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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>ننوتل</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%9A%D9%88%D8%AF:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%DA%89%DB%90" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>ونډې</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%90" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>خبرې 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class="vector-pinnable-header-label">مالومات</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">څنګپټې ته ورسئ</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">پټول</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">پیل</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-د_تایید_د_تګلارو،_د_نهیې_د_تګلارو_او_د_قیاس_د_قانون_په_بنسټ_استدلال" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#د_تایید_د_تګلارو،_د_نهیې_د_تګلارو_او_د_قیاس_د_قانون_په_بنسټ_استدلال"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">۱</span> <span>د تایید د تګلارو، د نهیې د تګلارو او د قیاس د قانون په بنسټ استدلال</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-د_تایید_د_تګلارو،_د_نهیې_د_تګلارو_او_د_قیاس_د_قانون_په_بنسټ_استدلال-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle د تایید د تګلارو، د نهیې د تګلارو او د قیاس د قانون په بنسټ استدلال subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-د_تایید_د_تګلارو،_د_نهیې_د_تګلارو_او_د_قیاس_د_قانون_په_بنسټ_استدلال-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-د_تایید_تګلارې" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#د_تایید_تګلارې"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">۱.۱</span> <span>د تایید تګلارې</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-د_تایید_تګلارې-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-د_نهيې_تګلاره" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#د_نهيې_تګلاره"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">۱.۲</span> <span>د نهيې تګلاره</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-د_نهيې_تګلاره-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-د_قیاس_قانون" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#د_قیاس_قانون"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">۱.۳</span> <span>د قیاس قانون</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-د_قیاس_قانون-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ساده_بېلګه" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ساده_بېلګه"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">۲</span> <span>ساده بېلګه</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ساده_بېلګه-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-سرچينې_او_ياداښتونه" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#سرچينې_او_ياداښتونه"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">۳</span> <span>سرچينې او ياداښتونه</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-سرچينې_او_ياداښتونه-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="مالومات" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">له کُل څخه جز ته (تعلیلي) استدلال</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="ليکنه په بله ژبه کي وګورئ. دا ليکنه په ۶۲ ژبو کې شتون لري." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-62" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">۶۲ ژبې</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B7" title="استنباط – عربي" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="استنباط" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="عربي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deduksiya" title="Deduksiya – اذربایجاني" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Deduksiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="اذربایجاني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Дедукция – بلغاري" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Дедукция" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="بلغاري" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dedukcija" title="Dedukcija – بوسني" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Dedukcija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="بوسني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raonament_deductiu" title="Raonament deductiu – کټلاني" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Raonament deductiu" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="کټلاني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%95%DA%B5%DA%BE%DB%8E%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ھەڵھێنجان – منځنۍ کوردي" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھەڵھێنجان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="منځنۍ کوردي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dedukce" title="Dedukce – چېکي" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dedukce" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="چېکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deduktion" title="Deduktion – ډنمارکي" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Deduktion" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="ډنمارکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deduktion" title="Deduktion – الماني" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Deduktion" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="الماني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B3%CF%89%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CF%83%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Παραγωγικός συλλογισμός – یوناني" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Παραγωγικός συλλογισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="یوناني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deductive_reasoning" title="Deductive reasoning – انګليسي" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Deductive reasoning" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="انګليسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dedukto" title="Dedukto – اسپرانتو" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Dedukto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="اسپرانتو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razonamiento_deductivo" title="Razonamiento deductivo – هسپانوي" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Razonamiento deductivo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="هسپانوي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deduktsioon" title="Deduktsioon – حبشي" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Deduktsioon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="حبشي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrazoibide_deduktibo" title="Arrazoibide deduktibo – باسکي" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Arrazoibide deduktibo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="باسکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="استدلال استنتاجی – فارسي" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="استدلال استنتاجی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="فارسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deduktiivinen_p%C3%A4%C3%A4ttely" title="Deduktiivinen päättely – فینلنډي" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Deduktiivinen päättely" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="فینلنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raisonnement_d%C3%A9ductif" title="Raisonnement déductif – فرانسوي" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Raisonnement déductif" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="فرانسوي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deduci%C3%B3n" title="Dedución – ګلېشيايي" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Dedución" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="ګلېشيايي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%94_%D7%93%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%99%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA" title="הסקה דדוקטיבית – عبراني" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הסקה דדוקטיבית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="عبراني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95" title="निगमनात्मक तर्क – هندي" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="निगमनात्मक तर्क" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="هندي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dedukcija" title="Dedukcija – کروايشيايي" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Dedukcija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="کروايشيايي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dedukci%C3%B3" title="Dedukció – هنګري" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Dedukció" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="هنګري" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%A5%D5%A4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AF%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Դեդուկցիա – آرمينيايي" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դեդուկցիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="آرمينيايي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metode_deduksi" title="Metode deduksi – انډونېزي" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Metode deduksi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="انډونېزي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aflei%C3%B0sla" title="Afleiðsla – ايسلنډي" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Afleiðsla" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="ايسلنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deduzione" title="Deduzione – ایټالوي" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Deduzione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="ایټالوي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E7%B9%B9" title="演繹 – جاپاني" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="演繹" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="جاپاني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panalaran_d%C3%A9duksi" title="Panalaran déduksi – جاوايي" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Panalaran déduksi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="جاوايي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguny%C4%A9r%C4%A9ko_(deduction)" title="Ngunyĩrĩko (deduction) – ککوؤو" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Ngunyĩrĩko (deduction)" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="ککوؤو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%82%D1%96_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%83" title="Дедуктивті пайымдау – قازق" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Дедуктивті пайымдау" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="قازق" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%B0%EC%97%AD" title="연역 – کوریایی" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="연역" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="کوریایی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Дедукция – کرغيزي" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Дедукция" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="کرغيزي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dedukt%C4%ABvs_sl%C4%93dziens" title="Deduktīvs slēdziens – لېټواني" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Deduktīvs slēdziens" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="لېټواني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Дедукција – مقدوني" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Дедукција" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="مقدوني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penaakulan_deduktif" title="Penaakulan deduktif – ملایا" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Penaakulan deduktif" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="ملایا" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deductie" title="Deductie – هالېنډي" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Deductie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="هالېنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deduksjon" title="Deduksjon – ناروېئي (نائنورسک)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Deduksjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="ناروېئي (نائنورسک)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deduksjon_(filosofi)" title="Deduksjon (filosofi) – ناروېئي (بوکمال)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Deduksjon (filosofi)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="ناروېئي (بوکمال)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rozumowanie_dedukcyjne" title="Rozumowanie dedukcyjne – پولنډي" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rozumowanie dedukcyjne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="پولنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC" title="استخراج – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="استخراج" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9todo_dedutivo" title="Método dedutivo – پورتګالي" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Método dedutivo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="پورتګالي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C8%9Bionament_deductiv" title="Raționament deductiv – رومانیایی" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Raționament deductiv" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="رومانیایی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Дедуктивное умозаключение – روسي" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дедуктивное умозаключение" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="روسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dedukcija" title="Dedukcija – سرب-کروشيايي" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Dedukcija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="سرب-کروشيايي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deductive_reasoning" title="Deductive reasoning – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Deductive reasoning" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dedukcia" title="Dedukcia – سلوواکي" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Dedukcia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="سلوواکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dedukcija" title="Dedukcija – سلوواني" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Dedukcija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="سلوواني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deduksioni" title="Deduksioni – الباني" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Deduksioni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="الباني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Дедукција – سربيائي" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Дедукција" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="سربيائي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deduktion" title="Deduktion – سویډنی" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Deduktion" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="سویډنی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="பகுப்புவழி பகுத்தறிதல் – تامل" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பகுப்புவழி பகுத்தறிதல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="تامل" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%89%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2" title="การให้เหตุผลแบบนิรนัย – تايلېنډي" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การให้เหตุผลแบบนิรนัย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="تايلېنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCmdengelim" title="Tümdengelim – ترکي" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tümdengelim" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="ترکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Дедукция – تاتار" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Дедукция" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="تاتار" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Дедукція – اوکرايني" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дедукція" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="اوکرايني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC" title="استخراج – اردو" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="استخراج" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="اردو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deduksiya" title="Deduksiya – اوزبکي" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Deduksiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="اوزبکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suy_di%E1%BB%85n_logic" title="Suy diễn logic – وېتنامي" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Suy diễn logic" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="وېتنامي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E7%BB%8E%E6%8E%A8%E7%90%86" title="演绎推理 – وو چینایی" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="演绎推理" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="وو چینایی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E7%BB%8E%E6%8E%A8%E7%90%86" title="演绎推理 – چیني" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="演绎推理" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="چیني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E7%B9%B9%E6%8E%A8%E7%90%86" title="演繹推理 – کانټوني" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="演繹推理" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="کانټوني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q484284#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="د ژبو خپلمنځي تړنې سمول" class="wbc-editpage">تړنې سمول</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="نوم-تشيالونه"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs 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data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">څنګپټې ته ورسئ</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">پټول</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D9%84%D9%87_%DA%A9%D9%8F%D9%84_%DA%85%D8%AE%D9%87_%D8%AC%D8%B2_%D8%AA%D9%87_(%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%8A)_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84"><span>لوستل</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%84%D9%87_%DA%A9%D9%8F%D9%84_%DA%85%D8%AE%D9%87_%D8%AC%D8%B2_%D8%AA%D9%87_(%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%8A)_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84&action=edit" title="د دې مخ د سرچينې کوډ سمول [e]" accesskey="e"><span>سمول</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%84%D9%87_%DA%A9%D9%8F%D9%84_%DA%85%D8%AE%D9%87_%D8%AC%D8%B2_%D8%AA%D9%87_(%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%8A)_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84&action=history"><span>پېښليک کتل</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:WhatLinksHere/%D9%84%D9%87_%DA%A9%D9%8F%D9%84_%DA%85%D8%AE%D9%87_%D8%AC%D8%B2_%D8%AA%D9%87_(%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%8A)_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84" title="د ويکي د ټولو هغو مخونو لړليک چې همدې مخ سره تړنې لري [j]" accesskey="j"><span>د دې مخ تړنې</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:RecentChangesLinked/%D9%84%D9%87_%DA%A9%D9%8F%D9%84_%DA%85%D8%AE%D9%87_%D8%AC%D8%B2_%D8%AA%D9%87_(%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%8A)_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84" rel="nofollow" title="له دې مخ سره د تړل شويو مخونو وروستي بدلونونه [k]" accesskey="k"><span>اړونده بدلونونه</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=ps" title="دوتنې پورته کول [u]" 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-rtl mw-parser-output" lang="ps" dir="rtl"><p>له کُل څخه جز ته استدلال، چې د کُل څخه جز ته منطق په نوم هم یادېږي، له یوې یا څو ویناوو (فرضیو) څخه د استدلال هغه بهیر دی چې د منطقي پایلې د لاس ته راوړلو لپاره کارول کېږي. <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>له کُل څخه جز ته استدلال د شرطیه ویناوو په څېر په ورته مسیر کې درومي او فرضیي له پایلو سره تړي. که چېرې ټولې فرضیې حقیقت وي، نو شرایط روښانه دي او د تعلیلي منطق قواعد پلي کېږي او له دې امله پایله هرومرو حقیقت ده.  </p><p>له کُل څخه جز ته یا تعلیلي استدلال (له پورته نه ښکته) له جز څخه کُل ته (له ښکته څخه پورته)  استدلال څخه توپیر لري‎: په تعلیلي استدلال کې، د عمومي قواعدو په کارولو سره چې یوه محدوده فرضیه له کُلي اړخ څخه تر بحث لاندې نیسي، پایله لاس ته راځي او دا لړۍ تر هغه وخته پورې کم سورې کېږي چې یوازې پایله پاتې شي. په تعلیلي استدلال کې شک نشته. له جز څخه کُل ته استدلال کې، د عمومیت یا د مشخصو قضیو څخه د عمومي قواعدو پر لوري د قیاس کولو په بنسټ پایله لاس ته راځي، چې معرفتي شک له ځان سره لري. <sup id="cite_ref-Zi_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zi-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۲<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>له جز څخه  کُل ته استدلال د هغه قیاس (جز څخه  کُل ته استدلال) په توګه نه دی چې په ریاضیکي ثبوتونو کې کارول کېږي. ریاضیکي قیاس په حقیقت کې د تعلیلي استدلال یوه بڼه ده. </p><p>د شرطیه فرضیو د استدلال د مسیر په بنسټ، له  کُل څخه جز ته استدلال له برمته کوونکي استدلال څه توپیر لري. " له کُل څخه جز ته" اصطلاح چې د شیرلاک هامیس په کیسو مشهوره شوه، له تخنیکي اړخه برمته کوونکی استدلال دی، نه له  کُل څخه جز ته استدلال. له  کُل څخه جز ته استدلال د شرطیه فرضیې په شان په ورته لوري درومي، په داسې حال کې چې برمته کوونکی استدلال د شرطیه فرضیو د مسیر په خلاف درومي. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="د_تایید_د_تګلارو،_د_نهیې_د_تګلارو_او_د_قیاس_د_قانون_په_بنسټ_استدلال"><span id=".D8.AF_.D8.AA.D8.A7.DB.8C.DB.8C.D8.AF_.D8.AF_.D8.AA.DA.AB.D9.84.D8.A7.D8.B1.D9.88.D8.8C_.D8.AF_.D9.86.D9.87.DB.8C.DB.90_.D8.AF_.D8.AA.DA.AB.D9.84.D8.A7.D8.B1.D9.88_.D8.A7.D9.88_.D8.AF_.D9.82.DB.8C.D8.A7.D8.B3_.D8.AF_.D9.82.D8.A7.D9.86.D9.88.D9.86_.D9.BE.D9.87_.D8.A8.D9.86.D8.B3.D9.BC_.D8.A7.D8.B3.D8.AA.D8.AF.D9.84.D8.A7.D9.84"></span>د تایید د تګلارو، د نهیې د تګلارو او د قیاس د قانون په بنسټ استدلال</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%84%D9%87_%DA%A9%D9%8F%D9%84_%DA%85%D8%AE%D9%87_%D8%AC%D8%B2_%D8%AA%D9%87_(%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%8A)_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84&action=edit&section=1" title="د سمولو برخه: د تایید د تګلارو، د نهیې د تګلارو او د قیاس د قانون په بنسټ استدلال"><span>سمول</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="د_تایید_تګلارې"><span id=".D8.AF_.D8.AA.D8.A7.DB.8C.DB.8C.D8.AF_.D8.AA.DA.AB.D9.84.D8.A7.D8.B1.DB.90"></span>د تایید تګلارې</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%84%D9%87_%DA%A9%D9%8F%D9%84_%DA%85%D8%AE%D9%87_%D8%AC%D8%B2_%D8%AA%D9%87_(%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%8A)_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84&action=edit&section=2" title="د سمولو برخه: د تایید تګلارې"><span>سمول</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>د تایید تګلارې (چې د " مقدم د قانون" یا "د انفصال د قانون" په نوم هم یادېږي) په اساسي توګه د تعلیلي استدلال د استنباط یوه قاعده ده. دا په هغه استدلال کې کارول کېږي چې، لومړۍ وینا یی شرطیه وي (P →Q) او دویمه فرضیه (P) یې د شرطي وینا مقدم وي. دا په شرطیه وینا کې (Q) نتیجه له ځانه سره لري چې پایله بلل کېږي. </p> <ol><li>P →Q (لومړۍ فرضیه شرطیه وینا ده).</li> <li>P (دویمه فرضیه مقدم دی).</li> <li>Q (د استنباط شوې پایلې نتیجه ده).</li></ol> <p>د تعلیلي استدلال په دې بڼه کې، نتیجه (Q) د پایلې په توګه د شرطیه وینا (P →Q) له فرضیو او د هغه له مقدم (P) څخه لاس ته راځي، خو مقدم (P) پایلې ته ورته د شرطیه وینا (P →Q) له فرضیو او له نتیجې (Q) څخه لاس ته نه راځي. دا ډول استدلال د نتیجي د تایید غلط منطقي دلیل را منځ ته کوي. </p><p>لاندې د تایید تګلارې په بنسټ د استدلال یوه بېلګه ده: </p> <ol><li>که چېرې یوه زاویه له ۹۰ درجو څخه لویه او له ۱۸۰ درجو څخه کمه وي ( (، نو د A زاویه منفرجه ده.</li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>A</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}"></span> = 120°.</li> <li>A یوه منفرجه زاویه ده.</li></ol> <p>له هغه ځایه چې د A د زاویې اندازه له ۹۰ درجو څخه لویه او له ۱۸۰ درجو څخه لږ ده، موږ له (که چېرې – نو) شرطیه وینا څخه دا استنباط کووچې A یوه منفرجه زاویه ده، خو که موږ ته راکړل شي چې، A یوه منفرجه زاویه ده، موږ د شرطیه وینا څخه نه شو استنباط کولای چې  . دا هم حقیقت کېدای شي چې له دې  حدودو بهر نورې زاویې هم منفرجه دي. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="د_نهيې_تګلاره"><span id=".D8.AF_.D9.86.D9.87.D9.8A.DB.90_.D8.AA.DA.AB.D9.84.D8.A7.D8.B1.D9.87"></span>د نهيې تګلاره</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%84%D9%87_%DA%A9%D9%8F%D9%84_%DA%85%D8%AE%D9%87_%D8%AC%D8%B2_%D8%AA%D9%87_(%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%8A)_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84&action=edit&section=3" title="د سمولو برخه: د نهيې تګلاره"><span>سمول</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>د نهیې تګلاره (چې د ضد و نقیص قانون په نوم هم یادېږي) د استنباط یوه له  کُل څخه جز ته قاعده ده. دا هغه استدلال ته اعتبار ورکوي چې د فرضیې په توګه شرطیه (فورمول) او د نهي نتیجه ( ) او د پایلې په توګه د مقدم نهیې ( ) ولري. د تایید له تګلارې سره په توپیر، د نهیې د تګلارې په بنسټ استدلال د شرطیه وینا په متضاد لوري حرکت کوي. د نهیې تګلارې عمومي تشرېح په لاندې ډول ده: </p> <ol><li>P →Q (لومړۍ فرضیه شرطیه وینا ده).</li> <li>(دویمه فرضیه د نتیجې نهیې ده).</li> <li>(استنباط شوې پایله د مقدم نهیې ده).</li></ol> <p>لاندې د استدلال یوه بېلګه ده چې د نهیې د تګلارې په بنسټ ولاړ دی: </p> <ol><li>که چېرې باران اورېږي، نو په اسمان کې ورېځ ده.</li> <li>په اسمان کې ورېځ نشته.</li> <li>نو باران نه اورېږي.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="د_قیاس_قانون"><span id=".D8.AF_.D9.82.DB.8C.D8.A7.D8.B3_.D9.82.D8.A7.D9.86.D9.88.D9.86"></span>د قیاس قانون</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%84%D9%87_%DA%A9%D9%8F%D9%84_%DA%85%D8%AE%D9%87_%D8%AC%D8%B2_%D8%AA%D9%87_(%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%8A)_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84&action=edit&section=4" title="د سمولو برخه: د قیاس قانون"><span>سمول</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>د منطق په اصطلاح کې د قیاس قانون دوه شرطیه ویناوي له ځانه سره لري او د یوې وینا له فرضیې سره د بلې وینا د پایلې په ترکیب کولوسره پایله منځ ته راځي. عمومي بڼه یې په لاندې ډول ده:   </p> <ol><li>P →Q</li> <li>Q →R</li> <li>نو، P →R</li></ol> <p>لاندې یې یوه بېلګه ده </p> <ol><li>که چېرې یو ژوی یورکي دی، نو هغه سپی دی.</li> <li>که چېرې یو حیوان سپۍ وي، نو هغه تي لرونکی دی.</li> <li>نو، که چېرې یو ژوی یورکي دی، نو هغه تي لرونکی دی.</li></ol> <p>موږ وروستی وینا د لومړۍ وینا د فرضیې او د دویمې وینا د پایلې له ترکیب څخه استنباط کړه. موږ منو چې دا کېدای شي یوه غلطه وینا وي. دا په ریاضي کې د یوې غیر مستقیمې اړیکې د خاصیت نمونه ده. بل مثال: د مساواتو نامستقیمه ځانګړتیا ده چې په لاندې ډول ښودل کېږي: </p> <ol><li>A = B</li> <li>B = C</li> <li>نو A = C  </li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ساده_بېلګه"><span id=".D8.B3.D8.A7.D8.AF.D9.87_.D8.A8.DB.90.D9.84.DA.AB.D9.87"></span>ساده بېلګه</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%84%D9%87_%DA%A9%D9%8F%D9%84_%DA%85%D8%AE%D9%87_%D8%AC%D8%B2_%D8%AA%D9%87_(%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%8A)_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84&action=edit&section=5" title="د سمولو برخه: ساده بېلګه"><span>سمول</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>د تعلیلي استدلال په بنسټ د استدلال یوه بېلګه </p> <ol><li>ټول انسانان تلوني دی (لومړۍ فرضیه).</li> <li>سقراط یو انسان دی (دویمه فرضیه).</li> <li>نو، سقراط تلونی دی (پایله).</li></ol> <p>لومړۍ فرضیه بیانوي چې: ټول شیان چې د "انسان" په توګه په نظر کې نیول شوي دي، د "تلوني" ځانګرتیا لري. دویمه فرضیه بیانوي چې: "سقراط" د یو انسان په توګه په نظر کې نیول شوی – یعنې د انسان د ټولګې یو غړی دی، نو پایله بیانوي چې: "سقراط" باید "تلونی" وي، ځکه چې هغه د "انسان" د ټولګې خاصیت له ځانه سره لري. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="سرچينې_او_ياداښتونه"><span id=".D8.B3.D8.B1.DA.86.D9.8A.D9.86.DB.90_.D8.A7.D9.88_.D9.8A.D8.A7.D8.AF.D8.A7.DA.9A.D8.AA.D9.88.D9.86.D9.87"></span>سرچينې او ياداښتونه</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%84%D9%87_%DA%A9%D9%8F%D9%84_%DA%85%D8%AE%D9%87_%D8%AC%D8%B2_%D8%AA%D9%87_(%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%8A)_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84&action=edit&section=6" title="د سمولو برخه: سرچينې او ياداښتونه"><span>سمول</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r262776">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:12px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFSternberg2009" class="citation book cs1">Sternberg, R. J. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cognitivepsychol00ster_347"><i>Cognitive Psychology</i></a>. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cognitivepsychol00ster_347/page/n606">578</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/978-0-495-50629-4" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/978-0-495-50629-4 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>978-0-495-50629-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cognitive+Psychology&rft.place=Belmont%2C+CA&rft.pages=578&rft.pub=Wadsworth&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-495-50629-4&rft.aulast=Sternberg&rft.aufirst=R.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcognitivepsychol00ster_347&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%84%D9%87+%DA%A9%D9%8F%D9%84+%DA%85%D8%AE%D9%87+%D8%AC%D8%B2+%D8%AA%D9%87+%28%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%8A%29+%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zi-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Zi_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFZi2019" class="citation cs2">Zi, Jan (2019), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B081PT2CPR"><i>Models of 6-valued measures: 6-kinds of information</i></a>, Kindle Direct Publishing Science</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Models+of+6-valued+measures%3A+6-kinds+of+information&rft.pub=Kindle+Direct+Publishing+Science&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Zi&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB081PT2CPR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%84%D9%87+%DA%A9%D9%8F%D9%84+%DA%85%D8%AE%D9%87+%D8%AC%D8%B2+%D8%AA%D9%87+%28%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%8A%29+%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">"<a dir="ltr" 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