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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>States created during the French Mandate</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-States_created_during_the_French_Mandate-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle States created during the French Mandate subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-States_created_during_the_French_Mandate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-State_of_Greater_Lebanon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_of_Greater_Lebanon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>State of Greater Lebanon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_of_Greater_Lebanon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_of_Alawites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_of_Alawites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>State of Alawites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_of_Alawites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_of_Syria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_of_Syria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>State of Syria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_of_Syria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sanjak_of_Alexandretta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sanjak_of_Alexandretta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Sanjak of Alexandretta</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sanjak_of_Alexandretta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_of_Jabal_Druze" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_of_Jabal_Druze"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>State of Jabal Druze</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_of_Jabal_Druze-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demands_for_autonomy_not_granted_by_the_French_Mandate_authorities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demands_for_autonomy_not_granted_by_the_French_Mandate_authorities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Demands for autonomy not granted by the French Mandate authorities</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demands_for_autonomy_not_granted_by_the_French_Mandate_authorities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demands for autonomy not granted by the French Mandate authorities subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demands_for_autonomy_not_granted_by_the_French_Mandate_authorities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Al-Jazira_Province" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Al-Jazira_Province"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Al-Jazira Province</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Al-Jazira_Province-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Golan_Region" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Golan_Region"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Golan Region</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Golan_Region-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kingdom_of_Syria_(1918–1920)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kingdom_of_Syria_(1918–1920)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Kingdom of Syria (1918–1920)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Kingdom_of_Syria_(1918–1920)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Kingdom of Syria (1918–1920) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Kingdom_of_Syria_(1918–1920)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Heads_of_Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heads_of_Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Heads of Government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heads_of_Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-King" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#King"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>King</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-King-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_Mandate_of_Syria_(1920–1939)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_Mandate_of_Syria_(1920–1939)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>French Mandate of Syria (1920–1939)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-French_Mandate_of_Syria_(1920–1939)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle French Mandate of Syria (1920–1939) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-French_Mandate_of_Syria_(1920–1939)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Acting_Heads_of_State" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acting_Heads_of_State"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Acting Heads of State</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acting_Heads_of_State-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-President" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#President"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>President</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-President-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heads_of_State" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heads_of_State"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Heads of State</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heads_of_State-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Presidents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-High_Commissioners" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High_Commissioners"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>High Commissioners</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High_Commissioners-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Secondary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="الانتداب الفرنسي على سوريا ولبنان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الانتداب الفرنسي على سوريا ولبنان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandatu_franc%C3%A9s_de_Siria" title="Mandatu francés de Siria – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Mandatu francés de Siria" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%87_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%87_%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%82%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%88%D9%85%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="فرانسه‌نین سوریه ایله لوبنان قیمومتی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فرانسه‌نین سوریه ایله لوبنان قیمومتی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%93_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F" title="সিরিয়া ও লেবাননে ফরাসি মেন্ডেট – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সিরিয়া ও লেবাননে ফরাসি মেন্ডেট" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B8_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Френски мандат в Сирия и Ливан – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Френски мандат в Сирия и Ливан" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandat_franc%C3%A8s_per_S%C3%ADria_i_el_L%C3%ADban" title="Mandat francès per Síria i el Líban – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mandat francès per Síria i el Líban" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francouzsk%C3%BD_mand%C3%A1t_S%C3%BDrie_a_Libanonu" title="Francouzský mandát Sýrie a Libanonu – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Francouzský mandát Sýrie a Libanonu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandatomr%C3%A5det_i_Libanon" title="Mandatområdet i Libanon – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mandatområdet i Libanon" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B6lkerbundmandat_f%C3%BCr_Syrien_und_Libanon" title="Völkerbundmandat für Syrien und Libanon – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Völkerbundmandat für Syrien und Libanon" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%95%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%B7_%CE%A3%CF%85%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9_%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%9B%CE%AF%CE%B2%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BF" title="Γαλλική Εντολή για τη Συρία και τον Λίβανο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γαλλική Εντολή για τη Συρία και τον Λίβανο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandato_franc%C3%A9s_de_Siria" title="Mandato francés de Siria – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mandato francés de Siria" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franca_Mandato_de_Sirio" title="Franca Mandato de Sirio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Franca Mandato de Sirio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siriako_Frantziar_Agintea" title="Siriako Frantziar Agintea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Siriako Frantziar Agintea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%88%D9%85%D8%AA_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%87_%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%87_%D9%88_%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="قیمومت فرانسه بر سوریه و لبنان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قیمومت فرانسه بر سوریه و لبنان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandat_fran%C3%A7ais_en_Syrie_et_au_Liban" title="Mandat français en Syrie et au Liban – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mandat français en Syrie et au Liban" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%9E%91%EC%8A%A4_%EC%9C%84%EC%9E%84%ED%86%B5%EC%B9%98%EB%A0%B9_%EC%8B%9C%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84" title="프랑스 위임통치령 시리아 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프랑스 위임통치령 시리아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D6%87_%D4%BC%D5%AB%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D6%86%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%BF" title="Սիրիայի և Լիբանանի ֆրանսիական մանդատ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սիրիայի և Լիբանանի ֆրանսիական մանդատ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandat_Prancis_di_Suriah_dan_Lebanon" title="Mandat Prancis di Suriah dan Lebanon – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mandat Prancis di Suriah dan Lebanon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandato_francese_della_Siria_e_del_Libano" title="Mandato francese della Siria e del Libano – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mandato francese della Siria e del Libano" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%98_%D7%94%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%AA%D7%99_%D7%91%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%95%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9F" title="המנדט הצרפתי בסוריה ובלבנון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המנדט הצרפתי בסוריה ובלבנון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98" title="საფრანგეთის მანდატი სირიასა და ლიბანში – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="საფრანგეთის მანდატი სირიასა და ლიბანში" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C4%8Du_S%C4%ABrijas_un_Lib%C4%81nas_mand%C4%81tteritorija" title="Franču Sīrijas un Libānas mandātteritorija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Franču Sīrijas un Libānas mandātteritorija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%9E%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D" title="ഫ്രെഞ്ച് മാൻഡേറ്റ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഫ്രെഞ്ച് മാൻഡേറ്റ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandat_Perancis_untuk_Syria_dan_Lubnan" title="Mandat Perancis untuk Syria dan Lubnan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mandat Perancis untuk Syria dan Lubnan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans_Mandaat_Syri%C3%AB" title="Frans Mandaat Syrië – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Frans Mandaat Syrië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E5%A7%94%E4%BB%BB%E7%B5%B1%E6%B2%BB%E9%A0%98%E3%82%B7%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2" title="フランス委任統治領シリア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フランス委任統治領シリア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_franske_mandatet_for_Syria_og_Libanon" title="Det franske mandatet for Syria og Libanon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Det franske mandatet for Syria og Libanon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_franske_mandatet_for_Syria_og_Libanon" title="Det franske mandatet for Syria og Libanon – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Det franske mandatet for Syria og Libanon" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%B9%DB%81%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%92_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AA%DB%92_%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="فرانسیسی تعہد برائے شام تے لبنان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="فرانسیسی تعہد برائے شام تے لبنان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria_i_Liban" title="Syria i Liban – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Syria i Liban" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandato_Franc%C3%AAs_da_S%C3%ADria_e_do_L%C3%ADbano" title="Mandato Francês da Síria e do Líbano – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mandato Francês da Síria e do Líbano" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandatul_francez_pentru_Siria_%C8%99i_Liban" title="Mandatul francez pentru Siria și Liban – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mandatul francez pentru Siria și Liban" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B8_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Французский мандат в Сирии и Ливане – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Французский мандат в Сирии и Ливане" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franska_mandatet_f%C3%B6r_Syrien_och_Libanon" title="Franska mandatet för Syrien och Libanon – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Franska mandatet för Syrien och Libanon" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans%C4%B1z_Suriye_ve_L%C3%BCbnan_Mandas%C4%B1" title="Fransız Suriye ve Lübnan Mandası – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Fransız Suriye ve Lübnan Mandası" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82_%D1%83_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%96%D1%97_%D1%96_%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Французький мандат у Сирії і Лівані – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Французький мандат у Сирії і Лівані" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%B9%DB%81%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%92_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%81_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="فرانسیسی تعہد برائے سوریہ اور لبنان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فرانسیسی تعہد برائے سوریہ اور لبنان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A3nh_th%E1%BB%95_%E1%BB%A6y_tr%E1%BB%8B_Syria_v%C3%A0_Liban" title="Lãnh thổ Ủy trị Syria và Liban – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lãnh thổ Ủy trị Syria và Liban" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%99%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A2%D7%A8_%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%90%D7%98" title="פראנצויזישער מאנדאט – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פראנצויזישער מאנדאט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%B1%AC%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E5%8F%8A%E9%BB%8E%E5%B7%B4%E5%AB%A9%E8%A8%97%E7%AE%A1%E5%9C%B0" title="法屬敘利亞及黎巴嫩託管地 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="法屬敘利亞及黎巴嫩託管地" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q139708#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" 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Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=French_mandate_of_Syria&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="French mandate of Syria">French mandate of Syria</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">League of Nations mandate of France in the Middle East (1923–1946)</div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon&params=33_53_13_N_35_30_47_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">33°53′13″N</span> <span class="longitude">35°30′47″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">33.88694°N 35.51306°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">33.88694; 35.51306</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ededed;">Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon<br />(1923−1946)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon.djvu" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon.djvu/page1-220px-Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon.djvu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="362" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon.djvu/page1-330px-Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon.djvu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon.djvu/page1-440px-Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon.djvu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2211" data-file-height="3643" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Front cover of the Mandate document, 1922</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Created</th><td class="infobox-data">1920–1922</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ratification" title="Ratification">Ratified</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1923</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_at_Geneva" title="United Nations Office at Geneva">UNOG Library</a>; ref.: C.528. M.313. 1922. VI.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signatories</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Purpose</th><td class="infobox-data">Creation of <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Syria_(1925%E2%80%931930)" title="State of Syria (1925–1930)">State of Syria</a> (from the previous <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Federation" title="Syrian Federation">Syrian Federation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Greater_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Greater Lebanon">Greater Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alawite_State" title="Alawite State">Alawite State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabal_Druze_State" title="Jabal Druze State">Jabal ad-Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatay_State" title="Hatay State">Hatay State</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon</b> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Mandat pour la Syrie et le Liban</i>; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الانتداب الفرنسي على سوريا ولبنان</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-intidāb al-faransī ʻalā sūriyā wa-lubnān</i></span>, also referred to as the <b>Levant States</b>;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1923−1946)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations mandate</a><sup id="cite_ref-auto_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> founded in the <a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Aftermath of the First World War">aftermath of the First World War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Partitioning_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire">partitioning of the Ottoman Empire</a>, concerning <a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Syria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>. The mandate system was supposed to differ from <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a>, with the governing country intended to act as a trustee until the inhabitants were considered eligible for <a href="/wiki/Self-government" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-government">self-government</a>. At that point, the mandate would terminate and a <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign state</a> would be born.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the two years that followed the end of the war in 1918—and in accordance with the <a href="/wiki/Sykes%E2%80%93Picot_Agreement" title="Sykes–Picot Agreement">Sykes–Picot Agreement</a> signed by the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">French Third Republic</a> during the war—the British held control of most of <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Iraq" title="Ottoman Iraq">Ottoman Iraq</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>) and the southern part of <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Syria" title="Ottoman Syria">Ottoman Syria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transjordan_(region)" title="Transjordan (region)">Transjordan</a>), while the French controlled the rest of Ottoman Syria (including <a href="/wiki/History_of_Lebanon_under_Ottoman_rule" title="History of Lebanon under Ottoman rule">Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexandretta" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandretta">Alexandretta</a>, and portions of <a href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilicia</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-auto_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early 1920s, British and French control of these territories became formalized by the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>' mandate system. And on 29 September 1923 France was assigned the League of Nations mandate of Syria, which included the territory of present-day Lebanon and Alexandretta in addition to modern Syria.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The administration of the region under the French was carried out through a number of different governments and territories, including the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Federation" title="Syrian Federation">Syrian Federation</a> (1922–1924), the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Syria_(1925%E2%80%931930)" title="State of Syria (1925–1930)">State of Syria (1925–1930)</a> and the <a href="/wiki/First_Syrian_Republic#Mandatory_Syrian_Republic_(1930–1946)" title="First Syrian Republic">Mandatory Syrian Republic (1930–1946)</a>, as well as smaller states: <a href="/wiki/Greater_Lebanon" title="Greater Lebanon">Greater Lebanon</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Alawite_State" title="Alawite State">Alawite State</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Jabal_Druze_State" title="Jabal Druze State">Jabal Druze State</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hatay_State" title="Hatay State">Hatay State</a> was annexed by Turkey in 1939. The French mandate lasted until 1946, when French troops eventually left Syria and Lebanon, which had both declared independence during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Occupied_Enemy_Territory_Administration" title="Occupied Enemy Territory Administration">Occupied Enemy Territory Administration</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arab_Kingdom_of_Syria" title="Arab Kingdom of Syria">Arab Kingdom of Syria</a></div> <p>With the defeat of the Ottomans in Syria, British troops, under <a href="/wiki/General_(British_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="General (British Army)">General</a> <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Allenby,_1st_Viscount_Allenby" title="Edmund Allenby, 1st Viscount Allenby">Sir Edmund Allenby</a>, entered <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> in 1918 accompanied by troops of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Arab Revolt</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Faisal_I_of_Iraq" title="Faisal I of Iraq">Faisal</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Hussein_bin_Ali,_King_of_Hejaz" title="Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz">Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz</a>. Faisal established the first new postwar Arab government in Damascus in October 1918,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and named <a href="/wiki/Ali_Rikabi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali Rikabi">Ali Rikabi</a> a <a href="/wiki/Military_governor" class="mw-redirect" title="Military governor">military governor</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FEisalKingdom.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/FEisalKingdom.png/250px-FEisalKingdom.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/FEisalKingdom.png/375px-FEisalKingdom.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/FEisalKingdom.png/500px-FEisalKingdom.png 2x" data-file-width="1033" data-file-height="860" /></a><figcaption>The Kingdom of Syria in 1918</figcaption></figure> <p>The new Arab administration formed local governments in the major Syrian cities, and the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Arab_Revolt" title="Flag of the Arab Revolt">pan-Arab flag</a> was raised all over Syria. The Arabs hoped, with faith in earlier British promises, that the new Arab state would include all the Arab lands stretching from <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a> in northern Syria to <a href="/wiki/Aden" title="Aden">Aden</a> in southern <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>. </p><p>However, in accordance with the secret <a href="/wiki/Sykes%E2%80%93Picot_Agreement" title="Sykes–Picot Agreement">Sykes–Picot Agreement</a> between Britain and France,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> General Allenby assigned to the Arab administration only the interior regions of Syria (the eastern zone). <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a> (the southern zone) was reserved for the British. On 8 October, French troops disembarked in <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and occupied the Lebanese coastal region south to <a href="/wiki/Naqoura" class="mw-redirect" title="Naqoura">Naqoura</a> (the western zone), replacing British troops there. The French immediately dissolved the local Arab governments in the region. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syrian_National_Congress,_Damascus_1919-1920.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Syrian_National_Congress%2C_Damascus_1919-1920.jpg/220px-Syrian_National_Congress%2C_Damascus_1919-1920.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Syrian_National_Congress%2C_Damascus_1919-1920.jpg/330px-Syrian_National_Congress%2C_Damascus_1919-1920.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Syrian_National_Congress%2C_Damascus_1919-1920.jpg/440px-Syrian_National_Congress%2C_Damascus_1919-1920.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="305" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Congress" title="Syrian National Congress">Syrian National Congress</a> in 1919</figcaption></figure> <p>France demanded full implementation of the Sykes–Picot Agreement, with Syria under its control. On 26 November 1919, British forces withdrew from Damascus to avoid confrontation with the French, leaving the Arab government to face France.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Faisal had travelled several times to Europe since November 1918, trying to convince France and Britain to change their positions, but without success. France's determination to intervene in Syria was shown by the naming of General <a href="/wiki/Henri_Gouraud_(French_Army_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri Gouraud (French Army officer)">Henri Gouraud</a> as high commissioner in Syria and <a href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilicia</a>. At the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference,_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Peace Conference, 1919">Paris Peace Conference</a>, Faisal found himself in an even weaker position when the European powers decided to renege on the promises made to the Arabs. </p><p>In May 1919, elections were held for the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Congress" title="Syrian National Congress">Syrian National Congress</a>, which convened in Damascus. 80% of seats went to conservatives.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> However, the minority included dynamic <a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab nationalist</a> figures such as <a href="/wiki/Jamil_Mardam_Bey" title="Jamil Mardam Bey">Jamil Mardam Bey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shukri_al-Kuwatli" class="mw-redirect" title="Shukri al-Kuwatli">Shukri al-Kuwatli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Qadri" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad al-Qadri">Ahmad al-Qadri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Hanano" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibrahim Hanano">Ibrahim Hanano</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Riad_as-Solh" class="mw-redirect" title="Riad as-Solh">Riyad as-Solh</a>. The head was moderate nationalist <a href="/wiki/Hashim_al-Atassi" title="Hashim al-Atassi">Hashim al-Atassi</a>. </p><p>In June 1919, the American <a href="/wiki/King%E2%80%93Crane_Commission" title="King–Crane Commission">King–Crane Commission</a> arrived in Syria to inquire into local public opinion about the future of the country. The commission's remit extended from Aleppo to <a href="/wiki/Beersheba" title="Beersheba">Beersheba</a>. They visited 36 major cities, met with more than 2,000 delegations from more than 300 villages, and received more than 3,000 petitions. Their conclusions confirmed the opposition of Syrians to the mandate in their country as well as to the <a href="/wiki/Balfour_Declaration" title="Balfour Declaration">Balfour Declaration</a>, and their demand for a unified <a href="/wiki/Greater_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Syria">Greater Syria</a> encompassing Palestine.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conclusions of the commission were ignored by both Britain and France.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_states_under_French_mandate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Seal_of_the_states_under_French_mandate.svg/220px-Seal_of_the_states_under_French_mandate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Seal_of_the_states_under_French_mandate.svg/330px-Seal_of_the_states_under_French_mandate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Seal_of_the_states_under_French_mandate.svg/440px-Seal_of_the_states_under_French_mandate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="475" data-file-height="475" /></a><figcaption>Seal of the states under French mandate after WWI (among them Syria) around 1925. The text is 'DOUANES DES ÉTATS SOUS MANDAT FRANÇAIS' (Customs of the states under French mandate)</figcaption></figure> <p>Unrest erupted in Syria when Faisal accepted a compromise with French Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Georges_Clemenceau" title="Georges Clemenceau">Clemenceau</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anti-<a href="/wiki/Hashemite" class="mw-redirect" title="Hashemite">Hashemite</a> demonstrations broke out, and <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> inhabitants in and around <a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon" title="Mount Lebanon">Mount Lebanon</a> revolted in fear of being incorporated into a new, mainly Christian, state of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Lebanon" title="Greater Lebanon">Greater Lebanon</a>. A part of France's claim to these territories in the Levant was that France had been acknowledged as a protector of the minority Christian communities by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. </p><p>In March 1920, the Congress in Damascus adopted a resolution rejecting the Faisal-Clemenceau accords. The congress declared the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Kingdom_of_Syria" title="Arab Kingdom of Syria">independence of Syria</a> in her natural borders (including Southern Syria or Palestine), and proclaimed Faisal the king of all Arabs. Faisal invited Ali Rikabi to form a government.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The congress also proclaimed political and economic union with neighboring <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> and demanded its independence as well. </p><p>On 25 April, the supreme inter-Allied council, which was formulating the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres" title="Treaty of Sèvres">Treaty of Sèvres</a>, granted France the mandate of Syria (including Lebanon), and granted Britain the <a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Palestine" title="Mandate for Palestine">Mandate of Palestine</a> (with Trans-Jordan later), and Iraq. Syrians reacted with violent demonstrations, and a new government headed by Hashim al-Atassi was formed on 7 May 1920.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new government decided to organize general conscription and began forming an army. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Population_map_Syria_%26_Liban_(1935).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Population_map_Syria_%26_Liban_%281935%29.jpg/220px-Population_map_Syria_%26_Liban_%281935%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Population_map_Syria_%26_Liban_%281935%29.jpg/330px-Population_map_Syria_%26_Liban_%281935%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Population_map_Syria_%26_Liban_%281935%29.jpg/440px-Population_map_Syria_%26_Liban_%281935%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="939" /></a><figcaption>1935 population map of the French mandate in Syria and Lebanon</figcaption></figure> <p>These decisions provoked adverse reactions by France as well as by the <a href="/wiki/Maronite_patriarchate" class="mw-redirect" title="Maronite patriarchate">Maronite patriarchate</a> of Mount Lebanon, which denounced the decisions as a "<a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a>". In <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>, the Christian press expressed its hostility to the decisions of Faisal's government. <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_nationalism" title="Lebanese nationalism">Lebanese nationalists</a> used the crisis against Faisal's government to convene a council of Christian figures in <a href="/wiki/Baabda" title="Baabda">Baabda</a> that proclaimed the independence of <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> on 22 March 1920.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 14 July 1920, General Gouraud issued an ultimatum to Faisal, giving him the choice between submission or abdication.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Realizing that the power balance was not in his favor, Faisal chose to cooperate. However, the young minister of war, <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_al-Azmah" class="mw-redirect" title="Yusuf al-Azmah">Youssef al-Azmeh</a>, refused to comply. In the resulting <a href="/wiki/Franco-Syrian_War" title="Franco-Syrian War">Franco-Syrian War</a>, Syrian troops under al-Azmeh, composed of the little remaining troops of the Arab army along with Bedouin horsemen and civilian volunteers, met the better trained 12,000-strong French forces under General <a href="/wiki/Mariano_Goybet" title="Mariano Goybet">Mariano Goybet</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maysaloun" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Maysaloun">Battle of Maysaloun</a>. The French won the battle in less than a day and Azmeh died on the battlefield, along with many of the Syrian troops,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the remaining troops possibly defected. General Goybet <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Damascus_(1920)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Damascus (1920)">captured Damascus</a> with little resistance on 24 July 1920, and the mandate was written in London two years later on 24 July 1922.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="States_created_during_the_French_Mandate">States created during the French Mandate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: States created during the French Mandate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bulletin_Officiel_des_Actes_Administratifs_du_Haut_Commissariat,_14_May_1930,_announcing_the_consitutions_of_the_states_within_the_French_Mandate_of_Syria_and_Lebanon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Bulletin_Officiel_des_Actes_Administratifs_du_Haut_Commissariat%2C_14_May_1930%2C_announcing_the_consitutions_of_the_states_within_the_French_Mandate_of_Syria_and_Lebanon.png/220px-thumbnail.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Bulletin_Officiel_des_Actes_Administratifs_du_Haut_Commissariat%2C_14_May_1930%2C_announcing_the_consitutions_of_the_states_within_the_French_Mandate_of_Syria_and_Lebanon.png/330px-thumbnail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Bulletin_Officiel_des_Actes_Administratifs_du_Haut_Commissariat%2C_14_May_1930%2C_announcing_the_consitutions_of_the_states_within_the_French_Mandate_of_Syria_and_Lebanon.png/440px-thumbnail.png 2x" data-file-width="495" data-file-height="663" /></a><figcaption><i>Bulletin Officiel des Actes Administratifs du Haut Commissariat</i>, 14 May 1930, announcing the constitutions of the states within the French Mandate of Syria and Lebanon</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:French_Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon_map_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/French_Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon_map_en.svg/220px-French_Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon_map_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/French_Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon_map_en.svg/330px-French_Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon_map_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/French_Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon_map_en.svg/440px-French_Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon_map_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="922" data-file-height="762" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the states of the French Mandate from 1921 to 1922</figcaption></figure> <p>Arriving in <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, the French were received as liberators by the Christian community, but in the rest of Syria, they faced strong resistance.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The mandate region was subdivided into six states. They were the states of <a href="/wiki/State_of_Damascus" title="State of Damascus">Damascus</a> (1920), <a href="/wiki/State_of_Aleppo" title="State of Aleppo">Aleppo</a> (1920), <a href="/wiki/Alawite_State" title="Alawite State">Alawites</a> (1920), <a href="/wiki/Jabal_Druze_State" title="Jabal Druze State">Jabal Druze</a> (1921), the autonomous <a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Alexandretta" title="Sanjak of Alexandretta">Sanjak of Alexandretta</a> (1921, modern-day <a href="/wiki/Hatay_Province" title="Hatay Province">Hatay</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Greater_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Greater Lebanon">State of Greater Lebanon</a> (1920), which became later the modern country of Lebanon. </p><p>The borders of these states were based in part on the sectarian geography in Syria. Many of the different Syrian sects were hostile to the French mandate and to the division it created, as shown by the numerous revolts that the French encountered in all of the Syrian states. The <a href="/wiki/Maronite" class="mw-redirect" title="Maronite">Maronite</a> Christians of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon" title="Mount Lebanon">Mount Lebanon</a>, on the other hand, were a community with a dream of independence that was being realized under the French. Therefore, Greater Lebanon was the exception among the newly formed states.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>It took France three years from 1920 to 1923 to gain full control over Syria and to quell all the insurgencies that broke out, notably in the <a href="/wiki/Alawite" class="mw-redirect" title="Alawite">Alawite</a> territories, <a href="/wiki/Jabal_al-Druze" title="Jabal al-Druze">Mount Druze</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a>. </p><p>Although there were uprisings in the different states, the French deliberately gave different ethnic and religious groups in the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> their own lands in the hopes of prolonging their rule. The French hoped to fragment the various groups in the region, to mitigate support for the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian nationalist">Syrian nationalist</a> movement seeking to end colonial rule. The administration of the state governments was heavily dominated by the French. Local authorities were given very little power and did not have the authority to independently decide policy. The small amount of power that local leaders had could easily be overruled by French officials. The French did everything in their power to prevent people in the Levant from developing self-sufficient governing bodies.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="collapsible expanded" style="margin: 0.3em auto auto; clear:none; min-width:100%; width:100%; font-size:85%; border:1px solid #aaa"> <tbody><tr> <th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none; color: inherit; width:100%">Diagram of states under the mandate </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"> <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate; margin: 0 auto;"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Beirut_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Beirut Vilayet">Beirut Vilayet</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon_Mutasarrifate" title="Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate">Mount Lebanon</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleppo Vilayet">Aleppo Vilayet</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Damascus Vilayet">Damascus Vilayet</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Zor_Sanjak" title="Zor Sanjak">Zor Sanjak</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Occupied_Enemy_Territory_Administration" title="Occupied Enemy Territory Administration">OETA North</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Occupied_Enemy_Territory_Administration" title="Occupied Enemy Territory Administration">OETA East</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Syria_(1920-03-08_to_1920-07-24).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Syria_%281920-03-08_to_1920-07-24%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Syria_%281920-03-08_to_1920-07-24%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Syria_%281920-03-08_to_1920-07-24%29.svg/90px-Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Syria_%281920-03-08_to_1920-07-24%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Syria_%281920-03-08_to_1920-07-24%29.svg/120px-Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Syria_%281920-03-08_to_1920-07-24%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Syria">Kingdom of Syria</a><br />(1920)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lebanese_French_flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Lebanese_French_flag.svg/45px-Lebanese_French_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Lebanese_French_flag.svg/68px-Lebanese_French_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Lebanese_French_flag.svg/90px-Lebanese_French_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="496" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Greater_Lebanon" title="Greater Lebanon">Greater Lebanon</a><br /><br />(1920–46)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Alawite_State_(1920%E2%80%931936).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_the_Alawite_State_%281920%E2%80%931936%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Alawite_State_%281920%E2%80%931936%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_the_Alawite_State_%281920%E2%80%931936%29.svg/68px-Flag_of_the_Alawite_State_%281920%E2%80%931936%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_the_Alawite_State_%281920%E2%80%931936%29.svg/90px-Flag_of_the_Alawite_State_%281920%E2%80%931936%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="795" data-file-height="530" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Alawite_State" title="Alawite State">Alawite State</a><br /><br />(1920–36)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_State_of_Aleppo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_the_State_of_Aleppo.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_State_of_Aleppo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_the_State_of_Aleppo.svg/68px-Flag_of_the_State_of_Aleppo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_the_State_of_Aleppo.svg/90px-Flag_of_the_State_of_Aleppo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/State_of_Aleppo" title="State of Aleppo">State of Aleppo</a><br />(including the <a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Alexandretta" title="Sanjak of Alexandretta">Sanjak of Alexandretta</a>)<br />(1920–24)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_State_of_Damascus.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_the_State_of_Damascus.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_State_of_Damascus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_the_State_of_Damascus.svg/68px-Flag_of_the_State_of_Damascus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_the_State_of_Damascus.svg/90px-Flag_of_the_State_of_Damascus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/State_of_Damascus" title="State of Damascus">State of Damascus</a><br />(1920–24)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Jabal_ad-Druze_(state).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Flag_of_Jabal_ad-Druze_%28state%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Jabal_ad-Druze_%28state%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Flag_of_Jabal_ad-Druze_%28state%29.svg/68px-Flag_of_Jabal_ad-Druze_%28state%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Flag_of_Jabal_ad-Druze_%28state%29.svg/90px-Flag_of_Jabal_ad-Druze_%28state%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Jabal_Druze_State" title="Jabal Druze State">Jabal Druze</a><br />(1921–36)</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Syria_French_mandate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Flag_of_Syria_French_mandate.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria_French_mandate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Flag_of_Syria_French_mandate.svg/68px-Flag_of_Syria_French_mandate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Flag_of_Syria_French_mandate.svg/90px-Flag_of_Syria_French_mandate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/State_of_Syria_(1924%E2%80%931930)" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Syria (1924–1930)">State of Syria</a><br />(1925–30)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Syria_(1930%E2%80%931958,_1961%E2%80%931963).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg/90px-Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg/120px-Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Syrian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandatory Syrian Republic">Syrian Republic</a><br />(1930–58)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Hatay.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Flag_of_Hatay.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hatay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Flag_of_Hatay.svg/68px-Flag_of_Hatay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Flag_of_Hatay.svg/90px-Flag_of_Hatay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Hatay_State" title="Hatay State">Hatay State</a><br />(1938–39)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_of_Greater_Lebanon">State of Greater Lebanon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: State of Greater Lebanon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Greater_Lebanon" title="Greater Lebanon">Greater Lebanon</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:311px;max-width:311px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carte_du_Liban_d%27apres_les_reconnaissances_de_la_Brigade_Topographique_du_Corps_Expeditionnaire_de_Syrie_en_1860-1861.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Carte_du_Liban_d%27apres_les_reconnaissances_de_la_Brigade_Topographique_du_Corps_Expeditionnaire_de_Syrie_en_1860-1861.jpg/150px-Carte_du_Liban_d%27apres_les_reconnaissances_de_la_Brigade_Topographique_du_Corps_Expeditionnaire_de_Syrie_en_1860-1861.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Carte_du_Liban_d%27apres_les_reconnaissances_de_la_Brigade_Topographique_du_Corps_Expeditionnaire_de_Syrie_en_1860-1861.jpg/225px-Carte_du_Liban_d%27apres_les_reconnaissances_de_la_Brigade_Topographique_du_Corps_Expeditionnaire_de_Syrie_en_1860-1861.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Carte_du_Liban_d%27apres_les_reconnaissances_de_la_Brigade_Topographique_du_Corps_Expeditionnaire_de_Syrie_en_1860-1861.jpg/300px-Carte_du_Liban_d%27apres_les_reconnaissances_de_la_Brigade_Topographique_du_Corps_Expeditionnaire_de_Syrie_en_1860-1861.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8440" data-file-height="11302" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">1862 map drawn by the French expedition of <a href="/wiki/Charles-Marie-Napol%C3%A9on_de_Beaufort_d%27Hautpoul" title="Charles-Marie-Napoléon de Beaufort d'Hautpoul">Beaufort d'Hautpoul</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:155px;max-width:155px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lebanon_religious_groups_distribution_with_Mount_Lebanon_1862-1917_borders_shown.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Lebanon_religious_groups_distribution_with_Mount_Lebanon_1862-1917_borders_shown.svg/153px-Lebanon_religious_groups_distribution_with_Mount_Lebanon_1862-1917_borders_shown.svg.png" decoding="async" width="153" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Lebanon_religious_groups_distribution_with_Mount_Lebanon_1862-1917_borders_shown.svg/230px-Lebanon_religious_groups_distribution_with_Mount_Lebanon_1862-1917_borders_shown.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Lebanon_religious_groups_distribution_with_Mount_Lebanon_1862-1917_borders_shown.svg/306px-Lebanon_religious_groups_distribution_with_Mount_Lebanon_1862-1917_borders_shown.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="3484" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Black dashed line shows the borders of the 1861–1918 <a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon_Mutasarrifate" title="Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate">Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate</a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The first map, drawn by the French in 1862, was used as a template for the 1920 borders of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Lebanon" title="Greater Lebanon">Greater Lebanon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second map shows the borders of the 1861–1918 <a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon_Mutasarrifate" title="Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate">Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate</a>, overlaid on a map of modern day Lebanon showing religious groups distribution</div></div></div></div> <p>On 3 August 1920, <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arr%C3%AAt%C3%A9_en_France" class="extiw" title="fr:Arrêté en France">Arrêté</a> 299 of the <i>Haut-commissariat de la République française en Syrie et au Liban</i> linked the cazas of Hasbaya, Rachaya, Maallaka and Baalbeck to what was then known as the Autonomous Territory of Lebanon. Then on 31 August 1920, General Gouraud signed Arrêté 318 delimiting the State of Greater Lebanon, with explanatory notes stating that Lebanon would be treated separately from the rest of Syria.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 1 September 1920, General Gouraud publicly proclaimed the creation of the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Greater_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Greater Lebanon">State of Greater Lebanon</a> (French: <i lang="fr">État du Grand Liban</i>, Arabic: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">دولة لبنان الكبير</span>) at a ceremony in Beirut.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Proclamation_of_the_state_of_Greater_Lebanon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Proclamation_of_the_state_of_Greater_Lebanon.jpg/220px-Proclamation_of_the_state_of_Greater_Lebanon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Proclamation_of_the_state_of_Greater_Lebanon.jpg/330px-Proclamation_of_the_state_of_Greater_Lebanon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Proclamation_of_the_state_of_Greater_Lebanon.jpg/440px-Proclamation_of_the_state_of_Greater_Lebanon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="539" data-file-height="341" /></a><figcaption>General Gourard proclaims the creation of the State of Greater Lebanon</figcaption></figure> <p>Greater Lebanon was created by France to be a "safe haven" for the <a href="/wiki/Maronite_Christianity_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Maronite Christianity in Lebanon">Maronite</a> population of the <i><a href="/wiki/Mutasarrifia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutasarrifia">mutasarrifia</a></i> (Ottoman administrative unit) of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon_Mutasarrifate" title="Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate">Mount Lebanon</a>. Mt. Lebanon, an area with a Maronite majority, had enjoyed varying degrees of <a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">autonomy</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> era. However, in addition to the Maronite Mutasarrifia other, mainly <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a>, regions were added, forming "Greater" Lebanon. Those regions correspond today to <a href="/wiki/North_Governorate" title="North Governorate">North Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="South Lebanon">South Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biqa%27_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Biqa' valley">Biqa' valley</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The capital of Greater Lebanon was Beirut. The new state was granted a flag, merging the <a href="/wiki/French_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="French flag">French flag</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Cedar_of_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Cedar of Lebanon">cedar of Lebanon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maronites were the majority in Lebanon and managed to preserve its independence; an independence that created a unique precedent in the Arab world, as Lebanon was the first Arab country in which Christians were not a minority. The State of Greater Lebanon existed until 23 May 1926, after which it became the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebanese Republic">Lebanese Republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most Muslims in Greater Lebanon rejected the new state upon its creation. Some believe that the continuous Muslim demand for reunification with Syria eventually brought about an <a href="/wiki/1958_Lebanon_crisis" title="1958 Lebanon crisis">armed conflict between Muslims and Christians in 1958</a> when <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Lebanon" title="Islam in Lebanon">Lebanese Muslims</a> wanted to join the newly proclaimed <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Republic" title="United Arab Republic">United Arab Republic</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Lebanon" title="Christianity in Lebanon">Lebanese Christians</a> were strongly opposed.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, most members of the Lebanese Muslim communities and their political elites were committed to the idea of being Lebanese citizens by the late 1930s, even though they also tended to nurture Arab nationalist sentiments. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_of_Alawites">State of Alawites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: State of Alawites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/State_of_Alawites" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Alawites">State of Alawites</a></div> <p>On 19 August 1920, General Gouraud signed Arrêté 314 which added to the autonomous sandjak of Alexandretta the cazas of Jisr el-Choughour, the madriyehs of Baher and Bujack (caza of Latakia), the moudiriyeh of Kinsaba (caza of Sahyoun) "with a view to the formation of the territories of Greater Lebanon and the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Coastal_Mountain_Range" title="Syrian Coastal Mountain Range">Ansarieh Mountains</a>"; where the "Ansarieh Mountains" area was to become the Alawite State.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 31 August 1920, the same day that the decree creating Greater Lebanon was signed, General Gouraud signed Arrêté 319 delimiting the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Alawites" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Alawites">State of Alawites</a>, and Arrêté 317 adding the caza of Massyaf (Omranie) into the new State.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stamp_Alaouites_1926_10pi_air.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Stamp_Alaouites_1926_10pi_air.jpg/220px-Stamp_Alaouites_1926_10pi_air.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Stamp_Alaouites_1926_10pi_air.jpg/330px-Stamp_Alaouites_1926_10pi_air.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Stamp_Alaouites_1926_10pi_air.jpg/440px-Stamp_Alaouites_1926_10pi_air.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="494" /></a><figcaption>A 10-piastre Syrian stamp used in the Alawite State, bearing an overprint overprinted "ALAOUITES"</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/State_of_Alawites" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Alawites">State of Alawites</a> (French: <i lang="fr">État des Alaouites</i>, Arabic: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">دولة العلويين</span>) was located on the Syrian coast and incorporated a majority of <a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawites</a>, a branch of <a href="/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shia</a> <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>. The port city of <a href="/wiki/Latakia" title="Latakia">Latakia</a> was the capital of this state. Initially it was an autonomous territory under French rule known as the "Alawite Territories". It became part of the Syrian Federation in 1922, but left the federation again in 1924 and became the "State of Alawites". On 22 September 1930, it was renamed the "Independent Government of <a href="/wiki/Latakia" title="Latakia">Latakia</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The population at this time was 278,000. The government of Latakia finally joined the Syrian Republic on 5 December 1936. This state witnessed several rebellions against the French, including that of <a href="/wiki/Salih_al-Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Salih al-Ali">Salih al-Ali</a> (1918–1920). </p><p>On 28 June 1922, Arrêté 1459 created a "<a href="/wiki/Syrian_Federation" title="Syrian Federation">Federation of the Autonomous States of Syria</a>" which included the State of Aleppo, the State of Damascus and the State of the Alawis. However, two and a half years later on 5 December 1924, Arrêté 2979 and Arrêté 2980 established the Alawite State as an independent state with Latakia as its capital, and separately unified the States of Aleppo and Damascus into a single State called "État de Syrie" ("State of Syria"), formally established on 1 January 1925. </p><p>In 1936, both Jebel Druze and the Alawite State were incorporated into the State of Syria.<sup id="cite_ref-1936a_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1936a-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_of_Syria">State of Syria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: State of Syria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/State_of_Aleppo" title="State of Aleppo">State of Aleppo</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_of_Damascus" title="State of Damascus">State of Damascus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/State_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Syria">State of Syria</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:General_Gouraud_marching_in_Aleppo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/General_Gouraud_marching_in_Aleppo.jpg/220px-General_Gouraud_marching_in_Aleppo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/General_Gouraud_marching_in_Aleppo.jpg/330px-General_Gouraud_marching_in_Aleppo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/General_Gouraud_marching_in_Aleppo.jpg/440px-General_Gouraud_marching_in_Aleppo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="469" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Henri_Gouraud_(French_Army_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri Gouraud (French Army officer)">General Gouraud</a> crossing through al-Khandaq street on 13 September 1920, <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a></figcaption></figure> <p>On 1 September 1920, the day after the creation of Greater Lebanon and the Alawite State, Arrêté 330 separated out of the previous "Gouvernement de Damas" ("Government of Damascus") an independent government known as the "Gouvernement d'Alep" ("Government of Aleppo"), including the autonomous sandjak of Alexandretta, which retained its administrative autonomy.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The terms "Gouvernement d'Alep" "Gouvernement de Damas" were used interchangeably with "l'État d'Alep" and "l'État de Damas" – for example, Arrete 279 1 October 1920 stated in its preamble: "Vu l'arrêté No 330 du 1er Septembre 1920 créant l'État d'Alep". </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/State_of_Aleppo" title="State of Aleppo">State of Aleppo</a> (1920–1925, French: <i lang="fr">État d'Alep</i>, Arabic: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">دولة حلب</span>) included a majority of <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a>. It covered northern Syria in addition to the entire fertile basin of river <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a> of eastern Syria. These regions represented much of the agricultural and mineral wealth of Syria. The autonomous <a href="/wiki/Hatay_Province" title="Hatay Province">Sanjak of Alexandretta</a> was added to the state of Aleppo in 1923. The capital was the northern city of <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a>, which had large Christian and <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> communities in addition to the Sunni Muslims. The state also incorporated minorities of <a href="/wiki/Shiites" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiites">Shiites</a> and Alawites. Ethnic <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a> inhabited the eastern regions alongside the Arabs. The General Governors of the state were <a href="/wiki/Kamil_Pasha_al-Qudsi" title="Kamil Pasha al-Qudsi">Kamil Pasha al-Qudsi</a> (1920–1922) <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Bey_Barmada" title="Mustafa Bey Barmada">Mustafa Bey Barmada</a> (1923) and <a href="/wiki/Mar%27i_Pasha_Al_Mallah" class="mw-redirect" title="Mar'i Pasha Al Mallah">Mar'i Pasha Al Mallah</a> (1924-1925). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/State_of_Damascus" title="State of Damascus">State of Damascus</a> was a French mandate from 1920<sup id="cite_ref-uca.edu_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uca.edu-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to 1925. The capital was Damascus. </p><p>The primarily Sunni population of the states of Aleppo and Damascus were strongly opposed to the division of Syria. This resulted in its quick end in 1925, when France united the states of Aleppo and Damascus into the State of Syria. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sanjak_of_Alexandretta">Sanjak of Alexandretta</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sanjak of Alexandretta"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Alexandretta" title="Sanjak of Alexandretta">Sanjak of Alexandretta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hatay_State" title="Hatay State">Hatay State</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Northern_Syria_and_Lebanon_in_Maunsell%27s_map,_Pre-World_War_I_British_Ethnographical_Map_of_eastern_Turkey_in_Asia,_Syria_and_western_Persia_04.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Northern_Syria_and_Lebanon_in_Maunsell%27s_map%2C_Pre-World_War_I_British_Ethnographical_Map_of_eastern_Turkey_in_Asia%2C_Syria_and_western_Persia_04.png/220px-Northern_Syria_and_Lebanon_in_Maunsell%27s_map%2C_Pre-World_War_I_British_Ethnographical_Map_of_eastern_Turkey_in_Asia%2C_Syria_and_western_Persia_04.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Northern_Syria_and_Lebanon_in_Maunsell%27s_map%2C_Pre-World_War_I_British_Ethnographical_Map_of_eastern_Turkey_in_Asia%2C_Syria_and_western_Persia_04.png/330px-Northern_Syria_and_Lebanon_in_Maunsell%27s_map%2C_Pre-World_War_I_British_Ethnographical_Map_of_eastern_Turkey_in_Asia%2C_Syria_and_western_Persia_04.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Northern_Syria_and_Lebanon_in_Maunsell%27s_map%2C_Pre-World_War_I_British_Ethnographical_Map_of_eastern_Turkey_in_Asia%2C_Syria_and_western_Persia_04.png/440px-Northern_Syria_and_Lebanon_in_Maunsell%27s_map%2C_Pre-World_War_I_British_Ethnographical_Map_of_eastern_Turkey_in_Asia%2C_Syria_and_western_Persia_04.png 2x" data-file-width="1179" data-file-height="805" /></a><figcaption>Ethnographical map of Syria and Lebanon in a pre-World War I ethnographical map. The blue color represents Arabs, brown Turks, green Armenians, and yellow Kurds.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Sanjak of Alexandretta became an autonomous province of Syria under Article 7 of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ankara_(1921)" title="Treaty of Ankara (1921)">French-Turkish treaty of 20 October 1921</a>: "A special administrative regime shall be established for the district of Alexandretta. The Turkish inhabitants of this district shall enjoy facility for their cultural development. The Turkish language shall have official recognition".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1923, <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0skenderun" title="İskenderun">Alexandretta</a> was attached to the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Aleppo" title="State of Aleppo">State of Aleppo</a>, and in 1925 it was directly attached to the French mandate of Syria, still with special administrative status. The sanjak was given autonomy in November 1937 in an arrangement brokered by the League. Under its new statute, the sanjak became 'distinct but not separated' from the French Mandate of Syria on the diplomatic level, linked to both France and Turkey for defence matters. </p><p>In 1938, the Turkish military went into the Syrian province and expelled most of its Alawite Arab and <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Syria" title="Armenians in Syria">Armenian</a> inhabitants.<sup id="cite_ref-JackKalpakian_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JackKalpakian-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before this, Alawi Arabs and Armenians were the majority of Alexandretta's population.<sup id="cite_ref-JackKalpakian_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JackKalpakian-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The allocation of seats in the sanjak assembly was based on the 1938 census held by the French authorities under international supervision. The assembly was appointed in the summer of 1938, and the French-Turkish treaty settling the status of the Sanjak was signed on 4 July 1938.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On 2 September 1938, the assembly proclaimed the Sanjak of Alexandretta as the <a href="/wiki/Hatay_State" title="Hatay State">Hatay State</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The republic lasted for one year under joint French and Turkish military supervision. The name <i>Hatay</i> itself was proposed by <a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk" class="mw-redirect" title="Atatürk">Atatürk</a> and the government was under Turkish control. In 1939, following a popular referendum, the <a href="/wiki/Hatay_State" title="Hatay State">Hatay State</a> became a Turkish province. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_of_Jabal_Druze">State of Jabal Druze</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: State of Jabal Druze"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jabal_al-Druze_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabal al-Druze (state)">Jabal al-Druze (state)</a></div> <p>On 24 October 1922, Arrêté 1641 established the "<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">État autonome du Djebel druze</i></span>" ("<a href="/wiki/Jabal_Druze_State" title="Jabal Druze State">Autonomous State of Jabal Druze</a>")<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was created for the <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a> population of southern <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-uca.edu_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uca.edu-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It had a population of some 50,000 and its capital in <a href="/wiki/As-Suwayda" class="mw-redirect" title="As-Suwayda">As-Suwayda</a>. </p><p>In 1936, both Jebel Druze and the Alawite State were incorporated into the State of Syria.<sup id="cite_ref-1936a_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1936a-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demands_for_autonomy_not_granted_by_the_French_Mandate_authorities">Demands for autonomy not granted by the French Mandate authorities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Demands for autonomy not granted by the French Mandate authorities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Al-Jazira_Province">Al-Jazira Province</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Al-Jazira Province"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Al-Jazira_Province" title="Al-Jazira Province">Al-Jazira Province</a></div> <p>In 1936–1937, there was some autonomist agitation among <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a>, supported by some <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouins</a>, in the province of Al-Jazira. Its partisans wanted the French troops to stay in the province in the event of a Syrian independence, as they feared the nationalist Damascus government would replace minority officials by Muslim Arabs from the capital. The French authorities refused to consider any new status of autonomy inside Syria.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Golan_Region">Golan Region</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Golan Region"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Quneitra" title="Quneitra">Quneitra</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan Region</a>, there was a sizeable <a href="/wiki/Circassians_in_Syria" title="Circassians in Syria">Circassian</a> community. For the same reasons as their Assyrian, Kurdish and Bedouin counterparts in Al-Jazira province in 1936–1937, several Circassian leaders wanted a special autonomy status for their region in 1938, as they feared the prospect of living in an independent Syrian republic under a nationalist Arab government hostile towards the minorities. They also wanted the Golan region to become a national homeland for Circassian refugees from the Caucasus. A Circassian battalion served in the French <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Levant" title="Army of the Levant">Army of the Levant</a> and had helped it against the Arab nationalist uprisings. As in Al-Jazira Province, the French authorities refused to grant any autonomy status to the Golan Circassians.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Banque_de_Syrie_et_du_Liban" title="Banque de Syrie et du Liban">Banque de Syrie et du Liban</a></div> <p>Already in 1921, the French wanted to develop the agricultural sector and over a feasibility study of the <i>Union Economique de Syrie</i> the North-East Syrian and the <a href="/wiki/Alawite_State" title="Alawite State">Alawite State</a> were deemed profitable for the cotton cultivation.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Investments began in 1924, but it took until the 1930s to produce more than the level reached in 1925.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1933, <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Palestine</a> was the largest importer of Syrian goods, while the French held a share of 7.5% of the imports.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between the two World Wars, France became the largest trader of goods of the French Mandate.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1933 onwards, Japan was also a large source for imports.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kingdom_of_Syria_(1918–1920)"><span id="Kingdom_of_Syria_.281918.E2.80.931920.29"></span>Kingdom of Syria (1918–1920)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Kingdom of Syria (1918–1920)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heads_of_Government">Heads of Government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Heads of Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Term Start </th> <th>Term end </th> <th>Political Party </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_Said_al-Jazairi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muhammad Said al-Jazairi (page does not exist)">Muhammad Said al-Jazairi</a></td> <td>30 September 1918</td> <td>30 September 1918</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%27Ali_Rida_Basha_al-Rikabi" class="mw-redirect" title="'Ali Rida Basha al-Rikabi">'Ali Rida Basha al-Rikabi</a></td> <td>30 September 1918</td> <td>5 October 1918</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Faisal_I_of_Iraq" title="Faisal I of Iraq">Emir Faisal</a></td> <td>5 October 1918</td> <td>8 March 1920</td> <td> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="King">King</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: King"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Reign Start </th> <th>Reign end </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Faisal_I_of_Iraq" title="Faisal I of Iraq">Faisal I</a></td> <td>8 March 1920</td> <td>28 July 1920 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="French_Mandate_of_Syria_(1920–1939)"><span id="French_Mandate_of_Syria_.281920.E2.80.931939.29"></span>French Mandate of Syria (1920–1939)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: French Mandate of Syria (1920–1939)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acting_Heads_of_State">Acting Heads of State</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Acting Heads of State"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Term Start </th> <th>Term end </th> <th>Political Party </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aladdin_Al-Droubi" title="Aladdin Al-Droubi">Aladdin Al-Droubi</a></td> <td>28 July 1920</td> <td>21 August 1920</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jamil_al-Ulshi" title="Jamil al-Ulshi">Jamil al-Ulshi</a></td> <td>4 September 1920</td> <td>30 November 1920</td> <td> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="President">President</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: President"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Term Start </th> <th>Term end </th> <th>Political Party </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Subhi_Bay_Barakat_al-Khalidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Subhi Bay Barakat al-Khalidi">Subhi Bay Barakat al-Khalidi</a></td> <td>28 June 1922</td> <td>1 January 1925</td> <td> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heads_of_State">Heads of State</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Heads of State"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Term Start </th> <th>Term end </th> <th>Political Party </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Subhi_Bay_Barakat_al-Khalidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Subhi Bay Barakat al-Khalidi">Subhi Bay Barakat al-Khalidi</a></td> <td>1 January 1925</td> <td>21 December 1925</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Pierre-Alype" title="François Pierre-Alype">François Pierre-Alype</a> (acting)</td> <td>9 February 1926</td> <td>28 April 1926</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Damad-i_Shariyari_Ahmad_Nami_Bay" class="mw-redirect" title="Damad-i Shariyari Ahmad Nami Bay">Damad-i Shariyari Ahmad Nami Bay</a></td> <td>28 April 1926</td> <td>15 February 1928</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Taj_al-Din_al-Hasani" title="Taj al-Din al-Hasani">Taj al-Din al-Hasani</a> (acting)</td> <td>15 February 1928</td> <td>19 November 1931</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Solomiac" title="Léon Solomiac">Léon Solomiac</a> (acting)</td> <td>19 November 1931</td> <td>11 June 1932</td> <td> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Presidents">Presidents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Presidents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Term Start </th> <th>Term end </th> <th>Political Party </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_%27Ali_Bay_al-%27Abid" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad 'Ali Bay al-'Abid">Muhammad 'Ali Bay al-'Abid</a></td> <td>11 June 1932</td> <td>21 December 1936</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hashim_al-Atassi" title="Hashim al-Atassi">Hashim al-Atassi</a> (1st time)</td> <td>21 December 1936</td> <td>7 July 1939</td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Bloc_(Syria)" title="National Bloc (Syria)">National Bloc</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="High_Commissioners">High Commissioners</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: High Commissioners"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/High_Commissioner_of_the_Levant" title="High Commissioner of the Levant">High Commissioner of the Levant</a></div> <ul><li>26 Nov 1919 – 23 Nov 1922: <a href="/wiki/Henri_Gouraud_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri Gouraud (general)">Henri Gouraud</a></li> <li>23 Nov 1922 – 17 Apr 1923: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_de_Caix_de_Saint-Aymour&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert de Caix de Saint-Aymour (page does not exist)">Robert de Caix</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_de_Caix_de_Saint-Aymour" class="extiw" title="fr:Robert de Caix de Saint-Aymour">fr</a>]</span> (acting)</li> <li>19 Apr 1923 – 29 Nov 1924: <a href="/wiki/Maxime_Weygand" title="Maxime Weygand">Maxime Weygand</a></li> <li>29 Nov 1924 – 23 Dec 1925: <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Sarrail" title="Maurice Sarrail">Maurice Sarrail</a></li> <li>23 Dec 1925 – 23 Jun 1926: <a href="/wiki/Henry_de_Jouvenel" title="Henry de Jouvenel">Henry de Jouvenel</a></li> <li>Aug 1926 – 16 Jul 1933: <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Henri_Ponsot" class="mw-redirect" title="Auguste Henri Ponsot">Auguste Henri Ponsot</a></li> <li>16 Jul 1933 – Jan 1939: <a href="/wiki/Damien_de_Martel" title="Damien de Martel">Damien de Martel</a></li> <li>Jan 1939 – Nov 1940: <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Puaux" title="Gabriel Puaux">Gabriel Puaux</a></li> <li>24 Nov 1940 – 27 Nov 1940: <a href="/wiki/Jean_Chiappe" title="Jean Chiappe">Jean Chiappe</a> (died on flight to take office)</li> <li>6 Dec 1940 – 16 Jun 1941: <a href="/wiki/Henri_Dentz" title="Henri Dentz">Henri Dentz</a></li> <li>24 Jun 1941 – 7 Jun 1943: <a href="/wiki/Georges_Catroux" title="Georges Catroux">Georges Catroux</a></li> <li>7 Jun 1943 – 23 Nov 1943: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Helleu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean Helleu (page does not exist)">Jean Helleu</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Helleu" class="extiw" title="fr:Jean Helleu">fr</a>]</span></li> <li>23 Nov 1943 – 23 Jan 1944: <a href="/wiki/Yves_Chataigneau" title="Yves Chataigneau">Yves Chataigneau</a></li> <li>23 Jan 1944 – 1 Sep 1946: <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89tienne_Paul_Beynet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Étienne Paul Beynet (page does not exist)">Étienne Paul-Émile-Marie Beynet</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 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possessions and colonies">List of French possessions and colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_Syria" title="Modern history of Syria">Modern history of Syria</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Levant">"Levant | Meaning, Countries, Map, & Facts | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i>. 5 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Levant+%26%23124%3B+Meaning%2C+Countries%2C+Map%2C+%26+Facts+%26%23124%3B+Britannica&rft.date=2023-06-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FLevant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandate+for+Syria+and+the+Lebanon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1945v08/d1045">"Foreign Relations of the United States: Diplomatic Papers, 1945, The Near East and Africa, Volume VIII - Office of the Historian"</a>. <i>history.state.gov</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=history.state.gov&rft.atitle=Foreign+Relations+of+the+United+States%3A+Diplomatic+Papers%2C+1945%2C+The+Near+East+and+Africa%2C+Volume+VIII+-+Office+of+the+Historian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.state.gov%2Fhistoricaldocuments%2Ffrus1945v08%2Fd1045&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandate+for+Syria+and+the+Lebanon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>League of Nations Official Journal</i>, Vol 3, August 1922, p. 1013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link 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(1 January 1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1448676">"The Mandate System of the League of Nations"</a>. <i>The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science</i>. <b>96</b>: 74–77. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F000271622109600116">10.1177/000271622109600116</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1014872">1014872</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144465753">144465753</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Annals+of+the+American+Academy+of+Political+and+Social+Science&rft.atitle=The+Mandate+System+of+the+League+of+Nations&rft.volume=96&rft.pages=74-77&rft.date=1921-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144465753%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1014872%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F000271622109600116&rft.aulast=Myers&rft.aufirst=Denys+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1448676&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandate+for+Syria+and+the+Lebanon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBentwich1930" class="citation book cs1">Bentwich, Norman (1930). <i>The Mandates System</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UCA.edu&rft.atitle=11.+French+Syria+%281919-1946%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuca.edu%2Fpoliticalscience%2Fdadm-project%2Fmiddle-eastnorth-africapersian-gulf-region%2Ffrench-syria-1919-1946%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandate+for+Syria+and+the+Lebanon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Morrison & Adam Woog, <i>Syria</i>, 2nd Edition, Infobase Publishing 2009 p. 37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ali A. Allawi, Faisal I of Iraq, <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>, 2014 p. 139</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/sykes.asp">"The Avalon Project : The Sykes-Picot Agreement : 1916"</a>. <i>yale.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=yale.edu&rft.atitle=The+Avalon+Project+%3A+The+Sykes-Picot+Agreement+%3A+1916&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Favalon.law.yale.edu%2F20th_century%2Fsykes.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandate+for+Syria+and+the+Lebanon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eliezer Tauber, <i>The Arab Movements in World War</i>, Routledge 2014 p. 242</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Isaiah Friedman, <i>British Pan-Arab Policy, 1915-1922</i>, Transaction Publishers 2011 p. 241</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hri.org/docs/king-crane/">"King-Crane Commission Report: Index"</a>. <i>hri.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hri.org&rft.atitle=King-Crane+Commission+Report%3A+Index&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hri.org%2Fdocs%2Fking-crane%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandate+for+Syria+and+the+Lebanon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZamir2006" class="citation journal cs1">Zamir, Meir (6 December 2006). "Faisal and the Lebanese question, 1918–20". <i>Middle Eastern Studies</i>. <b>27</b> (3): 413. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00263209108700868">10.1080/00263209108700868</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=Faisal+and+the+Lebanese+question%2C+1918%E2%80%9320&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=413&rft.date=2006-12-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00263209108700868&rft.aulast=Zamir&rft.aufirst=Meir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandate+for+Syria+and+the+Lebanon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllawi2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ali_Allawi" title="Ali Allawi">Allawi, Ali A.</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xCLBAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1"><i>Faisal I of Iraq</i></a>. Yale University Press. p. 263. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-19936-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-19936-9"><bdi>978-0-300-19936-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Faisal+I+of+Iraq&rft.pages=263&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-300-19936-9&rft.aulast=Allawi&rft.aufirst=Ali+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxCLBAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandate+for+Syria+and+the+Lebanon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHurewitz1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._C._Hurewitz" title="J. C. Hurewitz">Hurewitz, J. C.</a> (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bcc-cuny.digication.com/MWHreader/Resolutions_of_the_General_Syrian_Congress_1919"><i>Resolutions of the General Syrian Congress: Syria, July 2, 1919</i></a>. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 180–182<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2017</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Bronx_Community_College" title="Bronx Community College">Bronx Community College</a>, Modern World History Reader.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Resolutions+of+the+General+Syrian+Congress%3A+Syria%2C+July+2%2C+1919&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pages=180-182&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Hurewitz&rft.aufirst=J.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbcc-cuny.digication.com%2FMWHreader%2FResolutions_of_the_General_Syrian_Congress_1919&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandate+for+Syria+and+the+Lebanon" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philip S. Khoury, <i>Urban Notables and Arab Nationalism: The Politics of Damascus 1860–1920</i>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a> 2003 p. 90</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philip S. Khoury, <i>Urban Notables and Arab Nationalism: The Politics of Damascus 1860–1920</i>, Cambridge University Press 2003 p. 91</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elie Podeh, <i>The Politics of National Celebrations in the Arab Middle East</i>, Cambridge University Press, 2011 p. 54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ali A. Allawi, <i>Faisal I of Iraq</i>, Yale University Press, 2014 p.285</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sami M. Moubayed, <i>Steel & Silk: Men and Women who Shaped Syria, 1900–2000</i>, Cune Press, 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Cleveland, <i>A History of the Modern Middle East</i>, 5th edition (Westview, 2012) p218-223</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFirro2003" class="citation book cs1">Firro, Kais (8 February 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zRwOcE9wJAQC&pg=PA18"><i>Inventing Lebanon: Nationalism and the State Under the Mandate</i></a>. I.B.Tauris. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781860648571" title="Special:BookSources/9781860648571"><bdi>9781860648571</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inventing+Lebanon%3A+Nationalism+and+the+State+Under+the+Mandate&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2003-02-08&rft.isbn=9781860648571&rft.aulast=Firro&rft.aufirst=Kais&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzRwOcE9wJAQC%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandate+for+Syria+and+the+Lebanon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHakim2013" class="citation book cs1">Hakim, Carol (19 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W3asKDHYERwC&q=carte%20du%20liban%20d'apres%20les%20reconnaissances%20de%20la%20brigade%20topographique&pg=PA287"><i>The Origins of the Lebanese National Idea: 1840–1920</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520273412" title="Special:BookSources/9780520273412"><bdi>9780520273412</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+the+Lebanese+National+Idea%3A+1840%E2%80%931920&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2013-01-19&rft.isbn=9780520273412&rft.aulast=Hakim&rft.aufirst=Carol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW3asKDHYERwC%26q%3Dcarte%2520du%2520liban%2520d%27apres%2520les%2520reconnaissances%2520de%2520la%2520brigade%2520topographique%26pg%3DPA287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandate+for+Syria+and+the+Lebanon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Haut-commissariat de la République française en Syrie et au Liban</i>, Arrete 318: "Attendu que la France en venant en Syrie n'a poursuivi d'autre but que celui de permettre aux populations de la Syrie et du Liban de réaliser leurs aspirations les plus légitimes de liberté et d'autonomie; Considérant qu'il importe, pour le faire, de restituer au Liban ses frontières naturelles telles qu'elles ont été définies par ses représentants et réclamées par les vœux unanimes de ses populations; Que le Grand Liban, ainsi fixé dans ses limites naturelles, pourra poursuivre en tant qu'État indépendant, au mieux de ses intérêts politiques et économiques, avec l'aide de la France le programme qu'il s'est tracé." [Translation: "Whereas France on coming to Syria has pursued no other aim than to enable the populations of Syria and Lebanon to realize their most legitimate aspirations for freedom and autonomy; Considering that it is important, in order to do so, to restore to Lebanon its natural boundaries as defined by its representatives and demanded by the unanimous wishes of its peoples; That Great Lebanon, so set within its natural limits, will be able to pursue, as an independent State, in the best interests of its political and economic interests, with the help of France the program it has drawn up."]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Engin Akarli, <i>The Long Peace: Ottoman Lebanon, 1861-1920</i>, University of California Press 1993 p. 180</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. Rabin, <i>Religion, National Identity, and Confessional Politics in Lebanon: The Challenge of Islamism</i>, Springer, 2011 p. 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/lb-frm20.html">"French Mandate of Greater Lebanon 1920-1943 (Lebanon)"</a>. <i>crwflags.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=crwflags.com&rft.atitle=French+Mandate+of+Greater+Lebanon+1920-1943+%28Lebanon%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crwflags.com%2Ffotw%2Fflags%2Flb-frm20.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandate+for+Syria+and+the+Lebanon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160124212201/http://www.michelchiha.org/statehood/constitution-and-suspensions/81/1/">"MICHEL CHIHA - STATEHOOD"</a>. <i>michelchiha.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.michelchiha.org/statehood/constitution-and-suspensions/81/1/">the original</a> on 24 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=michelchiha.org&rft.atitle=MICHEL+CHIHA+-+STATEHOOD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.michelchiha.org%2Fstatehood%2Fconstitution-and-suspensions%2F81%2F1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandate+for+Syria+and+the+Lebanon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sav.sk/journals/uploads/082713259_Sorby.pdf">accessed 17/1/2017</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arrêté 314, 19 August 1920: "...des modifications territoriales apportées aux diverses circonscriptions administratives de la wilayet de Beyrouth en vue de la formation des territoires du Grand Liban et des monts Ansarieh" [Translation: "territorial changes made to the various administrative districts of the wilayet of Beirut with a view to the formation of the territories of Greater Lebanon and the Ansarieh Mountains"]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arrêté 317, 31 August 1920: "que le caza d'Omranié (Massyaf), dépendance de la wilayet de Damas, est peuplé en très grande majorité de populations alaouites et que ce caza doit en conséquence faire partie du groupement Ansarieh actuellement en voie d'organisation" [Translation: "the caza of Omranie (Massyaf), a dependency of the wilayet of Damascus, is overwhelmingly populated by Alaouite populations and that this caza must consequently be part of the Ansarieh grouping currently in the process of organization"].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arrêté 319, 31 August 1920: "Attendu que la France en venant en Syrie n'a poursuivi d'autre but que celui de permettre aux populations de réaliser leurs aspirations les plus légitimes de liberté et d'autonomie. Considérant que les populations alaouites et les minorités qu'elles renferment ont nettement exprimé à maintes reprises leur désir d'avoir une administration autonome sous l'égide de la France. Que, pour ce faire, il importe de constituer un territoire groupant la majorité de ces populations pour leur permettre de poursuivre leur développement au mieux de leurs intérêts politiques et économiques selon les vœux qu'elles ont exprimés." [Translation: "Whereas France on coming to Syria has pursued no other goal than to enable the populations to realize their most legitimate aspirations for freedom and autonomy. Considering that the Alawite populations and the minorities they contain have clearly expressed their desire to have an autonomous administration under the auspices of France. That it is important to establish a territory for the majority of these populations to enable them to pursue their development in the best interests of their political and economic interests in accordance with the wishes expressed by them."]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trudy Ring, Noelle Watson, Paul Schellinger, <i>Middle East and Africa: International Dictionary of Historic Places</i>, Routledge, 2014 p.454</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1936a-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1936a_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1936a_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Arrêté 265/LR of 2 December 1936 and Arrêté 274/LR of 5 December 1936 incorporated Jebel Druze and the Alawite State into Syria. Both used similar wording: "le territoire du Djebel Druze fait partie de l'État de Syrie... ce territoire bénéficie, au sein de l'État de Syrie, d'un régime spécial administratif et financier... sous réserve des dispositions de ce règlement, le territoire du Djebel Druze est régi par la Constitution, les lois et les règlements généraux de la République syrienne... le présent arrêté... entreront en vigueur... dès ratification du traité franco-syrien" [Translate: "The territory of Djebel Druze is part of the State of Syria ... this territory enjoys, within the State of Syria, a special administrative and financial regime ... subject to the provisions of this territory of Djebel Druze is governed by the Constitution, the laws and general regulations of the Syrian Republic ... this Order ... shall enter into force ... upon ratification of the Franco-Syrian Treaty ".]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arrêté 330, 1 September 1920: "...les territories de l'ancien Vilayet d'Alep, précédemment rattachés au Gouvernement de Damas, constitueront un Gouvernement indépendant dénomm "Gouvernement d'Alep"" [Translate: "...the territories of the former Vilayet of Aleppo, formerly attached to the Government of Damascus, will constitute an independent Government called "Government of Aleppo""] <br /> "Attendu que la France en acceptant le mandat sur la Syrie n'a poursuivi d'autre but que celui de permettre aux populations de réaliser leurs aspirations légitimes de liberté et d'autonomie, tout en assurant la libre jeu et le développement des intérêts économiques communs. Attendu qu'il importe, pour ce faire, de respecter, conformément aux engagements du gouvernement de la République française, les volontés populaires librement exprimées et, en conséquence, de prendre en considération les vœux des populations des régions de la wilayet d'Alep et encore rattachées au gouvernement de Damas; Attendu qu'il est nécessaire de mettre fin, en même temps, à une situation de fait qui, par une centralisation excessive et désormais inutile, complique l'administration du gouvernement de Damas et entrave la bonne marche des affaire de la circonscription administratives d'Alep." [Translate: "Whereas France accepting the mandate over Syria has pursued no other aim than to enable the people to realize their legitimate aspirations for freedom and autonomy, while ensuring the free play and development of economic interests common. Whereas it is important, in order to do so, to respect, in accordance with the commitments of the Government of the French Republic, the freely expressed popular will, and consequently to take into consideration the wishes of the populations of the wilayet regions of Aleppo, still attached to the government of Damascus; Whereas it is necessary at the same time to put an end to a situation which, by excessive and unnecessary centralization, complicates the administration of the Government of Damascus and hampers the smooth running of the affairs of the administrative district of Aleppo."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-uca.edu-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-uca.edu_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-uca.edu_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uca.edu/politicalscience/dadm-project/middle-eastnorth-africapersian-gulf-region/french-syria-1919-1946/">"11. French Syria (1919-1946)"</a>. <i>uca.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=uca.edu&rft.atitle=11.+French+Syria+%281919-1946%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuca.edu%2Fpoliticalscience%2Fdadm-project%2Fmiddle-eastnorth-africapersian-gulf-region%2Ffrench-syria-1919-1946%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandate+for+Syria+and+the+Lebanon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sarah D. Shields, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qsg-8PZ04yEC&pg=PA20">Fezzes in the River: Identity Politics and European Diplomacy in the Middle East on the Eve of World War II</a></i>, 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JackKalpakian-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JackKalpakian_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JackKalpakian_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJack_Kalpakian2004" class="citation book cs1">Jack Kalpakian (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EmlX4Y7PMjgC&q=Identity,+conflict+and+cooperation+in+international+river+systems"><i>Identity, Conflict and Cooperation in International River Systems</i></a> (Hardcover ed.). Ashgate Publishing. p. 130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7546-3338-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7546-3338-1"><bdi>0-7546-3338-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Identity%2C+Conflict+and+Cooperation+in+International+River+Systems&rft.pages=130&rft.edition=Hardcover&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7546-3338-1&rft.au=Jack+Kalpakian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEmlX4Y7PMjgC%26q%3DIdentity%2C%2Bconflict%2Band%2Bcooperation%2Bin%2Binternational%2Briver%2Bsystems&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandate+for+Syria+and+the+Lebanon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Umut Uzer, <i>Identity and Turkish Foreign Policy: The Kemalist Influence in Cyprus and the Caucasus</i>, I.B.Tauris, 18 December 2010 p.100</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arrêté 1641, 24 October 1922: "le vœu nettement exprimé par les habitants du Djebel Druze au Houran de former dans le cadre de leurs limites ethniques un gouvernement autonome" [Translation: "the wish clearly expressed by the inhabitants of Djebel Druze of the Houran to form within their ethnic limits an autonomous government"]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Minahan, Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations, Greenwood Publishing Group 2002 vol,2 p.547</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>La situation des chrétiens de Syrie après les affaires de Djézireh</i>, November 1937, Centre d'Études et d'Administration Musulmanes (CHEAM), Paris</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Virginia Vacca, "La questione dell'el-Ǧezīrah secondo il memoriale del Partito Comunista Siriano", <i>Oriente Moderno</i>, 1938, 18, pp. 197–211</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jordi Tejel Gorgas, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://remmm.revues.org/6481">Les territoires de marge de la Syrie mandataire : le mouvement autonomiste de la Haute Jazîra, paradoxes et ambiguïtés d’une intégration « nationale » inachevée (1936–1939)</a>" (The territory margins of the Mandatory Syria: the autonomist movement in Upper Jazîra, paradoxs and ambiguities of an uncompleted "national" integration, 1936–39), <i>Revue des mondes musulmans et de la Méditerranée</i>, 126, November 2009, pp. 205–222</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Proux, "Les Tcherkesses", <i>La France méditerranéenne et africaine</i>, IV, 1938</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhoury1987" class="citation book cs1">Khoury, Philip Shukry (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tvP_AwAAQBAJ"><i>Syria and the French Mandate: The Politics of Arab Nationalism, 1920-1945</i></a>. Princeton University Press. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85043-032-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-85043-032-2"><bdi>1-85043-032-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Syria+and+the+French+Mandate%3A+The+Politics+of+Arab+Nationalism%2C+1920-1945&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=1-85043-032-2&rft.aulast=Khoury&rft.aufirst=Philip+Shukry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtvP_AwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandate+for+Syria+and+the+Lebanon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Khoury, Philip Shukry (1987),p.51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_48-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Khoury, Philip Shukry (1987),p.48</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Commissioner_of_the_Levant" title="High Commissioner of the Levant">Haut-commissariat de la République française en Syrie et au Liban</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://odyssee.univ-amu.fr/items/show/4">Recueil des actes administratifs du Haut-commissariat de la République française en Syrie et au Liban</a></i>, Bibliothèque numérique patrimoniale, <a href="/wiki/Aix-Marseille_University" title="Aix-Marseille University">Aix-Marseille University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Commissioner_of_the_Levant" title="High Commissioner of the Levant">Haut-commissariat de la République française en Syrie et au Liban</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://odyssee.univ-amu.fr/items/show/5">Bulletin officiel des actes administratifs du Haut commissariat de la République française en Syrie et au Liban</a></i>, Bibliothèque numérique patrimoniale, <a href="/wiki/Aix-Marseille_University" title="Aix-Marseille University">Aix-Marseille University</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ndu.edu.lb/lerc/resources/french%20mandate%20for%20syria%20and%20the%20lebanon.pdf">"French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Journal_of_International_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="The American Journal of International Law">The American Journal of International Law</a></i>. <b>17</b> (3 Supplement: Official Documents): 177–182. July 1923. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2212963">10.2307/2212963</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2212963">2212963</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+International+Law&rft.atitle=French+Mandate+for+Syria+and+the+Lebanon&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3+Supplement%3A+Official+Documents&rft.pages=177-182&rft.date=1923-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2212963&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2212963%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndu.edu.lb%2Flerc%2Fresources%2Ffrench%2520mandate%2520for%2520syria%2520and%2520the%2520lebanon.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandate+for+Syria+and+the+Lebanon" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_sources">Secondary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Secondary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Hakim, Carol. 2019. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/ahr/article-abstract/124/5/1689/5672970?redirectedFrom=fulltext">The French Mandate in Lebanon</a>." <i>The American Historical Review</i>, Volume 124, Issue 5, Pages 1689–1693</li> <li>Hyam Mallat (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blocs.mesvilaweb.cat/jrenyer/?p=217731">Comprendre la formation des États du Liban et la Syrie a l’aune des boulerversements actuels dans le monde arabe</a> (in French)</li> <li>Hourani (1946), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/SyriaAndLebanonAPoliticalEssay-A.H.Hourani/Syria%20and%20Lebanon%20A%20Political%20Essay%20-%20A.%20H.%20Hourani#page/n189/mode/2up">Syria and Lebanon: A Political Essay</a>, page 180 onwards</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_Burckhard1925" class="citation book cs1">Charles Burckhard (1925). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mBqjSQAACAAJ"><i>Le mandat français en Syrie et au Liban: la politique et l'oeuvre de la France au Levant</i></a>. Imprimerie Courrouy.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+mandat+fran%C3%A7ais+en+Syrie+et+au+Liban%3A+la+politique+et+l%27oeuvre+de+la+France+au+Levant&rft.pub=Imprimerie+Courrouy&rft.date=1925&rft.au=Charles+Burckhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmBqjSQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandate+for+Syria+and+the+Lebanon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Kenneth_Fieldhouse2006" class="citation book cs1">David Kenneth Fieldhouse (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QVC_MTLmF2EC"><i>Western Imperialism in the Middle East 1914–1958</i></a>. OUP Oxford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199287376" title="Special:BookSources/9780199287376"><bdi>9780199287376</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+Imperialism+in+the+Middle+East+1914%E2%80%931958&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780199287376&rft.au=David+Kenneth+Fieldhouse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQVC_MTLmF2EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandate+for+Syria+and+the+Lebanon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSami_M._Moubayed2006" class="citation book cs1">Sami M. Moubayed (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sC-xU8QHSooC"><i>Steel and silk: men and women who shaped Syria 1900–2000</i></a>. Cune Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781885942401" title="Special:BookSources/9781885942401"><bdi>9781885942401</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Steel+and+silk%3A+men+and+women+who+shaped+Syria+1900%E2%80%932000&rft.pub=Cune+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781885942401&rft.au=Sami+M.+Moubayed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsC-xU8QHSooC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandate+for+Syria+and+the+Lebanon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDerek_Hopwood1988" class="citation book cs1">Derek Hopwood (1988). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/syria19451986pol0000hopw"><i>Syria 1945–1986: politics and society</i></a></span>. Unwin Hyman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780044450399" title="Special:BookSources/9780044450399"><bdi>9780044450399</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Syria+1945%E2%80%931986%3A+politics+and+society&rft.pub=Unwin+Hyman&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9780044450399&rft.au=Derek+Hopwood&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsyria19451986pol0000hopw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandate+for+Syria+and+the+Lebanon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Foreign Policy Association (1925). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hEqF9pok6qIC"><i>The French Mandate in Syria</i></a>. Editorial information service. Series 1925-26. Foreign Policy Association.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+French+Mandate+in+Syria&rft.series=Editorial+information+service.+Series+1925-26&rft.pub=Foreign+Policy+Association&rft.date=1925&rft.au=Foreign+Policy+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhEqF9pok6qIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandate+for+Syria+and+the+Lebanon" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|author=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon"> Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120228065151/http://www.syrianhistory.com/timeline">Timeline of the French Mandate period</a> (archived 28 February 2012)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/IMG/pdf/III_-_Protmand_modifie_mandat.pdf">Mandat Syria-Liban ... (1920–1946)</a> via the <a href="/wiki/French_Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="French Ministry of Foreign Affairs">French Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:French_Mandate_of_Syria" title="Template:French Mandate of Syria"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:French_Mandate_of_Syria" title="Template talk:French Mandate of Syria"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:French_Mandate_of_Syria" title="Special:EditPage/Template:French Mandate of Syria"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="French_Mandate_of_Syria" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">French Mandate of Syria</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Syria_(1925%E2%80%931930)" title="State of Syria (1925–1930)">State of Syria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Aleppo" title="State of Aleppo">State of Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Damascus" title="State of Damascus">State of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jazira_Province" title="Al-Jazira Province">Al-Jazira Province</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabal_Druze_State" title="Jabal Druze State">Jabal Druze State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alawite_State" title="Alawite State">Alawite State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Alexandretta" title="Sanjak of Alexandretta">Sanjak of Alexandretta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Lebanon" title="Greater Lebanon">Greater Lebanon</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/French_Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon" title="French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon"><img alt="French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/French_Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon_map_en.svg/120px-French_Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon_map_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/French_Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon_map_en.svg/180px-French_Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon_map_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/French_Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon_map_en.svg/240px-French_Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon_map_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="922" data-file-height="762" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alawite_revolt_of_1919" title="Alawite revolt of 1919">1919 revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Syrian_War" title="Franco-Syrian War">Franco-Syrian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maysalun" title="Battle of Maysalun">Battle of Maysalun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Damascus_(1920)" title="Capture of Damascus (1920)">Capture of Damascus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hananu_Revolt" title="Hananu Revolt">Hananu Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Syrian_Revolt" title="Great Syrian Revolt">1925–1927 revolt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Ain_Albu_Gomaa" title="Epic of Ain Albu Gomaa">Epic of Ain Albu Gomaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Salkhad" title="Capture of Salkhad">Capture of Salkhad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Kafr" title="Battle of al-Kafr">Battle of al-Kafr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Mazraa" title="Battle of al-Mazraa">Battle of al-Mazraa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Musayfirah" title="Battle of al-Musayfirah">Battle of al-Musayfirah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1925_Hama_uprising" title="1925 Hama uprising">1925 Hama uprising</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Syrian_general_strike" title="1936 Syrian general strike">1936 general strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Syria–Lebanon campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levant_Crisis" title="Levant Crisis">Levant Crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sykes%E2%80%93Picot_Agreement" title="Sykes–Picot Agreement">Sykes–Picot Agreement</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulet%E2%80%93Newcombe_Agreement" title="Paulet–Newcombe Agreement">Paulet–Newcombe Agreement</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Syrian_Treaty_of_Independence" title="Franco-Syrian Treaty of Independence">Franco-Syrian Treaty of Independence</a> (1936)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Syrian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_al-Azma" title="Yusuf al-Azma">Yusuf al-Azma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saleh_al-Ali" title="Saleh al-Ali">Saleh al-Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Hananu" title="Ibrahim Hananu">Ibrahim Hananu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashim_al-Atassi" title="Hashim al-Atassi">Hashim al-Atassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Bey_Barmada" title="Mustafa Bey Barmada">Mustafa Bey Barmada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shukri_al-Quwatli" title="Shukri al-Quwatli">Shukri al-Quwatli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalid_al-Azm" title="Khalid al-Azm">Khalid al-Azm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar%27i_Pasha_al-Mallah" title="Mar'i Pasha al-Mallah">Mar'i Pasha al-Mallah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamil_Mardam_Bey" title="Jamil Mardam Bey">Jamil Mardam Bey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamil_Pasha_al-Qudsi" title="Kamil Pasha al-Qudsi">Kamil Pasha al-Qudsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_al-Atrash" title="Sultan al-Atrash">Sultan al-Atrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saadallah_al-Jabiri" title="Saadallah al-Jabiri">Saadallah al-Jabiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haqqi_al-Azm" title="Haqqi al-Azm">Haqqi al-Azm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyash_Al-Haj" title="Ayyash Al-Haj">Ayyash Al-Haj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_Shahbandar" title="Abd al-Rahman Shahbandar">Abd al-Rahman Shahbandar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">French</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Commissioner_of_the_Levant" title="High Commissioner of the Levant">French High Commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Gouraud_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri Gouraud (general)">Henri Gouraud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mandates_of_the_League_of_Nations_(1919–1946)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:League_of_Nations_mandates" title="Template:League of Nations mandates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:League_of_Nations_mandates" title="Template talk:League of Nations mandates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:League_of_Nations_mandates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:League of Nations mandates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mandates_of_the_League_of_Nations_(1919–1946)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">Mandates</a> of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> (1919–1946)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class A</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Palestine" title="Mandate for Palestine">Palestine</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Trans-Jordan_memorandum" title="Trans-Jordan memorandum">Transjordan</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Syria and Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Mesopotamia" title="Mandate for Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;">not enacted</span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_League_of_Nations_(1939).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Flag_of_the_League_of_Nations_%281939%29.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_League_of_Nations_%281939%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Flag_of_the_League_of_Nations_%281939%29.svg/180px-Flag_of_the_League_of_Nations_%281939%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Flag_of_the_League_of_Nations_%281939%29.svg/240px-Flag_of_the_League_of_Nations_%281939%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class B</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ruanda-Urundi" title="Ruanda-Urundi">Ruanda-Urundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanganyika_Territory" title="Tanganyika Territory">Tanganyika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Cameroons" title="British Cameroons">British Cameroons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Cameroons" class="mw-redirect" title="French Cameroons">French Cameroons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Togoland" title="British Togoland">British Togoland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Togoland" title="French Togoland">French Togoland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class C</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_New_Guinea" title="Territory of New Guinea">New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nauru#World_War_I_to_World_War_II" title="History of Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Seas_Mandate" title="South Seas Mandate">South Seas Mandate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_West_Africa" title="South West Africa">South West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Western_Samoa" title="Territory of Western Samoa">Western Samoa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>See also: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Trust_Territories" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Trust Territories">United Nations Trust Territories</a> (post-1946)</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="French_overseas_empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:French_overseas_empire" title="Template:French overseas empire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:French_overseas_empire" title="Template talk:French overseas 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class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Former_French_colonies_in_Africa_and_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Template:Former French colonies in Africa and the Indian Ocean"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Former_French_colonies_in_Africa_and_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Template talk:Former French colonies in Africa and the Indian Ocean"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Former_French_colonies_in_Africa_and_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Former French colonies in Africa and the Indian Ocean"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Former_French_colonies_in_Africa_and_the_Indian_Ocean" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">Former French colonies</a> in Africa and the Indian Ocean</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_North_Africa" title="French North Africa">North Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Algeria" title="French Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_protectorate_in_Morocco" title="French protectorate in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_protectorate_of_Tunisia" title="French protectorate of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa" title="French West Africa">West Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Ivory_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="French Ivory Coast">Côte d'Ivoire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Dahomey" title="French Dahomey">Dahomey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Sudan" title="French Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Guinea" title="French Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Mauritania" title="Colonial Mauritania">Mauritania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arguin" title="Arguin">Arguin Island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Niger" title="Colony of Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Senegal" class="mw-redirect" title="French Senegal">Senegal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Communes" title="Four Communes">Four Communes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Upper_Volta" title="French Upper Volta">Upper Volta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Togoland" title="French Togoland">Togoland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunta_Kinteh_Island" title="Kunta Kinteh Island">James Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albreda" title="Albreda">Albreda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Equatorial_Africa" title="French Equatorial Africa">Equatorial Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Chad" title="French Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Gabon" class="mw-redirect" title="French Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Congo" title="French Congo">Middle Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubangi-Shari" title="Ubangi-Shari">Ubangi-Shari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Cameroons" class="mw-redirect" title="French Cameroons">Cameroons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Comoros" class="mw-redirect" title="French Comoros">Comoros</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anjouan" title="Anjouan">Anjouan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grande_Comore" title="Grande Comore">Grande Comore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moh%C3%A9li" title="Mohéli">Mohéli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Somaliland" title="French Somaliland">Somaliland (Djibouti)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Madagascar" title="French Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_de_France_(Mauritius)" title="Isle de France (Mauritius)">Isle de France</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Former_French_colonies_in_the_Americas" title="Template:Former French colonies in the Americas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Former_French_colonies_in_the_Americas" title="Template talk:Former French colonies in the Americas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Former_French_colonies_in_the_Americas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Former French colonies in the Americas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Former_French_colonies_in_the_Americas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">Former French colonies</a> <a href="/wiki/French_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="French colonization of the Americas">in the Americas</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">French North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadia" title="Acadia">Acadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)" title="Louisiana (New France)">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_(New_France)" title="Canada (New France)">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Terre Neuve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Florida" title="French Florida">French Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_colonization_of_Texas" title="French colonization of Texas">French Texas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_West_Indies" title="French West Indies">French Caribbean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenadines" title="Grenadines">The Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Domingue" title="Saint-Domingue">Saint-Domingue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ha%C3%AFti" class="mw-redirect" title="Haïti">Haïti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Era_de_Francia" title="Era de Francia">Dominican Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_%26_Nevis" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Kitts & Nevis">Saint Kitts & Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_(island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Vincent (island)">Saint Vincent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobago" title="Tobago">Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="History of the British Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Equinoctial_France" title="Equinoctial France">Equinoctial France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berbice" title="Berbice">Berbice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_Antarctique" title="France Antarctique">France Antarctique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inini" title="Inini">Inini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="French colonization of the Americas">French colonization of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_India_Company" title="French West India Company">French West India Company</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Former_French_colonies_in_Asia_and_Oceania" title="Template:Former French colonies in Asia and Oceania"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Former_French_colonies_in_Asia_and_Oceania" title="Template talk:Former French colonies in Asia and Oceania"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Former_French_colonies_in_Asia_and_Oceania" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Former French colonies in Asia and Oceania"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Former_French_colonies_in_Asia_and_Oceania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">Former French colonies</a> in Asia and Oceania</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_India" title="French India">French India</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandannagar" title="Chandannagar">Chandernagor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coromandel_Coast" title="Coromandel Coast">Coromandel Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chennai" title="History of Chennai">Madras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C3%A9,_India" title="Mahé, India">Mahé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Puducherry" title="History of Puducherry">Pondichéry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaikal" title="Karaikal">Karaikal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanam" title="Yanam">Yanaon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">Indochinese Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_protectorate_of_Cambodia" title="French protectorate of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_protectorate_of_Laos" title="French protectorate of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li>Vietnam<sup>[<a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%A1p_thu%E1%BB%99c" class="extiw" title="vi:Pháp thuộc">vi</a>]</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Cochinchina" title="French Cochinchina">Cochinchina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annam_(French_protectorate)" title="Annam (French protectorate)">Annam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonkin_(French_protectorate)" title="Tonkin (French protectorate)">Tonkin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leased_Territory_of_Guangzhouwan" title="Leased Territory of Guangzhouwan">Kouang-Tchéou-Wan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mandate for Syria<br />and the Lebanon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Syria_(1925%E2%80%931930)" title="State of Syria (1925–1930)">State of Syria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Aleppo" title="State of Aleppo">Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Damascus" title="State of Damascus">Damascus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alawite_State" title="Alawite State">Alawite State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Lebanon" title="Greater Lebanon">Greater Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabal_Druze_State" title="Jabal Druze State">Jabal al-Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Alexandretta" title="Sanjak of Alexandretta">Sanjak of Alexandretta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Hebrides" title="New Hebrides">New Hebrides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vanuatu" title="History of Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanto-Bordelaise_Company" title="Nanto-Bordelaise Company">Port Louis-Philippe (Akaroa)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Asia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="France–Asia relations">France–Asia relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_East_India_Company" title="French East India Company">French East India Company</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Overseas_France" title="Template:Overseas France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Overseas_France" title="Template talk:Overseas France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Overseas_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Overseas France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Overseas_France" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Overseas_France" title="Overseas France">Overseas France</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Inhabited_territories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Inhabited territories</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Overseas_departments_and_regions_of_France" title="Overseas departments and regions of France">Overseas<wbr /> regions</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Overseas_collectivity" title="Overseas collectivity">Overseas<wbr /> collectivities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy" title="Saint Barthélemy">Saint Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin" title="Collectivity of Saint Martin">Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallis_and_Futuna" title="Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sui_generis" title="Sui generis">Sui generis</a><wbr /> collectivity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Uninhabited_territories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Uninhabited territories</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">North Pacific Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clipperton_Island" title="Clipperton Island">Clipperton Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Overseas_territory_(France)" title="Overseas territory (France)">Overseas territory</a><wbr /> (<a href="/wiki/French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands" title="French Southern and Antarctic Lands">French Southern<wbr /> and Antarctic Lands</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ad%C3%A9lie_Land" title="Adélie Land">Adélie Land</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crozet_Islands" title="Crozet Islands">Crozet Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_domains_of_Saint_Helena" title="French domains of Saint Helena">French domains of Saint Helena</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_domains_of_the_Holy_Land&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French domains of the Holy Land (page does not exist)">French domains of the Holy Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerguelen_Islands" title="Kerguelen Islands">Kerguelen Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Saint-Paul" title="Île Saint-Paul">Saint Paul</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Amsterdam" title="Île Amsterdam">Amsterdam Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Scattered_Islands_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean">Scattered Islands in<wbr /> the Indian Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bassas_da_India" title="Bassas da India">Bassas da India</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_Island" title="Europa Island">Europa Island</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorioso_Islands" title="Glorioso Islands">Glorioso Islands</a><sup><small>2, 3</small></sup> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Banc_du_Geyser" title="Banc du Geyser">Banc du Geyser</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Nova_Island" title="Juan de Nova Island">Juan de Nova Island</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tromelin_Island" title="Tromelin Island">Tromelin Island</a><sup><small>4</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> Also known as <a href="/wiki/Overseas_departments_and_regions_of_France" title="Overseas departments and regions of France">overseas departments</a></li> <li><sup><small>2</small></sup> Claimed by the <a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><sup><small>3</small></sup> Claimed by <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><sup><small>4</small></sup> Claimed by <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Syria_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Syria_topics" title="Template:Syria topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Syria_topics" title="Template talk:Syria topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Syria_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Syria topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Syria_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Syria-related_articles" title="Index of Syria-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Syria" title="History of Syria">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Syrian_history" title="Timeline of Syrian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Syria" title="List of years in Syria">Years in Syria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Prehistorical Syria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_corridor" title="Levantine corridor">Levantine corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natufian_culture" title="Natufian culture">Natufian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halaf_culture" title="Halaf culture">Halaf culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruk_period" title="Uruk period">Uruk period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hureyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Hureyra">Abu Hureyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Aswad" title="Tell Aswad">Aswad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarmukian_culture" title="Yarmukian culture">Yarmukian culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Syria">Ancient Syria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arameans" title="Arameans">Arameans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaanites" class="mw-redirect" title="Canaanites">Canaanites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyrian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Ebla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamhad" title="Yamhad">Yamhad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatna" title="Qatna">Qatna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aram-Damascus" title="Aram-Damascus">Aram-Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Hittite_states" title="Syro-Hittite states">Syro-Hittite states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eber-Nari" title="Eber-Nari">Achaemenid Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucid Syria">Seleucid Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Syria" title="Roman Syria">Roman Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyrene_Empire" title="Palmyrene Empire">Palmyrene Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Syria">Byzantine Syria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Syria">Medieval Syria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant" title="Muslim conquest of the Levant">Muslim conquest</a> (636)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilad_al-Sham" title="Bilad al-Sham">Caliphal Syria <i><span style="font-size:85%;">(Bilad al-Sham)</span></i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulunid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulunid dynasty">Tulunid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikhshidid_dynasty" title="Ikhshidid dynasty">Ikhshidid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zangid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Zangid dynasty">Zangid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamdanid_dynasty" title="Hamdanid dynasty">Hamdanid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirdasid_dynasty" title="Mirdasid dynasty">Mirdasid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimid Syria">Fatimid Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saljuqid_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Saljuqid Syria">Saljuqid Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusader_states" title="Crusader states">Crusader states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Edessa" title="County of Edessa">County of Edessa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Antioch" title="Principality of Antioch">Principality of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Tripoli" title="County of Tripoli">County of Tripoli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayyubid Syria">Ayyubid Syria</a> (1174–1260)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Syria">Mamluk Syria</a> (1260–1516)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Early modern Syria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Syria" title="Ottoman Syria">Ottoman Syria</a> (1516–1918)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_Syria" title="Modern history of Syria">Modern Syria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Kingdom_of_Syria" title="Arab Kingdom of Syria">Arab kingdom</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haj_Fadel_Government" title="Haj Fadel Government">Haj Fadel Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Syria_and_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandate for Syria and Lebanon">French Mandate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Federation" title="Syrian Federation">Syrian Federation</a> (1922–25)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Syria_(1925%E2%80%931930)" title="State of Syria (1925–1930)">State of Syria</a> (1925–30)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Syrian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandatory Syrian Republic">Mandatory Republic</a> (1930–46)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_First_Syrian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent First Syrian Republic">independent First Republic</a> (1946–50)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Syrian_Republic" title="Second Syrian Republic">Second Republic</a> (1950–1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Civil war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria"><img alt="Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Insigne_Syriae.svg/80px-Insigne_Syriae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Insigne_Syriae.svg/120px-Insigne_Syriae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Insigne_Syriae.svg/160px-Insigne_Syriae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="302" data-file-height="403" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Syria" title="Geography of Syria">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Syria" title="Template:Borders of Syria">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Syria" title="List of cities in Syria">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Syria" title="Districts of Syria">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Syria" title="Governorates of Syria">Governorates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Syria" title="List of rivers of Syria">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Syria" title="List of volcanoes in Syria">Volcanoes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jazira,_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Jazira, Mesopotamia">Al-Jazira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Lebanon_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Lebanon Mountains">Anti-Lebanon Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hauran" title="Hauran">Hauran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Hermon" title="Mount Hermon">Hermon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orontes_River" title="Orontes River">Orontes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert" title="Syrian Desert">Syrian Desert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Syria (region)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Syria" title="Southern Syria">Southern Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Syria" title="Politics of Syria">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Syria" title="Constitution of Syria">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Syria" title="Corruption in Syria">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Syria" title="President of Syria">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Syria" title="List of presidents of Syria">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Syria" title="Vice President of Syria">Vice President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Syria)" title="Council of Ministers (Syria)">Council of Ministers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Syria" title="Prime Minister of Syria">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Prime Ministers of Syria">list</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Syria" title="Elections in Syria">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Syria" title="Foreign relations of Syria">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights#Territorial_claims" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights claim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatay_Province#Turkish–Syrian_dispute" title="Hatay Province">Iskandaron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_ministries_of_Syria" title="Government ministries of Syria">Government ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Syria" title="Human rights in Syria">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Syria">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Syria" title="Judiciary of Syria">Judiciary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Judicial_Council" title="High Judicial Council">High council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Constitutional_Court_of_Syria" title="Supreme Constitutional Court of Syria">Supreme Constitutional Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Council_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Council of Syria">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_People%27s_Council_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Speaker of the People's Council of Syria">Speakers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Syria" title="List of political parties in Syria">Political parties</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party" title="Ba'ath Party">Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party</a></span> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Syrian-dominated_faction)" title="Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)">national</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region">regional command</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/National_Progressive_Front_(Syria)" title="National Progressive Front (Syria)">National Progressive Front</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_for_Change_and_Liberation" title="Popular Front for Change and Liberation">Popular Front for Change and Liberation</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_of_the_Golan_Heights" class="mw-redirect" title="Status of the Golan Heights">Political status of the Golan Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_nationalism" title="Syrian nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Syria (region)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Syria" title="Terrorism in Syria">Terrorism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Syria">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Army" title="Syrian Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Air_Force" title="Syrian Air Force">Air force</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Air_Defense_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Air Defense Force">air defense</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Navy" title="Syrian Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_General_Staff_(Syria)" title="Chief of the General Staff (Syria)">Chief of the General Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Syria and weapons of mass destruction">Weapons of mass destruction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Syria" title="Economy of Syria">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Syria" title="Agriculture in Syria">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Syria" title="Central Bank of Syria">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Syria" title="List of companies of Syria">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_in_Syria" title="Industry in Syria">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Syria" title="International rankings of Syria">International rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_pound" title="Syrian pound">Pound <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Securities_Exchange" title="Damascus Securities Exchange">Securities Exchange <span style="font-size:85%;">(stock exchange)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Syria#Energy_and_mineral_resources" title="Economy of Syria">Energy and mineral resources</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Syria" title="Petroleum industry in Syria">Petroleum industry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a 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title="Demographics of Syria">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Syria" title="Education in Syria">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Syria" title="Health in Syria">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_in_Syria" title="Hunger in Syria">Hunger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrians" title="Syrians">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_diaspora" title="Syrian diaspora">diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Refugees of the Syrian Civil War">refugees <span style="font-size:85%;">(2011–present)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Syria" title="Women in Syria">women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Syria" title="Public holidays in Syria">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scouts_of_Syria" title="Scouts of Syria">Scouting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Syria" title="Squatting in Syria">Squatting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Syria" title="Culture of Syria">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="National anthem of Syria">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Syria" title="Coat of arms of Syria">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_cuisine" title="Syrian cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Syrian_wine" title="Syrian wine">wine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Syrian_films" title="List of Syrian films">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Syria" title="Flag of Syria">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Syria" title="Mass media in Syria">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Organization_of_Radio_and_TV_(Syria)" title="General Organization of Radio and TV (Syria)">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Syria" title="Television in Syria">television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Syria" title="Music of Syria">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Syria" title="Religion in Syria">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Syria" title="Smoking in Syria">Smoking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Syria" title="Outline of Syria">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Syria-related_articles" title="Index of Syria-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Syria" title="Category:Syria">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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