious Comparison"</a>. Retrieved 7 December 2017 – via Scribd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bole+So+Nihal+%7C+Asian+Ethnic+Religion+%7C+Religious+Comparison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdocument%2F80513870%2FBole-So-Nihal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gandhi_1978_607-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gandhi_1978_607_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gandhi_1978_607_13-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGandhi1978" class="citation book cs1">Gandhi, Surjit Singh (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k-sJAQAAIAAJ&q=guru+gobind+singh+pen+name">History of the Sikh Gurus: A Comprehensive Study</a>. Gur Das Kapur. p. 607.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Sikh+Gurus%3A+A+Comprehensive+Study&rft.pages=607&rft.pub=Gur+Das+Kapur&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Gandhi&rft.aufirst=Surjit+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk-sJAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dguru%2Bgobind%2Bsingh%2Bpen%2Bname&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_14-1">b</a> In the last stanza of <a href="/wiki/Chaupai_Sahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaupai Sahib">Chaupai Sahib</a> Guru Gobind Singh refers to himself as Gobind Das </li> <li id="cite_note-Singh_2015_66,_68,_77-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Singh_2015_66,_68,_77_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Singh_2015_66,_68,_77_15-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2015" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Kamalroop (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/932463542">The Grańth of Guru Gobind Singh : essays, lectures, and translations</a>. Gurinder Singh Mann (1st ed.). New Delhi. pp. 66, 68, 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-945897-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-945897-4"><bdi>978-0-19-945897-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/932463542">932463542</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gra%C5%84th+of+Guru+Gobind+Singh+%3A+essays%2C+lectures%2C+and+translations&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=66%2C+68%2C+77&rft.edition=1st&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F932463542&rft.isbn=978-0-19-945897-4&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Kamalroop&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F932463542&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FenechMcleodp9-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FenechMcleodp9_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FenechMcleodp9_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FenechMcleodp9_16-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FenechMcleodp9_16-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FenechMcleodp9_16-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FenechMcleodp9_16-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFenechW._H._McLeod2014" class="citation book cs1">Fenech, Louis E.; W. H. McLeod (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ">Historical Dictionary of Sikhism</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-3601-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-3601-1"><bdi>978-1-4422-3601-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Sikhism&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1&rft.aulast=Fenech&rft.aufirst=Louis+E.&rft.au=W.+H.+McLeod&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxajcAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grewal1998p78-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grewal1998p78_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grewal1998p78_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grewal1998p78_17-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grewal1998p78_17-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._S._Grewal1998" class="citation book cs1">J. S. Grewal (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sikhsofpunjab0000grew">The Sikhs of the Punjab</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sikhsofpunjab0000grew/page/78">78</a>–79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63764-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63764-0"><bdi>978-0-521-63764-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sikhs+of+the+Punjab&rft.pages=78-79&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-521-63764-0&rft.au=J.+S.+Grewal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsikhsofpunjab0000grew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinghFenech2014" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Pashaura; Fenech, Louis E. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA311">The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 311. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969930-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969930-8"><bdi>978-0-19-969930-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Sikh+Studies&rft.pages=311&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-969930-8&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Pashaura&rft.au=Fenech%2C+Louis+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8I0NAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA311&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-colesambhip36-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-colesambhip36_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-colesambhip36_20-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-colesambhip36_20-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwen_ColePiara_Singh_Sambhi1995" class="citation book cs1">Owen Cole, William; Piara Singh Sambhi (1995). The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practice. Sussex Academic Press. p. 36.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sikhs%3A+Their+Religious+Beliefs+and+Practice&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Sussex+Academic+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Owen+Cole&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Piara+Singh+Sambhi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_21-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayled2002" class="citation book cs1">Mayled, Jon (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sikhism0000mayl_l1v5">Sikhism</a>. Heinemann. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sikhism0000mayl_l1v5/page/12">12</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-435-33627-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-435-33627-1"><bdi>978-0-435-33627-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikhism&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Heinemann&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-435-33627-1&rft.aulast=Mayled&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsikhism0000mayl_l1v5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sikhsfaithphilos0000gurb">The Sikhs : faith, philosophy & folk</a>. Lustre Press. 1998. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788174360373" title="Special:BookSources/9788174360373"><bdi>9788174360373</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sikhs+%3A+faith%2C+philosophy+%26+folk&rft.pub=Lustre+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9788174360373&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsikhsfaithphilos0000gurb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2000200-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenkins2000200_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJenkins2000">Jenkins 2000</a>, p. 200. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrewal199872-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrewal199872_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrewal1998">Grewal 1998</a>, p. 72. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlson200723-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlson200723_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOlson2007">Olson 2007</a>, p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETruschke201754–55-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETruschke201754–55_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTruschke2017">Truschke 2017</a>, pp. 54–55. </li> <li id="cite_note-Routledge-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Routledge_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Routledge_29-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeipleHooverOtis2013" class="citation book cs1">Seiple, Chris; Hoover, Dennis; Otis, Pauletta (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u48rUnVEHbEC&pg=PA93">The Routledge Handbook of Religion and Security</a>. 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Tauris. pp. 218–222. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78076-250-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78076-250-0"><bdi>978-1-78076-250-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikh+Militancy+in+the+Seventeenth+Century%3A+Religious+Violence+in+Mughal+and+Early+Modern+India&rft.pages=218-222&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-78076-250-0&rft.au=Hardip+Singh+Syan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9RzzxcEL4C0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_32-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/sikhism/people/gobindsingh.shtml">"BBC Religions – Sikhism"</a>. BBC. 26 October 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110123020041/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/sikhism/people/gobindsingh.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2011. Retrieved 30 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBC+Religions+%E2%80%93+Sikhism&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2009-10-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Freligion%2Freligions%2Fsikhism%2Fpeople%2Fgobindsingh.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDhavan2011" class="citation book cs1">Dhavan, P (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-7HJ5idB8_QC&pg=PA45">When Sparrows Became Hawks: The Making of the Sikh Warrior Tradition, 1699–1799</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 3–4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-975655-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-975655-1"><bdi>978-0-19-975655-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Sparrows+Became+Hawks%3A+The+Making+of+the+Sikh+Warrior+Tradition%2C+1699%E2%80%931799&rft.pages=3-4&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-975655-1&rft.aulast=Dhavan&rft.aufirst=P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-7HJ5idB8_QC%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-britdasam-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-britdasam_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-britdasam_34-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-britdasam_34-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-britdasam_34-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Dasam-Granth">"Dasam Granth | Sikh writings | Britannica"</a>. www.britannica.com. Retrieved 29 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Dasam+Granth+%26%23124%3B+Sikh+writings+%26%23124%3B+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FDasam-Granth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McLeod1990-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McLeod1990_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McLeod1990_35-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McLeod1990_35-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLeod1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/W._H._McLeod" title="W. H. McLeod">McLeod, W. H.</a> (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7xIT7OMSJ44C">Textual Sources for the Study of Sikhism</a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-56085-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-56085-4"><bdi>978-0-226-56085-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Textual+Sources+for+the+Study+of+Sikhism&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-226-56085-4&rft.aulast=McLeod&rft.aufirst=W.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7xIT7OMSJ44C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988">, pp. 2, 67 </li> <li id="cite_note-MandairShackle2013p11-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MandairShackle2013p11_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MandairShackle2013p11_36-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MandairShackle2013p11_36-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMandairShackleSingh2013" class="citation book cs1">Mandair, Arvind-Pal Singh; Shackle, Christopher; Singh, Gurharpal (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D8xdAgAAQBAJ">Sikh Religion, Culture and Ethnicity</a>. Routledge. pp. 11–12, 17–19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-84627-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-84627-4"><bdi>978-1-136-84627-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikh+Religion%2C+Culture+and+Ethnicity&rft.pages=11-12%2C+17-19&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-84627-4&rft.aulast=Mandair&rft.aufirst=Arvind-Pal+Singh&rft.au=Shackle%2C+Christopher&rft.au=Singh%2C+Gurharpal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD8xdAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-shelke199-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shelke199_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-shelke199_37-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShelke2009" class="citation book cs1">Shelke, Christopher (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rmr71DjRNV8C">Divine covenant: rainbow of religions and cultures</a>. Gregorian Press. p. 199. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-7839-143-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-7839-143-7"><bdi>978-88-7839-143-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Divine+covenant%3A+rainbow+of+religions+and+cultures&rft.pages=199&rft.pub=Gregorian+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-88-7839-143-7&rft.aulast=Shelke&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Drmr71DjRNV8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_38-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_38-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLeod2009" class="citation book cs1">McLeod, W. H. (24 July 2009). The A to Z of Sikhism. Scarecrow Press. pp. 84–86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810863446" title="Special:BookSources/9780810863446"><bdi>9780810863446</bdi></a>. <q>Guru Gobind Singh is traditionally believed to have announced that the personal transmission would end at his death, but that the mystical Guru would remain embodied in the scripture and the corporate Panth. ... GURU PANTH. The Guru Panth was a doctrine particularly suited to the circumstances of the 18th century, providing an effective means of decision making for Sikhs who were divided into several misls. When unification was achieved under Ranjit Singh the practice of eliciting corporate decisions from the Panth was discarded. The doctrine is still maintained today, and efforts are occasionally made to seek the Guru's will by this means. It is, however, seldom invoked. The voice of the Guru is much more commonly sought through the words of the Guru Granth.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+A+to+Z+of+Sikhism&rft.pages=84-86&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2009-07-24&rft.isbn=9780810863446&rft.aulast=McLeod&rft.aufirst=W.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/happy-guru-gobind-singh-jayanti-2021-wishes-messages-pics-sms-status-for-whatsapp-facebook-2355113">"Happy Guru Gobind Singh Jayanti: Wishes, Pics, Facebook Messages To Share"</a>. NDTV.com. Retrieved 20 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NDTV.com&rft.atitle=Happy+Guru+Gobind+Singh+Jayanti%3A+Wishes%2C+Pics%2C+Facebook+Messages+To+Share&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndtv.com%2Findia-news%2Fhappy-guru-gobind-singh-jayanti-2021-wishes-messages-pics-sms-status-for-whatsapp-facebook-2355113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pslf-40"><a href="#cite_ref-pslf_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinghFenech2014" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Pashaura; Fenech, Louis (2014). The Oxford handbook of Sikh studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 445. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969930-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969930-8"><bdi>978-0-19-969930-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+handbook+of+Sikh+studies&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=445&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-969930-8&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Pashaura&rft.au=Fenech%2C+Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeiple2013" class="citation book cs1">Seiple, Chris (2013). The Routledge handbook of religion and security. New York: Routledge. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-66744-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-66744-9"><bdi>978-0-415-66744-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+handbook+of+religion+and+security&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-415-66744-9&rft.aulast=Seiple&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPashaura_Singh_and_Louis_Fenech2014" class="citation book cs1">Pashaura Singh and Louis Fenech (2014). The Oxford handbook of Sikh studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 236–237. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969930-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969930-8"><bdi>978-0-19-969930-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+handbook+of+Sikh+studies&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=236-237&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-969930-8&rft.au=Pashaura+Singh+and+Louis+Fenech&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hansra2007-43"><a href="#cite_ref-Hansra2007_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansra2007" class="citation book cs1">Hansra, Harkirat S. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RDlMUfGiEO8C&pg=PA28">Liberty at Stake:sikhs: the Most Visible</a>. iUniverse. pp. 28–29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-595-43222-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-595-43222-6"><bdi>978-0-595-43222-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liberty+at+Stake%3Asikhs%3A+the+Most+Visible&rft.pages=28-29&rft.pub=iUniverse&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-595-43222-6&rft.aulast=Hansra&rft.aufirst=Harkirat+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRDlMUfGiEO8C%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Singh, Kesar (1997). Bansavalinama (in Punjabi). Singh Brothers. pp. 125–126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7205-175-1" title="Special:BookSources/81-7205-175-1"><bdi>81-7205-175-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bansavalinama&rft.pages=125-126&rft.pub=Singh+Brothers&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=81-7205-175-1&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Kesar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonesRyan2007" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Constance A.; Ryan, James D. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC">Encyclopedia of Hinduism</a>. New York: Facts on File, Inc. p. 417. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-5458-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-5458-9"><bdi>978-0-8160-5458-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160923030417/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC&pg=PA417&dq=guru+gobind+singh+three+wives&hl=en&ei=8ri0To_TCsKIrAfqpInoAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=guru%20gobind%20singh%20three%20wives&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=417&rft.pub=Facts+on+File%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-5458-9&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Constance+A.&rft.au=Ryan%2C+James+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOgMmceadQ3gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshok" class="citation web cs1">Ashok, Shamsher Singh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/index.aspx">"Jitojo Mata"</a>. Encyclopaedia of Sikhism. Punjabi University Patiala. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170729230458/http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/index.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2017. Retrieved 14 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Sikhism&rft.atitle=Jitojo+Mata&rft.aulast=Ashok&rft.aufirst=Shamsher+Singh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.learnpunjabi.org%2Feos%2Findex.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sikhiwiki.org/index.php/Mata_Sunder_Kaur">"Sundari Mata"</a>. 9 December 2019. Retrieved 17 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sundari+Mata&rft.date=2019-12-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sikhiwiki.org%2Findex.php%2FMata_Sunder_Kaur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshok" class="citation web cs1">Ashok, Shamsher Singh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/index.aspx">"Sahib Devan"</a>. Encyclopaedia of Sikhism. Punjabi University Patiala. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170729230458/http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/index.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2017. Retrieved 16 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Sikhism&rft.atitle=Sahib+Devan&rft.aulast=Ashok&rft.aufirst=Shamsher+Singh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.learnpunjabi.org%2Feos%2Findex.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thesikhencyclopedia.com/biographical/famous-women/sahib-devan/">"Sahib Devan"</a>. The Sikh Encyclopedia. 19 December 2000. Retrieved 25 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Sikh+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Sahib+Devan&rft.date=2000-12-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thesikhencyclopedia.com%2Fbiographical%2Ffamous-women%2Fsahib-devan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.com-50"><a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrewal1998">Grewal 1998</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2_nryFANsoYC&pg=PA70">70</a>: "Though historians generally refer to the young Gobind as Gobind Rai, in the hukamnamas of Guru Tegh Bahadur he is referred to as Gobind Das." </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrewal2019" class="citation book cs1">Grewal, J. S. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YDLNDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT45">Guru Gobind Singh (1666–1708): Master of the White Hawk</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-099038-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-099038-1"><bdi>978-0-19-099038-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guru+Gobind+Singh+%281666%E2%80%931708%29%3A+Master+of+the+White+Hawk&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-19-099038-1&rft.aulast=Grewal&rft.aufirst=J.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYDLNDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-50">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[48]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cole_2004_68-53"><a href="#cite_ref-Cole_2004_68_53-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCole2004" class="citation book cs1">Cole, W. Owen (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KVhwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT68">Understanding Sikhism</a>. Dunedin Academic Press Ltd. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-906716-91-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-906716-91-2"><bdi>978-1-906716-91-2</bdi></a>. <q>Guru Gobind Singh's name was Gobind Das or sometimes said to be Gobind Rai, but from the founding of the Khalsa he is known to be Guru Gobind Singh.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Sikhism&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Dunedin+Academic+Press+Ltd&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-906716-91-2&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=W.+Owen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKVhwDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McLeod_1997_47-54"><a href="#cite_ref-McLeod_1997_47_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLeod1997" class="citation book cs1">McLeod, W. H. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sikhism00mcle/page/46/mode/2up?view=theater">Sikhism</a>. Penguin Books. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-025260-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-025260-6"><bdi>978-0-14-025260-6</bdi></a>. <q>Gobind Das was the original name of the Tenth Guru, at least so it seems. Muslim sources generally refer to him as Gobind Rai, but documents issued by his father, Guru Tegh Bahadur, give his name as Gobind Das.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikhism&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-14-025260-6&rft.aulast=McLeod&rft.aufirst=W.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsikhism00mcle%2Fpage%2F46%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-55"><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_55-0">^</a> Guru Gobind Singh in the final verse of his composition, <a href="/wiki/Chaupai_(Sikhism)" title="Chaupai (Sikhism)">Chaupai Sahib</a>, refers to himself as Gobind Das. </li> <li id="cite_note-Holt_2022_164-56"><a href="#cite_ref-Holt_2022_164_56-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolt2022" class="citation book cs1">Holt, James D. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=izucEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT164">Understanding Sikhism: A Guide for Teachers</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 164. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-350-26319-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-350-26319-2"><bdi>978-1-350-26319-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Sikhism%3A+A+Guide+for+Teachers&rft.pages=164&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-350-26319-2&rft.aulast=Holt&rft.aufirst=James+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DizucEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Punjab History Conference. Vol. 22. Department of Punjab Historical Studies, Punjabi University. 1989. p. 86.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Punjab+History+Conference&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=Department+of+Punjab+Historical+Studies%2C+Punjabi+University&rft.date=1989&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFenech2013" class="citation book cs1">Fenech, Louis E. (7 February 2013). "Notes". The Sikh Zafar-namah of Guru Gobind Singh: A Discursive Blade in the Heart of the Mughal Empire. Oxford University Press. p. 145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199931439" title="Special:BookSources/9780199931439"><bdi>9780199931439</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Notes&rft.btitle=The+Sikh+Zafar-namah+of+Guru+Gobind+Singh%3A+A+Discursive+Blade+in+the+Heart+of+the+Mughal+Empire&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013-02-07&rft.isbn=9780199931439&rft.aulast=Fenech&rft.aufirst=Louis+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cynthia_Mahmood_Faith_Baisakhi-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cynthia_Mahmood_Faith_Baisakhi_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cynthia_Mahmood_Faith_Baisakhi_59-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cynthia_Mahmood_Faith_Baisakhi_59-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cynthia_Mahmood_Faith_Baisakhi_59-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahmood1996" class="citation book cs1">Mahmood, Cynmthia Keppley (1996). Fighting for faith and nation dialogues with Sikh militants. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 43–45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-1592-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-1592-2"><bdi>978-0-8122-1592-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/44966032">44966032</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fighting+for+faith+and+nation+dialogues+with+Sikh+militants&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=43-45&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F44966032&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-1592-2&rft.aulast=Mahmood&rft.aufirst=Cynmthia+Keppley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacauliffe2009" class="citation book cs1">Macauliffe, Max Arthur (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139506595">The Sikh Religion</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fcbo9781139506595">10.1017/cbo9781139506595</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-50659-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-50659-5"><bdi>978-1-139-50659-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sikh+Religion&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fcbo9781139506595&rft.isbn=978-1-139-50659-5&rft.aulast=Macauliffe&rft.aufirst=Max+Arthur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1017%2Fcbo9781139506595&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDhavan2011" class="citation book cs1">Dhavan, P (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-7HJ5idB8_QC">When Sparrows Became Hawks: The Making of the Sikh Warrior Tradition, 1699–1799</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-975655-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-975655-1"><bdi>978-0-19-975655-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Sparrows+Became+Hawks%3A+The+Making+of+the+Sikh+Warrior+Tradition%2C+1699%E2%80%931799&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-975655-1&rft.aulast=Dhavan&rft.aufirst=P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-7HJ5idB8_QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinghFenech2014" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Pashaura; Fenech, Louis E. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7YwNAwAAQBAJ">The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 595. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-100411-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-100411-7"><bdi>978-0-19-100411-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Sikh+Studies&rft.pages=595&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-100411-7&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Pashaura&rft.au=Fenech%2C+Louis+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7YwNAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawleyMann1993" class="citation book cs1">Hawley, John Stratton; Mann, Gurinder Singh (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tAO0bIu5tvYC&pg=PA176">Studying the Sikhs: Issues for North America</a>. State University of New York Press. p. 176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-0619-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-0619-0"><bdi>978-1-4384-0619-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studying+the+Sikhs%3A+Issues+for+North+America&rft.pages=176&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-1-4384-0619-0&rft.aulast=Hawley&rft.aufirst=John+Stratton&rft.au=Mann%2C+Gurinder+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtAO0bIu5tvYC%26pg%3DPA176&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-colesambhip37-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-colesambhip37_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-colesambhip37_64-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-colesambhip37_64-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColeSambhi,_Piara_Singh1978" class="citation book cs1">Cole, W. Owen; Sambhi, Piara Singh (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sikhs00cole">The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices</a>. Routledge. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sikhs00cole/page/37">37</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7100-8842-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7100-8842-6"><bdi>0-7100-8842-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sikhs%3A+Their+Religious+Beliefs+and+Practices&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-7100-8842-6&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=W.+Owen&rft.au=Sambhi%2C+Piara+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsikhs00cole&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-johnkoller313-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-johnkoller313_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-johnkoller313_65-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_M_Koller2016" class="citation book cs1">John M Koller (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lgg3DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA313">The Indian Way: An Introduction to the Philosophies & Religions of India</a>. Routledge. pp. 312–313. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-50740-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-50740-8"><bdi>978-1-315-50740-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indian+Way%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Philosophies+%26+Religions+of+India&rft.pages=312-313&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-315-50740-8&rft.au=John+M+Koller&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlgg3DAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA313&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColeSambhi,_Piara_Singh1978" class="citation book cs1">Cole, W. Owen; Sambhi, Piara Singh (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sikhs00cole">The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices</a>. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sikhs00cole/page/36">36-37</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7100-8842-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7100-8842-6"><bdi>0-7100-8842-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sikhs%3A+Their+Religious+Beliefs+and+Practices&rft.place=London&rft.pages=36-37&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-7100-8842-6&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=W.+Owen&rft.au=Sambhi%2C+Piara+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsikhs00cole&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDhavan2011" class="citation book cs1">Dhavan, P (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-7HJ5idB8_QC">When Sparrows Became Hawks: The Making of the Sikh Warrior Tradition, 1699–1799</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 43–44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-975655-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-975655-1"><bdi>978-0-19-975655-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Sparrows+Became+Hawks%3A+The+Making+of+the+Sikh+Warrior+Tradition%2C+1699%E2%80%931799&rft.pages=43-44&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-975655-1&rft.aulast=Dhavan&rft.aufirst=P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-7HJ5idB8_QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColeSambhi,_Piara_Singh1978" class="citation book cs1">Cole, W. Owen; Sambhi, Piara Singh (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sikhs00cole">The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices</a>. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sikhs00cole/page/38">38–39</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7100-8842-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7100-8842-6"><bdi>0-7100-8842-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sikhs%3A+Their+Religious+Beliefs+and+Practices&rft.place=London&rft.pages=38-39&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-7100-8842-6&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=W.+Owen&rft.au=Sambhi%2C+Piara+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsikhs00cole&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oberoi1994p59-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oberoi1994p59_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oberoi1994p59_69-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oberoi1994p59_69-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oberoi1994p59_69-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOberoi1994" class="citation book cs1">Oberoi, Harjot (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1NKC9g2ayJEC">The Construction of Religious Boundaries: Culture, Identity, and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition</a>. University of Chicago Press. pp. 59–62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-61592-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-61592-9"><bdi>978-0-226-61592-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Construction+of+Religious+Boundaries%3A+Culture%2C+Identity%2C+and+Diversity+in+the+Sikh+Tradition&rft.pages=59-62&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-226-61592-9&rft.aulast=Oberoi&rft.aufirst=Harjot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1NKC9g2ayJEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOberoi1994" class="citation book cs1">Oberoi, Harjot (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1NKC9g2ayJEC">The Construction of Religious Boundaries: Culture, Identity, and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition</a>. University of Chicago Press. pp. 24, 77–78, 89–90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-61592-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-61592-9"><bdi>978-0-226-61592-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Construction+of+Religious+Boundaries%3A+Culture%2C+Identity%2C+and+Diversity+in+the+Sikh+Tradition&rft.pages=24%2C+77-78%2C+89-90&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-226-61592-9&rft.aulast=Oberoi&rft.aufirst=Harjot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1NKC9g2ayJEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMandairShackleSingh2013" class="citation book cs1">Mandair, Arvind-Pal S.; Shackle, Christopher; Singh, Gurharpal (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=79ZcAgAAQBAJ">Sikh Religion, Culture and Ethnicity</a>. 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Cambridge University Press. pp. 673–674. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-95204-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-95204-0"><bdi>978-1-139-95204-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion%2C+War%2C+and+Ethics%3A+A+Sourcebook+of+Textual+Traditions&rft.pages=673-674&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-139-95204-0&rft.aulast=Brekke&rft.aufirst=Torkel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt3CFAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._S._Grewal1998" class="citation book cs1">J. S. Grewal (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sikhsofpunjab0000grew">The Sikhs of the Punjab</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sikhsofpunjab0000grew/page/62">62</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63764-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63764-0"><bdi>978-0-521-63764-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sikhs+of+the+Punjab&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-521-63764-0&rft.au=J.+S.+Grewal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsikhsofpunjab0000grew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988">, Quote: "Aurangzeb took an active interest in the issue of succession, passed orders for the execution of Guru Tegh Bahadur, and at one time ordered total extirpation of Guru Gobind Singh and his family". </li> <li id="cite_note-Wright2003p153-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wright2003p153_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wright2003p153_95-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wright2003p153_95-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristopher_J._H._Wright2003" class="citation book cs1">Christopher J. H. Wright (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xW33ZuBnNC0C&pg=PA153">God and Morality</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 153. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-914839-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-914839-4"><bdi>978-0-19-914839-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God+and+Morality&rft.pages=153&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-914839-4&rft.au=Christopher+J.+H.+Wright&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxW33ZuBnNC0C%26pg%3DPA153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grewal1998p73-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grewal1998p73_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grewal1998p73_96-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grewal1998p73_96-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grewal1998p73_96-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grewal1998p73_96-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._S._Grewal1998" class="citation book cs1">J. 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Oxford University Press. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-993145-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-993145-3"><bdi>978-0-19-993145-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sikh+Zafar-namah+of+Guru+Gobind+Singh%3A+A+Discursive+Blade+in+the+Heart+of+the+Mughal+Empire&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-993145-3&rft.aulast=Fenech&rft.aufirst=Louis+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaUUfAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jaques2007p420-100">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jaques2007p420_100-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jaques2007p420_100-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaques2007" class="citation book cs1">Jaques, Tony (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Dh6jydKXikoC">Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: F–O</a>. 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Greenwood Publishing. pp. 48–49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33537-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33537-2"><bdi>978-0-313-33537-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Battles+and+Sieges%3A+A%E2%80%93E&rft.pages=48-49&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-313-33537-2&rft.aulast=Jaques&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3amnMPTPP5MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rinehart2011p22-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rinehart2011p22_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rinehart2011p22_103-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rinehart2011p22_103-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rinehart2011p22_103-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRinehart2011" class="citation book cs1">Rinehart, Robin (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=58AVDAAAQBAJ">Debating the Dasam Granth</a>. 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McLeod (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vgixwfeCyDAC">The A to Z of Sikhism</a>. Scarecrow. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6344-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6344-6"><bdi>978-0-8108-6344-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+A+to+Z+of+Sikhism&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Scarecrow&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-6344-6&rft.au=W.+H.+McLeod&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvgixwfeCyDAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prithi_PS_History-108"><a href="#cite_ref-Prithi_PS_History_108-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2007" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Prithi Pal (2007). The History of Sikh Gurus. Lotus Books. pp. 128–147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8382-075-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8382-075-2"><bdi>978-81-8382-075-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Sikh+Gurus&rft.pages=128-147&rft.pub=Lotus+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-81-8382-075-2&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Prithi+Pal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-syanp220-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-syanp220_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-syanp220_109-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-syanp220_109-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-syanp220_109-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-syanp220_109-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardip_Singh_Syan2013" class="citation book cs1">Hardip Singh Syan (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9RzzxcEL4C0C">Sikh Militancy in the Seventeenth Century: Religious Violence in Mughal and Early Modern India</a>. I.B. Tauris. pp. 220–222. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78076-250-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78076-250-0"><bdi>978-1-78076-250-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikh+Militancy+in+the+Seventeenth+Century%3A+Religious+Violence+in+Mughal+and+Early+Modern+India&rft.pages=220-222&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-78076-250-0&rft.au=Hardip+Singh+Syan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9RzzxcEL4C0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNikky-Guninder_Kaur_Singh2011" class="citation book cs1">Nikky-Guninder Kaur Singh (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w8yWAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT84">Sikhism: An Introduction</a>. I.B. Tauris. pp. 84–85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85773-549-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85773-549-2"><bdi>978-0-85773-549-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikhism%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pages=84-85&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-85773-549-2&rft.au=Nikky-Guninder+Kaur+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw8yWAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jaques2007p914-111">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jaques2007p914_111-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jaques2007p914_111-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaques2007" class="citation book cs1">Jaques, Tony (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3amnMPTPP5MC">Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A–E</a>. Greenwood Publishing. p. 914. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33537-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33537-2"><bdi>978-0-313-33537-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Battles+and+Sieges%3A+A%E2%80%93E&rft.pages=914&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-313-33537-2&rft.aulast=Jaques&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3amnMPTPP5MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fenechmcleod218-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fenechmcleod218_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fenechmcleod218_112-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFenechW._H._McLeod2014" class="citation book cs1">Fenech, Louis E.; W. H. McLeod (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ">Historical Dictionary of Sikhism</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 218. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-3601-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-3601-1"><bdi>978-1-4422-3601-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Sikhism&rft.pages=218&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1&rft.aulast=Fenech&rft.aufirst=Louis+E.&rft.au=W.+H.+McLeod&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxajcAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaju1999" class="citation book cs1">Raju, Karam Singh (1999). Guru Gobind Singh: Prophet of peace. Sanbun Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9380213646" title="Special:BookSources/9380213646"><bdi>9380213646</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guru+Gobind+Singh%3A+Prophet+of+peace&rft.pub=Sanbun+Publishers&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9380213646&rft.aulast=Raju&rft.aufirst=Karam+Singh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFenechW._H._McLeod2014" class="citation book cs1">Fenech, Louis E.; W. H. McLeod (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA79">Historical Dictionary of Sikhism</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-3601-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-3601-1"><bdi>978-1-4422-3601-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Sikhism&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1&rft.aulast=Fenech&rft.aufirst=Louis+E.&rft.au=W.+H.+McLeod&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxajcAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSir_Lepel_Henry_Griffin1898" class="citation book cs1">Sir Lepel Henry Griffin (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ranjitsnghandsi00grifgoog">Ranjit Síngh and the Sikh Barrier Between Our Growing Empire and Central Asia</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ranjitsnghandsi00grifgoog/page/n61">55</a>–56.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ranjit+S%C3%ADngh+and+the+Sikh+Barrier+Between+Our+Growing+Empire+and+Central+Asia&rft.pages=55-56&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1898&rft.au=Sir+Lepel+Henry+Griffin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Franjitsnghandsi00grifgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2015" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Dalip (2015). Life of Sri Guru Gobind Singh Ji (6th ed.). CSJS. p. 174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7601-480-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7601-480-9"><bdi>978-81-7601-480-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+of+Sri+Guru+Gobind+Singh+Ji&rft.pages=174&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=CSJS&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-81-7601-480-9&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Dalip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGandhi2023" class="citation book cs1">Gandhi, Surjit (2023). A Historian's Approach to Guru Gobind Singh. Singh Bros. p. 323. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8172053062" title="Special:BookSources/978-8172053062"><bdi>978-8172053062</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Historian%27s+Approach+to+Guru+Gobind+Singh&rft.pages=323&rft.pub=Singh+Bros.&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-8172053062&rft.aulast=Gandhi&rft.aufirst=Surjit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dhavanp165-118">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dhavanp165_118-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dhavanp165_118-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dhavanp165_118-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dhavanp165_118-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDhavan2011" class="citation book cs1">Dhavan, P (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-7HJ5idB8_QC">When Sparrows Became Hawks: The Making of the Sikh Warrior Tradition, 1699–1799</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 165–167, 13–24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-975655-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-975655-1"><bdi>978-0-19-975655-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Sparrows+Became+Hawks%3A+The+Making+of+the+Sikh+Warrior+Tradition%2C+1699%E2%80%931799&rft.pages=165-167%2C+13-24&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-975655-1&rft.aulast=Dhavan&rft.aufirst=P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-7HJ5idB8_QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy2012" class="citation book cs1">Murphy, Anne (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r13hjYfoI6MC">The Materiality of the Past: History and Representation in Sikh Tradition</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 110–113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-991629-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-991629-0"><bdi>978-0-19-991629-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Materiality+of+the+Past%3A+History+and+Representation+in+Sikh+Tradition&rft.pages=110-113&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-991629-0&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr13hjYfoI6MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy2012" class="citation book cs1">Murphy, Anne (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WWysAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA47">Time, History and the Religious Imaginary in South Asia</a>. Routledge. pp. 47–50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-70729-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-70729-2"><bdi>978-1-136-70729-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Time%2C+History+and+the+Religious+Imaginary+in+South+Asia&rft.pages=47-50&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-136-70729-2&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWWysAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDhavan2011" class="citation book cs1">Dhavan, P (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-7HJ5idB8_QC&pg=PA45">When Sparrows Became Hawks: The Making of the Sikh Warrior Tradition, 1699–1799</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 51–53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-975655-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-975655-1"><bdi>978-0-19-975655-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Sparrows+Became+Hawks%3A+The+Making+of+the+Sikh+Warrior+Tradition%2C+1699%E2%80%931799&rft.pages=51-53&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-975655-1&rft.aulast=Dhavan&rft.aufirst=P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-7HJ5idB8_QC%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNesbitt2016" class="citation book cs1">Nesbitt, Eleanor M. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XebnCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA118">Sikhism: A Very Short Introduction</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 59–60, 118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-874557-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-874557-0"><bdi>978-0-19-874557-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikhism%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.pages=59-60%2C+118&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-19-874557-0&rft.aulast=Nesbitt&rft.aufirst=Eleanor+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXebnCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan2007" class="citation book cs1">Morgan, Peggy (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vt-qBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA120">Ethical Issues in Six Religious Traditions</a>. Edinburgh University Press. p. 120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-3002-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-3002-8"><bdi>978-0-7486-3002-8</bdi></a>. <q>Ever since the time of Guru Gobind Singh (d. ce 1708), codes of conduct (rahitnamas), for example Rahitnama Bhai Chaupa and Prem Sumarg, have been in circulation. These laid down the behaviour required of Sikhs. The eighteenth and nineteenth-century rahitnamas reflected their period, and one clear purpose was the social segregation of Sikhs and Muslims.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethical+Issues+in+Six+Religious+Traditions&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-3002-8&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Peggy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dvt-qBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFenechMcLeod2014" class="citation book cs1">Fenech, Louis E.; McLeod, W. H. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA214">Historical Dictionary of Sikhism</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 214. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-3601-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-3601-1"><bdi>978-1-4422-3601-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Sikhism&rft.pages=214&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1&rft.aulast=Fenech&rft.aufirst=Louis+E.&rft.au=McLeod%2C+W.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxajcAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOberoi1994" class="citation book cs1">Oberoi, Harjot (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1NKC9g2ayJEC&pg=PA68">The Construction of Religious Boundaries: Culture, Identity, and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition</a>. University of Chicago Press. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-61593-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-61593-6"><bdi>978-0-226-61593-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Construction+of+Religious+Boundaries%3A+Culture%2C+Identity%2C+and+Diversity+in+the+Sikh+Tradition&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-226-61593-6&rft.aulast=Oberoi&rft.aufirst=Harjot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1NKC9g2ayJEC%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <a href="#cite_note-122">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[122]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCushRobinsonYork2012" class="citation book cs1">Cush, Denise; Robinson, Catherine; York, Michael (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kzPgCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA792">Encyclopedia of Hinduism</a>. Routledge. p. 792. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-18979-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-18979-2"><bdi>978-1-135-18979-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism&rft.pages=792&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-135-18979-2&rft.aulast=Cush&rft.aufirst=Denise&rft.au=Robinson%2C+Catherine&rft.au=York%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkzPgCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA792&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoward1987" class="citation book cs1">Coward, Harold G. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rA278MzR5-kC&pg=PA283">Modern Indian Responses to Religious Pluralism</a>. State University of New York Press. p. 283. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-9992-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-9992-4"><bdi>978-0-7914-9992-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Indian+Responses+to+Religious+Pluralism&rft.pages=283&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-9992-4&rft.aulast=Coward&rft.aufirst=Harold+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrA278MzR5-kC%26pg%3DPA283&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook2016" class="citation book cs1">Cook, Michael (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F3CYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA238">Ancient Religions, Modern Politics: The Islamic Case in Comparative Perspective</a>. Princeton University Press. p. 238. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-17334-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-17334-4"><bdi>978-0-691-17334-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Religions%2C+Modern+Politics%3A+The+Islamic+Case+in+Comparative+Perspective&rft.pages=238&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-691-17334-4&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF3CYDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrewal2019" class="citation book cs1">Grewal, J. S. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YDLNDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT96">Guru Gobind Singh (1666–1708): Master of the White Hawk</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-099038-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-099038-1"><bdi>978-0-19-099038-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guru+Gobind+Singh+%281666%E2%80%931708%29%3A+Master+of+the+White+Hawk&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-19-099038-1&rft.aulast=Grewal&rft.aufirst=J.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYDLNDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalhotraLambert-Hurley2015" class="citation book cs1">Malhotra, Anshu; Lambert-Hurley, Siobhan (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PdvDCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT195">Speaking of the Self: Gender, Performance, and Autobiography in South Asia</a>. Duke University Press. p. 195. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-7497-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-7497-8"><bdi>978-0-8223-7497-8</bdi></a>. <q>From the time of the establishment of the Khalsa in 1699, some from within the Sikhs, more specifically the Khalsa, tried to create religious norms and codes of behavior that worked toward imparting a distinct Sikh identity partly by distancing from the Muslims. A stream within the Khalsa set about creating codes of conduct, the rahit literature, that began "othering" the Muslim/Turak (used interchangeably), passing tenets that included the avoidance of halal meat associated with the Muslims, and sleeping with Muslim women.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Speaking+of+the+Self%3A+Gender%2C+Performance%2C+and+Autobiography+in+South+Asia&rft.pages=195&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-7497-8&rft.aulast=Malhotra&rft.aufirst=Anshu&rft.au=Lambert-Hurley%2C+Siobhan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPdvDCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <a href="#cite_note-127">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[128]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohar1998" class="citation book cs1">Johar, Surinder Singh (1998). Holy Sikh shrines. New Delhi: M D Publications. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7533-073-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7533-073-3"><bdi>978-81-7533-073-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/44703461">44703461</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holy+Sikh+shrines&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=M+D+Publications&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F44703461&rft.isbn=978-81-7533-073-3&rft.aulast=Johar&rft.aufirst=Surinder+Singh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW._H._McLeod2009" class="citation book cs1">W. H. McLeod (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vgixwfeCyDAC">The A to Z of Sikhism</a>. Scarecrow. pp. xxv, 52, 214–215. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6344-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6344-6"><bdi>978-0-8108-6344-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+A+to+Z+of+Sikhism&rft.pages=xxv%2C+52%2C+214-215&rft.pub=Scarecrow&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-6344-6&rft.au=W.+H.+McLeod&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvgixwfeCyDAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy2012" class="citation book cs1">Murphy, Anne (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r13hjYfoI6MC">The Materiality of the Past: History and Representation in Sikh Tradition</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-991629-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-991629-0"><bdi>978-0-19-991629-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Materiality+of+the+Past%3A+History+and+Representation+in+Sikh+Tradition&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-991629-0&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr13hjYfoI6MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hadley2001p20-136">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hadley2001p20_136-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hadley2001p20_136-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHadley2001" class="citation book cs1">Hadley, Michael L. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z33Hn02GOwIC">Spiritual Roots of Restorative Justice, The</a>. State University of New York Press. pp. 20, 207–214. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-9114-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-9114-0"><bdi>978-0-7914-9114-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spiritual+Roots+of+Restorative+Justice%2C+The&rft.pages=20%2C+207-214&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-9114-0&rft.aulast=Hadley&rft.aufirst=Michael+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ33Hn02GOwIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-amar1-137"><a href="#cite_ref-amar1_137-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDahiya2014" class="citation book cs1">Dahiya, Amardeep (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UA09BAAAQBAJ">Founder of the Khalsa: The Life and Times of Guru Gobind Singh</a>. Hay House, Inc. p. 183. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789381398616" title="Special:BookSources/9789381398616"><bdi>9789381398616</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Founder+of+the+Khalsa%3A+The+Life+and+Times+of+Guru+Gobind+Singh&rft.pages=183&rft.pub=Hay+House%2C+Inc&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9789381398616&rft.aulast=Dahiya&rft.aufirst=Amardeep&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUA09BAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TK-138">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TK_138-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TK_138-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TK_138-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnand2005" class="citation book cs1">Anand, TK (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ru4uDAAAQBAJ">Essence of Sikhism – 7</a>. Madhubun Books. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788125919483" title="Special:BookSources/9788125919483"><bdi>9788125919483</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essence+of+Sikhism+%E2%80%93+7&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=Madhubun+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9788125919483&rft.aulast=Anand&rft.aufirst=TK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRu4uDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Statesman-139">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Statesman_139-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Statesman_139-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestatesman.com/features/chaar-sahibzaade-unforgettable-history-sikh-heroism-sacrifice-1503032667.html">"Chaar Sahibzaade: The unforgettable history of Sikh heroism and sacrifice"</a>. The Statesman. 23 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Statesman&rft.atitle=Chaar+Sahibzaade%3A+The+unforgettable+history+of+Sikh+heroism+and+sacrifice&rft.date=2021-12-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestatesman.com%2Ffeatures%2Fchaar-sahibzaade-unforgettable-history-sikh-heroism-sacrifice-1503032667.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2006" class="citation book cs1">Singh, PrithiPal (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EhGkVkhUuqoC">The History of Sikh Gurus</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788183820752" title="Special:BookSources/9788183820752"><bdi>9788183820752</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Sikh+Gurus&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9788183820752&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=PrithiPal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEhGkVkhUuqoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDahiya2014" class="citation book cs1">Dahiya, Amardeep (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UA09BAAAQBAJ">Founder of the Khalsa: The Life and Times of Guru Gobind Singh</a>. Hay House, Inc. p. 186. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789381398616" title="Special:BookSources/9789381398616"><bdi>9789381398616</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Founder+of+the+Khalsa%3A+The+Life+and+Times+of+Guru+Gobind+Singh&rft.pages=186&rft.pub=Hay+House%2C+Inc&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9789381398616&rft.aulast=Dahiya&rft.aufirst=Amardeep&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUA09BAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> Kulwant Singh summarizing a chapter of Gur Sobha in his English translation of Gur Sobha said, "Zorawar Singh had escaped from the battle of Chamkaur and had met the Guru in Rajputana. It was this Zorawar Singh who was killed at <a href="/wiki/Chittorgarh" title="Chittorgarh">Chittor</a> in a minor scuffle." </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh1977" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Khushwant (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PfSISgAACAAJ">A History of the Sikhs, Volume 1: 1469–1839</a>. Oxford India Collection. p. 81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195606003" title="Special:BookSources/9780195606003"><bdi>9780195606003</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Sikhs%2C+Volume+1%3A+1469%E2%80%931839&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=Oxford+India+Collection&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=9780195606003&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Khushwant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPfSISgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dhavan2011p45-144">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dhavan2011p45_144-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dhavan2011p45_144-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDhavan2011" class="citation book cs1">Dhavan, P (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-7HJ5idB8_QC&pg=PA45">When Sparrows Became Hawks: The Making of the Sikh Warrior Tradition, 1699–1799</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 45–46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-975655-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-975655-1"><bdi>978-0-19-975655-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Sparrows+Became+Hawks%3A+The+Making+of+the+Sikh+Warrior+Tradition%2C+1699%E2%80%931799&rft.pages=45-46&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-975655-1&rft.aulast=Dhavan&rft.aufirst=P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-7HJ5idB8_QC%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGandhi2004" class="citation book cs1">Gandhi, Surjit (2004). A Historian's Approach to Guru Gobind Singh. pp. 323, 324. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8172053061" title="Special:BookSources/8172053061"><bdi>8172053061</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Historian%27s+Approach+to+Guru+Gobind+Singh&rft.pages=323%2C+324&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=8172053061&rft.aulast=Gandhi&rft.aufirst=Surjit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">A Historian's Approach to Guru Gobind Singh. p. 324.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Historian%27s+Approach+to+Guru+Gobind+Singh&rft.pages=324&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> Gurbilas Patashahi 10 Chapter 19 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrewal199879-148"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrewal199879_148-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrewal1998">Grewal 1998</a>, p. 79. </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetcalfMetcalf2012" class="citation book cs1">Metcalf, Barbara D.; Metcalf, Thomas R. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c7UgAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA33">A Concise History of Modern India</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-53705-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-53705-6"><bdi>978-1-139-53705-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+Modern+India&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-139-53705-6&rft.aulast=Metcalf&rft.aufirst=Barbara+D.&rft.au=Metcalf%2C+Thomas+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc7UgAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Syan2013p223-150">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Syan2013p223_150-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Syan2013p223_150-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Syan2013p223_150-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Syan2013p223_150-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardip_Singh_Syan2013" class="citation book cs1">Hardip Singh Syan (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9RzzxcEL4C0C">Sikh Militancy in the Seventeenth Century: Religious Violence in Mughal and Early Modern India</a>. I.B. Tauris. pp. 222–223. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78076-250-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78076-250-0"><bdi>978-1-78076-250-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikh+Militancy+in+the+Seventeenth+Century%3A+Religious+Violence+in+Mughal+and+Early+Modern+India&rft.pages=222-223&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-78076-250-0&rft.au=Hardip+Singh+Syan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9RzzxcEL4C0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pri-151"><a href="#cite_ref-pri_151-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2007" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Prithi Pal (2007). The history of Sikh Gurus. Lotus Press. p. 158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8382-075-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8382-075-2"><bdi>978-81-8382-075-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+history+of+Sikh+Gurus&rft.pages=158&rft.pub=Lotus+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-81-8382-075-2&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Prithi+Pal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Singh, Santhok. Suraj Granth (in Punjabi). Translated by Singh, Sodhi Teja. CSJS. p. 486.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Suraj+Granth&rft.pages=486&rft.pub=CSJS&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Santhok&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> However Hardip Singh Syan gives the date as 18 October 1708.<a href="#cite_note-Syan2013p223-150">[147]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Singh, Kesar. Bansavalinama (in Punjabi). Singh Brothers. pp. 189–190.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bansavalinama&rft.pages=189-190&rft.pub=Singh+Brothers&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Kesar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2018" class="citation journal cs1">Singh, Anurag (December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ggscw.ac.in/Downloads/Gyankosh%20Vol%201.pdf">"Punjab: Cradle of Indian Civilization and Khalsa of Guru Gobind Singh"</a> (PDF). Gyankosh: An Interdisciplinary e-Journal. 1: 29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gyankosh%3A+An+Interdisciplinary+e-Journal&rft.atitle=Punjab%3A+Cradle+of+Indian+Civilization+and+Khalsa+of+Guru+Gobind+Singh&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=29&rft.date=2018-12&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Anurag&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fggscw.ac.in%2FDownloads%2FGyankosh%2520Vol%25201.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> Singh, Pashaura. "Fearlessness and human justice: Exploring Guru Tegh Bahadur’s teachings and sacrifice from a fresh perspective." Sikh Formations 17.4 (2021): 409–434. </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.searchgurbani.com/guru-granth-sahib/ang-by-ang">"Guru Granth Sahib"</a>. www.searchgurbani.com. p. 1429. Retrieved 18 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.searchgurbani.com&rft.atitle=Guru+Granth+Sahib&rft.pages=1429&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.searchgurbani.com%2Fguru-granth-sahib%2Fang-by-ang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhalsa2017" class="citation web cs1">Khalsa, Harjinder Singh (17 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sikhnet.com/news/dohra-mahalla-10">"'Dohra' Mahalla 10"</a>. SikhNet. Retrieved 18 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SikhNet&rft.atitle=%27Dohra%27+Mahalla+10&rft.date=2017-02-17&rft.aulast=Khalsa&rft.aufirst=Harjinder+Singh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sikhnet.com%2Fnews%2Fdohra-mahalla-10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guru_Tegh-159">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guru_Tegh_159-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guru_Tegh_159-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guru_Tegh_159-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guru_Tegh_159-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guru_Tegh_159-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guru_Tegh_159-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guru_Tegh_159-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh1967" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Trilochan (1967). "Chapter XXIV". Guru Tegh Bahadur, Prophet and Martyr: A Biography. Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee. pp. 317, 325.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+XXIV&rft.btitle=Guru+Tegh+Bahadur%2C+Prophet+and+Martyr%3A+A+Biography&rft.pages=317%2C+325&rft.pub=Gurdwara+Parbandhak+Committee&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Trilochan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-160"><a href="#cite_ref-:12_160-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCopemanLongkumerDuggal2023" class="citation book cs1">Copeman, Jacob; Longkumer, Arkotong; Duggal, Koonal (25 September 2023). "Namdharis". Gurus and Media: Sound, Image, Machine, Text and the Digital. UCL Press. pp. 219–220. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781800085541" title="Special:BookSources/9781800085541"><bdi>9781800085541</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Namdharis&rft.btitle=Gurus+and+Media%3A+Sound%2C+Image%2C+Machine%2C+Text+and+the+Digital&rft.pages=219-220&rft.pub=UCL+Press&rft.date=2023-09-25&rft.isbn=9781800085541&rft.aulast=Copeman&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft.au=Longkumer%2C+Arkotong&rft.au=Duggal%2C+Koonal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColeSambhi2005" class="citation book cs1">Cole, W. Owen; Sambhi, Piara Singh (15 August 2005). A Popular Dictionary of Sikhism: Sikh Religion and Philosophy (Reprint ed.). Routledge. p. 114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135797607" title="Special:BookSources/9781135797607"><bdi>9781135797607</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Popular+Dictionary+of+Sikhism%3A+Sikh+Religion+and+Philosophy&rft.pages=114&rft.edition=Reprint&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005-08-15&rft.isbn=9781135797607&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=W.+Owen&rft.au=Sambhi%2C+Piara+Singh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-162">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_162-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_162-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLane2022" class="citation book cs1">Lane, David Christopher (14 July 2022). "3: The Ruhani Satsang Influence". The Sound Current Tradition: A Historical Overview. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781009052870" title="Special:BookSources/9781009052870"><bdi>9781009052870</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3%3A+The+Ruhani+Satsang+Influence&rft.btitle=The+Sound+Current+Tradition%3A+A+Historical+Overview&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2022-07-14&rft.isbn=9781009052870&rft.aulast=Lane&rft.aufirst=David+Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-163">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_163-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_163-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJuergensmeyer1991" class="citation book cs1">Juergensmeyer, Mark (1991). Radhasoami Reality: The Logic of a Modern Faith (illustrated, reprint ed.). Princeton University Press. pp. 31–32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691010922" title="Special:BookSources/9780691010922"><bdi>9780691010922</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radhasoami+Reality%3A+The+Logic+of+a+Modern+Faith&rft.pages=31-32&rft.edition=illustrated%2C+reprint&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780691010922&rft.aulast=Juergensmeyer&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinghFenech2014" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Pashaura; Fenech, Louis E. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA478">The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies</a>. OUP Oxford. p. 478. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969930-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969930-8"><bdi>978-0-19-969930-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Sikh+Studies&rft.pages=478&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-969930-8&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Pashaura&rft.au=Fenech%2C+Louis+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8I0NAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA478&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> Bibliography <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrewal1998" class="citation book cs1">Grewal, J. S. (1998). The Sikhs of the Punjab. Vol. 2–3. Cambridge University Press. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63764-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63764-0"><bdi>978-0-521-63764-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sikhs+of+the+Punjab&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-521-63764-0&rft.aulast=Grewal&rft.aufirst=J.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkins2000" class="citation book cs1">Jenkins, Everett (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kSYkCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA200">The Muslim Diaspora (Volume 2, 1500–1799): A Comprehensive Chronology of the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas</a>. McFarland. p. 200. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-0889-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-0889-1"><bdi>978-1-4766-0889-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Muslim+Diaspora+%28Volume+2%2C+1500%E2%80%931799%29%3A+A+Comprehensive+Chronology+of+the+Spread+of+Islam+in+Asia%2C+Africa%2C+Europe+and+the+Americas&rft.pages=200&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-4766-0889-1&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=Everett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkSYkCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlson2007" class="citation book cs1">Olson, Carl (2007). The Many Colors of Hinduism: A Thematic-historical Introduction. Rutgers University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Many+Colors+of+Hinduism%3A+A+Thematic-historical+Introduction&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=Carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTruschke2017" class="citation book cs1">Truschke, Audrey (2017). Aurangzeb: The Life and Legacy of India's Most Controversial King. Stanford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aurangzeb%3A+The+Life+and+Legacy+of+India%27s+Most+Controversial+King&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Truschke&rft.aufirst=Audrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"></li></ul> Further reading <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeora1989" class="citation book cs1">Deora, Man Singh (1989). Guru Gobind Singh: a literary survey. New Delhi: Anmol Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7041-160-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7041-160-4"><bdi>978-81-7041-160-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/21280295">21280295</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guru+Gobind+Singh%3A+a+literary+survey&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Anmol+Publications&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F21280295&rft.isbn=978-81-7041-160-4&rft.aulast=Deora&rft.aufirst=Man+Singh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinghJasbir_Kaur_Ahuja1996" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Gobind; Jasbir Kaur Ahuja (1996). The Zafarnama of Guru Gobind Singh. Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/42966940">42966940</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Zafarnama+of+Guru+Gobind+Singh&rft.place=Mumbai&rft.pub=Bharatiya+Vidya+Bhavan&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F42966940&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Gobind&rft.au=Jasbir+Kaur+Ahuja&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Gobind+Singh" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Singh, Prof. Surinderjit, Guru Gobind Singh's Zafarnamah Transliteration and Poetic Rendering in English. Singh Brothers, Amritsar. 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7205-272-3" title="Special:BookSources/81-7205-272-3">81-7205-272-3</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151212051909/http://archimedespress.co.uk/books">Sri Dasam Granth Sahib: Questions and Answers: The book on Sri Dasam Granth Sahib</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="mw-selflink selflink">Guru Gobind Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Deep_Singh" title="Baba Deep Singh">Baba Deep Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Gurbaksh_Singh" title="Baba Gurbaksh Singh">Baba Gurbaksh Singh</a></li> <li>Bhai Soorat Singh</li> <li>Bhai Gurdas Singh</li> <li>Bhai Giani Sant Singh</li> <li>Giani Daya Singh</li> <li>Sant Bhagovan Singh</li> <li>Sant Harnam Singh Bedi</li> <li>Sant Bishan Singh Muralewale</li> <li>Sant Sundar Singh Bhindranwale</li> <li>Sant Gurbachan Singh Bhindranwale</li> <li>Sant Kartar Singh Bhindranwale</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarnail_Singh_Bhindranwale" title="Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale">Sant Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale</a></li> <li>Sant Thakur Singh Bhindranwale</li> <li>Baba Harnam Singh Dhumma</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Guru_Tegh_Bahadur" title="Guru Tegh Bahadur">Guru Tegh Bahadur</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Sikh_gurus" title="Sikh gurus">Sikh Guru</a> 11 November 1675 – 7 October 1708 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Arjan" title="Guru Arjan">Guru Arjan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Hargobind" title="Guru Hargobind">Guru Hargobind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Har_Rai" title="Guru Har Rai">Guru Har Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Har_Krishan" title="Guru Har Krishan">Guru Har Krishan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Tegh_Bahadur" title="Guru Tegh Bahadur">Guru Tegh Bahadur</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Guru Gobind Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a> (Sikh holy book)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh philosophy">Beliefs and principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Maneyo_Granth" title="Guru Maneyo Granth">Guru Maneyo Granth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Rehat_Maryada" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh Rehat Maryada">Sikh Rehat Maryada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_52_Hukams_of_Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="The 52 Hukams of Guru Gobind Singh">The 52 Hukams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibitions_in_Sikhism" title="Prohibitions in Sikhism">Prohibitions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_and_Sikhism" title="Cannabis and Sikhism">Cannabis and Sikhism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Sikhism" title="Diet in Sikhism">Diet in Sikhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_practices" title="Category:Sikh practices">Practices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_practices" title="Sikh practices">Sikh practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_rites" title="Sikh rites">Sikh rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ard%C4%81s" title="Ardās">Ardās</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">Kirtan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langar_(Sikhism)" title="Langar (Sikhism)">Langar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naam_Karan" title="Naam Karan">Naam Karan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anand_Karaj" title="Anand Karaj">Anand Karaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amrit_Sanchar" class="mw-redirect" title="Amrit Sanchar">Amrit Sanchar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amrit_Vel%C4%81" title="Amrit Velā">Amrit Velā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antam_Sanskar" title="Antam Sanskar">Antam Sanskar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_pillars_of_Sikhism" title="Three pillars of Sikhism">Three Pillars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Karo" title="Kirat Karo">Kirat Karo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naam_Japo" title="Naam Japo">Naam Japo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vand_Chhako" title="Vand Chhako">Vand Chhako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Five_Ks" class="mw-redirect" title="The Five Ks">The Five Ks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simran" title="Simran">Simran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seva_(Indian_religions)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seva (Indian religions)">Sewa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charhdi_Kala" class="mw-redirect" title="Charhdi Kala">Charhdi Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasvand" class="mw-redirect" title="Dasvand">Dasvand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhatka" title="Jhatka">Jhatka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_scripture" title="Category:Sikh scripture">Scripture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasam_Granth" title="Dasam Granth">Dasam Granth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarbloh_Granth" title="Sarbloh Granth">Sarbloh Granth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurbani" title="Gurbani">Gurbani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mul_Mantar" title="Mul Mantar">Mul Mantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japji_Sahib" title="Japji Sahib">Japji Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaupai_(Sikhism)" title="Chaupai (Sikhism)">Chaupai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaap_Sahib" title="Jaap Sahib">Jaap Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehras" title="Rehras">Rehras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhmani_Sahib" title="Sukhmani Sahib">Sukhmani Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tav-Prasad_Savaiye" class="mw-redirect" title="Tav-Prasad Savaiye">Tav-Prasad Savaiye</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_architecture" title="Sikh architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gurdwara" title="Gurdwara">Gurdwara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Temple" title="Golden Temple">Harmandir Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurdwara_Janam_Asthan" title="Gurdwara Janam Asthan">Janam Asthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurdwara_Darbar_Sahib_Kartarpur" title="Gurdwara Darbar Sahib Kartarpur">Darbar Sahib Kartarpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gurdwaras" title="List of gurdwaras">List</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gurdwaras#Africa" title="List of gurdwaras">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gurdwaras#Asia" title="List of gurdwaras">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gurdwaras#Europe" title="List of gurdwaras">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gurdwaras#North_America" title="List of gurdwaras">North America</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahadurgarh_Fort" title="Bahadurgarh Fort">Bahadurgarh Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fateh_Burj" title="Fateh Burj">Fateh Burj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazuri_Bagh_Baradari" title="Hazuri Bagh Baradari">Hazuri Bagh Baradari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kesgarh_Qila" class="mw-redirect" title="Kesgarh Qila">Kesgarh Qila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanda_museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanda museum">Khanda museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moti_Bagh_Palace" title="Moti Bagh Palace">Moti Bagh Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanak_Shahi_bricks" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanak Shahi bricks">Nanak Shahi bricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pul_Kanjri" title="Pul Kanjri">Pul Kanjri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qila_Mubarak,_Patiala" title="Qila Mubarak, Patiala">Qila Mubarak, Patiala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramgarhia_Bunga" title="Ramgarhia Bunga">Ramgarhia Bunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi_of_Ranjit_Singh" title="Samadhi of Ranjit Singh">Samadhi of Ranjit Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well_of_Dina_Nath" title="Well of Dina Nath">Well of Dina Nath</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_by_country" title="Sikhism by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_diaspora" title="Sikh diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Sikhism in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Australia" title="Sikhism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Austria" title="Sikhism in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Bangladesh" title="Sikhism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Belgium" title="Sikhism in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Canada" title="Sikhism in Canada">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Greater_Vancouver" title="Sikhism in Greater Vancouver">Vancouver</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_China" title="Sikhism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Denmark" title="Sikhism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Fiji" title="Sikhism in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Finland" title="Sikhism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_France" title="Sikhism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Germany" title="Sikhism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Greece" title="Sikhism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_India" title="Sikhism in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Sikhism in Jammu and Kashmir">Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Sikhs" title="Cochin Sikhs">Kochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Punjab,_India#Sikhism_in_Punjab" title="Demographics of Punjab, India">Punjab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Indonesia" title="Sikhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Iran" title="Sikhism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Iraq" title="Sikhism in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Italy" title="Sikhism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Japan" title="Sikhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Malaysia" title="Sikhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Nepal" title="Sikhism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Sikhism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Sikhism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Niue" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikhism in Niue">Niue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Norway" title="Sikhism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Pakistan" title="Sikhism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Panama" title="Sikhism in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Poland" title="Sikhism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Singapore" title="Sikhism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_South_Africa" title="Sikhism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_South_Korea" title="Sikhism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Sweden" title="Sikhism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Switzerland" title="Sikhism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Thailand" title="Sikhism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Sikhism in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Sikhism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_England" title="Sikhism in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Scotland" title="Sikhism in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Wales" title="Sikhism in Wales">Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Sikhism in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_United_States" title="Sikhism in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikhs_in_the_United_States_military" title="Sikhs in the United States military">U.S. Military</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Groups, sects and communities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sects_of_Sikhism" title="Sects of Sikhism">Sects of Sikhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mina_(Sikhism)" title="Mina (Sikhism)">Mina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namdhari" title="Namdhari">Namdhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanakpanthi" title="Nanakpanthi">Nanakpanthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihang" title="Nihang">Nihang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirankari" title="Nirankari">Nirankari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewapanthi" title="Sewapanthi">Sewapanthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirmala_(sect)" title="Nirmala (sect)">Nirmala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramraiya" title="Ramraiya">Ramraiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udasi" title="Udasi">Udasi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazhabi_Sikh" title="Mazhabi Sikh">Mazhabi Sikh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piara_Singh_Bhaniara" title="Piara Singh Bhaniara">Piara Singh Bhaniara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrahari_Sikh" title="Agrahari Sikh">Agrahari Sikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatha" title="Jatha">Jatha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Damdami_Taksal" title="Damdami Taksal">Damdami Taksal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhand_Kirtani_Jatha" title="Akhand Kirtani Jatha">Akhand Kirtani Jatha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singh_Sabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Singh Sabha">Singh Sabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Sant_Mat_movements" title="Contemporary Sant Mat movements">Contemporary Sant Mat movements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3HO" title="3HO">3HO</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sikh_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFC600"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sikh_Empire" title="Template:Sikh Empire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sikh_Empire" title="Template talk:Sikh Empire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sikh_Empire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sikh Empire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sikh_Empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Rulers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ranjit_Singh" title="Ranjit Singh">Ranjit Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharak_Singh" title="Kharak Singh">Kharak Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nau_Nihal_Singh" title="Nau Nihal Singh">Nau Nihal Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chand_Kaur" title="Chand Kaur">Chand Kaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sher_Singh" title="Sher Singh">Sher Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jind_Kaur" title="Jind Kaur">Jind Kaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duleep_Singh" title="Duleep Singh">Duleep Singh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Military conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mughal-Sikh_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal-Sikh Wars">Mughal-Sikh Wars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bhangani" title="Battle of Bhangani">Battle of Bhangani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nadaun" title="Battle of Nadaun">Nadaun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Basoli" title="Battle of Basoli">Basoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Anandpur" class="mw-redirect" title="First Battle of Anandpur">1st Anandpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Anandpur" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Battle of Anandpur">2nd Anandpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chamkaur_(1704)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Chamkaur (1704)">Chamkaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarsa" title="Battle of Sarsa">Sarsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Muktsar" title="Battle of Muktsar">Muktsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sonepat" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Sonepat">Sonepat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Samana" title="Battle of Samana">Samana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sirhind" title="Siege of Sirhind">Sirhind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sadhaura" title="Battle of Sadhaura">Sadhaura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chappar_Chiri" title="Battle of Chappar Chiri">Chappar Chiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rahon_(1710)" title="Battle of Rahon (1710)">Rahon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lohgarh" title="Battle of Lohgarh">Lohgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jalalabad_(1710)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Jalalabad (1710)">Jalalabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jammu" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Jammu">Jammu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gurdas_Nangal" title="Battle of Gurdas Nangal">Gurdas Nangal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Delhi_(1783)" title="Battle of Delhi (1783)">Delhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afghan%E2%80%93Sikh_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghan–Sikh wars">Afghan–Sikh wars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Attock" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Attock">Battle of Attock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Multan" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Multan">Battle of Multan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shopian" title="Battle of Shopian">Battle of Shopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nowshera" title="Battle of Nowshera">Battle of Nowshera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Peshawar_(1834)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Peshawar (1834)">Battle of Peshawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jamrud" title="Battle of Jamrud">Battle of Jamrud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Anglo-Sikh War">First Anglo-Sikh War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mudki" title="Battle of Mudki">Battle of Mudki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ferozeshah" title="Battle of Ferozeshah">Battle of Ferozeshah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aliwal" title="Battle of Aliwal">Battle of Aliwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sobraon" title="Battle of Sobraon">Battle of Sobraon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Anglo-Sikh War">Second Anglo-Sikh War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ramnagar" title="Battle of Ramnagar">Battle of Ramnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chillianwala" title="Battle of Chillianwala">Battle of Chillianwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Multan_(1848%E2%80%931849)" title="Siege of Multan (1848–1849)">Siege of Multan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gujrat" title="Battle of Gujrat">Battle of Gujrat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Nepal%E2%80%93Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepal–Sikh War">Nepal–Sikh War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dogra%E2%80%93Tibetan_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogra–Tibetan War">Sino-Sikh war</a>, Katoch–Sikh War, <a href="/wiki/Hill_States%E2%80%93Sikh_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Hill States–Sikh Wars">Hill States–Sikh Wars</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Panchayati_Revolution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Panchayati Revolution (page does not exist)">Panchayati Revolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_involving_the_Sikh_Empire" title="List of battles involving the Sikh Empire">List of battles involving the Sikh Empire</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Military forces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Khalsa_Army" title="Sikh Khalsa Army">Sikh Khalsa Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauj-i-Khas" title="Fauj-i-Khas">Fauj-i-Khas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauj-i-Ain" title="Fauj-i-Ain">Fauj-i-Ain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampu-i-mu%27alla" title="Kampu-i-mu'alla">Kampu-i-mu'alla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Adversaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan" title="Emirate of Afghanistan">Emirate of Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">British East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Kingdom of Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_States_of_India" title="Hill States of India">Hill States Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mankera" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Mankera">Kingdom of Mankera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namgyal_dynasty_of_Ladakh" title="Namgyal dynasty of Ladakh">Namgyal dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barakzai_dynasty" title="Barakzai dynasty">Barakzai dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudhan" title="Sudhan">Sudhans</a> of Poonch</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqpon_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Maqpon Dynasty">Maqpon Dynasty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Forts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jamrud_Fort" title="Jamrud Fort">Jamrud Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multan_Fort" title="Multan Fort">Multan Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harkishangarh" class="mw-redirect" title="Harkishangarh">Harkishangarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Fort" title="Lahore Fort">Lahore Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zorawar_Fort" title="Zorawar Fort">Zorawar Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahu_Fort" title="Bahu Fort">Bahu Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobindgarh_Fort" title="Gobindgarh Fort">Gobindgarh Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillaur_Fort" title="Phillaur Fort">Phillaur Fort</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Officials and warriors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Natives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhian_Singh" title="Dhian Singh">Dhian Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Dina_Nath" title="Diwan Dina Nath">Diwan Dina Nath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Bhawani_Das" title="Diwan Bhawani Das">Diwan Bhawani Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Buta_Singh" title="Diwan Buta Singh">Diwan Buta Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratap_Singh_(Sikh_prince)" title="Pratap Singh (Sikh prince)">Pratap Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misr_Diwan_Chand" title="Misr Diwan Chand">Misr Diwan Chand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Mulraj_Chopra" title="Diwan Mulraj Chopra">Diwan Mulraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hari_Singh_Nalwa" title="Hari Singh Nalwa">Hari Singh Nalwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahan_Singh_Mirpuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahan Singh Mirpuri">Mahan Singh Mirpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewan_Mokham_Chand" title="Dewan Mokham Chand">Dewan Mokham Chand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khushal_Singh_Jamadar" title="Khushal Singh Jamadar">Khushal Singh Jamadar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zorawar_Singh_(Dogra_general)" title="Zorawar Singh (Dogra general)">Zorawar Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tej_Singh" title="Tej Singh">Tej Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Singh" title="Lal Singh">Lal Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulab_Singh" title="Gulab Singh">Gulab Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balbhadra_Kunwar" title="Balbhadra Kunwar">Balbhadra Kunwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawahar_Singh_(wazir)" title="Jawahar Singh (wazir)">Jawahar Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehta_Basti_Ram" title="Mehta Basti Ram">Mehta Basti Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sham_Singh_Attariwalla" class="mw-redirect" title="Sham Singh Attariwalla">Sham Singh Attariwalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sher_Singh_Attariwalla" title="Sher Singh Attariwalla">Sher Singh Attariwalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattar_Singh_Attariwalla" title="Chattar Singh Attariwalla">Chattar Singh Attariwalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desa_Singh_Majithia" title="Desa Singh Majithia">Desa Singh Majithia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amar_Singh_Majithia" title="Amar Singh Majithia">Amar Singh Majithia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehna_Singh_Majithia" title="Lehna Singh Majithia">Lehna Singh Majithia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranjodh_Singh_Majithia" title="Ranjodh Singh Majithia">Ranjodh Singh Majithia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surat_Singh" title="Surat Singh">Surat Singh Majithia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangal_Singh_Ramgarhia" title="Mangal Singh Ramgarhia">Mangal Singh Ramgarhia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akali_Phula_Singh" title="Akali Phula Singh">Akali Phula Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandu_Lal" title="Chandu Lal">Chandu Lal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajit_Singh_Sandhawalia" title="Ajit Singh Sandhawalia">Ajit Singh Sandhawalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahan_Singh_Nakai" title="Kahan Singh Nakai">Kahan Singh Nakai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangat_Singh_Saini" title="Sangat Singh Saini">Sangat Singh Saini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardar_Hukma_Singh" title="Sardar Hukma Singh">Hukma Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veer_Singh_Dhillon" title="Veer Singh Dhillon">Veer Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarnail_Ghaus_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jarnail Ghaus Khan">Jarnail Ghaus Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilahi_Bakhsh" title="Ilahi Bakhsh">Ilahi Bakhsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakir_Azizuddin" title="Fakir Azizuddin">Fakir Azizuddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Mahmud_Khan" title="Sultan Mahmud Khan">Sultan Mahmud Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malik_Fateh_Khan_Tiwana" title="Malik Fateh Khan Tiwana">Malik Fateh Khan Tiwana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sohan_Lal_Suri" title="Sohan Lal Suri">Sohan Lal Suri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moti_Ram" title="Moti Ram">Moti Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Ram_Dayal" title="Diwan Ram Dayal">Diwan Ram Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Kirpa_Ram" title="Diwan Kirpa Ram">Diwan Kirpa Ram</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Foreigners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Allard" title="Jean-François Allard">Jean-François Allard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Ventura" title="Jean-Baptiste Ventura">Jean-Baptiste Ventura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Auguste_Court" title="Claude Auguste Court">Claude Auguste Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Henri_Mouton" title="François Henri Mouton">François Henri Mouton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gardner_(soldier)" title="Alexander Gardner (soldier)">Alexander Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Avitabile" title="Paolo Avitabile">Paolo Avitabile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Harlan" title="Josiah Harlan">Josiah Harlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Martin_Honigberger" title="Johann Martin Honigberger">Johann Martin Honigberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Lawrence_(Indian_Army_officer)" title="Henry Lawrence (Indian Army officer)">Henry Lawrence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Influential families</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sandhawalia" title="Sandhawalia">Sandhawalia family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majithia_family" title="Majithia family">Majithia family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwana_family_of_Shahpur" title="Tiwana family of Shahpur">Tiwana family</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amritsar_(1809)" title="Treaty of Amritsar (1809)">Treaty of Amritsar (1809)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Treaty_(1838)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripartite Treaty (1838)">Tripartite Treaty (1838)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Chushul" title="Treaty of Chushul">Treaty of Chushul (1842)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lahore" title="Treaty of Lahore">Treaty of Lahore (1846)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amritsar_(1846)" title="Treaty of Amritsar (1846)">Treaty of Amritsar (1846)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalsa_Darbar_records" title="Khalsa Darbar records">Khalsa Darbar records</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh festivals">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandi_Chhor_Divas" title="Bandi Chhor Divas">Bandi Chhor Divas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hola_Mohalla" title="Hola Mohalla">Hola Mohalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghi" title="Maghi">Maghi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mela_Maghi" title="Mela Maghi">Mela Maghi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikhism" title="Category:Sikhism">Other topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sikhism" title="History of Sikhism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_culture" title="Sikh culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_art" title="Sikh art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_music" title="Sikh music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ik_Onkar" title="Ik Onkar">Ik Onkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waheguru" title="Waheguru">Waheguru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanda_(Sikh_symbol)" title="Khanda (Sikh symbol)">Khanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panj_Pyare" title="Panj Pyare">Panj Pyare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Films_about_Sikhism" title="Category:Films about Sikhism">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_literature" title="Category:Sikh literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_music" title="Category:Sikh music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_names" title="Sikh names">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_places" title="Category:Sikh places">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_politics" title="Category:Sikh politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhs_in_the_British_Indian_Army" title="Sikhs in the British Indian Army">Sikhs in the British Indian Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/11th_Sikh_Regiment" title="11th Sikh Regiment">11th Sikh Regiment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Regiment" title="Sikh Regiment">Sikh Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Light_Infantry" title="Sikh Light Infantry">Sikh Light Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanakshahi_calendar" title="Nanakshahi calendar">Nanakshahi calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramananda" title="Ramananda">Ramananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fariduddin_Ganjshakar" class="mw-redirect" title="Fariduddin Ganjshakar">Fariduddin Ganjshakar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardar" title="Sardar">Sardar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dastar" title="Dastar">Dastar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharamyudh_(Sikhism)" title="Dharamyudh (Sikhism)">Dharamyudh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Sikhism" title="Islam and Sikhism">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_Sikhism" title="Jainism and Sikhism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Sikhism" title="Hinduism and Sikhism">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rama_in_Sikhism" title="Rama in Sikhism">Rama</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikhs" title="Category:Sikhs">Sikhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidassia" title="Ravidassia">Ravidassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Sikhism" title="Women in Sikhism">Women in Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_and_sexual_orientation" title="Sikhism and sexual orientation">Sikhism and sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fiction_about_Sikhism" title="Category:Fiction about Sikhism">In Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idolatry_in_Sikhism" title="Idolatry in Sikhism">Idolatry in Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Sikhism" title="Criticism of Sikhism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Punjab" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Punjab">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabis" title="Punjabis">Punjabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi language</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurmukhi script">Gurmukhī</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_trees_in_Sikhism" title="Sacred trees in Sikhism">Sacred trees</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Panj_Takht" title="Panj Takht">Takht</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akal_Takht" title="Akal Takht">Akal Takht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht_Sri_Damdama_Sahib" title="Takht Sri Damdama Sahib">Damdama Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht_Kesgarh_Sahib" title="Takht Kesgarh Sahib">Kesgarh Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazur_Sahib_Nanded" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazur Sahib Nanded">Hazur Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht_Sri_Patna_Sahib" title="Takht Sri Patna Sahib">Patna Sahib</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" 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data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Sikhism" title="Category:Sikhism">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="☬_Guru_Gobind_Singh_☬" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFC600"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Template:Guru Gobind Singh"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Template talk:Guru Gobind Singh"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Guru Gobind Singh"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="☬_Guru_Gobind_Singh_☬" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">☬ <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Guru Gobind Singh</a> ☬</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Tegh_Bahadur" title="Guru Tegh Bahadur">Guru Tegh Bahadur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mata_Gujri" title="Mata Gujri">Mata Gujri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mata_Jito" title="Mata Jito">Mata Jito</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mata_Sundari" title="Mata Sundari">Mata Sundari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mata_Sahib_Kaur" class="mw-redirect" title="Mata Sahib Kaur">Mata Sahib Kaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jujhar_Singh" title="Jujhar Singh">Jujhar Singh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zorawar_Singh_(Sikhism)" title="Zorawar Singh (Sikhism)">Zorawar Singh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fateh_Singh_(Sikhism)" title="Fateh Singh (Sikhism)">Fateh Singh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ajit_Singh_(Sikhism)" title="Ajit Singh (Sikhism)">Ajit Singh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">The Leader</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panj_Pyare" title="Panj Pyare">Panj Pyare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Maneyo_Granth" title="Guru Maneyo Granth">Guru Maneyo Granth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Five_Ks" class="mw-redirect" title="The Five Ks">The Five Ks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_52_Hukams_of_Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="The 52 Hukams of Guru Gobind Singh">The 52 Hukams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">The Warrior</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bhangani" title="Battle of Bhangani">Battle of Bhangani</a>,(1688)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nadaun" title="Battle of Nadaun">Battle of Nadaun</a>,(1687)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guler_(1696)" title="Battle of Guler (1696)">Battle of Guler (1696)</a>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Anandpur" class="mw-redirect" title="First Battle of Anandpur">First Battle of Anandpur</a>,(1700)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Anandpur_Sahib_(1701)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Anandpur Sahib (1701) (page does not exist)">Battle of Anandpur Sahib (1701)</a>,</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Basoli_(1702)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Basoli (1702) (page does not exist)">Battle of Basoli (1702)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Anandpur" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Battle of Anandpur">Battle of Anandpur (1704)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chamkaur_(1704)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Chamkaur (1704)">Battle of Chamkaur (1704)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Bichhora_Sahib&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Bichhora Sahib (page does not exist)">Battle of Bichhora Sahib</a>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Muktsar" title="Battle of Muktsar">Battle of Muktsar</a>.</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">The Saint</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFC600"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dasam_Granth" title="Template:Dasam Granth"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dasam_Granth" title="Template talk:Dasam Granth"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dasam_Granth" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dasam Granth"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dasam_Granth" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dasam_Granth" title="Dasam Granth">Dasam Granth</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jaap_Sahib" title="Jaap Sahib">Jaap Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akal_Ustat" title="Akal Ustat">Akal Ustat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachitar_Natak" class="mw-redirect" title="Bachitar Natak">Bachitar Natak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandi_Charitar_Ukti_Bilas" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandi Charitar Ukti Bilas">Chandi Charitar Ukat(i) Bilas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandi_Charitar_II" title="Chandi Charitar II">Chandi Charitar 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandi_Di_Var" title="Chandi Di Var">Chandi Di Var</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gian_Parbodh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gian Parbodh (page does not exist)">Gian Parbodh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaubis_Avatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaubis Avatar">Chaubis Avatar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahm_Avtar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brahm Avtar (page does not exist)">Brahm Avtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudra_Avtar" title="Rudra Avtar">Rudar Avtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabad_patshahi_10" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabad patshahi 10">Sabad patshahi 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/33_Swayyae" class="mw-redirect" title="33 Swayyae">33 Swayyae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalsa_Mahima" title="Khalsa Mahima">Khalsa Mahima</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shastar_Nam_Mala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shastar Nam Mala (page does not exist)">Shastar Nam Mala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charitropakhyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Charitropakhyan">Charitropakhyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zafarnama_(letter)" title="Zafarnama (letter)">Zafarnamah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hikaaitaan" title="Hikaaitaan">Hikayats</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Associates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhai_Nand_Lal" title="Bhai Nand Lal">Bhai Nand Lal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panj_Pyare" title="Panj Pyare">Panj Pyare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhai_Mani_Singh" title="Bhai Mani Singh">Bhai Mani Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banda_Bahadur" class="mw-redirect" title="Banda Bahadur">Banda Bahadur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mai_Bhago" title="Mai Bhago">Mata Bhag Kaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhai_Kanhaiya" title="Bhai Kanhaiya">Bhai Kanhaiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Deep_Singh" title="Baba Deep Singh">Baba Deep Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bhangani" title="Battle of Bhangani">Pir Budhu Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neela_(horse)" title="Neela (horse)">Neela (horse)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prasadi_(elephant)" title="Prasadi (elephant)">Prasadi (elephant)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Opponents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wazir_Khan_(Sirhind)" title="Wazir Khan (Sirhind)">Wazir Khan</a></li> <li>Jamshed Khan and Wasil Beg</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patna" title="Patna">Patna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anandpur_Sahib" title="Anandpur Sahib">Anandpur Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paonta_Sahib" title="Paonta Sahib">Paonta Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muktsar_Sahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Muktsar Sahib">Muktsar Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamkaur" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamkaur">Chamkaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_named_after_Guru_Gobind_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="List of places named after Guru Gobind Singh">List of places named after Guru Gobind Singh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Gurudwaras</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Takht_Sri_Keshgarh_Sahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Takht Sri Keshgarh Sahib">Takht Sri Keshgarh Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazur_Sahib_Nanded" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazur Sahib Nanded">Takht Sri Hazur Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht_Sri_Patna_Sahib" title="Takht Sri Patna Sahib">Takht Sri Patna Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nada_Sahib" title="Nada Sahib">Nada Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurdwara_Paonta_Sahib" title="Gurdwara Paonta Sahib">Gurdwara Paonta Sahib</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#FFC600"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Khanda_emblem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Khanda_emblem.svg/18px-Khanda_emblem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Khanda_emblem.svg/27px-Khanda_emblem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Khanda_emblem.svg/36px-Khanda_emblem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="606" /></a> Sikhism portal <a href="/wiki/File:Khanda_emblem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Khanda_emblem.svg/18px-Khanda_emblem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Khanda_emblem.svg/27px-Khanda_emblem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Khanda_emblem.svg/36px-Khanda_emblem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="606" /></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q312967#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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/></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000083539458">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/7403162">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/19741/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjxymqRqpRMTyg6fkCYT3">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119006898">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50082097">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12021062n">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12021062n">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35375718">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069824517">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/1542227323087">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007279604705171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058620184606706">Catalonia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA1304576X?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/930760">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/119006898">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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