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aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Ancient history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Muslim_conquest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Muslim_conquest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Muslim conquest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Muslim_conquest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottoman_Era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_Era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Ottoman Era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_Era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_Ottoman_Era_(1517–1864)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Ottoman_Era_(1517–1864)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>First Ottoman Era (1517–1864)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Ottoman_Era_(1517–1864)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Ottoman_Era_(1864–1918)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Ottoman_Era_(1864–1918)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Second Ottoman Era (1864–1918)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Ottoman_Era_(1864–1918)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Zor_Sanjak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zor_Sanjak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2.1</span> <span>Zor Sanjak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zor_Sanjak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Armenian_genocide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armenian_genocide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Armenian genocide</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armenian_genocide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post_World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post_World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Post World War I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post_World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_government_of_Haj_Fadel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_government_of_Haj_Fadel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.1</span> <span>First government of Haj Fadel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_government_of_Haj_Fadel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.2</span> <span>British period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_government_of_Haj_Fadel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_government_of_Haj_Fadel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.3</span> <span>Second government of Haj Fadel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_government_of_Haj_Fadel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_Mandate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_Mandate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>French Mandate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_Mandate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_struggle_against_the_Mandate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_struggle_against_the_Mandate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.1</span> <span>The struggle against the Mandate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_struggle_against_the_Mandate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Civil war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Protests_(2011–2012)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protests_(2011–2012)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8.1</span> <span>Protests (2011–2012)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protests_(2011–2012)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Partial_ISIS_takeover_(2014–2017)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Partial_ISIS_takeover_(2014–2017)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8.2</span> <span>Partial ISIS takeover (2014–2017)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Partial_ISIS_takeover_(2014–2017)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assad_government_control_(2017–2024)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assad_government_control_(2017–2024)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8.3</span> <span>Assad government control (2017–2024)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assad_government_control_(2017–2024)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>International relations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle International relations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Twin_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Twin cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Deir ez-Zor</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 63 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-63" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">63 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%B1" title="دير الزور – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دير الزور" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%A7%D6%80_%D4%B6%D6%85%D6%80_%D5%94%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%84" title="Տէր Զօր Քաղաք – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Տէր Զօր Քաղաք" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deyr_%C9%99z-Zor" title="Deyr əz-Zor – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Deyr əz-Zor" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%B1" title="دیرالزور – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="دیرالزور" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%B9%D1%80-%D1%8D%D0%B7-%D0%97%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Дэйр-эз-Зор – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дэйр-эз-Зор" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%80_%D0%B5%D0%B7-%D0%97%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Дейр ез-Зор – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Дейр ез-Зор" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deir_al-Zor" title="Deir al-Zor – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Deir al-Zor" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_(kapital_sa_lalawigan_sa_Sirya)" title="Deir ez-Zor (kapital sa lalawigan sa Sirya) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Deir ez-Zor (kapital sa lalawigan sa Sirya)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dajr_az-Zaur" title="Dajr az-Zaur – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dajr az-Zaur" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor" title="Deir ez-Zor – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Deir ez-Zor" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CF%84%CE%AD%CE%B9%CF%81_%CE%B1%CE%BB-%CE%96%CE%BF%CF%81" title="Ντέιρ αλ-Ζορ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ντέιρ αλ-Ζορ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_(ciudad)" title="Deir ez-Zor (ciudad) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Deir ez-Zor (ciudad)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dair_az-Za%C5%ADr" title="Dair az-Zaŭr – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Dair az-Zaŭr" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor" title="Deir ez-Zor – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Deir ez-Zor" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%B1" title="دیرالزور – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دیرالزور" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor" title="Deir ez-Zor – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Deir ez-Zor" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8D%B0%EC%9D%B4%EB%A5%B4%EC%97%90%EC%A1%B0%EB%A5%B4" title="데이르에조르 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="데이르에조르" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%A5%D6%80_%D4%B6%D5%B8%D6%80" title="Դեր Զոր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դեր Զոր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC-%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0" title="दीर अज़-ज़ोर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="दीर अज़-ज़ोर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayr_az-Zawr" title="Dayr az-Zawr – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dayr az-Zawr" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor" title="Deir ez-Zor – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Deir ez-Zor" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deir_el-Zor" title="Deir el-Zor – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Deir el-Zor" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%90-%D7%96%D7%95%D7%A8" title="דיר א-זור – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דיר א-זור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor" title="Deir ez-Zor – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Deir ez-Zor" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0-%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A-%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="დაირ-ელ-ზავრი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დაირ-ელ-ზავრი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%80-%D1%8D%D0%B7-%D0%97%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Дейр-эз-Зор – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Дейр-эз-Зор" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deir_az_Zauras" title="Deir az Zauras – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Deir az Zauras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dajr_ez-Zaur" title="Dajr ez-Zaur – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Dajr ez-Zaur" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dar_i%C5%BC-%C5%BBawr" title="Dar iż-Żawr – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Dar iż-Żawr" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0-%E1%83%94%E1%83%96-%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="დეირ-ეზ-ზავრი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="დეირ-ეზ-ზავრი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%B1" title="دير الزور – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="دير الزور" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%B1" title="دیرالزور – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="دیرالزور" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor" title="Deir ez-Zor – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Deir ez-Zor" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor" title="Deir ez-Zor – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Deir ez-Zor" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%87%E3%83%AA%E3%82%BE%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" title="デリゾール – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="デリゾール" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor" title="Deir ez-Zor – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Deir ez-Zor" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor" title="Deir ez-Zor – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Deir ez-Zor" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayr_uz-Zavr" title="Dayr uz-Zavr – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Dayr uz-Zavr" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dajr_az-Zaur" title="Dajr az-Zaur – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dajr az-Zaur" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deir_Zor" title="Deir Zor – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Deir Zor" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor" title="Deir ez-Zor – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Deir ez-Zor" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%80-%D1%8D%D0%B7-%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%80" title="Дайр-эз-Заур – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дайр-эз-Заур" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor" title="Deir ez-Zor – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Deir ez-Zor" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deir_el-Zor" title="Deir el-Zor – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Deir el-Zor" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor" title="Deir ez-Zor – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Deir ez-Zor" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor" title="Deir ez-Zor – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Deir ez-Zor" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dajr_az-Zaur" title="Dajr az-Zaur – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Dajr az-Zaur" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8E%D8%B1%DB%95%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1" title="دێرەزوور – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دێرەزوور" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor" title="Deir ez-Zor – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Deir ez-Zor" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dair_al-Zaur" title="Dair al-Zaur – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Dair al-Zaur" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayr_az-Zawr" title="Dayr az-Zawr – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Dayr az-Zawr" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Zzur" title="Der Zzur – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Der Zzur" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3" title="ดัยรุซซูร – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ดัยรุซซูร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%80-%D1%83%D0%B7-%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80" title="Дайр-уз-Завр – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Дайр-уз-Завр" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deyrizor" title="Deyrizor – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Deyrizor" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%80-%D0%B5%D0%B7-%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%80" title="Дайр-ез-Заур – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дайр-ез-Заур" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%B1" title="دیر الزور – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دیر الزور" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%95%D9%8A%D8%B1%DB%87%D8%B2%D8%B2%DB%95%DB%8B%D8%B1" title="دەيرۇززەۋر – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="دەيرۇززەۋر" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_(th%C3%A0nh_ph%E1%BB%91)" title="Deir ez-Zor (thành phố) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Deir ez-Zor (thành phố)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor" title="Deir ez-Zor – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Deir ez-Zor" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E5%B0%94%E7%A5%96%E5%B0%94" title="代尔祖尔 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="代尔祖尔" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E7%88%BE%E7%A5%96%E7%88%BE" title="代爾祖爾 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="代爾祖爾" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E5%B0%94%E7%A5%96%E5%B0%94" title="代尔祖尔 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="代尔祖尔" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q239097#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in eastern Syria</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Deir ez-Zor Governorate, Syria</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Deir ez-Zor</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native"><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">دير الزور</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Syria" title="List of cities in Syria">City</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Deir_ez-Zor_collection.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Suspension bridge of Deir ez-Zor • Memorial of Armenian genocide Euphrates River • March 8 Square Panorama of Deir ez-Zor"><img alt="Suspension bridge of Deir ez-Zor • Memorial of Armenian genocide Euphrates River • March 8 Square Panorama of Deir ez-Zor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Deir_ez-Zor_collection.jpg/300px-Deir_ez-Zor_collection.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Deir_ez-Zor_collection.jpg/450px-Deir_ez-Zor_collection.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Deir_ez-Zor_collection.jpg/600px-Deir_ez-Zor_collection.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4112" data-file-height="4326" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption"><div style="background:#fee8ab;"><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_suspension_bridge" title="Deir ez-Zor suspension bridge">Suspension bridge of Deir ez-Zor</a> • <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Genocide_Memorial_Church,_Der_Zor" title="Armenian Genocide Memorial Church, Der Zor">Memorial of Armenian genocide</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Euphrates_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Euphrates River">Euphrates River</a> • March 8 Square<br /> Panorama of Deir ez-Zor</div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Syria_physical_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Deir ez-Zor is located in Syria"><img alt="Deir ez-Zor is located in Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Syria_physical_location_map.svg/250px-Syria_physical_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Syria_physical_location_map.svg/375px-Syria_physical_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Syria_physical_location_map.svg/500px-Syria_physical_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="921" data-file-height="806" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:40.482%;left:67.308%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Deir ez-Zor"><img alt="Deir ez-Zor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:4px;left:-3em"><div>Deir ez-Zor</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in Syria</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Syria</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mediterranean_Sea_East_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Deir ez-Zor is located in Eastern Mediterranean"><img alt="Deir ez-Zor is located in Eastern Mediterranean" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Mediterranean_Sea_East_location_map.svg/250px-Mediterranean_Sea_East_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Mediterranean_Sea_East_location_map.svg/375px-Mediterranean_Sea_East_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Mediterranean_Sea_East_location_map.svg/500px-Mediterranean_Sea_East_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="957" data-file-height="765" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:29.633%;left:82.593%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Deir ez-Zor"><img alt="Deir ez-Zor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:4px;left:-3em"><div>Deir ez-Zor</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Deir ez-Zor (Eastern Mediterranean)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Eastern Mediterranean</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Deir ez-Zor is located in Asia"><img alt="Deir ez-Zor is located in Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg/250px-Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg/375px-Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg/500px-Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="1050" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:39.859%;left:12.226%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Deir ez-Zor"><img alt="Deir ez-Zor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:4px;left:-3em"><div>Deir ez-Zor</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Deir ez-Zor (Asia)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Asia</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Deir_ez-Zor&params=35_20_N_40_9_E_region:SY_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">35°20′N</span> <span class="longitude">40°9′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">35.333°N 40.150°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">35.333; 40.150</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Syria" title="Governorates of Syria">Governorate</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_Governorate" title="Deir ez-Zor Governorate">Deir ez-Zor Governorate</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Syria" title="Districts of Syria">District</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_District" title="Deir ez-Zor District">Deir ez-Zor District</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Nahiyah" title="Nahiyah">Subdistrict</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Deir ez-Zor Subdistrict</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Control</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_transitional_government" title="Syrian transitional government">Syrian transitional government</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date of establishment</th><td class="infobox-data">3000 <a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">BC</a> (old Deir Ezzour)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Governor</th><td class="infobox-data">Munhal Nader Hanawi<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Mayor</th><td class="infobox-data">Mohamed Ibrahim Samra</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">210 m (690 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2018 census)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">271,800<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Deiri</i><br /><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ديري</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Dayri</i></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B2" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+2">UTC+2</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_Time" title="Eastern European Time">EET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B3" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+3">UTC+3</a> (<a href="/wiki/EEST" class="mw-redirect" title="EEST">EEST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area code(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Country code: 963 <br /> City code: 051</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geocode" title="Geocode">Geocode</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname">C5086</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Climate</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Desert_climate#Hot_desert_climates" title="Desert climate">BWh</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/International_airport" title="International airport">International airport</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_Airport" title="Deir ez-Zor Airport">Deir ez-Zor Airport</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 270px; height: 250px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="270" data-height="250" data-zoom="12" data-overlays="["_2dc24d530eec0300c3c731684cab40cfc62e175f"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,12,a,a,270x250.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Deir_ez-Zor&revid=1271997640&groups=_2dc24d530eec0300c3c731684cab40cfc62e175f" width="270" height="250" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,12,a,a,270x250@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Deir_ez-Zor&revid=1271997640&groups=_2dc24d530eec0300c3c731684cab40cfc62e175f 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Deir ez-Zor</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">دَيْرُ ٱلزَّوْرِ / دَيْرُ ٱلزُّور</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Dayru z-Zawr / Dayru z-Zūr</i></span>) is the largest city in eastern <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Syria" title="List of cities in Syria">seventh largest</a> in the country. Located on the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Euphrates River">Euphrates River</a> 450 km (280 mi) to the northeast of the capital <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, Deir ez-Zor is the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_Governorate" title="Deir ez-Zor Governorate">Deir ez-Zor Governorate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tourism_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tourism-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 2018 census, it had a population of 271,800. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deir_ez-Zor&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Ad-Deir</b> is a common shorthand for Deir ez-Zor. In the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a> language of the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrian</a> Christian population, Zeʿūrta (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glosbe.com/arc/en/%DC%99%DC%A5%DC%98%DC%AA%DC%AC%DC%90">ܙܥܘܪܬܐ</a>) means "little"; hence, <i>Dīrā Zeʿūrta</i> means "small habitation".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The current name, which has been extended to the surrounding region, indicates an ancient site for one of the <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christian</a> secluded Syriac monasteries established during the persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire and <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Age">Apostolic Age</a> throughout <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although <b>Deir</b> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DC%95%DC%9D%DC%AA%DC%90" class="extiw" title="wikt:ܕܝܪܐ">ܕܝܪܐ</a>), which is Arabic (borrowed from Syriac) for "monastery", is believed to have been kept throughout the various <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">Medieval</a> and <a href="/wiki/Modern_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern age">modern age</a> renamings, <b>Zor</b>, which indicates the riverbank bush, appeared only in some late Ottoman records of the <a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Deir ez-Zor Vilayet">Deir ez-Zor Vilayet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many different romanizations are used, including <i>Deir Ezzor</i>, <i>Deir Al-Zor</i>, <i>Deir-al-Zour</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Dayr Al-Zawr</i>, <i>Der Ezzor</i>, <i>Deir Azzor</i>, <i>Der Zor</i>, and <i>Deirazzor</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deir_ez-Zor&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Iyad_ibn_Ghanm#Conquest_of_Upper_Mesopotamia" title="Iyad ibn Ghanm">Iyad ibn Ghanm § Conquest of Upper Mesopotamia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Zor" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanjak of Zor">Sanjak of Zor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Haj_Fadel_Government" title="Haj Fadel Government">Haj Fadel Government</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ebish-Il_Louvre_AO17551.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Ebish-Il_Louvre_AO17551.jpg/180px-Ebish-Il_Louvre_AO17551.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Ebish-Il_Louvre_AO17551.jpg/270px-Ebish-Il_Louvre_AO17551.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Ebish-Il_Louvre_AO17551.jpg/360px-Ebish-Il_Louvre_AO17551.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1488" data-file-height="2240" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Ebih-Il" title="Statue of Ebih-Il">Statue of Ebih-Il</a>. (<a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a>, 25th century BC)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_history">Ancient history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deir_ez-Zor&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ancient history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Dura-Europos" title="Dura-Europos">Dura-Europos</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari, Syria</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Circesium" title="Circesium">Circesium</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Duraeuropa-1-.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Duraeuropa-1-.gif/180px-Duraeuropa-1-.gif" decoding="async" width="180" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Duraeuropa-1-.gif/270px-Duraeuropa-1-.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Duraeuropa-1-.gif/360px-Duraeuropa-1-.gif 2x" data-file-width="716" data-file-height="464" /></a><figcaption>From the discoveries of <a href="/wiki/Dura-Europos" title="Dura-Europos">Dura-Europos</a> to the southeast of Deir ez-Zor</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Archaeological" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeological">Archaeological</a> findings in Deir ez-Zor indicate that the area has been inhabited since the ninth millennium BC. While the current location of the city has not always had a significant population, it was always an urban area, usually subordinate to more powerful Semitic cities, such as kingdoms like the Kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a>, which rose in the third millennium BC.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the third millennium BC, the <a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorites</a> settled the area and established the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Yamhad" title="Yamhad">Yamhad</a>, one of whose urban centers was the city of Deir Ez-Zor (alongside <a href="/wiki/Mayadeen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayadeen">Mayadeen</a>, Qars, and Tarka and its capital of <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a>). The city didn't suffer during the succession of major empires (such as the <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Assyrian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Assyrian Empire">Old Assyrian Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian Empire">Babylonian Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hittite_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hittite Empire">Hittite Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyrian Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a>) when some military campaigns by the emperors were destroying entire urban centers for fear of future <a href="/wiki/Rebellion" title="Rebellion">rebellion</a>, as Deir al-Zour was too small to be considered a threat, and the region was incorporated into <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the third century BC, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> crossed the region and built the city of <a href="/wiki/Dura-Europos" title="Dura-Europos">Dura-Europos</a>. Although influenced by <a href="/wiki/Greek_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek culture">Greek culture</a>, the Semitic <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a> language remained prevalent in the city. When <a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Syria</a> came under the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> in 64 BC, Deir Ez-Zor was a small, marginal village known as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Azdra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Azdra (page does not exist)">Azdra</a>, which the Romans made the center of the region and founded a strong military garrison. Deir Ez-Zor came under the reign of Queen <a href="/wiki/Zenobia" title="Zenobia">Zenobia</a> of Palmyra in the third century, within an autonomous federation of the Roman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Muslim_conquest">Muslim conquest</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deir_ez-Zor&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Muslim conquest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Iyad_ibn_Ghanm#Conquest_of_Upper_Mesopotamia" title="Iyad ibn Ghanm">Iyad ibn Ghanm § Conquest of Upper Mesopotamia</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mohammad_adil-Khalid%27s(r.a)_route_to_Syria-ar.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Mohammad_adil-Khalid%27s%28r.a%29_route_to_Syria-ar.png/180px-Mohammad_adil-Khalid%27s%28r.a%29_route_to_Syria-ar.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Mohammad_adil-Khalid%27s%28r.a%29_route_to_Syria-ar.png/270px-Mohammad_adil-Khalid%27s%28r.a%29_route_to_Syria-ar.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Mohammad_adil-Khalid%27s%28r.a%29_route_to_Syria-ar.png/360px-Mohammad_adil-Khalid%27s%28r.a%29_route_to_Syria-ar.png 2x" data-file-width="735" data-file-height="528" /></a><figcaption>The march of <a href="/wiki/Khalid_ibn_al-Walid" title="Khalid ibn al-Walid">Khalid ibn al-Walid</a>'s army from <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> to <a href="/wiki/The_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="The Levant">the Levant</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Al-Jazira.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Al-Jazira.svg/180px-Al-Jazira.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Al-Jazira.svg/270px-Al-Jazira.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Al-Jazira.svg/360px-Al-Jazira.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1586" data-file-height="1211" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Upper_Mesopotamia" title="Upper Mesopotamia">al-Jazira</a> region (Upper Mesopotamia) in the 8th century. <a href="/wiki/Iyad_ibn_Ghanm" title="Iyad ibn Ghanm">Iyad</a> played a leading role in the Muslim conquest of the region.</figcaption></figure> <p>After the end of the <a href="/wiki/Ridda_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Ridda wars">Ridda wars</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr</a> sent four armies to <a href="/wiki/The_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="The Levant">the Levant</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Yazid_ibn_Abi_Sufyan" title="Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan">Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Ubaidah_ibn_al-Jarrah" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah">Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amr_ibn_al-Aas" class="mw-redirect" title="Amr ibn al-Aas">Amr ibn al-Aas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shurahbil_ibn_Hasana" title="Shurahbil ibn Hasana">Shurahbil ibn Hasana</a>. Because of the strength and size of the armies of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, Abu Bakr ordered <a href="/wiki/Khalid_ibn_al-Walid" title="Khalid ibn al-Walid">Khalid ibn al-Walid</a> to march with half of the Muslim Arab army to the Levant and command the armies there. </p><p>Khalid set off with his army towards Sham and opened <a href="/wiki/Bosra_Sham" title="Bosra Sham">Bosra</a> and then defeated the Byzantines at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ajnadayn" title="Battle of Ajnadayn">Battle of Ajnadayn</a>. After <a href="/wiki/Umar_ibn_Al-Khattab" class="mw-redirect" title="Umar ibn Al-Khattab">Umar ibn Al-Khattab</a> became <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">caliph</a> in 13 AH (634 AD), Khalid was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Abu_Ubaidah_ibn_al-Jarrah" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah">Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah</a>. Abu Ubaidah was ordered to complete the <a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">conquest</a>. He took <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baalbek" title="Baalbek">Baalbek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homs" title="Homs">Homs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hama" title="Hama">Hama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latakia" title="Latakia">Latakia</a>. </p><p>After the successive defeats of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_army" title="Byzantine army">Byzantine army</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Emperor_Heraclius" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Emperor Heraclius">Byzantine Emperor Heraclius</a> requested the help of the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian Christians">Assyrian Christians</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>. They mobilized a large army and headed towards Homs, now the base of Abu Ubaidah in northern <a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Syria</a>, which they besieged. Heraclius also sent soldiers from <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>. <a href="/wiki/Omar_ibn_al-Khattab" class="mw-redirect" title="Omar ibn al-Khattab">Omar ibn al-Khattab</a> wrote to <a href="/wiki/Saad_ibn_Abi_Waqqas" class="mw-redirect" title="Saad ibn Abi Waqqas">Saad ibn Abi Waqqas</a> to request support Abu Ubaidah with forces from Iraq, who were then organized under <a href="/wiki/Iyad_ibn_Ghanm" title="Iyad ibn Ghanm">Iyad ibn Ghanm</a>. When the Byzantines who were besieging Homs heard about the army coming from Iraq, they withdrew from Homs. Saad ordered Iyad to invade <a href="/wiki/Upper_Mesopotamia" title="Upper Mesopotamia">Upper Mesopotamia</a>, which he conquered in 17 AH, including Deir Ez-Zor. </p><p>At the time, Deir Ez-Zor were adherents of Syriac Christianity and Judaism. There was a <a href="/wiki/Christian_monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian monastery">Christian monastery</a> in Monastery of the Hermits, which became Omari Mosque. Many of the town's indigenous Christians left.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid">Abbasid</a> era, Deir Ez-Zor grew. The agriculture in the region prospered because of advances in irrigation. The small town, now called 'Deir Al-Rumman,' did not record any significant events during the decline of the Abbasid state and the ensuing <a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluk</a> period until its destruction by the <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a> in the thirteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_Era">Ottoman Era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deir_ez-Zor&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ottoman Era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Syria" title="Ottoman Syria">Ottoman Syria</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OttomanEmpire1566.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/OttomanEmpire1566.png/180px-OttomanEmpire1566.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/OttomanEmpire1566.png/270px-OttomanEmpire1566.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/OttomanEmpire1566.png/360px-OttomanEmpire1566.png 2x" data-file-width="3596" data-file-height="2581" /></a><figcaption>The extent of the Ottoman Empire in 1566, upon the death of <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman the Magnificent</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_Ottoman_Era_(1517–1864)"><span id="First_Ottoman_Era_.281517.E2.80.931864.29"></span>First Ottoman Era (1517–1864)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deir_ez-Zor&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: First Ottoman Era (1517–1864)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_d%27Ibrahim_Pacha_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Portrait_d%27Ibrahim_Pacha_2.JPG/180px-Portrait_d%27Ibrahim_Pacha_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Portrait_d%27Ibrahim_Pacha_2.JPG/270px-Portrait_d%27Ibrahim_Pacha_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Portrait_d%27Ibrahim_Pacha_2.JPG/360px-Portrait_d%27Ibrahim_Pacha_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="788" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Pasha_of_Egypt" title="Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt">Ibrahim Pasha</a>, the ruler of Syria (1831–1840)</figcaption></figure> <p>The first <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> era extended from the date the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Syria" title="Ottoman Syria">Ottomans</a> entered Syria in 1517 until 1864, where the Ottomans found Deir Ez-Zor a small town on the upper <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a> and chose it as a center for their employees and settled in some of tribal <a href="/wiki/Sheikh" title="Sheikh">sheikhs</a> to protect the trade route between <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> and The tribe members began to visit it to communicate the men of power and buy their needs.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some Arab and European travellers visited it and described its construction, economy, and the nature of its inhabitants. According to the description, "Its houses are adjacent over an artificial hill, and its inhabitants are strong, polite, and welcome guests. Their crops were wheat, barley, cotton, and corn, along with orchards full of fruit species, including <a href="/wiki/Palm_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Palm tree">palm</a> trees, lemons, and oranges, the chess game is common among elders".<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Deir Ez-Zor has repeatedly been subjected to <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a> attacks for looting and has been greatly affected by these attacks, including the attacks of <a href="/wiki/Wahhabis" class="mw-redirect" title="Wahhabis">Wahhabis</a> in 1807; it was repeatedly plundered and destroyed by the Bedouin because the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> had not subdued them as it was preoccupied with its wars and the corruption of its <a href="/wiki/Sultans_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultans of the Ottoman Empire">sultans</a> and officials. The city's people armed themselves with guns and organized a national army to defend the city resulting in the decline of the Bedouin attacks. Still, its negative effects were the shrinking of the city. Still, the isolation benefited the city's people because they relied on themselves to make many of their needs and those of neighboring villages, such as axes, spears, swords, gunpowder, and weaving cotton.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When security was relatively stable, the commercial convoys started passing through the area, and Deir ez-Zor was a station for them, providing them with food, feed, and comfort. The <a href="/wiki/Caravanserai" title="Caravanserai">khans</a> were established in it, and the road between <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> began to revive it and get it out of isolation. Young people start traveling to <a href="/wiki/Hauran" title="Hauran">Hauran</a> with the beginning of the spring for trading or work and then return in the early fall; they also travel to <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a>, Baghdad, <a href="/wiki/Mardin" title="Mardin">Mardin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urfa" title="Urfa">Urfa</a> for trading.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1831 Ibrahim Pasha took over Deir ez-Zor and annexed it to <a href="/wiki/Hama_Sanjak" title="Hama Sanjak">Hama Sanjak</a> and appointed Maejun Agha governor of the city, <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Army" title="Egyptian Army">Egyptian</a> rule remained until 1840 when the authority of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Syria" title="Ottoman Syria">Ottoman</a> returned to the city, Perhaps the most prominent feature of Ibrahim Pasha's rule is the proliferation of weapons among the city's inhabitants, especially rifles, known as "Brahimiyat," which constituted a major tool to defend the city and repel <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a> attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Second_Ottoman_Era_(1864–1918)"><span id="Second_Ottoman_Era_.281864.E2.80.931918.29"></span>Second Ottoman Era (1864–1918)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deir_ez-Zor&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Second Ottoman Era (1864–1918)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Zor_Sanjak">Zor Sanjak</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deir_ez-Zor&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Zor Sanjak"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Zor_Sanjak" title="Zor Sanjak">Zor Sanjak</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ottoman_Syria_1900.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Ottoman_Syria_1900.svg/180px-Ottoman_Syria_1900.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Ottoman_Syria_1900.svg/270px-Ottoman_Syria_1900.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Ottoman_Syria_1900.svg/360px-Ottoman_Syria_1900.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Ottoman Syria until World War I. Present borders in grey.</figcaption></figure> <p>On 2 January 1858, the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Syria" title="Ottoman Syria">Ottoman</a> government launched a military campaign under the command of <a href="/wiki/Omar_Pasha" title="Omar Pasha">Omar Pasha</a> (Croatian) consisting of 500 soldiers to subdue the tribes in the Euphrates region. The campaign reached Deir Ez-Zor city and fought against the city's residents, where 16 Ottoman soldiers were killed. After the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_army" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman army">Ottoman army</a> subdued the city, Omar Pasha recruited 16 young men from the city to replace the Ottoman soldiers killed.<sup id="cite_ref-Ayyash_1989_152_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ayyash_1989_152-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1864 the city revolted against Ottoman rule, and Soraya Pasha, the governor of Aleppo, sent a military force to suppress it. After the campaign, Soraya Pasha came to Deir ez-Zor He made it the center of the district's headquarters (<a href="/wiki/Qaimaqam" class="mw-redirect" title="Qaimaqam">Qaimakamiyya</a>), and he returned to Aleppo after appointing Omar Pasha governor, whose rule did not last more than 6 months. Khalil Bey Saqib was appointed as <a href="/wiki/Kaymakam" title="Kaymakam">Kaymakam</a> of Deir ez-Zor after it was annexed to Aleppo. </p><p>During his reign, it established the government house (Dar Al Saraya), a military barracks, a hospital and some trade markets. Some of the arrivals from <a href="/wiki/Urfa" title="Urfa">Urfa</a> settled in the city to help Khalil Bey Saqib with the administration, as well as starting campaigns to settle the Bedouin in urban centers on the Euphrates.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1868, the <a href="/wiki/Qaimaqam" class="mw-redirect" title="Qaimaqam">Qaimakamiyya</a> was transformed to the <a href="/wiki/Zor_Sanjak" title="Zor Sanjak">Zor Sanjak</a>, which did not report to the <a href="/wiki/Wali" title="Wali">wali</a> but reported directly to the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Vizier" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Vizier">Grand Vizier</a> in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>. Its ruler (<a href="/wiki/Mutasarr%C4%B1f" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutasarrıf">Mutasarrıf</a>) was granted wide powers and its area was extended to include the city of <a href="/wiki/Raqqa" title="Raqqa">Raqqa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hasakah" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasakah">Hasakah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ayyash_1989_152_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ayyash_1989_152-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rulers (<a href="/wiki/Mutasarr%C4%B1f" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutasarrıf">Mutasarrıfs</a>) solidified security, especially during Arslan Pasha's reign, and were interested in organizing and planning the city, building schools and streets and established the first public park. They also built bridges on the Euphrates and some mosques and encouraged <a href="/wiki/Afforestation" title="Afforestation">afforestation</a> and they used boats to cross the Euphrates. They reformed the tax system and introduced European uniforms into the city and did not generalize it. </p><p>The era of the <a href="/wiki/Zor_Sanjak" title="Zor Sanjak">Zor Sanjak</a> lasted 54 years, where 29 <a href="/wiki/Mutasarr%C4%B1f" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutasarrıf">Mutasarrıfs</a> successively ruled it, the most recent being Hilmi Bey, who left the city with the Ottoman army on 6 November 1918. The continuous change of rulers (Mutasarrıfs) and lack of resources and disruption of conditions in the Ottoman Empire affected negatively on the urban, economic, cultural and social activity of the city. The outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> in 1914 brought calamities, with many young people being recruited, famine and disease spread, livelihoods were confiscated, trade stopped and agriculture declined. But in the opinion of historian Abdul Qadir Ayyash, Deir ez-Zor owed its civilization to the Ottoman rulers despite their mistakes.<sup id="cite_ref-Ayyash_1989_152_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ayyash_1989_152-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armenian_genocide">Armenian genocide</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deir_ez-Zor&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Armenian genocide"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_Camps" class="mw-redirect" title="Deir ez-Zor Camps">Deir ez-Zor Camps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Den_armenske_leder_Papasian_ved_Der-ez-Zor_-_PA_0699_U_36_150_(restored).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Den_armenske_leder_Papasian_ved_Der-ez-Zor_-_PA_0699_U_36_150_%28restored%29.jpg/220px-Den_armenske_leder_Papasian_ved_Der-ez-Zor_-_PA_0699_U_36_150_%28restored%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Den_armenske_leder_Papasian_ved_Der-ez-Zor_-_PA_0699_U_36_150_%28restored%29.jpg/330px-Den_armenske_leder_Papasian_ved_Der-ez-Zor_-_PA_0699_U_36_150_%28restored%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Den_armenske_leder_Papasian_ved_Der-ez-Zor_-_PA_0699_U_36_150_%28restored%29.jpg/440px-Den_armenske_leder_Papasian_ved_Der-ez-Zor_-_PA_0699_U_36_150_%28restored%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1540" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>The Armenian leader Papasian considers the last remnants of the murders at Deir ez-Zor in 1915–1916.</figcaption></figure> <p>At the beginning of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> in 1914, the Ottoman Empire began systematic campaigns to kill and displace <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a>. Beginning April 1915, this was carried out through massacres, forced deportations, and displacement, which were marches under harsh conditions designed to lead to the death of the deportees. Researchers estimate the number of Armenian victims as between 1 million and 1.5 million.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Deir ez-Zor was the last destination of the forced displacement of Armenian convoys and the scene of killings and slaughter by the Turkish <a href="/wiki/Gendarmerie" title="Gendarmerie">gendarmerie</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Syria" title="Ottoman Syria">Ottoman</a> authorities planned to exterminate Armenians. These plans failed because the people of Deir ez-Zor regretted what happened to the Armenian men, women, and children, prompting the mayor Haj <a href="/wiki/Fadel_Al-Aboud" title="Fadel Al-Aboud">Fadel Al-Aboud</a> to help protect them and provide them with food, housing, safety and livelihoods.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite Armenians coming to the region as part of death marches, the liberation that they achieved ultimately benefited the city, increasing population and growth rates. Historically, the city of Deir ez-Zor has been a special place for Armenians in <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Diaspora">Armenian Diaspora</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Genocide_Memorial_Church,_Der_Zor" title="Armenian Genocide Memorial Church, Der Zor">Armenian genocide Memorial Church</a>, which was officially built in 1991, includes a museum containing some remains, collectibles and maps for memory of the martyrs who died in that area by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turks" title="Ottoman Turks">Ottoman Turks</a>. The city later became a pilgrimage destination for hundreds of thousands of Armenians on 24 April each year, after being declared in 2002 by <a href="/wiki/Catholicos_Aram_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicos Aram I">Catholicos Aram I</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Orthodox">Armenian Orthodox</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilicia</a> as a pilgrimage to the Armenians.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post_World_War_I">Post World War I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deir_ez-Zor&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Post World War I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Fadel_Al-Aboud" title="Fadel Al-Aboud">Fadel Al-Aboud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haj_Fadel_Government" title="Haj Fadel Government">Haj Fadel Government</a>, <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Zor" title="Occupation of Zor">Occupation of Zor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arab_Kingdom_of_Syria" title="Arab Kingdom of Syria">Arab Kingdom of Syria</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_government_of_Haj_Fadel">First government of Haj Fadel</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deir_ez-Zor&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: First government of Haj Fadel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haj_Fadel_Aboud.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e3/Haj_Fadel_Aboud.jpg/180px-Haj_Fadel_Aboud.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e3/Haj_Fadel_Aboud.jpg/270px-Haj_Fadel_Aboud.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e3/Haj_Fadel_Aboud.jpg/360px-Haj_Fadel_Aboud.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9471" data-file-height="12600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fadel_Aboud_Al-Hassan" class="mw-redirect" title="Fadel Aboud Al-Hassan">Fadel Aboud Al-Hassan</a>, Head of Deir ez-Zor Government in 1918</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Feisal_I_of_Iraq.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Feisal_I_of_Iraq.jpg/180px-Feisal_I_of_Iraq.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Feisal_I_of_Iraq.jpg/270px-Feisal_I_of_Iraq.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Feisal_I_of_Iraq.jpg/360px-Feisal_I_of_Iraq.jpg 2x" data-file-width="741" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/King_Faisal_I" class="mw-redirect" title="King Faisal I">King Faisal</a> in 1920</figcaption></figure> <p>Trouble broke out in the city of Deir al-Zour after the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a> left on 6 November 1918, where people began looting and stealing from each other across the area, so it was necessary to have a strong authority for protecting the city and its people and that led Al-Hassan who was the mayor to form his first government in the city and asking all tribal leaders in the villages and surrounding districts to support him and pledge allegiance to him. One of the priorities of this government was maintain the security and running the affairs of the city. This government later known as the "<a href="/wiki/Haj_Fadel_Government" title="Haj Fadel Government">Haj Fadel Government</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sabbagh_2017_34–35_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sabbagh_2017_34–35-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The government continued until the arrival of Sharif Nasser, the cousin of prince <a href="/wiki/Faisal_bin_Hussein" class="mw-redirect" title="Faisal bin Hussein">Faisal Bin Al-Hussein</a>, on 1 December 1918, and <a href="/wiki/Mar%27i_Pasha_al-Mallah" title="Mar'i Pasha al-Mallah">Mar'i Pasha al-Mallah</a> on 7 December 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="British_period">British period</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deir_ez-Zor&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: British period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 11 January 1919, the <a href="/wiki/British_army" class="mw-redirect" title="British army">British army</a> occupied the city via the Iraqi border and annexed it to Iraqi territory. The British government took care of the security and cleanliness of the city and set up a primary school that started teaching English. <a href="/wiki/Fadel_Al-Aboud" title="Fadel Al-Aboud">Fadel Al-Aboud</a> remained mayor, During this period, Fadel Al-Aboud and a number of leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Al-Baggara" title="Al-Baggara">Baggara</a> tribe, <a href="/wiki/Al_Uqaydat" title="Al Uqaydat">Agedat</a> and other tribes represented the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a> region at the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Congress" title="Syrian National Congress">Syrian National Congress</a> held in late June 1919 Which declared on 8 March 1920 the independence of Syria and establishment of <a href="/wiki/Arab_Kingdom_of_Syria" title="Arab Kingdom of Syria">Arab Kingdom of Syria</a> and the appointment of <a href="/wiki/Faisal_I_of_Iraq" title="Faisal I of Iraq">Faisal Ibn Al-Sharif Hussein</a> as King.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The people of Deir ez-Zor sought to get rid of British rule and wrote their wish to the <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> government in <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, The Iraqi officers of the Iraqi "<a href="/wiki/Al-%27Ahd_(Iraq)" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-'Ahd (Iraq)">Al-'Ahd Party</a>" in Damascus wanted to occupy Deir ez-Zor to make it a base to liberate Iraq from the <a href="/wiki/British_occupation_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="British occupation of Iraq">British occupation</a>. So they appointed <a href="/wiki/Ramadan_al-Shallash" title="Ramadan al-Shallash">Ramadan al-Shallash</a> as governor of <a href="/wiki/Raqqa" title="Raqqa">Raqqa</a> to be a step to liberate Deir ez-Zor, Officer Ramadan al-Shallash came and occupied Deir ez-Zor with the help of her people and "Albu Saraya" clan, and British troops withdrew on 27 December 1919 to the Iraqi border.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Second_government_of_Haj_Fadel">Second government of Haj Fadel</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deir_ez-Zor&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Second government of Haj Fadel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 27 December 1919, Ramadan al-Shallash took over the administration of Deir Ez-Zor as a military ruler, and his authority was nominal and the real ruling was to the city's notables, and they were not satisfied with his actions. Hence, they took him out of the city after two months.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maysalun" title="Battle of Maysalun">Battle of Maysalun</a> on 24 July 1920 and occupation of Damascus by the French forces, the city of Deir ez-Zor was in a state of chaos and insecurity, which prompted Al-Hassan to form his second government, Which has done great services in protecting the city and maintaining the security of its people despite its limited capabilities. This government continued its work until 23 November 1920, when it was dissolved by a decision of the French occupation authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>King <a href="/wiki/Faisal_I_of_Iraq" title="Faisal I of Iraq">Faisal</a> left Syria for Hauran then <a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a> and from there to <a href="/wiki/Como,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Como, Italy">Como</a> in Italy then to London in October 1920 at the invitation of the <a href="/wiki/British_royal_family" title="British royal family">British royal family</a>, Upon his departure, the monarchy in Syria ended and began the <a href="/wiki/French_mandate_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="French mandate of Syria">French Mandate</a> era. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_Mandate">French Mandate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deir_ez-Zor&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: French Mandate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/French_mandate_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="French mandate of Syria">French mandate of Syria</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yusuf_al-Azma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Yusuf_al-Azma.jpg/180px-Yusuf_al-Azma.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Yusuf_al-Azma.jpg/270px-Yusuf_al-Azma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Yusuf_al-Azma.jpg/360px-Yusuf_al-Azma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="365" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>General <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_al-Azma" title="Yusuf al-Azma">Yusuf al-Azma</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_Gouraud_1923.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_Gouraud_1923.jpg/180px-G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_Gouraud_1923.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_Gouraud_1923.jpg/270px-G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_Gouraud_1923.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_Gouraud_1923.jpg/360px-G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_Gouraud_1923.jpg 2x" data-file-width="665" data-file-height="818" /></a><figcaption>General <a href="/wiki/Henri_Gouraud_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri Gouraud (general)">Henri Gouraud</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In July 1920, French General <a href="/wiki/Henri_Gouraud_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri Gouraud (general)">Henri Gouraud</a> issued an ultimatum to the government of <a href="/wiki/King_Faisal_I" class="mw-redirect" title="King Faisal I">King Faisal</a>, known as the "Gouraud ultimatum ", he set four days to accept it. </p><p>Although the Syrian government accepted the ultimatum and accepted the demands of General Gouraud to demobilize the Syrian army and withdraw the soldiers from the mounds of the village of <a href="/wiki/Majdal_Anjar" title="Majdal Anjar">Majdal Anjar</a> in violation of the decision of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Congress" title="Syrian National Congress">Syrian National Congress</a>, on 24 July 1920, French troops began to march on the orders of General Goubeier (By order of General Gouraud) towards Damascus, While the Syrian army stationed on the border was retreating, and when General Gouraud asked about this matter, replied that Faisal's message by accepting the ultimatum had reached him after the deadline. </p><p>on 24 July 1920, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maysalun" title="Battle of Maysalun">Battle of Maysalun</a> ended with the loss of the Syrian army and the death of the <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of War">Minister of War</a> <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_al-%27Azma" class="mw-redirect" title="Yusuf al-'Azma">Yusuf al-'Azma</a>, After its control over the entire Syrian territory, France resorted to the fragmentation of Syria into several independent states or entities: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Damascus" title="State of Damascus">State of Damascus</a> (1920).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Aleppo" title="State of Aleppo">State of Aleppo</a> (1920).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alawite_State" title="Alawite State">Alawite State</a> (1920).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Lebanon" title="Greater Lebanon">The State of Greater Lebanon</a> (1920).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabal_Druze_State" title="Jabal Druze State">Jabal Druze State</a> (1921).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Alexandretta" title="Sanjak of Alexandretta">Sanjak of Alexandretta</a> (1921).</li></ul> <p>The city of Deir ez-Zor, <a href="/wiki/Raqqa" title="Raqqa">Raqqa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Hasakah" title="Al-Hasakah">Al-Hasakah</a> were followed to <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a>. </p><p>When the <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="French colonial forces">French colonial forces</a> entered Deir Ez-Zor on 9 November 1921, the region was locally ruled by Fadel Al-Aboud, a member of an aristocratic family; after a while, protests and demonstrations against occupation broke out, A group of French armored vehicles and dozens of soldiers encircled the house of Fadel Al-Aboud, where he was arrested and transferred to the military airport of Deir al-Zour and then transported by military aircraft to <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a>, where he was imprisoned in the <a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Citadel" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleppo Citadel">castle</a> and during his imprisonment he met with the leader <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Hanano" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibrahim Hanano">Ibrahim Hanano</a>, In June 1922 he was released and returned to Deir Ez-Zor.<sup id="cite_ref-archive.org_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archive.org-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later, Fadel Al-Aboud was sentenced to exile to the city of <a href="/wiki/Jisr_al-Shughour" class="mw-redirect" title="Jisr al-Shughour">Jisr al-Shughour</a> after he was accused of preparing a revolt against <a href="/wiki/French_colonialism" class="mw-redirect" title="French colonialism">French colonialism</a> in protest against the military campaign by the French army against the Bukhabur tribes that refused to pay taxes to the French colonizer, and insulting Wali Deir al-Zour Khalil Isaac, who was cooperating with the French.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-archive.org_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archive.org-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 1922, under the pressure of the Syrian people and the continued demonstration, Gouraud declared the creation of a Syrian federation on a federal basis between Damascus, Aleppo, and <a href="/wiki/Alawite_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Alawite state">Alawite state</a>, provided that the Federation should have a president elected for one non-renewable year, The council of the Federation held its first meeting in June 1922 in the city of Aleppo and issued resolution No. / 1 / to form the Federal Government, <a href="/wiki/Subhi_Barakat" class="mw-redirect" title="Subhi Barakat">Subhi Barakat</a>, who is close to the French colonial authorities, was elected president of the federation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_struggle_against_the_Mandate">The struggle against the Mandate</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deir_ez-Zor&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: The struggle against the Mandate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/The_epic_of_Ain_Albu_Gomaa" class="mw-redirect" title="The epic of Ain Albu Gomaa">The epic of Ain Albu Gomaa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ayyash_Al-Haj" title="Ayyash Al-Haj">Ayyash Al-Haj</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ayash_Alhaj_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Ayash_Alhaj_1.jpg/180px-Ayash_Alhaj_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Ayash_Alhaj_1.jpg/270px-Ayash_Alhaj_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Ayash_Alhaj_1.jpg/360px-Ayash_Alhaj_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10130" data-file-height="12600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ayyash_Al-Haj" title="Ayyash Al-Haj">Ayyash Al-Haj</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SarrailComandanteEnMacedonia--inheartofgermani00vaka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/SarrailComandanteEnMacedonia--inheartofgermani00vaka.jpg/180px-SarrailComandanteEnMacedonia--inheartofgermani00vaka.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/SarrailComandanteEnMacedonia--inheartofgermani00vaka.jpg/270px-SarrailComandanteEnMacedonia--inheartofgermani00vaka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/SarrailComandanteEnMacedonia--inheartofgermani00vaka.jpg/360px-SarrailComandanteEnMacedonia--inheartofgermani00vaka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>French General <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Sarrail" title="Maurice Sarrail">Maurice Sarrail</a>, the High Commissioner of the <a href="/wiki/French_Mandate_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="French Mandate of Syria">French Mandate of Syria</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hassan_abed_Alsalama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Hassan_abed_Alsalama.jpg/180px-Hassan_abed_Alsalama.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Hassan_abed_Alsalama.jpg/270px-Hassan_abed_Alsalama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Hassan_abed_Alsalama.jpg/360px-Hassan_abed_Alsalama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="684" /></a><figcaption>Hassan Al-Abed Al-Salamah, the moment of his execution by the French occupation</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%AF_%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B4_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AC_%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%AF_%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B4_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AC_%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_2.jpg/180px-%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%AF_%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B4_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AC_%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%AF_%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B4_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AC_%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_2.jpg/270px-%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%AF_%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B4_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AC_%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%AF_%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B4_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AC_%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_2.jpg/360px-%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%AF_%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B4_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AC_%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6712" data-file-height="4917" /></a><figcaption>Ayyash Al-Hajj grave at the <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_ibn_Adham" title="Ibrahim ibn Adham">Sultan Ibrahim al-Adham</a> mosque in <a href="/wiki/Jableh" title="Jableh">Jableh</a></figcaption></figure> <p>There were contacts between the leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Syrian_Revolt" title="Great Syrian Revolt">Great Syrian Revolution</a> and some patriots of Syrian east area as <a href="/wiki/Ayyash_Al-Haj#Mohammed_Al-Ayyash" title="Ayyash Al-Haj">Mohammed Al-Ayyash</a>, who met in Damascus with Dr. <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_Shahbandar" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al-Rahman Shahbandar">Abdul Rahman Shahbandar</a>, leader of the People's Party, and discussed with him the issue of extending the revolution to the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a> region and opened a front against the <a href="/wiki/French_mandate_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="French mandate of Syria">French</a> to disperse their forces, and ease the pressure on the rebels of <a href="/wiki/Ghouta" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghouta">Ghouta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jabal_al-Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabal al-Arab">Jabal al-Arab</a>, after returned <a href="/wiki/Ayyash_Al-Haj#Mohammed_Al-Ayyash" title="Ayyash Al-Haj">Al-Ayyash</a> from Damascus he started to arouse the enthusiasm of the people of Deir ez-Zor and invite them to fight, and agreed with his brother <a href="/wiki/Ayyash_Al-Haj#Mahmoud_Al-Ayyash_(Abu_Stita)" title="Ayyash Al-Haj">Mahmoud</a> to go to the villages of the Albu Saraya clan that living west of Deir ez-Zor and which have a strong friendship with his father <a href="/wiki/Ayyash_Al-Haj" title="Ayyash Al-Haj">Ayyash Al-Haj</a>, to form revolutionary groups with them to strike the French forces.<sup id="cite_ref-Al-Shaheen_2009_753_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Al-Shaheen_2009_753-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sheikh_Khafaji_2018_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sheikh_Khafaji_2018-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Al-Ayyash managed to form a revolutionary group of thirteen armed men who were ready to take any military action against the French forces, They are:<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Al-Shaheen_2009_753_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Al-Shaheen_2009_753-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Mahmoud Al-Ayyash</li> <li>Hakami Al-Abed Al-Salameh (Al-Shumaitiya village).</li> <li>Aziz Al-Ali Al-Salamah (Al-Shumaitiya village).</li> <li>Haji Ali Al-Abed Al-Salama (Al-Shumaitiya village).</li> <li>Hassan Al-Abed Al-Salamah (Al-Shumaitiya village).</li> <li>Hamza Al-Abed Al-Salama (Al-Shumaitiya village).</li> <li>Aslibi Masoud Al-Abdul Jalil (Al-Shumaitiya village).</li> <li>Khaleef Al-Hassan Al-Muhammad (Al-Kuraitia village).</li> <li>Lions of Hamdan (Al-Kuraitia village).</li> <li>Ahmed Al-Hassan (Al-Kuraitia village).</li> <li>Hameed Al-Sultan (Al-Kuraitia village).</li> <li>Abdullah Al-Khalaf Ibrahim (Deir ez-Zor city).</li> <li>Hamad Bin Rdaini – <a href="/wiki/Al-Baggara" title="Al-Baggara">Al-Baggara</a> tribe.</li></ol> <p>Some Syrians working with the French at translation centers, and others were secretly at the service of the revolutionaries and reporting news and information to Mohammed ِAl-Ayyash about the situation and movements of the French and their activities and the timing of their military operations. This helped Al-Ayyash guides the revolutionaries to strike the French forces. </p><p>In early June 1925, the translators informed Mohammed Al-Ayyash that a military vehicle carrying four French officers from France to inspect the French military construction departments in Syria and <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> would leave accompanied by their French driver Deir Ez-Zor on its way to Aleppo. He instructed his brother Mahmoud to set up an ambush in Ain Albu Gomaa on the road between Deir Ez-Zor and <a href="/wiki/Al-Raqqa" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Raqqa">Al-Raqqa</a>, where the highway runs through a profound valley and has a narrow stone bridge.<sup id="cite_ref-Sabbagh_2017_34–35_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sabbagh_2017_34–35-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sheikh_Khafaji_2018_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sheikh_Khafaji_2018-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Al-Shaheen_2009_753_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Al-Shaheen_2009_753-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:20%; ; color: #202122;background-color: #c6dbf7;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>If each of the criminals who committed this terrible offense deserves dying once, the gang leader <a href="/wiki/Ayyash_Al-Haj#Mohammed_Al-Ayyash" title="Ayyash Al-Haj">Mohammed ِAl-Ayyash</a> deserves hanging twice. </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">Officer Bono 1925.<sup id="cite_ref-Al-Shaheen_2009_753_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Al-Shaheen_2009_753-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div> <p>When the military vehicle arrived, the revolutionaries attacked and arrested the officers and took them with their car after they took their weapons to a desert called "Al-Aksiyya", and threw them with their driver in one of the abandoned wells where they died.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fattouh_2017_153–159_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fattouh_2017_153–159-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Morshed_2016_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morshed_2016-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The French were incensed for losing contact with their officers and began an extensive campaign including planes to search for them and when they found their bodies and inquired from the informants about the names of the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionaries">revolutionaries</a>, they sent a large military force equipped with heavy guns and planes to attack the Albu Saraya clan and blockade it. </p><p><a href="/wiki/French_mandate_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="French mandate of Syria">French</a> planes began bombing the clan villages with a devastating bombardment where the houses were destroyed, as were children and women and killed. Livestock was destroyed, as well as farms and crops. Civilians were killed, among them "Hanash Al-Mousa Al-Ani," "Ali Al-Najras," and a pregnant woman, and many were wounded by bullets and shrapnel from Airplane bombs. All of this was to pressure the people to surrender the revolutionaries. </p><p>When the <a href="/wiki/French_mandate_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="French mandate of Syria">French</a> realised that the bombing did not convince the local people to give up the revolutionaries, they threatened to arrest the women of the revolutionaries, their mothers and sisters until the revolutionaries surrender themselves to the French, when the news arrived to the revolutionaries, they emerged from their hideouts and surrendered themselves to avoid arresting their women.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The revolutionaries were tried in <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a>, where the family of <a href="/wiki/Ayyash_Al-Haj" title="Ayyash Al-Haj">Ayyash Al-Haj</a> appointed lawyer Fathallah Al-Saqqal to defend her; the court heard (officer Bono) head of the <a href="/wiki/French_intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="French intelligence">French intelligence</a> in Deir Ez-Zor, who said: if each of the criminals, who committed this terrible offense deserve dying once, the gang leader Mohammed Al-Ayyash is deserving hanging twice.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fattouh_2017_153–159_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fattouh_2017_153–159-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Morshed_2016_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morshed_2016-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The French High Commissioner in <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Sarrail" title="Maurice Sarrail">Maurice Sarrail</a>, issued Decision No. 49S / 5 in August 1925, which ordered the exile of all members of the <a href="/wiki/Ayyash_Al-Haj" title="Ayyash Al-Haj">Ayyash Al-Haj</a> family to the city of <a href="/wiki/Jableh" title="Jableh">Jableh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ayyash_Al-Haj#Mahmoud_Al-Ayyash_(Abu_Stita)" title="Ayyash Al-Haj">Mahmoud ِAl-Ayyash</a> and 12 of his companions were sentenced to death. The execution was carried out by firing squad on 15 September 1925 in the city of Aleppo. <a href="/wiki/Ayyash_Al-Haj#Mohammed_Al-Ayyash" title="Ayyash Al-Haj">Mohammed ِAl-Ayyash</a> was sentenced to 20 years' imprisonment on the island of <a href="/wiki/Arwad" title="Arwad">Arwad</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tartous" class="mw-redirect" title="Tartous">Tartous</a> city.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shortly after <a href="/wiki/Ayyash_Al-Haj" title="Ayyash Al-Haj">Ayyash Al-Haj</a> family's living in <a href="/wiki/Jableh" title="Jableh">Jableh</a>, the French authorities assassinated Ayyash Al-Haj in a café outside the city by poisoning his coffee, and prevented the transfer of his body to Deir Ez-Zor city for reasons of public security, He was buried in Jableh in the cemetery of Sultan <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_ibn_Adham" title="Ibrahim ibn Adham">Ibrahim ibn Adham</a> Mosque where the absent prayers held for the spirit of this martyr <a href="/wiki/Mujahideen" title="Mujahideen">mujahid</a> in all the Syrian cities.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fattouh_2017_153–159_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fattouh_2017_153–159-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Morshed_2016_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morshed_2016-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independence">Independence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deir_ez-Zor&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Syria_(1930%E2%80%931958,_1961%E2%80%931963).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg/180px-Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg/270px-Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg/360px-Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Flag of Independence in the Syrian Republic 1946</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:29_00_Deir_az_Zor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/29_00_Deir_az_Zor.jpg/180px-29_00_Deir_az_Zor.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/29_00_Deir_az_Zor.jpg/270px-29_00_Deir_az_Zor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/29_00_Deir_az_Zor.jpg/360px-29_00_Deir_az_Zor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Former <a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_suspension_bridge" title="Deir ez-Zor suspension bridge">Deir ez-Zor suspension bridge</a> crossing the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The city was neglected during the reign of the <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Syrian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandatory Syrian Republic">first Syrian republic</a> and illiteracy was rampant by 95%. However, some achievements belonged to that stage, such as building the suspension bridge and the establishment of the first bank in addition to the palace of justice, the national library, the city museum, and the municipal stadium; during this period, literary and cultural clubs increased, electricity existed, and cafes became widespread. </p><p>The city participated vigorously in the sixtieth strike in 1936 and saw a large march on 10 February 1936; this strike led to the signing of the independence agreement between Syria and France and the arrival of the national bloc to power after parliamentary elections held at the end of the year in which three deputies represented the city.<sup id="cite_ref-Ayyash_1989_157_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ayyash_1989_157-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1941, the twenty-fifth government was formed in the modern history of Syria and the tenth in the era of the <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Syrian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandatory Syrian Republic">first Syrian Republic</a>. The first after <a href="/wiki/Taj_al-Din_al-Hasani" title="Taj al-Din al-Hasani">Taj al-Din al-Hassani</a> became president. which gathered the various pillars of politics in Syria, during which the independence of Syria was proclaimed. The federal rule recognized the financial and administrative independence of <a href="/wiki/Lattakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lattakia">Lattakia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sweida" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweida">Sweida</a>. In this government, Mohammad Bey al-Ayesh took over <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Economy">the Ministry of National Economy</a> to be the first minister from Deir ez-Zor and the Eastern Province. after his tenure, it dedicated the tradition of allocating a ministerial seat to a <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a> in Deir Ez-Zor in successive <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Government">Syrian Governments</a>. And in the same year (1941), British-led forces defeated the <a href="/wiki/Vichy_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Vichy French">Vichy French</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Syria–Lebanon campaign</a>, which included a battle over Deir ez-Zor. They handed administration of the region to the <a href="/wiki/Free_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Free French">Free French</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ayyash_1989_157_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ayyash_1989_157-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city has maintained its struggle and political role in addition to its civil activity even during the independence phase; in 1946, the wheat uprising against Governor Makram al-Atassi began due to the monopoly of the authority with the good wheat in the city, and the people succeeded in obtaining their rights. </p><p>In 1952 cotton cultivation was widespread, and automated pumping engines were introduced, which increased the area of arable land and cotton became the first crop of the city instead of wheat. The discovery of oil and salt during the reign of the second Syrian republic near the city helped to develop and expand urbanization and the increase the number of public and private companies that working in it, as well as increasing migration from the <a href="/wiki/Countryside" class="mw-redirect" title="Countryside">countryside</a> towards it.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_war">Civil war</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deir_ez-Zor&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Civil war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Protests_(2011–2012)"><span id="Protests_.282011.E2.80.932012.29"></span>Protests (2011–2012)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deir_ez-Zor&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Protests (2011–2012)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_clashes_(2011%E2%80%9314)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deir ez-Zor clashes (2011–14)">Deir ez-Zor clashes (2011–14)</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:184px;max-width:184px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dayr_az-Zawr_13970904_26.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Dayr_az-Zawr_13970904_26.jpg/180px-Dayr_az-Zawr_13970904_26.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Dayr_az-Zawr_13970904_26.jpg/270px-Dayr_az-Zawr_13970904_26.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Dayr_az-Zawr_13970904_26.jpg/360px-Dayr_az-Zawr_13970904_26.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="557" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dayr_az-Zawr_13970904_19.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Dayr_az-Zawr_13970904_19.jpg/180px-Dayr_az-Zawr_13970904_19.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Dayr_az-Zawr_13970904_19.jpg/270px-Dayr_az-Zawr_13970904_19.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Dayr_az-Zawr_13970904_19.jpg/360px-Dayr_az-Zawr_13970904_19.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="532" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The destroyed city of Deir Ez-Zor in 2018.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Deir ez-Zor was one of the first cities that saw large demonstrations at the start of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a>. The demonstrations began in the city on 15 March 2011, which was the first day in the movement of protests demanding the overthrow of the Syrian government. On 15 April 2011, a large demonstration was launched from the city's stadium despite the using of live bullets by the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Public_Security_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Public Security Police">security forces</a> and the militias supporting it.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the demonstrations on Friday, 22 April 2011 (the sixth Friday in the history of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">Syrian revolution</a>), the statue of <a href="/wiki/Bassel_al-Assad" title="Bassel al-Assad">Basil al-Assad</a> was shot down, until then, the Syrian government had been cautious about the protests in Deir ez-Zor, because of their clan nature and the size of their area and the presence of quantities of weapons in it stored from the days of the Iraq war. When the demonstrators headed towards the statue of Basil al-Assad, the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Public_Security_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Public Security Police">riot police</a> fired only in the air. It is said that the demonstrators were not shot and prevented from dropping the statue because the security commanders did not know or appreciate the reaction that the people of the city could issue if one of the demonstrators were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Syrian security forces took complete control of the city in August 2011, but the <a href="/wiki/Free_Syrian_Army" title="Free Syrian Army">Free Syrian Army</a> (associated with the National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces) returned to take control in June 2012. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Partial_ISIS_takeover_(2014–2017)"><span id="Partial_ISIS_takeover_.282014.E2.80.932017.29"></span>Partial ISIS takeover (2014–2017)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deir_ez-Zor&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Partial ISIS takeover (2014–2017)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Deir_ez-Zor_(2014%E2%80%932017)" title="Siege of Deir ez-Zor (2014–2017)">Siege of Deir ez-Zor (2014–2017)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Syria_campaign_(September%E2%80%93December_2017)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Syria campaign (September–December 2017)">Eastern Syria campaign (September–December 2017)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_campaign_(2017%E2%80%9319)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deir ez-Zor campaign (2017–19)">Deir ez-Zor campaign (2017–19)</a></div> <p>By the beginning of 2014, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">ISIS</a> announced the annexation of the city after ousting the <a href="/wiki/Free_Syrian_Army" title="Free Syrian Army">FSA</a> and a detachment of <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Armed_Forces" title="Syrian Armed Forces">Syrian Armed Forces</a> remained besieged in a small section of Deir Ez-Zor.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Deir Ez Zor district remained one of the few Syrian Government strongholds in eastern Syria for more than two years. </p><p>ISIS militants launched an <a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(May_2015)" title="Palmyra offensive (May 2015)">offensive in May 2015</a>, capturing <a href="/wiki/Palmyra_(modern)" title="Palmyra (modern)">Palmyra</a> and cutting off the remaining supply line to Deir ez-Zor.<sup id="cite_ref-siege_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-siege-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city was then effectively under siege by ISIS, leaving supplies to be solely delivered by transport helicopters.<sup id="cite_ref-siege_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-siege-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ISIS attempted to stop the supplies by daily attacking the Deir Ez-Zor Airbase. However, their attempts failed due to the presence of the elite <a href="/wiki/Republican_Guard_(Syria)" title="Republican Guard (Syria)">Republican Guards</a> of the 104th Airborne Brigade led by Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Issam_Zahreddine" title="Issam Zahreddine">Issam Zahreddine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-siege_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-siege-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 10 April 2016 to 31 August 2017, the World Food Programme supplied the city with food and essential relief items through a high-altitude airdrop service. With a Russian contracted Il-76 aircraft and parachute systems provided by Canada, the US, and Russia, a total of 8015 pallets with an average weight of 754 kg were dropped into the besieged city of Deir-Ez-Zor. Three hundred nine flights were performed during the operational period. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Assad_government_control_(2017–2024)"><span id="Assad_government_control_.282017.E2.80.932024.29"></span>Assad government control (2017–2024)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deir_ez-Zor&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Assad government control (2017–2024)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In early September 2017, the Syrian Arab Army, moving from <a href="/wiki/Al-Sukhnah,_Syria" title="Al-Sukhnah, Syria">al-Sukhnah</a>, reached the stronghold and joined the besieged garrison. Shortly after that, <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Deir_ez-Zor_(2014%E2%80%932017)" title="Siege of Deir ez-Zor (2014–2017)">the siege</a> of both the city as well as the <a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_Airport" title="Deir ez-Zor Airport">city's airport</a> were lifted.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 3 November 2017, the SAA had <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Deir_ez-Zor_(September%E2%80%93November_2017)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Deir ez-Zor (September–November 2017)">fully recaptured</a> the city.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Concurrently with its operations to capture Deir ez-Zor, the Syrian Army launched a <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Syria_campaign_(September%E2%80%93December_2017)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Syria campaign (September–December 2017)">campaign</a> to secure the whole western bank of the Euphrates, which ended on 17 December 2017. </p><p>From 8 September 2017 to 23 March 2019, <a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_campaign_(2017%E2%80%9319)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deir ez-Zor campaign (2017–19)">a military operation</a> east of the Euphrates River led by the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces" title="Syrian Democratic Forces">Syrian Democratic Forces</a> (SDF) and the <a href="/wiki/CJTF%E2%80%93OIR" class="mw-redirect" title="CJTF–OIR">CJTF–OIR</a> took place against the last bastion of the Islamic State in Syria. The campaign ended with a decisive victory for the SDF and its allies, and resulted in the capture of all of ISIL territory in the Deir ez-Zor Governorate after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baghuz_Fawqani" title="Battle of Baghuz Fawqani">Battle of Baghuz Fawqani</a>. </p><p>In December 2022, <a href="/wiki/2022_Deir_ez-Zor_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Deir ez-Zor attack">oil workers were killed</a> by ISIS.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late August 2023, multiple <a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_clashes_(2023)" title="Deir ez-Zor clashes (2023)">skirmishes</a> took place between SDF fighters and local Arab tribes which left dozens killed.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 6 December 2024, pro-government forces withdrew from the city during the <a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(2024)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (2024)">Deir ez-Zor offensive</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, the Syrian Democratic Forces captured the city.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following clashes between rebel forces under the <a href="/wiki/Military_Operations_Command_(Syria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Military Operations Command (Syria)">Military Operations Command</a> and the SDF, the city ended up in the hands of rebel forces after the SDF withdrew on 11 December 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deir_ez-Zor&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The city and its rural surrounding is a fertile and prosperous farming area, with livestock-breeding (for <a href="/wiki/Awassi_(sheep)" class="mw-redirect" title="Awassi (sheep)">awassi</a> sheep), cereals and cotton crops. Many <a href="/wiki/Agribusiness" title="Agribusiness">agribusiness</a> institutions work there as well. </p><p>Since the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Light_crude" class="mw-redirect" title="Light crude">light crude</a> petroleum in the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_desert" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian desert">Syrian desert</a> it has become a centre for the country's <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_extraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Petroleum extraction">petroleum extraction</a> industry.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also a minor centre for tourism with many tourist facilities such as traditional French-style riverbank restaurants, up to 5-star hotels, a hub for trans-desert travel and an airport (<a href="/wiki/IATA" class="mw-redirect" title="IATA">IATA</a> code: <a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_Airport" title="Deir ez-Zor Airport">DEZ</a>) in Al-Jafra suburb. There are <a href="/wiki/Salt_mine" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt mine">salt mines</a> nearby. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deir_ez-Zor&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Armenian_Genocide_Museum_in_Der_Zor_Syria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Armenian_Genocide_Museum_in_Der_Zor_Syria.jpg/170px-Armenian_Genocide_Museum_in_Der_Zor_Syria.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Armenian_Genocide_Museum_in_Der_Zor_Syria.jpg/255px-Armenian_Genocide_Museum_in_Der_Zor_Syria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Armenian_Genocide_Museum_in_Der_Zor_Syria.jpg/340px-Armenian_Genocide_Museum_in_Der_Zor_Syria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2270" data-file-height="2676" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a> museum in Deir ez-Zor</figcaption></figure> <p>The majority of Deiries (from Deir ez-Zor) are Arab Muslims, with a few <a href="/wiki/Armenian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian people">Armenian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrian/Syriac</a> families. </p><p>Deir ez-Zor was the final concentration place for <a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_Camps" class="mw-redirect" title="Deir ez-Zor Camps">Deir ez-Zor Camps</a> for annihilating the Armenian deportation caravans. Tens of thousands of surviving men, women and children were systematically killed on the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Euphrates River">Euphrates River</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Genocide_Memorial_Church,_Der_Zor" title="Armenian Genocide Memorial Church, Der Zor">Armenian genocide Memorial Church</a> commemorated the memory of Genocide victims who lost their lives, but it was destroyed on 21 September 2014 by ISIS. </p><p>Successive waves of new settlers from surrounding countrysides and provinces were heavily related to severe drought in late 1950s and 1990s most of them looking for standard jobs and giving up their farming and herding lifestyle. The <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_Arabic" title="Mesopotamian Arabic">Mesopotamian</a> variety of Arabic is used in the city; a slight influence of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Arabic" title="Syrian Arabic">Aleppo dialect</a> can be noticed as well. Dominated by <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a>, Christianity in Deir ez-Zor can be traced back to the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Age">Apostolic Age</a>, with few active churches and chapels belong to different congregations. </p><p>The city was also famous for the <a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_suspension_bridge" title="Deir ez-Zor suspension bridge">Deir ez-Zor suspension bridge</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الجسر المعلق</span>) which spanned the Euphrates<sup id="cite_ref-tourism_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tourism-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was destroyed in 2013 during the civil war. The <a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_Museum" title="Deir ez-Zor Museum">Deir ez-Zor Museum</a> keeps thousands of antiquities collected from nearby archaeological sites in Northern Mesopotamia. </p><p>Main campuses of <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Furat_University" title="Al-Furat University">Al-Furat University</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Aljazeera_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Aljazeera University">Aljazeera University</a></i> are also located there.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many other polytechnic schools and professional institutes provide tertiary education are based in the city as well. </p><p>The local daily newspaper <i>Al Furat</i> and few other publications are published there and circulated in neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Al-Hasakah" title="Al-Hasakah">Al-Hasakah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raqqa" title="Raqqa">Raqqa</a> governorates. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_relations">International relations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deir_ez-Zor&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: International relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Deir ez-Zor is home to the third Armenian diplomatic mission in Syria; the Honorary Consulate of Armenia, opened on 11 February 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_Airport" title="Deir ez-Zor Airport">Deir ez-Zor Airport</a> is an under-developed domestic and international terminal and important hub mostly connecting with Damascus and destinations in the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> region. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twin_cities">Twin cities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deir_ez-Zor&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Twin cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia"><img alt="Armenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Armavir,_Armenia" title="Armavir, Armenia">Armavir</a>, Armenia, since October 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deir_ez-Zor&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen-Geiger_climate_classification_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Köppen-Geiger climate classification system">Köppen-Geiger climate classification system</a> classifies it as <a href="/wiki/Hot_desert_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot desert climate">hot desert</a> (BWh). </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Deir Ez-Zor (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–1978) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF8206; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.5<br />(72.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.1<br />(79.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF3C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.7<br />(90.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF0A00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.0<br />(104.0) </td> <td style="background: #FD0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">41.6<br />(106.9) </td> <td style="background: #D90000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">44.2<br />(111.6) </td> <td style="background: #AC0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">47.5<br />(117.5) </td> <td style="background: #A80000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">47.8<br />(118.0) </td> <td style="background: #EA0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">43.0<br />(109.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF0300; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">41.0<br />(105.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF4400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.5<br />(88.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.0<br />(73.4) </td> <td style="background: #A80000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">47.8<br />(118.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFC68D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.7<br />(54.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFB56C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.1<br />(59.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9226; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.2<br />(68.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.1<br />(79.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF3E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.5<br />(90.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF1A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.7<br />(99.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF0600; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.6<br />(105.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF0800; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.2<br />(104.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF2600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.9<br />(96.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.0<br />(86.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF8F1F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.7<br />(69.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA76; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.4<br />(57.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6200; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">27.2<br />(80.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFE8D1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.8<br />(46.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.6<br />(49.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFC081; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.6<br />(56.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9932; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.3<br />(66.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF6E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.4<br />(77.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF4B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.6<br />(87.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF3600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.6<br />(92.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF3A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.0<br />(91.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF5800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.6<br />(83.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF8001; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.9<br />(73.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFBC79; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.2<br />(57.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFDEBE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.2<br />(48.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF9021; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">20.6<br />(69.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.9<br />(37.2) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.0<br />(39.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.0<br />(44.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFC790; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.5<br />(54.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFA042; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.2<br />(64.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.5<br />(74.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.6<br />(79.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.8<br />(78.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF8B18; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.2<br />(70.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFB163; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.8<br />(60.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFE8D2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.7<br />(45.9) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.0<br />(39.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFC388; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">13.1<br />(55.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #BFBFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.2<br />(19.0) </td> <td style="background: #BABAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.2<br />(17.2) </td> <td style="background: #D2D2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.7<br />(25.3) </td> <td style="background: #DBDBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.0<br />(28.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.0<br />(46.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFD4AA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.6<br />(51.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFA44A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.6<br />(63.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA55; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.8<br />(62.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFCF9F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.4<br />(52.5) </td> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.5<br />(36.5) </td> <td style="background: #BBBBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.0<br />(17.6) </td> <td style="background: #B4B4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−9.3<br />(15.3) </td> <td style="background: #B4B4FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−9.3<br />(15.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #D5FFD5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.1<br />(1.11) </td> <td style="background: #D7FFD7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.1<br />(0.95) </td> <td style="background: #D5FFD5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.8<br />(1.09) </td> <td style="background: #DCFFDC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.2<br />(0.87) </td> <td style="background: #F2FFF2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.6<br />(0.34) </td> <td style="background: #FEFFFE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.3<br />(0.01) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FEFFFE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2<br />(0.01) </td> <td style="background: #F3FFF3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.0<br />(0.31) </td> <td style="background: #EBFFEB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.4<br />(0.49) </td> <td style="background: #DBFFDB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.1<br />(0.95) </td> <td style="background: #EBFFEB; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">155.8<br />(6.13) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 1.0 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #C3C3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.8 </td> <td style="background: #C4C4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.3 </td> <td style="background: #C9C9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.3 </td> <td style="background: #D2D2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.5 </td> <td style="background: #EAEAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.7 </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.5 </td> <td style="background: #DDDDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.6 </td> <td style="background: #CCCCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.1 </td> <td style="background: #E2E2FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">27.0 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000DB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">76 </td> <td style="background: #0000FD; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">67 </td> <td style="background: #2424FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">57 </td> <td style="background: #4343FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">49 </td> <td style="background: #6D6DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">38 </td> <td style="background: #9797FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27 </td> <td style="background: #9B9BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26 </td> <td style="background: #9393FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28 </td> <td style="background: #8484FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32 </td> <td style="background: #5E5EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42 </td> <td style="background: #2424FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">57 </td> <td style="background: #0000DF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">75 </td> <td style="background: #4747FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">48 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #C9C900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">161.2 </td> <td style="background: #D6D600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">179.2 </td> <td style="background: #DDDD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">223.2 </td> <td style="background: #E3E300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">243.0 </td> <td style="background: #F0F011; color:#000000;" class="notheme">310.0 </td> <td style="background: #FCFC2D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">351.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF32; color:#000000;" class="notheme">372.0 </td> <td style="background: #FBFB2A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">356.5 </td> <td style="background: #F2F216; color:#000000;" class="notheme">309.0 </td> <td style="background: #E4E400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">257.3 </td> <td style="background: #DADA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">207.0 </td> <td style="background: #C9C900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">161.2 </td> <td style="background: #E6E600; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">3,130.6 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #CACA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.2 </td> <td style="background: #D7D700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.4 </td> <td style="background: #DDDD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.2 </td> <td style="background: #E4E400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.1 </td> <td style="background: #F1F113; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0 </td> <td style="background: #FEFE30; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.7 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF35; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.0 </td> <td style="background: #FCFC2D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.5 </td> <td style="background: #F4F418; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.3 </td> <td style="background: #E5E500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.3 </td> <td style="background: #DBDB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.9 </td> <td style="background: #CACA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.2 </td> <td style="background: #E7E700; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">8.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Wetterdienst" title="Deutscher Wetterdienst">Deutscher Wetterdienst</a><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meteostat<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: <a href="/wiki/NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">NOAA</a>(precipitation and sun 1961–1990)<sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deir_ez-Zor&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Ain_Albu_Gomaa" title="Epic of Ain Albu Gomaa">Epic of Ain Albu Gomaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haj_Fadel_Government" title="Haj Fadel Government">Haj Fadel Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_Memorial_Church,_Der_Zor" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian genocide Memorial Church, Der Zor">Armenian genocide Memorial Church, Der Zor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_suspension_bridge" title="Deir ez-Zor suspension bridge">Deir ez-Zor suspension bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_Camps" class="mw-redirect" title="Deir ez-Zor Camps">Deir ez-Zor Camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Baggara" title="Al-Baggara">Al-Baggara</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deir_ez-Zor&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120731082600/http://www.cbssyr.org/new%20web%20site/General_census/census_2004/NH/TAB09-1-2004.htm">"Deir ez-Zor city population"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbssyr.org/new%20web%20site/General_census/census_2004/NH/TAB09-1-2004.htm">the original</a> on 31 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Deir+ez-Zor+city+population&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbssyr.org%2Fnew%2520web%2520site%2FGeneral_census%2Fcensus_2004%2FNH%2FTAB09-1-2004.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeir+ez-Zor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sana.sy/?p=2153769">"الرئيس الأسد يصدر مَراسيم بتعيين محافظين جدد لخمس محافظات"</a> [President Al-Assad issues decrees appointing new governors for five governorates]. <i>S a N A</i>. SANA. 17 October 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=S+a+N+A&rft.atitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%AF+%D9%8A%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%B1+%D9%85%D9%8E%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%85+%D8%A8%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86+%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B8%D9%8A%D9%86+%D8%AC%D8%AF%D8%AF+%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%85%D8%B3+%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B8%D8%A7%D8%AA&rft.date=2024-10-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsana.sy%2F%3Fp%3D2153769&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeir+ez-Zor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tourism-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tourism_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tourism_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200427130704/http://www.syriatourism.org/index.php?module=subjects&func=viewpage&pageid=2278">"Syrian Ministry of Tourism (in Arabic)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.syriatourism.org/index.php?module=subjects&func=viewpage&pageid=2278">the original</a> on 27 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Syrian+Ministry+of+Tourism+%28in+Arabic%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.syriatourism.org%2Findex.php%3Fmodule%3Dsubjects%26func%3Dviewpage%26pageid%3D2278&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeir+ez-Zor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. Payne Smith, <i>Thesaurus Syriacus</i>, s.v. ܕܝܪܐ; ܙܥܘܪܬܐ</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moffett, S. H. (1992): <i>A History of Christianity in Asia: Beginnings to 1500</i>. Harper, San Francisco. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-065779-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-065779-0">0-06-065779-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shaw, S. J. (1978): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=3015548&fileId=S0020743800033602">The Ottoman Census System and Population, 1831–1914.</a> <i>International Journal of Middle East Studies</i>, 9: 325–338.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">BBC TV World News (7 Dec 2015) – Deir-al-Zour is variant used by BBC News</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyyash1989" class="citation book cs1">Ayyash, Abdul Qader (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/HdarhWadyAlfrataea"><i>The civilization of the Euphrates Valley</i></a>. 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Al-Mashreq Magazine. p. 38.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deir+Ezzor&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Al-Mashreq+Magazine&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=Nouri&rft.aufirst=Abdel+Karim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2F757_201809%2F%25D9%2585%25D8%25AC%25D9%2584%25D8%25A9%2520%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B4%25D8%25B1%25D9%2582-%2520%25D8%25AF%25D9%258A%25D8%25B1%2520%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B2%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%2520-%25D8%25A8%25D9%2582%25D9%2584%25D9%2580%25D9%2585%2520%25D8%25B9%25D8%25A8%25D8%25AF%2520%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2583%25D8%25B1%25D9%258A%25D9%2585%2520%25D9%2586%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25D9%258A%23page%2Fn1%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeir+ez-Zor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyyash1989" class="citation book cs1">Ayyash, Abdul Qader (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/HdarhWadyAlfrataea"><i>The civilization of the Euphrates Valley</i></a>. Syria – Damascus: Ahali for printing, publishing and distribution. p. 150.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+civilization+of+the+Euphrates+Valley&rft.place=Syria+%E2%80%93+Damascus&rft.pages=150&rft.pub=Ahali+for+printing%2C+publishing+and+distribution&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Ayyash&rft.aufirst=Abdul+Qader&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FHdarhWadyAlfrataea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeir+ez-Zor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ayyash_1989_152-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ayyash_1989_152_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ayyash_1989_152_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ayyash_1989_152_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyyash1989" class="citation book cs1">Ayyash, Abdul Qader (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/HdarhWadyAlfrataea"><i>The civilization of the Euphrates Valley</i></a>. Syria – Damascus: Ahali for printing, publishing and distribution. p. 152.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+civilization+of+the+Euphrates+Valley&rft.place=Syria+%E2%80%93+Damascus&rft.pages=152&rft.pub=Ahali+for+printing%2C+publishing+and+distribution&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Ayyash&rft.aufirst=Abdul+Qader&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FHdarhWadyAlfrataea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeir+ez-Zor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyyash1989" class="citation book cs1">Ayyash, Abdul Qader (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/HdarhWadyAlfrataea"><i>The civilization of the Euphrates Valley</i></a>. Syria – Damascus: Ahali for printing, publishing and distribution. p. 151.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+civilization+of+the+Euphrates+Valley&rft.place=Syria+%E2%80%93+Damascus&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=Ahali+for+printing%2C+publishing+and+distribution&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Ayyash&rft.aufirst=Abdul+Qader&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FHdarhWadyAlfrataea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeir+ez-Zor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.armenian-genocide.org/Affirmation.169/current_category.6/affirmation_detail.html">"United Nations Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities"</a>. <i>Armenian genocide</i>. 2 July 1985.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Armenian+genocide&rft.atitle=United+Nations+Sub-Commission+on+Prevention+of+Discrimination+and+Protection+of+Minorities&rft.date=1985-07-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.armenian-genocide.org%2FAffirmation.169%2Fcurrent_category.6%2Faffirmation_detail.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeir+ez-Zor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuat_Dündar2011" class="citation book cs1">Fuat Dündar (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q_mHshUAeZ8C&pg=PA280">"Pouring a People into the Desert:The "Definitive Solution" of the Unionists to the Armenian Question"</a>. In Ronald Grigor Suny; Fatma Muge Gocek; Norman M. Naimark (eds.). <i>A Question of Genocide: Armenians and Turks at the End of the Ottoman Empire</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">280–</span>281. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-978104-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-978104-1"><bdi>978-0-19-978104-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pouring+a+People+into+the+Desert%3AThe+%22Definitive+Solution%22+of+the+Unionists+to+the+Armenian+Question&rft.btitle=A+Question+of+Genocide%3A+Armenians+and+Turks+at+the+End+of+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E280-%3C%2Fspan%3E281&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-978104-1&rft.au=Fuat+D%C3%BCndar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq_mHshUAeZ8C%26pg%3DPA280&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeir+ez-Zor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://khabararmani.com/?p=1674">"Armenians in Deir ez-Zor, Syria"</a>. <i>khabararmani</i>. 17 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=khabararmani&rft.atitle=Armenians+in+Deir+ez-Zor%2C+Syria&rft.date=2015-02-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkhabararmani.com%2F%3Fp%3D1674&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeir+ez-Zor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanna2018" class="citation news cs1">Hanna, Abdullah (9 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alaraby.co.uk/diffah/print//revisions/2018/3/8/%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%81-%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85-1915%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7-%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%87%D8%A7">"How the Syrians narrated the Armenian tragedy in 1915 and dealt with it"</a>. <i>Alaraby</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Alaraby&rft.atitle=How+the+Syrians+narrated+the+Armenian+tragedy+in+1915+and+dealt+with+it&rft.date=2018-03-09&rft.aulast=Hanna&rft.aufirst=Abdullah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alaraby.co.uk%2Fdiffah%2Fprint%2F%2Frevisions%2F2018%2F3%2F8%2F%25D9%2583%25D9%258A%25D9%2581-%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D9%2589-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B3%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25D9%258A%25D9%2588%25D9%2586-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A3%25D8%25B3%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A9-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A3%25D8%25B1%25D9%2585%25D9%2586%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9-%25D8%25B9%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585-1915%25D9%2588%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B9%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%25D9%2584%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7-%25D9%2585%25D8%25B9%25D9%2587%25D8%25A7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeir+ez-Zor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Ahmed2014" class="citation news cs1">Al-Ahmed, Safwan (26 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orient-news.net/ar/news_show/78826/0/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%89-%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%B1%D9%87%D9%85">"Deir Ezzor is free of Armenians in memory of their massacres"</a>. <i>Orient</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Orient&rft.atitle=Deir+Ezzor+is+free+of+Armenians+in+memory+of+their+massacres&rft.date=2014-04-26&rft.aulast=Al-Ahmed&rft.aufirst=Safwan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.orient-news.net%2Far%2Fnews_show%2F78826%2F0%2F%25D8%25AF%25D9%258A%25D8%25B1-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B2%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1-%25D8%25AE%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9-%25D9%2585%25D9%2586-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A3%25D8%25B1%25D9%2585%25D9%2586-%25D9%2581%25D9%258A-%25D8%25B0%25D9%2583%25D8%25B1%25D9%2589-%25D9%2585%25D8%25AC%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B2%25D8%25B1%25D9%2587%25D9%2585&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeir+ez-Zor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.armenian-genocide.org/Memorial.110/current_category.72/memorials_detail.html">"Der Zor, Syria, Armenian Genocide Monument and Memorial Complex"</a>. <i>www.armenian-genocide.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.armenian-genocide.org&rft.atitle=Der+Zor%2C+Syria%2C+Armenian+Genocide+Monument+and+Memorial+Complex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.armenian-genocide.org%2FMemorial.110%2Fcurrent_category.72%2Fmemorials_detail.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeir+ez-Zor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mouhassan.com/pages/62b64863162962764462864862e627628648631.php">Bukhapur revolution with dates and evidence<span style="font-size:1.1em;line-height:1.45em;font-family:"Sahl Naskh";">، </span>Website Al-Muhasan City.</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170510220909/http://mouhassan.com/pages/62b64863162962764462864862e627628648631.php">Archived</a> 10 May 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/HdarhWadyAlfrataea">Alayyash<span style="font-size:1.1em;line-height:1.45em;font-family:"Sahl Naskh";">، </span>Abdul Qader<span style="font-size:1.1em;line-height:1.45em;font-family:"Sahl Naskh";">، </span>Prepare: Walid al-Mashouh<span style="font-size:1.1em;line-height:1.45em;font-family:"Sahl Naskh";">، </span>Hadarat Wady Alfurat <span style="font-size:1.1em;line-height:1.45em;font-family:"Sahl Naskh";">،</span>Al Ahali for printing publishing and distribution<span style="font-size:1.1em;line-height:1.45em;font-family:"Sahl Naskh";">، </span>First Edition<span style="font-size:1.1em;line-height:1.45em;font-family:"Sahl Naskh";">، 1989، </span>P 152.</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sabbagh_2017_34–35-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sabbagh_2017_34–35_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sabbagh_2017_34–35_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSabbagh2017" class="citation news cs1">Sabbagh, Rand (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/malayyash_yahoo_All">"Deir Ezzor a city on the banks of paradise"</a>. <i>Al-Quds Al-Arabi Newspaper</i>. Vol. 8789. pp. <span class="nowrap">34–</span>35.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al-Quds+Al-Arabi+Newspaper&rft.atitle=Deir+Ezzor+a+city+on+the+banks+of+paradise&rft.volume=8789&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E34-%3C%2Fspan%3E35&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Sabbagh&rft.aufirst=Rand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmalayyash_yahoo_All&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeir+ez-Zor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.baqqarah.net/showthread.php?t=41&highlight=%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B6%D9%84+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF">"Alhaj Fadel Alaboud, An article published in Baggara tribe Web site, 30/03/2009"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180918193801/http://www.baqqarah.net/showthread.php?t=41&highlight=%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B6%D9%84+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF">Archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Syria – Damascus: Ahali for printing, publishing and distribution. p. 153.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+civilization+of+the+Euphrates+Valley&rft.place=Syria+%E2%80%93+Damascus&rft.pages=153&rft.pub=Ahali+for+printing%2C+publishing+and+distribution&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Ayyash&rft.aufirst=Abdul+Qader&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FHdarhWadyAlfrataea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeir+ez-Zor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyyash1989" class="citation book cs1">Ayyash, Abdul Qader (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/HdarhWadyAlfrataea"><i>The civilization of the Euphrates Valley</i></a>. 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Syria - Damascus: House of the Raslan Foundation for Printing. pp. <span class="nowrap">320–</span>321. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789933005962" title="Special:BookSources/9789933005962"><bdi>9789933005962</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Golden+Biography+%E2%80%93+Deir+ez-Zor+Bride+of+the+Euphrates+and+the+Syrian+island&rft.place=Syria+-+Damascus&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E320-%3C%2Fspan%3E321&rft.pub=House+of+the+Raslan+Foundation+for+Printing&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9789933005962&rft.aulast=Sheikh+Khafaji&rft.aufirst=Ghassan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FTheGoldenBiography&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeir+ez-Zor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ayyash_1989_157-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ayyash_1989_157_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ayyash_1989_157_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyyash1989" class="citation book cs1">Ayyash, Abdul Qader (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/HdarhWadyAlfrataea"><i>The civilization of the Euphrates Valley</i></a>. 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Syria – Damascus: Ahali for printing, publishing and distribution. p. 161.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+civilization+of+the+Euphrates+Valley&rft.place=Syria+%E2%80%93+Damascus&rft.pages=161&rft.pub=Ahali+for+printing%2C+publishing+and+distribution&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Ayyash&rft.aufirst=Abdul+Qader&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FHdarhWadyAlfrataea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeir+ez-Zor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/166417FB-172E-45B0-B769-06096A34DB4A.htm">"Demonstration in Damascus demanding freedom"</a>. <i>Aljazeera.net</i>. 15 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Aljazeera.net&rft.atitle=Demonstration+in+Damascus+demanding+freedom&rft.date=2011-03-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.net%2FNR%2Fexeres%2F166417FB-172E-45B0-B769-06096A34DB4A.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeir+ez-Zor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/arabic/middleeast/2011/04/110415_syria_firday_demo.shtml">"Syria, security uses batons and gas to prevent a mass demonstration from reaching the center of Damascus"</a>. <i>BBC Arabic</i>. 15 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+Arabic&rft.atitle=Syria%2C+security+uses+batons+and+gas+to+prevent+a+mass+demonstration+from+reaching+the+center+of+Damascus&rft.date=2011-04-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Farabic%2Fmiddleeast%2F2011%2F04%2F110415_syria_firday_demo.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeir+ez-Zor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/ar/20110715-syria-friday-of-freedom-prisoners-demonstrations">"Demonstrations of "Freedom Prisoners Friday" start in several Syrian cities"</a>. <i>France 24 Channel</i>. 15 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=France+24+Channel&rft.atitle=Demonstrations+of+%22Freedom+Prisoners+Friday%22+start+in+several+Syrian+cities&rft.date=2011-07-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Far%2F20110715-syria-friday-of-freedom-prisoners-demonstrations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeir+ez-Zor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/arabic/middleeast/2011/08/110807_syria_deirezzor_tanks.shtml">"Syria: "Dozens" killed in the army's invasion of Deir Ezzor and Houla"</a>. <i>BBC Arabic</i>. 7 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+Arabic&rft.atitle=Syria%3A+%22Dozens%22+killed+in+the+army%27s+invasion+of+Deir+Ezzor+and+Houla&rft.date=2011-08-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Farabic%2Fmiddleeast%2F2011%2F08%2F110807_syria_deirezzor_tanks.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeir+ez-Zor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-siege-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-siege_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-siege_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-siege_53-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChris_Tomson2015" class="citation web cs1">Chris Tomson (12 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190331182724/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/100-000-civilians-under-isis-siege-in-deir-ez-zor/">"100,000 Civilians under ISIS Siege in Eastern Syria"</a>. <i>Al-Masdar News</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al-Masdar+News&rft.atitle=100%2C000+Civilians+under+ISIS+Siege+in+Eastern+Syria&rft.date=2015-12-12&rft.au=Chris+Tomson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.almasdarnews.com%2Farticle%2F100-000-civilians-under-isis-siege-in-deir-ez-zor%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeir+ez-Zor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/syrian-army-isis-deir-ezzor-siege-three-years-assad-regime-town-loyal-a7930276.html">Syrian army breaks Isis' three-year-long siege of Deir Ezzor: Liberating the city will mean relief for its 70,000 residents as Isis, feeling the pressure, begins to conscript female fighters</a> The Independent, 5 September 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sana.sy/en/?p=113530">Syrian Army breaks ISIS' siege on Deir Ezzor Airport and Hrabesh and Tahtouh neighborhoods</a> SANA, 9 September 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/11/03/deir-ezzor-last-isil-stronghold-syria-liberated-army/">Isil facing endgame after fall of last city in its caliphate</a> The Telegraph, 3 November 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/12/30/attack-eastern-syria-kills-oil-workers">"Eastern Syria attack kills at least 10 oil workers: State media"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English" title="Al Jazeera English">Al Jazeera</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Regime forces withdraw from several points in Deir Ezzor, Al-Mayadeen and Al-Bukamal"</a> (in Arabic). SOHR. 6 December 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Towards+the+capital+Damascus..+Regime+forces+withdraw+from+several+points+in+Deir+Ezzor%2C+Al-Mayadeen+and+Al-Bukamal&rft.date=2024-12-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.syriahr.com%2F%25d8%25a8%25d8%25a7%25d8%25aa%25d8%25ac%25d8%25a7%25d9%2587-%25d8%25a7%25d9%2584%25d8%25b9%25d8%25a7%25d8%25b5%25d9%2585%25d8%25a9-%25d8%25af%25d9%2585%25d8%25b4%25d9%2582-%25d9%2582%25d9%2588%25d8%25a7%25d8%25aa-%25d8%25a7%25d9%2584%25d9%2586%25d8%25b8%25d8%25a7%25d9%2585-%25d8%25aa%25d9%2586%25d8%25b3%25d8%25ad%25d8%25a8%2F739482%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeir+ez-Zor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/us-backed-syrian-kurds-seize-eastern-city-deir-el-zor-sources-say-2024-12-06/">"US-backed Syrian Kurds seize eastern city of Deir el-Zor, sources say"</a>. Reuters<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=US-backed+Syrian+Kurds+seize+eastern+city+of+Deir+el-Zor%2C+sources+say&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Fus-backed-syrian-kurds-seize-eastern-city-deir-el-zor-sources-say-2024-12-06%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeir+ez-Zor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.trend.az/world/3980718.html">"Syrian armed opposition takes control of Deir ez-Zor"</a>. Trend News Agency. 11 December 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Syrian+armed+opposition+takes+control+of+Deir+ez-Zor&rft.pub=Trend+News+Agency&rft.date=2024-12-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.trend.az%2Fworld%2F3980718.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeir+ez-Zor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">International Energy Agency. World Energy Outlook. Petroleum Economist. Institute for the Study of War. Oil infrastructure across Syria and Iraq (map). in BBC News. (18 May 2015). "Battle for Iraq and Syria in maps". Retrieved 18 May 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-27838034">BBC News website</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jude.edu.sy">Al Jazeera University</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161102115008/http://www.jude.edu.sy/">Archived</a> 2 November 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Jude.edu.sy. Retrieved on 29 October 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thawra news <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thawra.alwehda.gov.sy/_print_veiw.asp?FileName=59772562420100212015838">(in Arabic)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Al-Baath news <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.albaath.news.sy/user/?id=960&a=85844">(in Arabic)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110903154142/http://www.albaath.news.sy/user/?id=960&a=85844">Archived</a> 3 September 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_400450_kt.pdf">"Klimatafel von Deir Ezzor / Syrien"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world</i> (in German). Deutscher Wetterdienst<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Baseline+climate+means+%281961%E2%80%931990%29+from+stations+all+over+the+world&rft.atitle=Klimatafel+von+Deir+Ezzor+%2F+Syrien&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dwd.de%2FDWD%2Fklima%2Fberatung%2Fak%2Fak_400450_kt.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeir+ez-Zor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meteostat.net/en/station/40045">"Deir Ezzor Climate : Temperature 1991-2020"</a>. Meteostat<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Deir+Ezzor+Climate+%3A+Temperature+1991-2020&rft.pub=Meteostat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmeteostat.net%2Fen%2Fstation%2F40045&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeir+ez-Zor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NOAA-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NOAA_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_VI/SY/40045.TXT">"Deir Ezzor Climate Normals 1961–1990"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Deir+Ezzor+Climate+Normals+1961%E2%80%931990&rft.pub=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration&rft_id=ftp%3A%2F%2Fftp.atdd.noaa.gov%2Fpub%2FGCOS%2FWMO-Normals%2FTABLES%2FREG_VI%2FSY%2F40045.TXT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeir+ez-Zor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deir_ez-Zor&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Deir_ez-Zor" title="Template:Deir ez-Zor"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Deir_ez-Zor" title="Template talk:Deir ez-Zor"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Deir_ez-Zor" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Deir ez-Zor"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Deir_ez-Zor215" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Deir ez-Zor</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archaeological sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_suspension_bridge" title="Deir ez-Zor suspension bridge">Suspension bridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Churches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Genocide_Memorial_Church,_Der_Zor" title="Armenian Genocide Memorial Church, Der Zor">Armenian Genocide Memorial Church</a> (destroyed 2014)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Local governments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haj_Fadel_Government" title="Haj Fadel Government">Haj Fadel Government</a> (1918)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Universities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Furat_University" title="Al-Furat University">Al-Furat University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jazeera_University" title="Al-Jazeera University">Al-Jazeera University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Airports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_Airport" title="Deir ez-Zor Airport">Deir ez-Zor Airport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prominent people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fadel_Al-Aboud" title="Fadel Al-Aboud">Fadel Al-Aboud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyash_Al-Haj" title="Ayyash Al-Haj">Ayyash Al-Haj</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Battles and conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_Camps" class="mw-redirect" title="Deir ez-Zor Camps">Deir ez-Zor Camps</a> (1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Ain_Albu_Gomaa" title="Epic of Ain Albu Gomaa">Epic of Ain Albu Gomaa</a> (1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Deir_ez-Zor_(1941)" title="Battle of Deir ez-Zor (1941)">Battle of Deir ez-Zor</a> (3 July 1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_clashes_(2011%E2%80%9314)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deir ez-Zor clashes (2011–14)">Clashes</a> (2011–14) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Deir_ez-Zor_bombing" title="2012 Deir ez-Zor bombing">Bombing</a> (19 May 2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatla_massacre" title="Hatla massacre">Hatla massacre</a> (11 June 2013)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Deir_ez-Zor_(2014%E2%80%9317)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Deir ez-Zor (2014–17)">Siege</a> (2014–17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Deir_ez-Zor_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Deir ez-Zor attack">2022 Deir ez-Zor attack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tribes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Baggara" title="Al-Baggara">Al-Baggara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>This list is incomplete.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cities_and_towns_of_Syria169" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cities_of_Syria" title="Template:Cities of Syria"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cities_of_Syria" title="Template talk:Cities of Syria"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cities_of_Syria" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cities of Syria"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cities_and_towns_of_Syria169" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Syria" title="List of cities in Syria">Cities and towns of Syria</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Syria" title="Governorates of Syria">Governorate</a> centres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa" title="Daraa">Daraa</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Deir ez-Zor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama" title="Hama">Hama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hasakah" title="Al-Hasakah">al-Hasakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homs" title="Homs">Homs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib" title="Idlib">Idlib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latakia" title="Latakia">Latakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quneitra" title="Quneitra">Quneitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raqqa" title="Raqqa">Raqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq" class="mw-redirect" title="Rif Dimashq">Rif Dimashq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suwayda" title="Suwayda">Suwayda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartus" title="Tartus">Tartus</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Syria_districts.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Districts of Syria"><img alt="Districts of Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Syria_districts.png/100px-Syria_districts.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Syria_districts.png/150px-Syria_districts.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Syria_districts.png/200px-Syria_districts.png 2x" data-file-width="1228" data-file-height="866" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Syria" title="Districts of Syria">District</a> centres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Kamal" title="Abu Kamal">Abu Kamal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrin,_Syria" title="Afrin, Syria">Afrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariha,_Idlib" title="Ariha, Idlib">Ariha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atarib" title="Atarib">Atarib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_al-Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayn al-Arab">Ayn al-Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azaz" title="Azaz">Azaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Bab" title="Al-Bab">al-Bab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baniyas" title="Baniyas">Baniyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darayya" title="Darayya">Darayya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayr_Hafir" title="Dayr Hafir">Dayr Hafir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douma,_Syria" title="Douma, Syria">Douma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duraykish" title="Duraykish">Duraykish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiq,_Syria" title="Fiq, Syria">Fiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Haffah" title="Al-Haffah">al-Haffah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harem,_Syria" title="Harem, Syria">Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izra" title="Izra">Izra'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jableh" title="Jableh">Jableh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarabulus" title="Jarabulus">Jarabulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jisr_ash-Shughur" title="Jisr ash-Shughur">Jisr ash-Shughur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maarat_al-Numaan" class="mw-redirect" title="Maarat al-Numaan">Maarat al-Numaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Malikiyah" title="Al-Malikiyah">al-Malikiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manbij" title="Manbij">Manbij</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masyaf" title="Masyaf">Masyaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayadin" title="Mayadin">Mayadin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mhardeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mhardeh">Mhardeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mukharram" title="Al-Mukharram">al-Mukharram al-Foqani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An-Nabk" class="mw-redirect" title="An-Nabk">an-Nabk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra">Palmyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qamishli" title="Qamishli">Qamishli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qardaha" title="Qardaha">Qardaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatana" title="Qatana">Qatana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qudsaya" title="Qudsaya">Qudsaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qusayr,_Syria" title="Al-Qusayr, Syria">al-Qusayr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qutayfah" title="Al-Qutayfah">al-Qutayfah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ras_al-Ayn,_al-Hasakah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ras al-Ayn, al-Hasakah">Ra's al-'Ayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Rastan" title="Al-Rastan">al-Rastan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As-Safira" title="As-Safira">as-Safira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safita" title="Safita">Safita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salamiyah" title="Salamiyah">Salamiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salkhad" title="Salkhad">Salkhad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sanamayn" title="Al-Sanamayn">al-Sanamayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahba" title="Shahba">Shahba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ash-Shaykh_Badr" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash-Shaykh Badr">ash-Shaykh Badr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Suqaylabiyah" title="Al-Suqaylabiyah">al-Suqaylabiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talkalakh" title="Talkalakh">Talkalakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Tall_(Syria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Tall (Syria)">al-Tall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Abyad" title="Tell Abyad">Tell Abyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Thawrah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Thawrah">al-Thawrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yabroud" title="Yabroud">Yabroud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zabadani" class="mw-redirect" title="Zabadani">Zabadani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nahiyah" title="Nahiyah">Sub-district</a> centres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Qilqil" title="Abu Qilqil">Abu Qilqil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Thuhur" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu al-Thuhur">Abu al-Thuhur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhtarin" title="Akhtarin">Akhtarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amuda" title="Amuda">Amuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbeen" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbeen">Arbeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arima,_Syria" title="Arima, Syria">Arima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ariqah" title="Al-Ariqah">al-Ariqah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Arishah" title="Al-Arishah">al-Arishah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armanaz" title="Armanaz">Armanaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arwad" title="Arwad">Arwad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Asharah" title="Al-Asharah">al-Asharah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assal_al-Ward" title="Assal al-Ward">Assal al-Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awj" title="Awj">Awj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_al-Fijah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayn al-Fijah">Ayn al-Fijah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Halaqim" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayn Halaqim">Ayn Halaqim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Issa" title="Ayn Issa">Ayn Issa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_al-Nasr" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayn al-Nasr">Ayn al-Nasr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babbila" title="Babbila">Babbila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banan,_Syria" title="Banan, Syria">Banan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barri_Sharqi" title="Barri Sharqi">Barri Sharqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Jinn" title="Beit Jinn">Beit Jinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binnish" title="Binnish">Binnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bir_al-Helou" title="Bir al-Helou">Bir al-Helou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosra" title="Bosra">Bosra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulbul,_Syria" title="Bulbul, Syria">Bulbul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Busayrah" class="mw-redirect" title="Busayrah">Busayrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Da%27el" title="Da'el">Da'el</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Dana,_Syria" title="Al-Dana, Syria">al-Dana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darat_Izza" title="Darat Izza">Darat Izza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darkush" title="Darkush">Darkush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Darbasiyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Darbasiyah">al-Darbasiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_Atiyah" title="Deir Atiyah">Deir Atiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Dimas" title="Al-Dimas">al-Dimas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Dumayr" title="Al-Dumayr">al-Dumayr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furqlus" title="Furqlus">Furqlus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghabaghib" title="Ghabaghib">Ghabaghib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghandoura" title="Ghandoura">Ghandoura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghariyah" title="Al-Ghariyah">al-Ghariyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghizlaniyah" title="Al-Ghizlaniyah">al-Ghizlaniyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hader,_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Hader, Syria">al-Hader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadidah" title="Hadidah">Hadidah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hajar_al-Aswad" title="Al-Hajar al-Aswad">al-Hajar al-Aswad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hajib" title="Al-Hajib">al-Hajib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajin" title="Hajin">Hajin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hamidiyah" title="Al-Hamidiyah">al-Hamidiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hamraa" title="Al-Hamraa">al-Hamraa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harasta" title="Harasta">Harasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbnafsah" class="mw-redirect" title="Harbnafsah">Harbnafsah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harran_al-Awamid" title="Harran al-Awamid">Harran al-Awamid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hirak,_Syria" title="Al-Hirak, Syria">al-Hirak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hish,_Syria" title="Hish, Syria">Hish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hisyah" title="Hisyah">Hisyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hawl" title="Al-Hawl">al-Hawl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huraytan" class="mw-redirect" title="Huraytan">Huraytan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Huwash" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Huwash">al-Huwash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibbin_Samaan" title="Ibbin Samaan">Ibbin Samaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ihsim" title="Ihsim">Ihsim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayrud" title="Jayrud">Jayrud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jalaa" title="Al-Jalaa">al-Jalaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Janudiyah" title="Al-Janudiyah">al-Janudiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaramana" title="Jaramana">Jaramana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jarniyah" title="Al-Jarniyah">al-Jarniyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasim" title="Jasim">Jasim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jawadiyah" title="Al-Jawadiyah">al-Jawadiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jubb_al-Jarrah" title="Jubb al-Jarrah">Jubb al-Jarrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jubb_Ramlah" title="Jubb Ramlah">Jubb Ramlah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jindires" title="Jindires">Jindires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jiza,_Syria" title="Al-Jiza, Syria">al-Jiza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qabu,_Syria" title="Al-Qabu, Syria">al-Qabu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Batna" title="Kafr Batna">Kafr Batna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Nabl" title="Kafr Nabl">Kafr Nabl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Takharim" title="Kafr Takharim">Kafr Takharim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Zita" title="Kafr Zita">Kafr Zita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Karamah,_Raqqa_Governorate" title="Al-Karamah, Raqqa Governorate">al-Karamah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kasrah" title="Al-Kasrah">al-Kasrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kessab" title="Kessab">Kessab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Khafsah" title="Al-Khafsah">al-Khafsah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_Shaykhun" title="Khan Shaykhun">Khan Shaykhun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasham" title="Khasham">Khasham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirnaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirnaz">Kirnaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwayris_Sharqi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuwayris Sharqi">Kuwayris Sharqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanasir" title="Khanasir">Khanaser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khirbet_Ghazaleh" title="Khirbet Ghazaleh">Khirbet Ghazaleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khirbet_al-Tin_Mahmoud" class="mw-redirect" title="Khirbet al-Tin Mahmoud">Khirbet al-Tin Mahmoud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kiswah" title="Al-Kiswah">al-Kiswah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27arrat_Misrin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma'arrat Misrin">Ma'arrat Misrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maabatli" title="Maabatli">Maabatli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maadan" class="mw-redirect" title="Maadan">Maadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maaloula" title="Maaloula">Maaloula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madaya,_Syria" title="Madaya, Syria">Madaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahin,_Syria" title="Mahin, Syria">Mahin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Malah" title="Tell Malah">Malah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Malihah" title="Al-Malihah">al-Malihah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mansurah,_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mansurah, Syria">al-Mansurah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mare%27" title="Mare'">Mare'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markada" title="Markada">Markada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashta_al-Helu" title="Mashta al-Helu">Mashta al-Helu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maskanah" title="Maskanah">Maskanah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Masmiyah" title="Al-Masmiyah">al-Masmiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mazraa,_Syria" title="Al-Mazraa, Syria">al-Mazraa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhambal" title="Muhambal">Muhambal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhasan" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhasan">Muhasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Musayfirah" title="Al-Musayfirah">al-Musayfirah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mushannaf" title="Al-Mushannaf">al-Mushannaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzayrib" title="Muzayrib">Muzayrib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nashabiyah" title="Al-Nashabiyah">al-Nashabiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nasirah,_Syria" title="Al-Nasirah, Syria">al-Nasirah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawa,_Syria" title="Nawa, Syria">Nawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubl" class="mw-redirect" title="Nubl">Nubl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qadmus" title="Al-Qadmus">al-Qadmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qahtaniyah,_Al-Hasakah_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Qahtaniyah, Al-Hasakah Governorate">al-Qahtaniyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalaat_al-Madiq" title="Qalaat al-Madiq">Qalaat al-Madiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qarah,_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Qarah, Syria">Qarah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaryatayn" title="Al-Qaryatayn">al-Qaryatayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qurayya" title="Al-Qurayya">al-Qurayya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qurqania" title="Qurqania">Qurqania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajo,_Syria" title="Rajo, Syria">Rajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankus" class="mw-redirect" title="Rankus">Rankus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasm_Harmil_al-Imam" title="Rasm Harmil al-Imam">Rasm Harmil al-Imam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Rai,_Syria" title="Al-Rai, Syria">al-Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Riqama" title="Al-Riqama">al-Riqama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ruhaybah" title="Al-Ruhaybah">al-Ruhaybah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Saan" title="Al-Saan">al-Saan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saasaa" class="mw-redirect" title="Saasaa">Saasaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabburah" title="Sabburah">Sabburah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sabe%27_Biyar" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Sabe' Biyar">al-Sabe' Biyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sabkhah" title="Al-Sabkhah">al-Sabkhah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadad,_Syria" title="Sadad, Syria">Sadad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahnaya" title="Sahnaya">Sahnaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saidnaya" title="Saidnaya">Saidnaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salqin" title="Salqin">Salqin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraqib" title="Saraqib">Saraqib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmin" title="Sarmin">Sarmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarrin" title="Sarrin">Sarrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawran,_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Sawran, Syria">Sawran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebei,_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebei, Syria">Sebei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shaddadah" title="Al-Shaddadah">al-Shaddadah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shajara,_Syria" title="Al-Shajara, Syria">al-Shajara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaqqa" title="Shaqqa">Shaqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharran" title="Sharran">Sharran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shathah" title="Shathah">Shathah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaykh_al-Hadid" title="Shaykh al-Hadid">Shaykh al-Hadid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shaykh_Maskin" title="Al-Shaykh Maskin">al-Shaykh Maskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shayukh_Tahtani" class="mw-redirect" title="Shayukh Tahtani">Shayukh Tahtani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin,_Syria" title="Shin, Syria">Shin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinjar,_Idlib" title="Sinjar, Idlib">Sinjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirghaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirghaya">Sirghaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slinfah" 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