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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Füüsikaline keemia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Füüsikaline_keemia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teadusfilosoofia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teadusfilosoofia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Teadusfilosoofia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teadusfilosoofia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Majandusteadus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Majandusteadus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Majandusteadus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Majandusteadus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tunnustus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tunnustus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Tunnustus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tunnustus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Isiklikku" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isiklikku"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Isiklikku</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isiklikku-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Raamatud" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Raamatud"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Raamatud</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Raamatud-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artikleid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artikleid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Artikleid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artikleid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vaata_ka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vaata_ka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Vaata ka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vaata_ka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Viited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Viited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Välislingid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Välislingid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Välislingid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Välislingid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sisukord" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Sisukord" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Lülita sisukord ümber" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Lülita sisukord ümber</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Michael Polanyi</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Mine teises keeles artiklisse. Saadaval 35 keeles" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35 keelt</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Polanyi" title="Michael Polanyi – afrikaani" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Michael Polanyi" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%84_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A" title="مايكل بولاني – araabia" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مايكل بولاني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="araabia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Polanyi" title="Michael Polanyi – indoneesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Michael Polanyi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indoneesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BF" title="মাইকেল পোলান্যি – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মাইকেল পোলান্যি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BB_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Майкл Полані – valgevene" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Майкл Полані" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="valgevene" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Polanyi" title="Michael Polanyi – katalaani" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Michael Polanyi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Polanyi" title="Michael Polanyi – tšehhi" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Michael Polanyi" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tšehhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Polanyi" title="Michael Polanyi – saksa" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Michael Polanyi" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="saksa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Polanyi" title="Michael Polanyi – inglise" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Michael Polanyi" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglise" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Polanyi" title="Michael Polanyi – hispaania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Michael Polanyi" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="hispaania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mih%C3%A1ly_Pol%C3%A1nyi" title="Mihály Polányi – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mihály Polányi" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%84_%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="مایکل پولانی – pärsia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مایکل پولانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="pärsia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Polanyi" title="Michael Polanyi – prantsuse" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Michael Polanyi" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="prantsuse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Polanyi" title="Michael Polanyi – iiri" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Michael Polanyi" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="iiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EC%9D%B4%ED%81%B4_%ED%8F%B4%EB%9D%BC%EB%8B%88" title="마이클 폴라니 – korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마이클 폴라니" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%80" title="माइकेल पोलान्यी – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="माइकेल पोलान्यी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Polanyi" title="Michael Polanyi – horvaadi" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Michael Polanyi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="horvaadi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Polanyi" title="Michael Polanyi – itaalia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Michael Polanyi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="itaalia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%9C_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99" title="מייקל פולאני – heebrea" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מייקל פולאני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="heebrea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Polanyi" title="Michael Polanyi – ladina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Michael Polanyi" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="ladina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%A1nyi_Mih%C3%A1ly" title="Polányi Mihály – ungari" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Polányi Mihály" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%84_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89" title="مايكل بولانى – Egiptuse araabia" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مايكل بولانى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egiptuse araabia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Polanyi" title="Michael Polanyi – hollandi" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Michael Polanyi" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="hollandi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B1%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9D%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%8B%E3%83%BC" title="マイケル・ポランニー – jaapani" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マイケル・ポランニー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="jaapani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Polanyi" title="Michael Polanyi – norra bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Michael Polanyi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norra bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Polanyi" title="Michael Polanyi – poola" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Michael Polanyi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poola" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Polanyi" title="Michael Polanyi – portugali" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Michael Polanyi" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8,_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BB" title="Полани, Майкл – vene" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Полани, Майкл" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="vene" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Polanyi" title="Michael Polanyi – slovaki" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Michael Polanyi" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Polanyi" title="Michael Polanyi – sloveeni" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Michael Polanyi" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="sloveeni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Polanyi" title="Michael Polanyi – soome" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Michael Polanyi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="soome" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Polanyi" title="Michael Polanyi – rootsi" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Michael Polanyi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="rootsi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Polanyi" title="Michael Polanyi – türgi" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Michael Polanyi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="türgi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BB_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%97" title="Майкл Поланьї – ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Майкл Поланьї" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BF%88%E5%85%8B%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E5%B0%BC" title="迈克尔·波兰尼 – hiina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="迈克尔·波兰尼" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="hiina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q163087#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Muuda keelelinke" class="wbc-editpage">Muuda linke</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Nimeruumid"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Polanyi" title="Vaata sisulehekülge [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikkel</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" 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href="/wiki/Fail:Michael_Polanyi.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Michael_Polanyi.png/220px-Michael_Polanyi.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="361" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Michael_Polanyi.png 1.5x" data-file-width="252" data-file-height="413" /></a><figcaption>Michael Polanyi 1933. aastal</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Michael Polanyi</b> (sünninimi <i>Polányi Mihály</i>; <a href="/wiki/11._m%C3%A4rts" title="11. märts">11. märts</a> <a href="/wiki/1891" title="1891">1891</a>, <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a> – <a href="/wiki/22._veebruar" title="22. veebruar">22. veebruar</a> <a href="/wiki/1976" title="1976">1976</a>) oli <a href="/wiki/Ungari" title="Ungari">Ungari</a> juudi päritolu Briti keemik, majandusteadlane ja filosoof. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Elulugu">Elulugu</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Polanyi&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Muuda alaosa "Elulugu"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Polanyi&action=edit&section=1" title="Muuda alaosa "Elulugu" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Polanyi sündis juudi peres. Tema vanem vend <a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Karl</a> on tuntud majandusteadlane. Nende isa oli insener ja ettevõtja, kelle püsimatud katsed raudteid ehitada võib-olla julgustasid Mihályt valima arstikarjääri. Varsti pärast ülikooli lõpetamist <a href="/wiki/1913" title="1913">1913</a> teenis ta arstina <a href="/wiki/Austria-Ungari" title="Austria-Ungari">Austria-Ungari</a> armees, kus ta sattus haiglasse. Paranemise ajal kirjutas ta töö, millest <a href="/wiki/1917" title="1917">1917</a> sai <a href="/wiki/F%C3%BC%C3%BCsikaline_keemia" title="Füüsikaline keemia">füüsikalise keemia</a> alane doktoritöö <a href="/wiki/Lor%C3%A1nd_E%C3%B6tv%C3%B6si_%C3%9Clikool" class="mw-redirect" title="Loránd Eötvösi Ülikool">Budapesti Ülikoolis</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/1920" title="1920">1920</a>. aastal emigreerus ta <a href="/wiki/Saksamaa" title="Saksamaa">Saksamaale</a>, kus temast lõpuks sai keemiateadlane <a href="/wiki/Berliin" title="Berliin">Berliinis</a> Keiser Wilhelmi Kiukeemia Instituudis (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut_f%C3%BCr_Faserstoffchemie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut für Faserstoffchemie (pole veel kirjutatud)">Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut für Faserstoffchemie</a>). Kui <a href="/wiki/1933" title="1933">1933</a> tulid võimule natsionaalsotsialistid, võttis Polányi vastu füüsikalise keemia õppetooli <a href="/wiki/Manchesteri_%C3%9Clikool" title="Manchesteri Ülikool">Manchesteri Ülikoolis</a>. Et tema huvid nihkusid hiljem majandusteadusse ja filosoofiasse, lõi Manchesteri Ülikool tema jaoks sotsiaalteaduste õppetooli (1948–1958). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Füüsikaline_keemia"><span id="F.C3.BC.C3.BCsikaline_keemia"></span>Füüsikaline keemia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Polanyi&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Muuda alaosa "Füüsikaline keemia"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Polanyi&action=edit&section=2" title="Muuda alaosa "Füüsikaline keemia" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Polanyi teadushuvid olid mitmekülgsed, hõlmates <a href="/wiki/Keemiline_kineetika" title="Keemiline kineetika">keemilist kineetikat</a>, <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B6ntgendifraktsioon" class="mw-redirect" title="Röntgendifraktsioon">röntgendifraktsiooni</a> ning gaaside neeldumist tahketel pindadel. </p><p><a href="/wiki/1934" title="1934">1934</a>. aastal mõistis Polanyi umbes samal ajal <a href="/w/index.php?title=Geoffrey_Ingram_Taylor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geoffrey Ingram Taylor (pole veel kirjutatud)">Geoffrey Ingram Taylori</a> ja <a href="/w/index.php?title=Egon_Orowan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Egon Orowan (pole veel kirjutatud)">Egon Orowaniga</a>, et <a href="/wiki/Plastsus" title="Plastsus">plastsete</a> materjalide <a href="/wiki/Plastne_deformatsioon" title="Plastne deformatsioon">plastseid deformatsioone</a> saab seletada <a href="/wiki/Vito_Volterra" title="Vito Volterra">Vito Volterra</a> poolt <a href="/wiki/1905" title="1905">1905</a> loodud <a href="/wiki/Dislokatsioon" title="Dislokatsioon">dislokatsioonide</a> teooria abil. See oli oluline etapp <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tahkisemehhaanika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tahkisemehhaanika (pole veel kirjutatud)">tahkisemehhaanika</a> kujunemisloos. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Teadusfilosoofia">Teadusfilosoofia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Polanyi&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Muuda alaosa "Teadusfilosoofia"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Polanyi&action=edit&section=3" title="Muuda alaosa "Teadusfilosoofia" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Polanyi paistab teadusfilosoofide seas välja hariduse ja teaduspanuse poolest.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Vikipeedia:Viitamine" title="Vikipeedia:Viitamine"><span title="See väide vajab viidet.">viide?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>1930. aastate keskel hakkas Polanyi väljendama oma vastuseisu valitsevale <a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">positivistlikule</a> teadusekäsitusele, väites, et see ei pööra tähelepanu isikliku vastutuse ja <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vaikiv_teadmine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vaikiv teadmine (pole veel kirjutatud)">vaikiva teadmise</a> rollile teaduses. </p><p>Polanyi väitis, et positivism julgustab vaadet, et riik peab teadust suunama. Ta osutas sellele, mis juhtus <a href="/wiki/N%C3%B5ukogude_Liit" title="Nõukogude Liit">Nõukogude Liidus</a> <a href="/wiki/Geneetika" title="Geneetika">geneetikaga</a>, kui riik kuulutas <a href="/wiki/L%C3%B5ssenkism" title="Lõssenkism">lõssenkismi</a> ainuõigeks. Nagu tema sõber <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich Hayek">Friedrich Hayek</a>, põhjendas Polanyi vaba ühiskonna eelistatavust. </p><p>Polanyi pooldas <a href="/w/index.php?title=Objektiivne_t%C3%B5de&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Objektiivne tõde (pole veel kirjutatud)">objektiivse tõe</a> olemasolu, kuid kritiseeris arusaama, et on olemas <a href="/wiki/Teaduslik_meetod" title="Teaduslik meetod">teaduslik meetod</a>, mis produtseerib mehaaniliselt tõdesid. Igasugune teadmine on Polanyi järgi isiklik ning rajanev eksida võivale vastutusele. Meie oskused, kalduvused ja kired ei ole nõrkused, vaid etendavad teadusavastustes ja nende tõendamises olulist osa. Vaatlejad ei saa oma vaatlustest ja otsustustest iseennast kõrvale jätta ega peagi. Selle väite päästab <a href="/wiki/Relativism" title="Relativism">relativismist</a> asjaolu, et vaikiv teadmine seob meid reaalsusega. Meie vaikiv teadmine tugineb siiski lokaalses kontekstis omandatud eeldustele, mis ei pruugi olla üldkehtivad, mistõttu me peame objektiivseid tõdesid otsides arvestama eksimise võimalusega. Igasugune väljaütlemine tugineb aga vältimatult sellele, mis jääb ütlemata. Just see annabki sõnadele tähenduse, mis ei taandu reeglistikule. Tähendus põhineb meie maailmakogemusel, kusjuures kogemus ei ole taandatav meelteandmete kogumile. </p><p>Polanyi tunnistas pärandunud praktikate (<a href="/wiki/Traditsioon" title="Traditsioon">traditsiooni</a>) rolli. Tõsiasi, et me teame rohkem, kui öelda oskame, osutab järeldusele, et suur osa teadmisest antakse "<a href="/wiki/%C3%95pipoiss" title="Õpipoiss">õpipoisile</a>" üle implitsiitselt, kui viimane meistri tegevust jälgib ja tema käe all praktiseerib. </p><p>Polanyi filosoofilised ideed leidsid kõige täielikuma väljenduse 1951–1952 <a href="/wiki/Aberdeeni_%C3%9Clikool" title="Aberdeeni Ülikool">Aberdeeni Ülikoolis</a> peetud <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giffordi_loengud&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giffordi loengud (pole veel kirjutatud)">Giffordi loengutes</a>, mis avaldati raamatuna "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Personal_Knowledge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Personal Knowledge (pole veel kirjutatud)">Personal Knowledge</a>". Need ideed mõjutasid <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kuhn" title="Thomas Kuhn">Thomas Kuhni</a> ja <a href="/wiki/Paul_Feyerabend" title="Paul Feyerabend">Paul Feyerabendit</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Majandusteadus">Majandusteadus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Polanyi&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Muuda alaosa "Majandusteadus"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Polanyi&action=edit&section=4" title="Muuda alaosa "Majandusteadus" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aastal <a href="/wiki/1951" title="1951">1951</a> ilmunud artiklikogumikus "<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Logic_of_Liberty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Logic of Liberty (pole veel kirjutatud)">The Logic of Liberty</a>" rakendas Polanyi oma teadusfilosoofiat majandusteadusele. Ta arendas neid ideid edasi <a href="/wiki/1962" title="1962">1962</a>. aasta artiklis <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Polanyi ekstrapoleeris oma järeldused vabaduse struktuurist teaduse kontekstist. </p><p>Polanyi märkis, et teadlased teevad omavahel koostööd ehk "isekoordineeruvad" sarnasel moel, nagu majanduse subjektid koordineerivad oma tegevust <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vabaturg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vabaturg (pole veel kirjutatud)">vabaturul</a>. Kuigi igal teadlasel on oma eesmärgid, reageerib teadlane piiratult kättesaadavale teadmisele, mida toodavad teised teadlased tema ümber. Aga pühendunud teadlaste kogukonnad kujundab ustavus tõele, mis on turust üle. Teised pühendunud kogukondade näited on õigluse taotlemine juriidilises kogukonnas: õiglus kui eesmärk on turust üle. Et me ei suuda selliseid eesmärke nagu <a href="/wiki/T%C3%B5de" title="Tõde">tõde</a> ja <a href="/wiki/%C3%95iglus" title="Õiglus">õiglus</a> lõpuni sõnastada, on soovitav selline ühiskond, mis annab neile kogukondadele vabaduse oma eesmärke taotleda. Nagu <a href="/wiki/Ettev%C3%B5tja" title="Ettevõtja">ettevõtjad</a>, nõuavad <a href="/wiki/Teadlane" title="Teadlane">teadlased</a> vabadust teha avastusi ning reageerida kaasteadlaste väidetele. Polanyi leidis seega, et ühiskonnad peavad lubama teaduse tegemist teaduse enese pärast: "(...) teadlased, kes vabalt valivad oma probleemid ning lahendavad neid oma isikliku heaksarvamise järgi, teevad tegelikult koostööd tihedalt kokkukasvanud organisatsiooni liikmetena. (...) Säärane sõltumatute algatuste koordineerumine viib ühise tulemuseni, mis ei olnud plaanitsetud ühegi selle kaasautori poolt. Nende koordineerumist juhib nagu "<a href="/wiki/N%C3%A4htamatu_k%C3%A4si" title="Nähtamatu käsi">nähtamatu käsi</a>" asjade varjatud süsteemi ühise avastamise poole. Et lõpptulemus ei ole ette teada, saab säärane koostöö edeneda üksnes samm-sammult, ja kogujõudlus on võimalikult hea, kui iga sammu üle otsustab selleks kõige pädevam inimene. (...) Võime järeldada, et nii nagu loodusteaduses ei ole väite tõestust, mille abatäielikuks osutumine poleks mõeldav, nii pole ka ümberlükkamist, mille alusetuks osutumine poleks mõeldav. Iga katse organiseerida rühma üheainsa autoriteedi alla kõrvaldaks nende sõltumatud algatused ning taandaks nõnda nende ühise tõhususe üheainsa, neid keskusest suunava isiku tõhususele. See halvaks tegelikult nende koostöö." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tunnustus">Tunnustus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Polanyi&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Muuda alaosa "Tunnustus"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Polanyi&action=edit&section=5" title="Muuda alaosa "Tunnustus" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1944 – valiti <a href="/wiki/Londoni_Kuninglik_Selts" title="Londoni Kuninglik Selts">Londoni Kuningliku Seltsi</a> liikmeks</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Isiklikku">Isiklikku</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Polanyi&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Muuda alaosa "Isiklikku"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Polanyi&action=edit&section=6" title="Muuda alaosa "Isiklikku" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Berliinis laulatati Polányi katoliiklikult Magda Elizabethiga. <a href="/wiki/1929" title="1929">1929</a>. aastal sündis neil poeg <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Charles_Polanyi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Charles Polanyi (pole veel kirjutatud)">János (John Polanyi)</a>, kes sai <a href="/wiki/1986" title="1986">1986</a>. aastal <a href="/wiki/Nobeli_keemiaauhind" title="Nobeli keemiaauhind">Nobeli keemiaauhinna</a> uurimuste eest keemiliste elementaarprotsesside dünaamika alal" ning on <a href="/wiki/Toronto_%C3%9Clikool" title="Toronto Ülikool">Toronto Ülikooli</a> keemiaprofessor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Raamatud">Raamatud</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Polanyi&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Muuda alaosa "Raamatud"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Polanyi&action=edit&section=7" title="Muuda alaosa "Raamatud" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1932. <i>Atomic Reactions</i>. Williams and Norgate, London.</li> <li>1946. <i>Science, Faith, and Society</i>. Oxford Univ. Press. <a href="/wiki/Eri:Raamatuotsimine/0226672905" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-226-67290-5</a>. Reprinted by the University of Chicago Press, 1964.</li> <li>1951. <i>The Logic of Liberty</i>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/Eri:Raamatuotsimine/0226672964" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-226-67296-4</a></li> <li>1958. <i>Personal Knowledge: Towards a Post-Critical Philosophy</i>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/Eri:Raamatuotsimine/0226672883" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-226-67288-3</a></li> <li>1964. <i>The Study of Man</i>. University of Chicago Press.</li> <li>1966. <i>The Tacit Dimension</i>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/Eri:Raamatuotsimine/0226672980" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-226-67298-0</a> (2009 reprint)</li> <li>1969. <i>Knowing and Being</i>. Edited with an introduction by Marjorie Grene. University of Chicago Press.</li> <li>1975 (with Prosch, Harry). <i>Meaning</i>. Univ. of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/Eri:Raamatuotsimine/0226672948" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-226-67294-8</a></li> <li>1997. <i>Science, Economics and Philosophy: Selected Papers of Michael Polanyi</i>. Edited with an introduction by R.T. Allen. New Brunswick NJ: Transaction Publishers.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Artikleid">Artikleid</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Polanyi&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Muuda alaosa "Artikleid"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Polanyi&action=edit&section=8" title="Muuda alaosa "Artikleid" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=On_the_Modern_Mind&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="On the Modern Mind (pole veel kirjutatud)">On the Modern Mind</a>, 1965</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Structure_of_Consciousness&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Structure of Consciousness (pole veel kirjutatud)">The Structure of Consciousness</a>, 1966</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Life_Transcending_Physics_and_Chemistry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Life Transcending Physics and Chemistry (pole veel kirjutatud)">Life Transcending Physics and Chemistry</a>, 1967</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life%27s_Irreducible_Structure" title="Life's Irreducible Structure">Life's Irreducible Structure</a>, <i>Science</i>, <i>New Series</i>, 160 (3834), 21. juuni 1968, lk 1308–1312. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.culturaleconomics.atfreeweb.com/Anno/Polanyi%20Lifes%20Irreducible%20Structure%20Acience%201968.htm">[1]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vaata_ka">Vaata ka</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Polanyi&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Muuda alaosa "Vaata ka"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Polanyi&action=edit&section=9" title="Muuda alaosa "Vaata ka" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polanyi_%C3%BChing" class="mw-redirect" title="Polanyi ühing">Polanyi ühing</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vaikiv_teadmine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vaikiv teadmine (pole veel kirjutatud)">Vaikiv teadmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teadmiste_juhtimine" class="mw-redirect" title="Teadmiste juhtimine">Teadmiste juhtimine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Viited">Viited</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Polanyi&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Muuda alaosa "Viited"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Polanyi&action=edit&section=10" title="Muuda alaosa "Viited" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Polanyi, Michael, 1962, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.compilerpress.atfreeweb.com/Anno%20Polanyi%20Republic%20of%20Science%201962.htm">The Republic of Science: Its Political and Economic Theory,</a>" <i>Minerva 1</i>: 54–74. See artikkel on kättesaadav ka aadressil <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080516085442/http://www.missouriwestern.edu/orgs/polanyi/mp-repsc.htm">here.</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Välislingid"><span id="V.C3.A4lislingid"></span>Välislingid</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Polanyi&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Muuda alaosa "Välislingid"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Polanyi&action=edit&section=11" title="Muuda alaosa "Välislingid" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hyle.org/journal/issues/8-2/bio_nye.html">Elulugu</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.missouriwestern.edu/orgs/polanyi/">Polanyi Seltsi koduleht</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.erraticimpact.com/~20thcentury/html/polanyi_michael.htm">Polanyi leht veebisaidil erraticimpact.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kfki.hu/chemonet/polanyi/9912/contents.html">Ajakiri Polanyiana,</a> kd 8, nr 1-2</li> <li>Smith, M. K., 2003, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infed.org/thinkers/polanyi.htm">Michael Polanyi and tacit knowledge,</a> Artikkel mitteformaalse hariduse entsüklopeedias</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Pärit leheküljelt "<a dir="ltr" href="https://et.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Polanyi&oldid=6641474">https://et.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Polanyi&oldid=6641474</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Eri:Kategooriad" title="Eri:Kategooriad">Kategooriad</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategooria:Keemikud" title="Kategooria:Keemikud">Keemikud</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategooria:Suurbritannia_filosoofid" title="Kategooria:Suurbritannia filosoofid">Suurbritannia filosoofid</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategooria:Majandusteadlased" title="Kategooria:Majandusteadlased">Majandusteadlased</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategooria:Suurbritannia_teadlased" title="Kategooria:Suurbritannia teadlased">Suurbritannia teadlased</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategooria:S%C3%BCndinud_1891" title="Kategooria:Sündinud 1891">Sündinud 1891</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategooria:Surnud_1976" title="Kategooria:Surnud 1976">Surnud 1976</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Peidetud kategooriad: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategooria:Viideteta_v%C3%A4idetega_artiklid" title="Kategooria:Viideteta väidetega artiklid">Viideteta väidetega artiklid</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategooria:ISBN-v%C3%B5lulingiga_lehek%C3%BCljed" title="Kategooria:ISBN-võlulingiga leheküljed">ISBN-võlulingiga leheküljed</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Selle lehekülje viimane muutmine: 12:27, 29. aprill 2024.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Tekst on kasutatav vastavalt Creative Commonsi litsentsile "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.et">Autorile viitamine + jagamine samadel tingimustel</a>"; sellele võivad lisanduda täiendavad tingimused. 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href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>35 keelt</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Lisa teema</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.canary-5b547c9cbc-brttk","wgBackendResponseTime":126,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.058","walltime":"0.092","ppvisitednodes":{"value":308,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":1431,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":261,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":11,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":0,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":803,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 54.000 1 -total"," 93.06% 50.254 1 Mall:Lisa_viide"," 62.36% 33.673 1 Mall:Fix"," 44.48% 24.017 2 Mall:Category_handler"," 8.47% 4.574 1 Mall:Delink"," 4.54% 2.454 1 Mall:Viited"," 2.88% 1.555 1 Mall:Fix/category"," 2.59% 1.397 1 Mall:Main_other"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.014","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":971350,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-76d4c66f66-c69dr","timestamp":"20250303012051","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Michael Polanyi","url":"https:\/\/et.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Michael_Polanyi","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q163087","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q163087","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia projektide kaast\u00f6\u00f6lised"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, 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