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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_times"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Ancient times </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_times-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Market_town" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Market_town"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Market town </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Market_town-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Capital_of_the_Tajik_ASSR" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capital_of_the_Tajik_ASSR"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Capital of the Tajik ASSR </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Capital_of_the_Tajik_ASSR-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Capital_of_the_Tajik_SSR" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capital_of_the_Tajik_SSR"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Capital of the Tajik SSR </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Capital_of_the_Tajik_SSR-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Riots_and_unrest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Riots_and_unrest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 Riots and unrest </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Riots_and_unrest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Capital_of_Tajikistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capital_of_Tajikistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Capital of Tajikistan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Capital_of_Tajikistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flora_and_fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora_and_fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Flora and fauna </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora_and_fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Districts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Districts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Districts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Districts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Main_sights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Main_sights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Main sights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Main_sights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Transportation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Transportation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Air_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Air transport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Road_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Road_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Road system </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Road_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rail_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rail_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Rail transport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rail_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trolleybus_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trolleybus_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Trolleybus system </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trolleybus_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metro_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metro_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Metro system </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metro_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Infrastructure </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Infrastructure subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Architecture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electricity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electricity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Electricity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electricity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_and_sanitation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_and_sanitation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Water and sanitation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_and_sanitation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Parks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cemeteries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cemeteries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Cemeteries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cemeteries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Healthcare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Healthcare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Healthcare </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Healthcare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Economy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Performing_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performing_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Performing arts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Performing_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visual_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visual_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Visual arts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visual_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Film </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.5 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Media </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Media-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Media subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Newspapers_and_magazines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Newspapers_and_magazines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Newspapers and magazines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Newspapers_and_magazines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Radio </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Television </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Notable people </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 International relations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle International relations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Twin towns – sister cities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_conferences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_conferences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 International conferences </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_conferences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Dushanbe</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 151 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-151" aria-hidden="true" > 151 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dushanbe" title="Dushanbe – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Dushanbe" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doesjanbe" title="Doesjanbe – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Doesjanbe" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%B1%E1%88%BB%E1%8A%95%E1%89%A4" title="ዱሻንቤ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ዱሻንቤ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5" title="Душанбе – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Душанбе" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%87" title="دوشنبه – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دوشنبه" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duxanbe" title="Duxanbe – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Duxanbe" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duxamb%C3%A9" title="Duxambé – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Duxambé" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dusambe" title="Dusambe – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Dusambe" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5" title="Душанбе – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Душанбе" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BC%C5%9F%C9%99nb%C9%99" title="Düşənbə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Düşənbə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%87_(%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1)" title="دوشنبه (شهر) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="دوشنبه (شهر)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dushanb%C3%A9" title="Dushanbé – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Dushanbé" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87" title="দুশান্‌বে – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দুশান্‌বে" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dushanbe" title="Dushanbe – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Dushanbe" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D2%AF%D1%88%D3%99%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5_(%D2%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0)" title="Дүшәнбе (ҡала) – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Дүшәнбе (ҡала)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%8D" title="Душанбэ – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Душанбэ" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%8D" title="Душанбэ – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Душанбэ" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dushanbe" title="Dushanbe – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Dushanbe" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5" title="Душанбе – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Душанбе" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A4%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8D" title="དུ་ཤང་པེ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="དུ་ཤང་པེ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%C5%A1anbe" title="Dušanbe – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Dušanbe" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douchanbe" title="Douchanbe – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Douchanbe" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5" title="Душанбе – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Душанбе" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duixanbe" title="Duixanbe – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Duixanbe" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dushanbe_(distrito)" title="Dushanbe (distrito) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Dushanbe (distrito)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%C5%A1anbe" title="Dušanbe – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dušanbe" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dushanbe" title="Dushanbe – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Dushanbe" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dushanbe" title="Dushanbe – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Dushanbe" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dusjanbe" title="Dusjanbe – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Dusjanbe" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duschanbe" title="Duschanbe – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Duschanbe" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da%CA%BCiiniih_%C5%81%C3%A1n%C3%AD" title="Daʼiiniih Łání – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Daʼiiniih Łání" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%C5%A1anbe" title="Dušanbe – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Dušanbe" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B1%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%AD" title="Ντουσαμπέ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ντουσαμπέ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5" title="Душанбе – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Душанбе" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dusamb%C3%A9" title="Dusambé – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dusambé" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%C5%9Danbo" title="Duŝanbo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Duŝanbo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duxanbe" title="Duxanbe – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Duxanbe" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%87_(%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AC%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86)" title="دوشنبه (تاجیکستان) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دوشنبه (تاجیکستان)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dushanbe" title="Dushanbe – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Dushanbe" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douchanb%C3%A9" title="Douchanbé – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Douchanbé" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BBsjanbe" title="Dûsjanbe – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Dûsjanbe" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dushanbe" title="Dushanbe – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Dushanbe" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%C5%9Fanbe" title="Duşanbe – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Duşanbe" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dushanbe" title="Dushanbe – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Dushanbe" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dushanbe" title="Dushanbe – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Dushanbe" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dushanbe" title="Dushanbe – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Dushanbe" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%91%90%EC%83%A8%EB%B2%A0" title="두샨베 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="두샨베" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dushanbe" title="Dushanbe – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Dushanbe" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B7%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A2%D5%A5" title="Դուշանբե – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դուշանբե" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87" title="दुशान्बे – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="दुशान्बे" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%C5%A1anbe" title="Dušanbe – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Dušanbe" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%C5%A1anbe" title="Dušanbe – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Dušanbe" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dushanbe" title="Dushanbe – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Dushanbe" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dushanbe" title="Dushanbe – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Dushanbe" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dushanbe" title="Dushanbe – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dushanbe" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dushanbe" title="Dushanbe – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Dushanbe" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dushanbe" title="Dushanbe – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Dushanbe" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5" title="Душанбе – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Душанбе" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BAsjanbe" title="Dúsjanbe – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Dúsjanbe" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%C5%A1anbe" title="Dušanbe – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dušanbe" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%91%D7%94" title="דושנבה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דושנבה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dushanbe" title="Dushanbe – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Dushanbe" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%86" title="ದುಶಾಂಬೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ದುಶಾಂಬೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%91%E1%83%94" title="დუშანბე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დუშანბე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5" title="Душанбе – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Душанбе" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dushanbe" title="Dushanbe – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Dushanbe" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5" title="Душанбе – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Душанбе" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douchanbe" title="Douchanbe – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Douchanbe" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%C5%9Fenbe" title="Duşenbe – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Duşenbe" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5" title="Душанбе – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Душанбе" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dushanbe" title="Dushanbe – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Dushanbe" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%C5%A1anbe" title="Dušanbe – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Dušanbe" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%C5%A1anbe" title="Dušanbe – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dušanbe" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duschanbe" title="Duschanbe – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Duschanbe" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%C5%A1anb%C4%97" title="Dušanbė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Dušanbė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duxanb%C3%A9" title="Duxanbé – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Duxanbé" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duxanbe" title="Duxanbe – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Duxanbe" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%C5%A1anbe" title="Dušanbe – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Dušanbe" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%C5%A1anbe" title="Dušanbe – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Dušanbe" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dusanbe" title="Dusanbe – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Dusanbe" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87" title="दुसान्बे – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="दुसान्बे" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5" title="Душанбе – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Душанбе" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%86" title="ദുഷാൻബെ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ദുഷാൻബെ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87" title="दुशांबे – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="दुशांबे" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%91%E1%83%94" title="დუშანბე – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="დუშანბე" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%87" title="دوشنبه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="دوشنبه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%87" title="دوشنبه – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="دوشنبه" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dushanbe" title="Dushanbe – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Dushanbe" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dushanbe" title="Dushanbe – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Dushanbe" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%8D" title="Душанбэ – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Душанбэ" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5" title="Душанбе – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Душанбе" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%92%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%98%E1%80%B2%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="ဒူရှန်ဘဲမြို့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဒူရှန်ဘဲမြို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doesjanbe" title="Doesjanbe – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Doesjanbe" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87" title="दुसान्बे – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="दुसान्बे" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%89%E3%82%A5%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%99" title="ドゥシャンベ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ドゥシャンベ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5" title="Душанбе – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Душанбе" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duschanbe" title="Duschanbe – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Duschanbe" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dusjanbe" title="Dusjanbe – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Dusjanbe" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dusjanbe" title="Dusjanbe – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Dusjanbe" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doshambe" title="Doshambe – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Doshambe" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5" title="Душанбе – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Душанбе" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dushanbe" title="Dushanbe – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Dushanbe" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%87" title="ਦੁਸ਼ਾਂਬੇ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਦੁਸ਼ਾਂਬੇ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A8%DB%81" title="دوشنبہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="دوشنبہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dusjanbe" title="Dusjanbe – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Dusjanbe" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%87" title="دوشنبه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="دوشنبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%C5%A1anbe" title="Dušanbe – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Dušanbe" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duszanbe" title="Duszanbe – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Duszanbe" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duxamb%C3%A9" title="Duxambé – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Duxambé" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dushanbe" title="Dushanbe – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Dushanbe" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%C5%9Fanbe" title="Duşanbe – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Duşanbe" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%C8%99anbe" title="Dușanbe – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Dușanbe" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5" title="Душанбе – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Душанбе" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5" title="Душанбе – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Душанбе" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dushanbe" title="Dushanbe – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Dushanbe" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dushanbe" title="Dushanbe – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Dushanbe" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dushanbe" title="Dushanbe – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Dushanbe" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dushanbe" title="Dushanbe – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Dushanbe" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%8A" title="دوشنبي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="دوشنبي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%C5%A1anbe" title="Dušanbe – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Dušanbe" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%C5%A1anbe" title="Dušanbe – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Dušanbe" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%94" title="Доушанбє – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Доушанбє" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duszanbe" title="Duszanbe – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Duszanbe" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B4%DB%95%D9%86%D8%A8%DB%95" title="دووشەنبە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دووشەنبە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5" title="Душанбе – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Душанбе" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%C5%A1anbe" title="Dušanbe – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Dušanbe" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%C5%A1anbe" title="Dušanbe – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Dušanbe" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dusjanbe" title="Dusjanbe – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Dusjanbe" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dusambe" title="Dusambe – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Dusambe" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87" title="துசான்பே – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="துசான்பே" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D2%AF%D1%88%D3%99%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5" title="Дүшәнбе – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Дүшәнбе" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A" title="ดูชานเบ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ดูชานเบ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5" title="Душанбе – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Душанбе" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%C5%9Fanbe" title="Duşanbe – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Duşanbe" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%C5%9Fanbe" title="Duşanbe – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Duşanbe" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5" title="Душанбе – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Душанбе" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5" title="Душанбе – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Душанбе" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A8%DB%81" title="دوشنبہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دوشنبہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%88%D8%B4%DB%95%D9%86%D8%A8%DB%95_(%D8%B4%DB%95%DA%BE%DB%95%D8%B1)" title="دۈشەنبە (شەھەر) – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="دۈشەنبە (شەھەر)" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%C5%A1anbe" title="Dušanbe – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Dušanbe" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dushanbe" title="Dushanbe – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Dushanbe" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dushanbe" title="Dushanbe – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Dushanbe" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%9C%E5%B0%9A%E5%88%AB" title="杜尚别 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="杜尚别" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%91%D7%A2" title="דושאנבע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="דושאנבע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dushanbe" title="Dushanbe – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Dushanbe" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%9C%E5%B0%9A%E5%88%A5" title="杜尚別 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="杜尚別" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%C5%9Fanbe" title="Duşanbe – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Duşanbe" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do%C5%A1anb%C4%97" title="Došanbė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Došanbė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%9C%E5%B0%9A%E5%88%AB" title="杜尚别 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="杜尚别" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dushanbe" title="Dushanbe – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Dushanbe" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%C5%A1%C9%99nbe" title="Dušənbe – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Dušənbe" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q9365#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Dushanbe&params=38_32_12_N_68_46_48_E_region:TJ_type:city">38°32′12″N 68°46′48″E / 38.53667°N 68.78000°E / 38.53667; 68.78000</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Capital and largest city of Tajikistan</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Capital city in Tajikistan</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Dushanbe</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native">Душанбe</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital city</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:272px;max-width:272px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:270px;max-width:270px"><div style="height:178px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Panorama_with_buildings,_Dushanbe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Panorama_with_buildings%2C_Dushanbe.jpg/268px-Panorama_with_buildings%2C_Dushanbe.jpg" decoding="async" width="268" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Panorama_with_buildings%2C_Dushanbe.jpg/402px-Panorama_with_buildings%2C_Dushanbe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Panorama_with_buildings%2C_Dushanbe.jpg/536px-Panorama_with_buildings%2C_Dushanbe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></div><div>Dushanbe skyline</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:146px;max-width:146px"><div style="height:67px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0.jpg/144px-%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0.jpg" decoding="async" width="144" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0.jpg/216px-%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0.jpg/288px-%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2124" data-file-height="1003" /></a></div><div><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan_National_Museum" title="Tajikistan National Museum">Tajikistan National Museum</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:122px;max-width:122px"><div style="height:67px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5.jpg/120px-%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5.jpg/180px-%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5.jpg/240px-%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2268" /></a></div><div>Statue of <a href="/wiki/Rudaki" title="Rudaki">Rudaki</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div style="height:99px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2.JPG/132px-%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2.JPG" decoding="async" width="132" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2.JPG/198px-%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2.JPG/264px-%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></div><div><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Tajikistan" title="National Library of Tajikistan">National Library of Tajikistan</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div style="height:99px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Ayni_Opera_Theatre_in_Dushanbe.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Ayni_Opera_Theatre_in_Dushanbe.JPG/132px-Ayni_Opera_Theatre_in_Dushanbe.JPG" decoding="async" width="132" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Ayni_Opera_Theatre_in_Dushanbe.JPG/198px-Ayni_Opera_Theatre_in_Dushanbe.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Ayni_Opera_Theatre_in_Dushanbe.JPG/264px-Ayni_Opera_Theatre_in_Dushanbe.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></div><div><a href="/wiki/Ayni_Opera_and_Ballet_Theatre" title="Ayni Opera and Ballet Theatre">Ayni Opera House</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:270px;max-width:270px"><div style="height:178px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Palace_of_Nations_and_the_Flagpole,_Dushanbe,_Tajikistan.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Palace_of_Nations_and_the_Flagpole%2C_Dushanbe%2C_Tajikistan.JPG/268px-Palace_of_Nations_and_the_Flagpole%2C_Dushanbe%2C_Tajikistan.JPG" decoding="async" width="268" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Palace_of_Nations_and_the_Flagpole%2C_Dushanbe%2C_Tajikistan.JPG/402px-Palace_of_Nations_and_the_Flagpole%2C_Dushanbe%2C_Tajikistan.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Palace_of_Nations_and_the_Flagpole%2C_Dushanbe%2C_Tajikistan.JPG/536px-Palace_of_Nations_and_the_Flagpole%2C_Dushanbe%2C_Tajikistan.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a></div><div><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_the_Nation_(Dushanbe)" title="Palace of the Nation (Dushanbe)">Palace of the Nation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dushanbe_Flagpole" title="Dushanbe Flagpole">Dushanbe Flagpole</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Dushanbe.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official seal of Dushanbe"><img alt="Official seal of Dushanbe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Coat_of_arms_of_Dushanbe.svg/91px-Coat_of_arms_of_Dushanbe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="91" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Coat_of_arms_of_Dushanbe.svg/137px-Coat_of_arms_of_Dushanbe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Coat_of_arms_of_Dushanbe.svg/183px-Coat_of_arms_of_Dushanbe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2225" data-file-height="2433" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Seal</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Dushanbe_in_Tajikistan_(special_marker).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Dushanbe in Tajikistan"><img alt="Location of Dushanbe in Tajikistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Dushanbe_in_Tajikistan_%28special_marker%29.svg/250px-Dushanbe_in_Tajikistan_%28special_marker%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Dushanbe_in_Tajikistan_%28special_marker%29.svg/375px-Dushanbe_in_Tajikistan_%28special_marker%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Dushanbe_in_Tajikistan_%28special_marker%29.svg/500px-Dushanbe_in_Tajikistan_%28special_marker%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1191" data-file-height="903" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Location of Dushanbe in Tajikistan</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:300px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:300px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:300px"><a href="/wiki/File:Tajikistan_relief_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dushanbe is located in Tajikistan"><img alt="Dushanbe is located in Tajikistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Tajikistan_relief_map.svg/300px-Tajikistan_relief_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Tajikistan_relief_map.svg/450px-Tajikistan_relief_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Tajikistan_relief_map.svg/600px-Tajikistan_relief_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1191" data-file-height="903" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:56.394%;left:20%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Dushanbe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Dushanbe</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div>Show map of Tajikistan</div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:300px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:300px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:300px"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dushanbe is located in Asia"><img alt="Dushanbe is located in Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg/300px-Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg/450px-Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg/600px-Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="1050" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:48.909%;left:31.383%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Dushanbe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Dushanbe</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div>Show map of Asia</div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:300px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:300px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:300px"><a href="/wiki/File:World_location_map_(equirectangular_180).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dushanbe is located in Earth"><img alt="Dushanbe is located in Earth" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/World_location_map_%28equirectangular_180%29.svg/300px-World_location_map_%28equirectangular_180%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/World_location_map_%28equirectangular_180%29.svg/450px-World_location_map_%28equirectangular_180%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/World_location_map_%28equirectangular_180%29.svg/600px-World_location_map_%28equirectangular_180%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2521" data-file-height="1260" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:28.591%;left:69.106%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Dushanbe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Dushanbe</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div>Show map of Earth</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Dushanbe&params=38_32_12_N_68_46_48_E_region:TJ_type:city">38°32′12″N 68°46′48″E / 38.53667°N 68.78000°E / 38.53667; 68.78000</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Tajikistan" title="Regions of Tajikistan">Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Dushanbe</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Namesake" title="Namesake">Named for</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Monday" title="Monday">Monday</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Districts</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Ismail Samani</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Avicenna</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Ferdowsi</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Shah Mansur</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Dushanbe" title="Mayor of Dushanbe">Shahrdar</a> (Mayor)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rustam_Emomali" title="Rustam Emomali">Rustam Emomali</a> (<a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Party_of_Tajikistan" title="People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan">PDPT</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-Вечёрка-2020-2">[2]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Land</th><td class="infobox-data">203 km2 (78 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Urban<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">185 km2 (71 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-About_Dushanbe-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dushanbe-2021a-5">[5]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">823 m (2,700 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">930 m (3,050 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Lowest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">750 m (2,460 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (March 2024)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital city</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,564,700<a href="#cite_note-:dushanbe1-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Tajikistan" title="List of cities in Tajikistan">1st in Tajikistan</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">3,147,000<a href="#cite_note-:dushanbe1-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B05:00" title="UTC+05:00">UTC+05:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tajikistan_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Tajikistan Time">Tajikistan Time</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">(Not Observed)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Postal code</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">6-Digit</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">372<a href="#cite_note-About_Dushanbe-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plate" title="Vehicle registration plate">Vehicle registration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">01, 05<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> (2021)</th><td class="infobox-data">0.756<a href="#cite_note-GlobalDataLab-7">[7]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>high</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Official_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Official languages">Official languages</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> (Interethnic)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_language" title="Tajik language">Tajik</a> (State)<a href="#cite_note-КОНСТИТУЦИЯ_РЕСПУБЛИКИ_ТАДЖИКИСТАН-8">[8]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dushanbe.tj">www.dushanbe.tj</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Dushanbe<a href="#cite_note-9">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[b]</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">capital</a> and largest city of <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>. As of March 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dushanbe&action=edit">[update]</a>, Dushanbe had a population of 1,564,700, with this population being largely <a href="/wiki/Tajiks" title="Tajiks">Tajik</a>. Until 1929, the city was known in Russian as Dyushambe,<a href="#cite_note-15">[c]</a> and from 1929 to 1961 as Stalinabad,<a href="#cite_note-16">[d]</a> after <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>. Dushanbe is located in the <a href="/wiki/Gissar_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Gissar Valley">Gissar Valley</a>, bounded by the <a href="/wiki/Gissar_Range" class="mw-redirect" title="Gissar Range">Gissar Range</a> in the north and east and the <a href="/wiki/Babatag_Range" title="Babatag Range">Babatag</a>, Aktau, Rangontau and Karatau mountains in the south, and has an elevation of 750–930 m. The city is divided into four districts: <a href="/wiki/Ismail_Samani" title="Ismail Samani">Ismail Samani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferdowsi" title="Ferdowsi">Ferdowsi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mansur_I" title="Mansur I">Shah Mansur</a>. In ancient times, what is now or is close to modern Dushanbe was settled by various empires and peoples, including <a href="/wiki/Mousterian" title="Mousterian">Mousterian</a> tool-users, various <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">neolithic</a> cultures, the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactria</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hephthalites" title="Hephthalites">Hephthalites</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, more settlements began near modern-day Dushanbe such as <a href="/wiki/Hulbuk" title="Hulbuk">Hulbuk</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_the_governor_of_Khulbuk" class="mw-redirect" title="Palace of the governor of Khulbuk">famous palace</a>. From the 17th to early 20th century, Dushanbe grew into a market village controlled at times by the Beg of <a href="/wiki/Hisor" class="mw-redirect" title="Hisor">Hisor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balkh" title="Balkh">Balkh</a>, and finally <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Bukhara" title="Emirate of Bukhara">Bukhara</a>, before being conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>. Dushanbe was captured by the <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a> in 1922, and the town was made the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Tajik_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic</a> in 1924, which commenced Dushanbe's development and rapid population growth that continued until the <a href="/wiki/Tajik_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Tajik civil war">Tajik Civil War</a>. After the war, the city became capital of an independent <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> and continued its growth and development into a modern city, today home to many international conferences. Much of Dushanbe's education system dates from Soviet times and has a legacy of state control; today the largest university in Dushanbe, the <a href="/wiki/Tajik_National_University" title="Tajik National University">Tajik National University</a>, is funded by the government. <a href="/wiki/Dushanbe_International_Airport" title="Dushanbe International Airport">Dushanbe International Airport</a> is the primary airport serving the city. Other forms of transport include the <a href="/wiki/Trolleybuses_in_Dushanbe" title="Trolleybuses in Dushanbe">trolleybus system</a> dating from 1955, the small rail system, and the roads that traverse the city. Dushanbe's electricity is primarily hydroelectric, produced by the <a href="/wiki/Nurek_Dam" title="Nurek Dam">Nurek Dam</a>, and the aging water system dates from 1932. Tajikistan's healthcare system is concentrated in Dushanbe, meaning that the major hospitals of the country are in the city. The city makes up 20% of Tajikistan's GDP and has large industrial, financial, retail, and tourism sectors. Parks and main sights of the city include <a href="/wiki/Victory_Park,_Dushanbe" title="Victory Park, Dushanbe">Victory Park</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudaki_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rudaki Park (page does not exist)">Rudaki Park</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan_National_Museum" title="Tajikistan National Museum">Tajikistan National Museum</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dushanbe_Flagpole" title="Dushanbe Flagpole">Dushanbe Flagpole</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan_National_Museum_of_Antiquities" class="mw-redirect" title="Tajikistan National Museum of Antiquities">Tajikistan National Museum of Antiquities</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dushanbe&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tajikistan_(384743913).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Tajikistan_%28384743913%29.jpg/220px-Tajikistan_%28384743913%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Tajikistan_%28384743913%29.jpg/330px-Tajikistan_%28384743913%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Tajikistan_%28384743913%29.jpg/440px-Tajikistan_%28384743913%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2352" data-file-height="1560" /></a><figcaption>Bazaar in Dushanbe, 2007</figcaption></figure> Dushanbe was the location of a large <a href="/wiki/Bazaar" title="Bazaar">bazaar</a> that operated on Mondays.<a href="#cite_note-factbook-12">[11]</a> This gave rise to the name Dushanbe-Bazar (<a href="/wiki/Tajik_language" title="Tajik language">Tajik</a>: Душанбе Бозор, Dushanbe Bozor)<a href="#cite_note-17">[13]</a> from Dushanbe, which means Monday in the <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian language</a><a href="#cite_note-D._Saimaddinov,_S._D_2006-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dushanbe_in_Persian_language-18">[14]</a> – literally, the second day (du) following Saturday (shanbe).<a href="#cite_note-factbook-12">[11]</a> In late 1929 the city was renamed Stalinabad (the city of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Stalin</a>), but it reverted to the name Dushanbe in late 1961 as a result of <a href="/wiki/De-Stalinization" title="De-Stalinization">de-Stalinization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-The_Guardian-2017-19">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dushanbe&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Dushanbe_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Dushanbe history">Timeline of Dushanbe history</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_times">Ancient times</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dushanbe&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ancient times">edit</a>]</div> In the <a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mousterian" title="Mousterian">Mousterian</a> tool-users inhabited the <a href="/wiki/Hisar_Valley" title="Hisar Valley">Hisar Valley</a> near modern-day Dushanbe.<a href="#cite_note-20">[16]</a> The Gissar culture, whose stone tools were discovered within modern-day Dushanbe at the confluence of the <a href="/wiki/Varzob_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Varzob River">Varzob</a> and Luchob,<a href="#cite_note-21">[17]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bishkent_culture" title="Bishkent culture">Bishkent culture</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vakhsh_culture" title="Vakhsh culture">Vakhsh culture</a> all were thought to have inhabited the valley in the second millennium BC, during the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> period, and were primarily involved in cattle breeding, agriculture, and weaving.<a href="#cite_note-22">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ceroi-2008-24">[20]</a> Near <a href="/wiki/Dushanbe_International_Airport" title="Dushanbe International Airport">Dushanbe International Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> burials were discovered dating from the end of the second to the beginning of the first millennium BC.<a href="#cite_note-25">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a> dishes and ceramics were found 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) east of Dushanbe in Qiblai,<a href="#cite_note-26">[22]</a> as the city was controlled by the Achaemenids from the sixth century BC.<a href="#cite_note-Ceroi-2008-24">[20]</a> Archaeological remnants of a small <a href="/wiki/Citadel" title="Citadel">citadel</a> dating to the fifth century BC have been discovered 40 kilometres (25 mi) south<a href="#cite_note-27">[23]</a> and wedge-shaped copper axes have been discovered from the second century BC.<a href="#cite_note-Dushanbe_twinning-28">[24]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucids</a> conquered the region in 312 BC.<a href="#cite_note-Davidzon-1983a-29">[25]</a> A small <a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian</a> settlement of about 40 hectares (99 acres) was dated to the end of the third century BC.<a href="#cite_note-Dushanbe_twinning-28">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sedov-2020-31">[27]</a> The oldest coin found in the city is a Greco-Bactrian coin depicting <a href="/wiki/Eucratides_I" title="Eucratides I">Eucratides</a> (r. 171–145 BC) and another was found depicting <a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Davidzon-1983a-29">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dushanbe_Encyc-2004c-32">[28]</a> There was also a <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan</a> city on the left bank of the <a href="/wiki/Varzob_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Varzob River">Varzob river</a> from the <a href="/wiki/2nd_century_BC" title="2nd century BC">2nd century BC</a> to <a href="/wiki/3rd_century" title="3rd century">3rd century AD</a> containing burial sites from the time period.<a href="#cite_note-Dushanbe_twinning-28">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sedov-2020-31">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[29]</a> The Kushans created other settlements such as Garavkala, Tepai Shah, Shakhrinau, and Uzbekontepa.<a href="#cite_note-34">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[31]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a> invaded <a href="/wiki/Sogdia" title="Sogdia">Sogdiana</a> in the fifth century, possibly giving coins as tribute to the <a href="/wiki/Kidarites" title="Kidarites">Kidarites</a> which ended up on the site of today's city.<a href="#cite_note-36">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[33]</a> The ruins of a Buddhist monastery of the <a href="/wiki/Hephthalites" title="Hephthalites">Hephthalite</a> period of the late fifth to sixth century, now referred to as <a href="/wiki/Ajina_Tepe" title="Ajina Tepe">Ajina Tepe</a>, lie in the <a href="/wiki/Vakhsh_District" title="Vakhsh District">Vaksh valley</a> near Dushanbe.<a href="#cite_note-38">[34]</a> Other settlements from the <a href="/wiki/Tokharistan" title="Tokharistan">Tokharistan</a> period have also been discovered, like the town of Shishikona that was destroyed during the <a href="/wiki/Tajik_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic">Soviet era</a> and depopulated during the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Central_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol invasion of Central Asia">Mongol invasion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[36]</a> <a href="/wiki/International_trade#History" title="International trade">International trade</a> picked up during this period in the region.<a href="#cite_note-41">[37]</a> A castle was also discovered dating from the time period.<a href="#cite_note-42">[38]</a> In 582, the <a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western Turkic Khaganate</a> gained control over the region.<a href="#cite_note-Davidzon-1983a-29">[25]</a> In the seventh century, a Chinese pilgrim visited the region and mentioned the city of Shuman, possibly on the site of modern Dushanbe.<a href="#cite_note-43">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[40]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Arab conquest</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Samanids" class="mw-redirect" title="Samanids">Samanids</a> controlled the region, which was involved in crafts and trade,<a href="#cite_note-Ceroi-2008-24">[20]</a> and in the 10th-12th centuries the medieval city of <a href="/wiki/Hulbuk" title="Hulbuk">Hulbuk</a> developed near Dushanbe, which notably contained the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_the_governor_of_Khulbuk" class="mw-redirect" title="Palace of the governor of Khulbuk">palace of the governor of Khulbuk</a>, "an artistic treasure of the Tajik people", among other smaller medieval settlements like Shishikhona.<a href="#cite_note-45">[41]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Kharakhanids</a> minted coins from 1018 to 1019 found in the city.<a href="#cite_note-46">[42]</a> The city came under the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Ghurids" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghurids">Ghurids</a> from the 12th to 13th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-Ceroi-2008-24">[20]</a> Other smaller settlements were founded during the Late Middle Ages after the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_Central_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol conquest of Central Asia">Mongol invasion</a>, such as Abdullaevsky and Shainak. <a href="/wiki/Timur" title="Timur">Timur</a> conquered the region during this time period and various other empires controlled the city. The city's economy started to rely more heavily on crafts and trade.<a href="#cite_note-Ceroi-2008-24">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-Davidzon-1983a-29">[25]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 265px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 260px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bishkent_culture.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bishkent culture"><img alt="Bishkent culture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Bishkent_culture.jpg/209px-Bishkent_culture.jpg" decoding="async" width="209" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Bishkent_culture.jpg/314px-Bishkent_culture.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Bishkent_culture.jpg/419px-Bishkent_culture.jpg 2x" data-file-width="543" data-file-height="467" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bishkent_culture" title="Bishkent culture">Bishkent culture</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 265px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 260px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Vakhsh_culture.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vakhsh culture"><img alt="Vakhsh culture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Vakhsh_culture.jpg/173px-Vakhsh_culture.jpg" decoding="async" width="173" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Vakhsh_culture.jpg/260px-Vakhsh_culture.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Vakhsh_culture.jpg/346px-Vakhsh_culture.jpg 2x" data-file-width="709" data-file-height="737" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Vakhsh_culture" title="Vakhsh culture">Vakhsh culture</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 265px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 260px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Kara-Khanid_Khanate.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate"><img alt="Kara-Khanid Khanate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Kara-Khanid_Khanate.png/255px-Kara-Khanid_Khanate.png" decoding="async" width="255" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Kara-Khanid_Khanate.png/383px-Kara-Khanid_Khanate.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Kara-Khanid_Khanate.png/511px-Kara-Khanid_Khanate.png 2x" data-file-width="1127" data-file-height="795" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Kara-Khanid Khanate</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 265px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 260px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Greco-BactrianKingdomMap.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Greco-Bactria"><img alt="Greco-Bactria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Greco-BactrianKingdomMap.jpg/260px-Greco-BactrianKingdomMap.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Greco-BactrianKingdomMap.jpg/390px-Greco-BactrianKingdomMap.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Greco-BactrianKingdomMap.jpg/520px-Greco-BactrianKingdomMap.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1311" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactria</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Market_town">Market town</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dushanbe&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Market town">edit</a>]</div> The first time Dushanbe appeared in the historical record was in 1676, in a letter sent from the <a href="/wiki/Balkh" title="Balkh">Balkh</a> khan Subhonquli Bahodur to <a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Alekseyevich" class="mw-redirect" title="Fyodor Alekseyevich">Fyodor III</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tzar_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Tzar of Russia">Tsar of Russia</a>. However, the Balkh historian Mahmud ibn Wali mentioned the area in the 1630s in the book Sea of Secrets Regarding the Values of the Noble.<a href="#cite_note-48">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Abdullaev-2018a-49">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[46]</a> At first, the town was called "Kasabai Dushanbe" (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: قصبه دوشنبه қасабаи Душанбе), when it was under the control of <a href="/wiki/Balkh#16th_to_19th_centuries" title="Balkh">Balkh</a>. This name reflected both Dushanbe's status as a town, with Kasabai meaning town, and the influence of trade, as the name Dushanbe, which means Monday in Persian, was due to the large <a href="/wiki/Bazaar" title="Bazaar">bazaar</a> in the village that operated on Mondays. Dushanbe's location between the <a href="/wiki/Trade_route" title="Trade route">caravan routes</a> heading east–west from the <a href="/wiki/Gissar_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Gissar Valley">Gissar Valley</a> through <a href="/wiki/Karategin" class="mw-redirect" title="Karategin">Karategin</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Alay_Valley" title="Alay Valley">Alay Valley</a>, and north–south to the <a href="/wiki/Kafirnigan_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Kafirnigan River">Kafirnigan River</a> and then to <a href="/wiki/Vakash_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Vakash Valley">Vaksh Valley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Afghanistan</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Anzob_Pass" class="mw-redirect" title="Anzob Pass">Anzob Pass</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Fergana_Valley" title="Fergana Valley">Fergana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zarafshan_Range#Geography_and_Geology" title="Zarafshan Range">Zeravshan valleys</a> that ultimately led traders to <a href="/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara">Bukhara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pamir_Mountains" title="Pamir Mountains">the Pamirs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> incentivized the development of its market.<a href="#cite_note-Dushanbe_twinning-28">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-CICA_Summit-2019-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rusu-2016-51">[47]</a> At the time, the town had a population of around 7,000–8,000 with around 500–600 households.<a href="#cite_note-tiroz-2019-52">[48]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alim_Khan_(1880%E2%80%931944),_Emir_of_Bukhara,_photographed_by_S.M._Prokudin-Gorskiy_in_1911.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Alim_Khan_%281880%E2%80%931944%29%2C_Emir_of_Bukhara%2C_photographed_by_S.M._Prokudin-Gorskiy_in_1911.jpg/220px-Alim_Khan_%281880%E2%80%931944%29%2C_Emir_of_Bukhara%2C_photographed_by_S.M._Prokudin-Gorskiy_in_1911.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Alim_Khan_%281880%E2%80%931944%29%2C_Emir_of_Bukhara%2C_photographed_by_S.M._Prokudin-Gorskiy_in_1911.jpg/330px-Alim_Khan_%281880%E2%80%931944%29%2C_Emir_of_Bukhara%2C_photographed_by_S.M._Prokudin-Gorskiy_in_1911.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Alim_Khan_%281880%E2%80%931944%29%2C_Emir_of_Bukhara%2C_photographed_by_S.M._Prokudin-Gorskiy_in_1911.jpg/440px-Alim_Khan_%281880%E2%80%931944%29%2C_Emir_of_Bukhara%2C_photographed_by_S.M._Prokudin-Gorskiy_in_1911.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3307" data-file-height="2859" /></a><figcaption>1911 color photograph of the last Emir of <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Bukhara" title="Emirate of Bukhara">Bukhara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Alim_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Alim Khan">Alim Khan</a></figcaption></figure> By 1826, the town was called Dushanbe Qurghan (<a href="/wiki/Tajik_language" title="Tajik language">Tajik</a>: Душанбе Қурғон, Dushanbe Qurghon, with the suffix qurƣon from <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a> qurğan, meaning "fortress"). It was first Russified as Dyushambe (Дюшамбе) in 1875. It had a <a href="/wiki/Caravanserai" title="Caravanserai">caravanserai</a>, a stopping point for travelers to <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khujand" title="Khujand">Khujand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kulob" title="Kulob">Kulob</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Pamirs" class="mw-redirect" title="The Pamirs">the Pamirs</a>. It boasted 14 <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosques</a> with <a href="/wiki/Kuttab" title="Kuttab">maktabs</a>, 2 <a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">madrassas</a>, and 14 teahouses at the turn of the 19th century. At that time, the town was a citadel on a steep bank on the left bank of the <a href="/wiki/Varzob_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Varzob River">Varzob River</a> with 10,000 residents.<a href="#cite_note-Ceroi-2008-24">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-tiroz-2019-52">[48]</a> It was a center for <a href="/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">weaving</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanning_(leather)" title="Tanning (leather)">tanning</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iron_smelting" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron smelting">iron smelting</a> production in the region. Various states, including <a href="/wiki/Hisor" class="mw-redirect" title="Hisor">Hisor</a>, exercised control over the city during the 18th and early 19th century despite Bukharan claims of sovereignty. In 1868, the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Tsarist government</a> established suzerainty over Bukhara. In the unstable environment of Russian intervention and local revolts, Bukhara took over the Dushanbe region, control over which the Emirate was able to sustain through the gradual establishment of a Russian-influenced centralized state.<a href="#cite_note-54">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[51]</a> The first hospital in the village was constructed in 1915 by Russian investment<a href="#cite_note-Shermatov-2020-56">[52]</a> and an early railroad was proposed to connect the market town with the Russian railway system in 1909, but was abandoned after a review determined the venture would not be profitable, although the town did have a functioning railroad to <a href="/wiki/Kogon,_Uzbekistan" title="Kogon, Uzbekistan">Kagan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Вечёрка-2019-57">[53]</a> In 1920, the <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Alim_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Alim Khan">last Emir of Bukhara</a> briefly took refuge in Dushanbe after being overthrown by the <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik Revolution">Bolshevik revolution</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> conquered the area the next year, he fled to Afghanistan on 4 March 1921.<a href="#cite_note-Ruttig-2018-58">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-Davidzon-1983b-60">[56]</a> In February 1922, the town was taken by <a href="/wiki/Basmachi" class="mw-redirect" title="Basmachi">Basmachi</a> troops led by <a href="/wiki/Enver_Pasha" title="Enver Pasha">Enver Pasha</a> after a siege,<a href="#cite_note-Ruttig-2018-58">[54]</a> but on 14 July 1922 again came under the power of the <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[58]</a> soon before the death of Enver Pasha on 4 August 1922 outside of Dushanbe.<a href="#cite_note-Ruttig-2018-58">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lonely_Planet-2016-63">[59]</a> It was a part of the <a href="/wiki/Bukharan_People%27s_Soviet_Republic" title="Bukharan People's Soviet Republic">Bukharan PSR</a> until the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Tajik_ASSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Tajik ASSR">Tajik ASSR</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Capital_of_the_Tajik_ASSR">Capital of the Tajik ASSR</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dushanbe&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Capital of the Tajik ASSR">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_national_state_delimitation_of_the_republics_of_Central_Asia_(1924-1925)_-_not_so_busy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Map_of_the_national_state_delimitation_of_the_republics_of_Central_Asia_%281924-1925%29_-_not_so_busy.svg/220px-Map_of_the_national_state_delimitation_of_the_republics_of_Central_Asia_%281924-1925%29_-_not_so_busy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Map_of_the_national_state_delimitation_of_the_republics_of_Central_Asia_%281924-1925%29_-_not_so_busy.svg/330px-Map_of_the_national_state_delimitation_of_the_republics_of_Central_Asia_%281924-1925%29_-_not_so_busy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Map_of_the_national_state_delimitation_of_the_republics_of_Central_Asia_%281924-1925%29_-_not_so_busy.svg/440px-Map_of_the_national_state_delimitation_of_the_republics_of_Central_Asia_%281924-1925%29_-_not_so_busy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="662" data-file-height="390" /></a><figcaption>National delimitation of Central Asia; the <a href="/wiki/Tajik_ASSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Tajik ASSR">Tajik ASSR</a> is in light purple</figcaption></figure> Dushanbe was proclaimed the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Tajik_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic</a> as a part of the <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic">Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic</a> in October 1924, and the government started to function formally on 15 March 1925.<a href="#cite_note-Atkin-2020-65">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-Abdullaev-2018b-67">[63]</a> Dushanbe was chosen instead of larger-populated villages in <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> because of its role as a crossroads of Tajikistan for its large market served as a meeting place for much of Tajikistan's population. Along with its market, there was a lively <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a> trade as well as trade in <a href="/wiki/Fabrics" class="mw-redirect" title="Fabrics">fabrics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leather" title="Leather">leather</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin products</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Weapon" title="Weapon">weapons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Фергана-2020-68">[64]</a> The mild <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Mediterranean climate</a> was another reason Soviet authorities chose the city as the capital.<a href="#cite_note-Вечёрка-2019-57">[53]</a> Before the Emir's relocation to the city, Dushanbe had the only <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tajikistan" title="History of the Jews in Tajikistan">Jewish population in Eastern Bukhara</a> (of about 600) whom were involved in trade and tailoring. When the Emir moved to the city in 1920, however, the Jewish population's property was plundered and the Jews were relocated to <a href="/wiki/Hisor" class="mw-redirect" title="Hisor">Hisor</a>. They were only let back into Dushanbe with its conquest by the Red Army, and in the 1920s and 1930s their population gradually increased with <a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jews" title="Bukharan Jews">Bukharan</a> immigrants.<a href="#cite_note-69">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Вечёрка-2019-57">[53]</a> Dushanbe was also officially recognized as the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Bukhara" title="Emirate of Bukhara">Emirate of Bukhara</a> during its waning days as it served as the last refuge of the last Emir of Bukhara during its conquest by the Soviet Union, possibly another motivating factor for the decision to establish the new <a href="/wiki/Tajik_ASSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Tajik ASSR">ASSR's</a> capital in the village.<a href="#cite_note-Фергана-2020-68">[64]</a> The population during Soviet conquest and <a href="/wiki/Basmachi_movement" title="Basmachi movement">Basmachi revolts</a> declined from an already meager 3,140 in 1920 to only 283 in 1924 with only 40 houses still standing.<a href="#cite_note-Atkin-2020-65">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-Вечёрка-2019-57">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hughes-2017-70">[66]</a> To aid in the recovery, the Soviet authorities temporarily exempted much of the population from having to pay taxes. In 1923, the Soviets created Dushanbe's first telegraph link to <a href="/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara">Bukhara</a>, initiated its first railroad to <a href="/wiki/Termez" title="Termez">Termez</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Atkin-2020-65">[61]</a> and set up a telephone switchboard in 1924.<a href="#cite_note-71">[67]</a> On 12 August 1924, the first <a href="/wiki/Newspaper" title="Newspaper">newspaper</a> of the town, Voice of the East (Russian: Овози Шарк), was published in Arabic and soon after a <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>-language paper, Red Tajikistan (Russian: Красный Таджикистан), began publication. <a href="/wiki/Power_station" title="Power station">Power plants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">electricity</a> were introduced to Dushanbe during this time. By the end of 1924, the first regular plane routes from Dushanbe came into operation, with one connection to <a href="/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara">Bukhara</a> and later one to <a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Post_office" title="Post office">post office</a> was also set up that year.<a href="#cite_note-Вечёрка-2019-57">[53]</a> Construction on the railroad commenced on 24 June 1926, and it was completed in November 1929, connecting Dushanbe with the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Caspian_railway" title="Trans-Caspian railway">Trans-Caspian railroad</a> and kickstarting economic growth.<a href="#cite_note-Abdullaev-2018a-49">[45]</a> In 1925, the first boy's boarding school was constructed in the capital.<a href="#cite_note-Вечёрка-2019-57">[53]</a> On 1 September 1927, the first <a href="/wiki/Pedagogy" title="Pedagogy">pedagogical</a> college opened in Dushanbe and in November the motor road from Dushanbe to <a href="/wiki/Kulob" title="Kulob">Kulob</a> was completed.<a href="#cite_note-Abdullaev-2018b-67">[63]</a> Tajiks from the countryside were given assistance and free land plots in the capital to increase its population and development.<a href="#cite_note-Вечёрка-2019-57">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Capital_of_the_Tajik_SSR">Capital of the Tajik SSR</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dushanbe&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Capital of the Tajik SSR">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dushanabe_WWIImonument.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Dushanabe_WWIImonument.jpg/220px-Dushanabe_WWIImonument.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Dushanabe_WWIImonument.jpg/330px-Dushanabe_WWIImonument.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Dushanabe_WWIImonument.jpg/440px-Dushanabe_WWIImonument.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Dushanbe World War 2 monument</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Tajik_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic">Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic</a>, previously the Tajik ASSR, separated from the Uzbek SSR in 1929, and its capital Dyushambe was renamed Stalinabad (Russian: Сталинабад; Tajik: Сталинобод Stalinobod) for <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> on 19 October 1929, incorporating the nearby villages of Shohmansur, Mavlono, and Sari Osiyo.<a href="#cite_note-Abdullaev-2018a-49">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-Abdullaev-2018b-67">[63]</a> In the years that followed, the city developed at a rapid pace.<a href="#cite_note-Dushanbe_twinning-28">[24]</a> The Soviets transformed the area into a center for <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silk_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Silk production">silk production</a>, and tens of thousands of people relocated to the city. The population also increased with thousands of ethnic <a href="/wiki/Tajiks" title="Tajiks">Tajiks</a> migrating to Tajikistan from <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic">Uzbekistan</a> following the transfer of <a href="/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara">Bukhara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Uzbek SSR">Uzbek SSR</a> as part of <a href="/wiki/National_delimitation_in_Central_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="National delimitation in Central Asia">national delimitation in Central Asia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lonely_Planet-2016-63">[59]</a> Industry during the time period was limited, focused on local production, although it had expanded by nine times since 1913 by 1940.<a href="#cite_note-Atkin-2020-65">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-Davidzon-1983b-60">[56]</a> The first bus line began operating in 1930 and in 1938, <a href="/wiki/Komsomol" title="Komsomol">Komsomol</a> members constructed <a href="/w/index.php?title=Komsomolskoye_Lake&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Komsomolskoye Lake (page does not exist)">Komsomolskoye Lake</a> in the city.<a href="#cite_note-Вечёрка-2019-57">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[69]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Tajik_Parliament_House,_Dushanbe,_Tajikistan.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Former Supreme Soviet Building"><img alt="Former Supreme Soviet Building" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Tajik_Parliament_House%2C_Dushanbe%2C_Tajikistan.JPG/120px-Tajik_Parliament_House%2C_Dushanbe%2C_Tajikistan.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Tajik_Parliament_House%2C_Dushanbe%2C_Tajikistan.JPG/180px-Tajik_Parliament_House%2C_Dushanbe%2C_Tajikistan.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Tajik_Parliament_House%2C_Dushanbe%2C_Tajikistan.JPG/240px-Tajik_Parliament_House%2C_Dushanbe%2C_Tajikistan.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Former Supreme Soviet Building </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Dushanbe,_Tajikistan_-_panoramio_(19).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Former Central Committee Building, demolished in 2021"><img alt="Former Central Committee Building, demolished in 2021" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Dushanbe%2C_Tajikistan_-_panoramio_%2819%29.jpg/120px-Dushanbe%2C_Tajikistan_-_panoramio_%2819%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Dushanbe%2C_Tajikistan_-_panoramio_%2819%29.jpg/180px-Dushanbe%2C_Tajikistan_-_panoramio_%2819%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Dushanbe%2C_Tajikistan_-_panoramio_%2819%29.jpg/240px-Dushanbe%2C_Tajikistan_-_panoramio_%2819%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Former Central Committee Building, demolished in 2021</div> </li> </ul> Many of these projects occurred under the 1925–1932 mayoralty of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdukarim_Rozykov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abdukarim Rozykov (page does not exist)">Abdukarim Rozykov</a>, one of the first mayors of Dushanbe, who sought to transform it into a "model communist city" through modernization and <a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">urban planning</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Kalitin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mikhail Kalitin (page does not exist)">Mikhail Kalitin</a> continued the industrial development of Dushanbe, building the Komsomolskoye Lake and promoting industry in the city.<a href="#cite_note-Shermatov-2017-74">[70]</a> Towards the end of this period, in the late 1930s, there were 4,295 buildings in Dushanbe.<a href="#cite_note-75">[71]</a> During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War 2</a>, the population of Dushanbe and Tajikistan swelled with 100,000 evacuees from the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a> that led to the deployment of 17 hospitals in the city.<a href="#cite_note-Фергана-2020-68">[64]</a> The city's industry also greatly increased during the war, as the Soviets wanted to move <a href="/wiki/Critical_infrastructure" title="Critical infrastructure">critical infrastructure</a> far behind enemy lines, and industries like textile manufacturing and food processing grew.<a href="#cite_note-Atkin-2020-65">[61]</a> In 1954, there were 30 schools in the city; <a href="/wiki/Avicenna_Tajik_State_Medical_University" title="Avicenna Tajik State Medical University">a medical institute</a> named after <a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a>; the Stalinabad Academy of Sciences; the <a href="/wiki/Tajik_National_University" title="Tajik National University">University of Stalinabad</a>, which was founded in 1947 and had 1,500 students;<a href="#cite_note-76">[72]</a> and the Stalinabad Pedagogical Institute for Woman, established on 1 September 1953.<a href="#cite_note-CIA-2017-77">[73]</a> In 1960, gas supply reached the capital through a gas pipeline opened from <a href="/wiki/Kyzyl" title="Kyzyl">Kyzyl</a> to <a href="/wiki/Tumxuk" title="Tumxuk">Tumxuk</a> to Dushanbe. On 10 November 1961, as part of <a href="/wiki/De-Stalinization" title="De-Stalinization">de-Stalinization</a>, Stalinabad was renamed back to Dushanbe, the name it retains to this day.<a href="#cite_note-78">[74]</a> In 1960, under the leadership of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahmudbek_Narzibekov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mahmudbek Narzibekov (page does not exist)">Mahmudbek Narzibekov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dushanbe_Zoo" title="Dushanbe Zoo">the first zoo</a> was built in the city. Later in the decade the mayor developed a plan to end the housing shortage and provide free apartments.<a href="#cite_note-Shermatov-2017-74">[70]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Nurek_Dam" title="Nurek Dam">Nurek Dam</a>, which was the tallest <a href="/wiki/Dam" title="Dam">dam</a> in the world at the time, was completed 90 kilometres (56 mi) south east of Dushanbe during the 1960s. The <a href="/wiki/Rogun_Dam" title="Rogun Dam">Rogun Dam</a>, upstream from Nurek Dam, was started in that period as well. They were both <a href="/wiki/Megaproject" title="Megaproject">megaprojects</a> meant to showcase Soviet innovation and development in Tajikistan. However, while the Nurek Dam was completed, the Rogun Dam was cancelled in the 1970s because of <a href="/wiki/Era_of_Stagnation" title="Era of Stagnation">stagnating Soviet economic growth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[76]</a> On 2 August 1979, the population of Dushanbe reached 500,000,<a href="#cite_note-Abdullaev-2018b-67">[63]</a> and it had the highest population growth rate in the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-Davidzon-1983d-81">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Riots_and_unrest">Riots and unrest</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dushanbe&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Riots and unrest">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1990_Dushanbe_riots" title="1990 Dushanbe riots">1990 Dushanbe riots</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RIAN_archive_699865_Dushanbe_riots,_February_1990.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/RIAN_archive_699865_Dushanbe_riots%2C_February_1990.jpg/220px-RIAN_archive_699865_Dushanbe_riots%2C_February_1990.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/RIAN_archive_699865_Dushanbe_riots%2C_February_1990.jpg/330px-RIAN_archive_699865_Dushanbe_riots%2C_February_1990.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/RIAN_archive_699865_Dushanbe_riots%2C_February_1990.jpg/440px-RIAN_archive_699865_Dushanbe_riots%2C_February_1990.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="697" /></a><figcaption>February 1990 Riots in Dushanbe</figcaption></figure> In the 1980s, environmental problems and crime began to increase. Mass violence, hooliganism, binge drinking, and violent assaults became more common. There was an attack on foreign students at the <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_University_of_Tajikistan" title="Agricultural University of Tajikistan">Agricultural Institute</a> in 1987 and a riot in the Pedagogical Institute two years later. Increasing regionalism also destabilized the <a href="/wiki/Tajik_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic">SSR</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[78]</a> On 10–11 February 1990, 300 demonstrators gathered at the Communist Party Central Committee building after it was rumored that <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Government of the Soviet Union">the Soviet government</a> planned to relocate tens of thousands of <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenian</a> refugees to <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>. In reality, only 29 Armenians went to Dushanbe and were housed by their family members. However, the crowd kept growing in size to 3-5 thousand people; soon after, violence broke out. <a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">Martial law</a> was quickly declared and troops were sent in to protect <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_Tajikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic minorities in Tajikistan">ethnic minorities</a> and defend against vandalism and looting. The number of people protesting increased significantly, however, and they attacked the Central Committee building. The 29 <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a> were quickly evacuated on an emergency flight after shots were fired.<a href="#cite_note-Nourzhanov-2013b-83">[79]</a> A few days after, and with looting still occurring throughout the city, demonstrators created the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Provisional_People%27s_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Provisional People's Committee (page does not exist)">Provisional People's Committee</a>, or the Temporary Committee for Crisis Resolution, which put forward demands such as "the expulsion of Armenian refugees, the resignation of the government and the removal of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Tajikistan" title="Communist Party of Tajikistan">Communist Party</a>, the closure of an aluminum smelter in western Tajikistan for environmental reasons, equitable distribution of profits from <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Tajikistan" title="Agriculture in Tajikistan">cotton production</a>, and the release of 25 protesters taken into custody."<a href="#cite_note-Nourzhanov-2013b-83">[79]</a> Many high-ranking officials resigned and the protector's goal of toppling the government was almost successful, but <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> troops moved into the city, declared the demands illegal, and rejected the resignation of the high-ranking officials. 16-25 people were killed in the violence; many if not most were Russian.<a href="#cite_note-Nourzhanov-2013b-83">[79]</a> The riots were largely fueled by concerns about housing shortages for the Tajik population, but they coincided with a wave of nationalist unrest that swept <a href="/wiki/Transcaucasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcaucasia">Transcaucasia</a> and other Central Asian states during the twilight of <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a>'s rule.<a href="#cite_note-84">[80]</a> After the increase of organized opposition from the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Tajikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party of Tajikistan">Democratic Party of Tajikistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rastokhez" title="Rastokhez">Rastokhez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">glasnost</a> by <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Gorbachev</a>, economic contraction, and increased opposition by regional elites, <a href="/wiki/Qahhor_Mahkamov" title="Qahhor Mahkamov">Qahhor Mahkamov</a> disbanded the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Tajikistan" title="Communist Party of Tajikistan">Communist Party of Tajikistan</a> on 27 August 1991 and quit the party the next day. On 9 September 1991, Tajikistan's government declared independence from the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-Nourzhanov-2013-85">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Capital_of_Tajikistan">Capital of Tajikistan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dushanbe&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Capital of Tajikistan">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tajikistani_Civil_War" title="Tajikistani Civil War">Tajikistani Civil War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D0%AD%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D0%AD%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D0%AD%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D0%AD%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D0%AD%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D0%AD%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D0%AD%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1332" data-file-height="1699" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rustam_Emomali" title="Rustam Emomali">Rustam Emomali</a></figcaption></figure> Dushanbe became the capital of an independent Tajikistan on 9 September 1991.<a href="#cite_note-Nourzhanov-2013-85">[81]</a> Iran, the United States, and Russia soon opened embassies in Dushanbe in early 1992.<a href="#cite_note-Abdullaev-2018b-67">[63]</a> Dushanbe was controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_of_Tajikistan" title="Popular Front of Tajikistan">Popular Front</a>-supported government during most of the 1992–1997 <a href="/wiki/Tajikistani_Civil_War" title="Tajikistani Civil War">Tajikistani Civil War</a>, although the Islamist and Democratic <a href="/wiki/United_Tajik_Opposition" title="United Tajik Opposition">United Tajik Opposition</a> managed to capture the capital in 1992 until 8000 Russian-backed and Uzbekistani-backed government troops regained control of Dushanbe.<a href="#cite_note-Bleuer-2013-86">[82]</a> Most of the Russian population fled the capital during the violence of this time period while large amounts of rural Tajiks moved in; by 1993, more than half of the Russian population had fled.<a href="#cite_note-Abdullaev-2018a-49">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[83]</a> The factions during the civil war were organized primarily upon <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Tajikistan" title="Regions of Tajikistan">regional</a> lines.<a href="#cite_note-Bleuer-2013-86">[82]</a> The war was ended by a 27 June 1997 armistice, administered by the UN, that guaranteed the opposition 30% of the positions in the government.<a href="#cite_note-88">[84]</a> In 2000, Dushanbe received internet access for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-Abdullaev-2018b-67">[63]</a> In 2004, the UNESCO declared Dushanbe as a city of peace.<a href="#cite_note-89">[85]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mahmadsaid_Ubaidulloev" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahmadsaid Ubaidulloev">Mahmadsaid Ubaidulloev</a> was declared <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Dushanbe" title="Mayor of Dushanbe">mayor of Dushanbe</a> in 1996, after during the <a href="/wiki/Tajikistani_Civil_War" title="Tajikistani Civil War">civil war</a> era many said he was in real control of the government.<a href="#cite_note-90">[86]</a> He was the mayor of the capital for the longest term of any mayor, 21 years, until 2017.<a href="#cite_note-Shermatov-2017-74">[70]</a> From independence, the city's economy has grown consistently up until the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_recession" title="COVID-19 recession">COVID-19 recession</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dushanbe-2020d-91">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[88]</a> In January 2017, <a href="/wiki/Rustam_Emomali" title="Rustam Emomali">Rustam Emomali</a>, current <a href="/wiki/President_of_Tajikistan" title="President of Tajikistan">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Emomali_Rahmon" title="Emomali Rahmon">Emomali Rahmon</a>'s son, was appointed <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Dushanbe" title="Mayor of Dushanbe">Mayor of Dushanbe</a>, a move which is seen by some analysts as a step to reaching the top of the government.<a href="#cite_note-93">[89]</a> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dushanbe&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dushambe_68.77989E_38.58624N.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Dushambe_68.77989E_38.58624N.jpg/220px-Dushambe_68.77989E_38.58624N.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Dushambe_68.77989E_38.58624N.jpg/330px-Dushambe_68.77989E_38.58624N.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Dushambe_68.77989E_38.58624N.jpg/440px-Dushambe_68.77989E_38.58624N.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="958" /></a><figcaption>Dushanbe in the <a href="/wiki/Gissar_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Gissar Valley">Gissar Valley</a></figcaption></figure> Dushanbe is situated at the confluence of two rivers, the <a href="/wiki/Varzob_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Varzob River">Varzob</a> (flowing from north to south) and the <a href="/wiki/Kofarnihon_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Kofarnihon River">Kofarnihon</a>. It is 750 metres (2,460 ft)–930 metres (3,050 ft) above sea level; in the south and west, the elevation is closer to 750 metres (2,460 ft)–800 metres (2,600 ft), while in the north and northeast it reaches 900 metres (3,000 ft)–950 metres (3,120 ft). The north and east of the city is bounded by the <a href="/wiki/Gissar_Range" class="mw-redirect" title="Gissar Range">Gissar range</a>, which can reach up to 4,000 metres (13,000 ft) above sea level, and is bounded on the south by the <a href="/wiki/Babatag_Range" title="Babatag Range">Babatag</a>, Aktau, Rangontau and Karatau mountains which reach a height from 1,400 metres (4,600 ft)–1,700 metres (5,600 ft) above sea level; Dushanbe, therefore, is an <a href="/wiki/Intermontane_basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermontane basin">intermontane basin</a> located in the <a href="/wiki/Gissar_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Gissar Valley">Gissar Valley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dushanbe_twinning-28">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dushanbe_Encyc-2004-94">[90]</a> It has a primarily hilly terrain. 80% of Dushanbe's buildings are located within the valley, which has a width of approximately 18 kilometres (11 mi)–100 kilometres (62 mi).<a href="#cite_note-Sharifovich-2019-95">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[92]</a> Before the 1960s, most of Dushanbe was located on the left bank of the <a href="/wiki/Varzob_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Varzob River">Varzob river</a>, but increased construction led to the city expanding across it.<a href="#cite_note-Dushanbe_Encyc-2004-94">[90]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dushanbe_seismic_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Dushanbe_seismic_map.png/220px-Dushanbe_seismic_map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Dushanbe_seismic_map.png/330px-Dushanbe_seismic_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Dushanbe_seismic_map.png/440px-Dushanbe_seismic_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1128" data-file-height="779" /></a><figcaption>Seismic map of Dushanbe</figcaption></figure> Dushanbe is located in an area with high <a href="/wiki/Seismicity" title="Seismicity">seismicity</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Moment_magnitude_scale" title="Moment magnitude scale">magnitude</a> of potential earthquakes is thought to reach a maximum of 7.5-8. Over the past 100 years, many earthquakes from a 5-6 magnitude have been felt in the city, such as the <a href="/wiki/1949_Khait_earthquake" title="1949 Khait earthquake">1949 Khait earthquake</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dushanbe_Encyc-2004-94">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dushanbe&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Climate">edit</a>]</div> Dushanbe features a <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Mediterranean climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hot-summer_Mediterranean_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot-summer Mediterranean climate">Csa</a>),<a href="#cite_note-Koeppen-99">[95]</a> with some <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">humid continental climate</a> influences (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a>: Dsa) due to the nearby <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glaciers</a> and mountain range.<a href="#cite_note-Dushanbe_twinning-28">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Koeppen-99">[95]</a> The city features hot summers and chilly winters. The climate is damper than other Central Asian capitals, with an average annual rainfall over 500 millimetres (20 in) as moist air is funneled by the surrounding valley during the winter and spring. Winters are not as cold as north of the <a href="/wiki/Gissar_Range" class="mw-redirect" title="Gissar Range">Gissar Range</a> owing to the shielding of the city by mountains from extremely cold air from <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>. Snow occurs on an average of 25 days a year and cloudy days make up an average of 24 a year.<a href="#cite_note-Dushanbe_Encyc-2004-94">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[96]</a> However, precipitation in winter typically falls as rain and not snow. The surrounding mountains prohibit strong winds from entering the city, although there are consistent mild breezes.<a href="#cite_note-Davidzon-1983c-101">[97]</a> Winter in Dushanbe begins on 7 December and ends on 22 February; spring starts on 22 February and ends on 17 May. During springtime, <a href="/wiki/Cyclone" title="Cyclone">cyclones</a> and rain are at their highest along with thunderstorms and hail, which causes significant damage and occurs for around 3 days per year.<a href="#cite_note-Dushanbe_Encyc-2004-94">[90]</a> Summer starts on 17 May and ends on 14 August, the best period for agriculture.<a href="#cite_note-Davidzon-1983c-101">[97]</a> Dry weather sets in during this, as evidenced by a sharp drop in precipitation during the summer. A warm and dry autumn begins on 14 August and ends on 7 December.<a href="#cite_note-Sharifovich-2019-95">[91]</a> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Dushanbe (1991–2020, extremes 1926–present) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF8710; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.8 (71.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF5F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.7 (81.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF4000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.2 (90.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF2400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.2 (97.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF1200; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.8 (101.8) </td> <td style="background: #DB0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">44.1 (111.4) </td> <td style="background: #E00000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">43.7 (110.7) </td> <td style="background: #CE0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">45.0 (113.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.9 (102.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF2000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.8 (98.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF4200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.9 (89.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.3 (75.7) </td> <td style="background: #CE0000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">45.0 (113.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFDFC0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.0 (48.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.0 (51.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFA852; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.0 (62.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF8002; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.8 (73.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.9 (82.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF3600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.6 (92.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF2300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.4 (97.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF2900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.5 (95.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF4600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.3 (88.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.4 (75.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA56; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.7 (62.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFD1A4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.1 (52.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">23.1 (73.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.1 (37.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFFBF8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.0 (41.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFD5AC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5 (50.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFB163; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.8 (60.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9327; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.1 (68.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.1 (77.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF6100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.4 (81.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.0 (78.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF8B18; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.2 (70.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFB872; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.7 (58.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFC0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.0 (48.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFFEFD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.6 (40.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFB56B; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">15.2 (59.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #E1E1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.9 (30.4) </td> <td style="background: #E9E9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.5 (32.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFF8F1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.5 (41.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFD8B1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.1 (50.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFC184; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.4 (56.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFA74F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.2 (63.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B38; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.9 (66.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFA74F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.2 (63.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFC68D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.7 (54.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFE8D1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.8 (46.0) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.8 (38.8) </td> <td style="background: #E8E8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.4 (32.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFE0C2; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">8.9 (48.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #5757FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−26.6 (−15.9) </td> <td style="background: #8787FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−17.6 (0.3) </td> <td style="background: #A1A1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−12.9 (8.8) </td> <td style="background: #C5C5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.1 (21.0) </td> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.2 (34.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4C9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.4 (47.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.9 (51.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFE5CC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.2 (46.8) </td> <td style="background: #E1E1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.0 (30.2) </td> <td style="background: #CECEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.4 (24.1) </td> <td style="background: #9D9DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−13.5 (7.7) </td> <td style="background: #7D7DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−19.5 (−3.1) </td> <td style="background: #5757FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−26.6 (−15.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #A4FFA4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">61 (2.4) </td> <td style="background: #65FF65; color:#000000;" class="notheme">94 (3.7) </td> <td style="background: #65FF65; color:#000000;" class="notheme">103 (4.1) </td> <td style="background: #4FFF4F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">114 (4.5) </td> <td style="background: #8CFF8C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">77 (3.0) </td> <td style="background: #E4FFE4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17 (0.7) </td> <td style="background: #FAFFFA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3 (0.1) </td> <td style="background: #FDFFFD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #F8FFF8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 (0.2) </td> <td style="background: #D3FFD3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29 (1.1) </td> <td style="background: #AAFFAA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55 (2.2) </td> <td style="background: #A5FFA5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">60 (2.4) </td> <td style="background: #B0FFB0; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">618 (24.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) </th> <td style="background: #9696FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.5 </td> <td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.1 </td> <td style="background: #5959FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.4 </td> <td style="background: #8282FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.8 </td> <td style="background: #9E9EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.8 </td> <td style="background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.5 </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.7 </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 </td> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.8 </td> <td style="background: #D1D1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.7 </td> <td style="background: #BBBBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.3 </td> <td style="background: #9B9BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.1 </td> <td style="background: #B6B6FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">68.8 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000F6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">69 </td> <td style="background: #0000FD; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">67 </td> <td style="background: #0606FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">65 </td> <td style="background: #0E0EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">63 </td> <td style="background: #2424FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">57 </td> <td style="background: #5E5EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42 </td> <td style="background: #6262FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">41 </td> <td style="background: #5656FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">44 </td> <td style="background: #5656FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">44 </td> <td style="background: #2828FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">56 </td> <td style="background: #0E0EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">63 </td> <td style="background: #0000F6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">69 </td> <td style="background: #2424FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">57 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #B6B65F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">120 </td> <td style="background: #BCBC3C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">121 </td> <td style="background: #C6C600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">156 </td> <td style="background: #D8D800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">198 </td> <td style="background: #EAEA01; color:#000000;" class="notheme">281 </td> <td style="background: #F9F925; color:#000000;" class="notheme">337 </td> <td style="background: #FAFA28; color:#000000;" class="notheme">352 </td> <td style="background: #F7F720; color:#000000;" class="notheme">338 </td> <td style="background: #EEEE0A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">289 </td> <td style="background: #DDDD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">224 </td> <td style="background: #CCCC00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">164 </td> <td style="background: #B5B562; color:#000000;" class="notheme">119 </td> <td style="background: #DEDE00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,699 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net<a href="#cite_note-Pogoda-102">[98]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: <a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Wetterdienst" title="Deutscher Wetterdienst">Deutscher Wetterdienst</a> (humidity 1951–1993 and precipitation days 1961–1990)<a href="#cite_note-DWD-103">[99]</a> NOAA (sun, 1961–1990)<a href="#cite_note-NOAA-104">[100]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flora_and_fauna">Flora and fauna</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dushanbe&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Flora and fauna">edit</a>]</div> Before the 20th century, the city had some vegetation such as bushes of Bukhara almonds, but the creation of the city mostly removed natural vegetation. The <a href="/wiki/Green_belt" title="Green belt">green belt</a>, however, and the botanical garden introduced new vegetation to the city. The city has over 150 species of trees and shrubs, with only about 15 native to the city<a href="#cite_note-Dushanbe_Encyc-2004-94">[90]</a> and 22% of the city being occupied by green space.<a href="#cite_note-105">[101]</a> There are 14 identified species of mammals in urban Dushanbe, including a fox, a weasel, the <a href="/wiki/Marbled_polecat" title="Marbled polecat">marbled polecat</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Long-eared_hedgehog" title="Long-eared hedgehog">long-eared hedgehog</a>, five bats, and five rodents. There are 130 identified bird species in the city, such as <a href="/wiki/Rock_pigeons" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock pigeons">rock pigeons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blue_pigeon" title="Blue pigeon">blue pigeons</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Turtle_Doves" class="mw-redirect" title="Turtle Doves">turtle doves</a>. Migratory birds are common, often staying only in fall and summer. There are 47 identified reptiles in Dushanbe, such as <a href="/wiki/Gecko" title="Gecko">geckos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snake" title="Snake">snakes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lizard" title="Lizard">lizards</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Turtle" title="Turtle">turtles</a>. <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">Amphibians</a>, like the <a href="/wiki/Marsh_frog" title="Marsh frog">marsh frog</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bufotes" title="Bufotes">green toad</a>, live in the cleaner water bodies of the city. The 14 identified fish species of Dushanbe live in the rivers, lakes, and ponds of the city. Some species are the <a href="/wiki/Schizothorax" title="Schizothorax">marinka</a>, the Tajik <a href="/wiki/Char_(fish)" class="mw-redirect" title="Char (fish)">char</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Glyptosternon" title="Glyptosternon">Turkestan catfish</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Varzob_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Varzob River">Varzob rivers</a>, along with 7 in the <a href="/wiki/Kofarnihon_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Kofarnihon River">Kofarnikhon</a>, and species like <a href="/wiki/Carp" title="Carp">carp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goldfish" title="Goldfish">goldfish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Striped_shiner" title="Striped shiner">striped swine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mosquitofish" title="Mosquitofish">mosquito fish</a> in the lakes and ponds. 300 identified species of insects inhabit the city, mostly <a href="/wiki/Cicada" title="Cicada">cicadas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psyllidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Psyllidae">psyllids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aphid" title="Aphid">aphids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scale_insect" title="Scale insect">scale insects</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bug_(insect)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bug (insect)">bugs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beetle" title="Beetle">beetles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Butterfly" title="Butterfly">butterflies</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemic</a> Hissar grape hawk moth lives in the city as well, and <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a>-carrying insects have been increasing in the city. <a href="/wiki/Phytonematodes" class="mw-redirect" title="Phytonematodes">Phytonematodes</a> are a menace to plants in the city, with 55 distinct identified species, the most damaging of which are the <a href="/wiki/Root_gall_nematode" title="Root gall nematode">root gall nematodes</a>. Rare or endangered species include the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Tachysphex_species" title="List of Tachysphex species">radiant tachysphex</a>, the white-bellied arrow <a href="/wiki/Eagle" title="Eagle">eagle</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/European_free-tailed_bat" title="European free-tailed bat">European free-tailed bat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dushanbe_Encyc-2004-94">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Districts">Districts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dushanbe&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Districts">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%94%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%94%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5.png/220px-%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%94%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%94%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5.png/330px-%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%94%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%94%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5.png/440px-%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%94%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5.png 2x" data-file-width="1066" data-file-height="1310" /></a><figcaption>Districts of Dushanbe before the 2020 expansion Dark Green: <a href="/wiki/Mansur_I" title="Mansur I">Shah Mansur</a> Purple: <a href="/wiki/Ismail_Samani" title="Ismail Samani">Ismail Samani</a> Light Green: <a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a> Yellow: <a href="/wiki/Ferdowsi" title="Ferdowsi">Ferdowsi</a></figcaption></figure> Dushanbe is divided into the following districts: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>District name </th> <th>Former name </th> <th>Area, km2 (2020)<a href="#cite_note-Dushanbe-2019-106">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-Вечёрка-2020-2">[2]</a> </th> <th>Population, persons (as of previous 2019 borders)<a href="#cite_note-Dushanbe-2019-106">[102]</a> </th> <th>District Chairman<a href="#cite_note-107">[103]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ismail_Samani" title="Ismail Samani">Ismail Samani</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tajik_language" title="Tajik language">Tajik</a>: Исмоили Сомонӣ, Ismoili Somoni; <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227789315">.mw-parser-output .script-arabic{font-family:"Scheherazade New","SF Arabic",Amiri,"Noto Naskh Arabic","Droid Arabic Naskh","Noto Sans Arabic","Sakkal Majalla","Harmattan","Arabic Typesetting","Arabic Transparent","Times New Roman",Arial,Calibri,"Microsoft Sans Serif","Segoe UI",serif,sans-serif;font-weight:normal}</style>اسماعیل سامانی‌‎) </td> <td>October (Октябрьский) </td> <td>37.6 </td> <td>148,700 </td> <td>Sami Sharif Hamid </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a> (Sino) (<a href="/wiki/Tajik_language" title="Tajik language">Tajik</a>: Абӯалӣ Ибни Сино, Abūali Ibni Sino; <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ابوعلی ابن سینا‌‎) </td> <td>Frunzensky (Фрунзенский) </td> <td>62.2 </td> <td>326,100 </td> <td>Salimzoda Nusratullo Faizullo </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ferdowsi" title="Ferdowsi">Ferdowsi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tajik_language" title="Tajik language">Tajik</a>: Фирдавсӣ, Firdavsi; <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">فردوسی‌‎) </td> <td>Central (Центральный) </td> <td>54.5 </td> <td>209,000 </td> <td>Yusufi Muhammadrahim </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mansur_I" title="Mansur I">Shah Mansur</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tajik_language" title="Tajik language">Tajik</a>: Шоҳмансур, Shohmansur; <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">شاه منصور‌‎)<a href="#cite_note-About_Dushanbe-3">[3]</a> </td> <td>Railway (Железнодорожный) </td> <td>48.9 </td> <td>162,600 </td> <td>Bilol Ibrohim </td></tr></tbody></table> In 2020, the city's boundaries were expanded to take in land from <a href="/wiki/Rudaki_District" title="Rudaki District">Rudaki District</a> in the southwest.<a href="#cite_note-Вечёрка-2020-2">[2]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Land use in Dushanbe as of 2020 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Land </th> <th>Area (<a href="/wiki/Hectare" title="Hectare">ha</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Вечёрка-2020-2">[2]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Irrigated land </td> <td>2,091.75 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Orchards </td> <td>145.21 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Silk gardens </td> <td>12.28 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Citrus orchards </td> <td>2.10 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pastures </td> <td>25.79 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Settlements </td> <td>6390.85 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Private farms/gardens </td> <td>65.79 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Swamp </td> <td>3.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bush thickets </td> <td>1372.0026 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Reservoirs </td> <td>1436.66 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Underground passages </td> <td>310.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Construction </td> <td>7227.51 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Land not used for agriculture </td> <td>1235.03 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Main_sights">Main sights</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dushanbe&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Main sights">edit</a>]</div> Some of Dushanbe's major sights include the <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan_National_Museum" title="Tajikistan National Museum">Tajikistan National Museum</a>; the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Antiquities_of_Tajikistan" title="National Museum of Antiquities of Tajikistan">National Museum of Antiquities</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Ismaili_Centre,_Dushanbe" title="Ismaili Centre, Dushanbe">Ismaili Centre</a>; <a href="/wiki/Vahdat_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Vahdat Palace">Vahdat Palace</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Dushanbe_Flagpole" title="Dushanbe Flagpole">Dushanbe Flagpole</a>, which is the second tallest free-standing flagpole in the world, at a height of 165 metres (541 feet);<a href="#cite_note-108">[104]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Dushanbe_Zoo" title="Dushanbe Zoo">Dushanbe Zoo</a>; <a href="/wiki/Rudaki_Avenue" title="Rudaki Avenue">Rudaki Avenue</a>, the main street of the capital; the <a href="/wiki/Gurminj_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurminj Museum">Gurminj Museum of Musical Instruments</a>; and the National Library, the largest in Central Asia, with 3.11 million copies of books.<a href="#cite_note-CICA_Summit-2019-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dushanbe-2021a-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[105]</a><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Main sights of Dushanbe</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px;"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Museum_of_Tajikistan_(8).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="National Museum of Tajikistan"><img alt="National Museum of Tajikistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/National_Museum_of_Tajikistan_%288%29.jpg/220px-National_Museum_of_Tajikistan_%288%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/National_Museum_of_Tajikistan_%288%29.jpg/330px-National_Museum_of_Tajikistan_%288%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/National_Museum_of_Tajikistan_%288%29.jpg/440px-National_Museum_of_Tajikistan_%288%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="602" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan_National_Museum" title="Tajikistan National Museum">National Museum of Tajikistan</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Puppet_theatre_in_Dushanbe.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Puppet Theater"><img alt="Puppet Theater" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Puppet_theatre_in_Dushanbe.jpg/220px-Puppet_theatre_in_Dushanbe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Puppet_theatre_in_Dushanbe.jpg/330px-Puppet_theatre_in_Dushanbe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Puppet_theatre_in_Dushanbe.jpg/440px-Puppet_theatre_in_Dushanbe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1410" data-file-height="930" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Puppet Theater</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px;"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Museum_of_Antiquities_20141007_Tajikistan_1427_crop_Dushanbe_(16070647428).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="National Museum of Antiquities"><img alt="National Museum of Antiquities" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/National_Museum_of_Antiquities_20141007_Tajikistan_1427_crop_Dushanbe_%2816070647428%29.jpg/214px-National_Museum_of_Antiquities_20141007_Tajikistan_1427_crop_Dushanbe_%2816070647428%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/National_Museum_of_Antiquities_20141007_Tajikistan_1427_crop_Dushanbe_%2816070647428%29.jpg/320px-National_Museum_of_Antiquities_20141007_Tajikistan_1427_crop_Dushanbe_%2816070647428%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/National_Museum_of_Antiquities_20141007_Tajikistan_1427_crop_Dushanbe_%2816070647428%29.jpg/427px-National_Museum_of_Antiquities_20141007_Tajikistan_1427_crop_Dushanbe_%2816070647428%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3537" data-file-height="2652" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Antiquities_of_Tajikistan" title="National Museum of Antiquities of Tajikistan">National Museum of Antiquities</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Rudaki_Avenue_sidewalk,_Dushanbe_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rudaki Avenue"><img alt="Rudaki Avenue" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Rudaki_Avenue_sidewalk%2C_Dushanbe_02.jpg/213px-Rudaki_Avenue_sidewalk%2C_Dushanbe_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="213" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Rudaki_Avenue_sidewalk%2C_Dushanbe_02.jpg/320px-Rudaki_Avenue_sidewalk%2C_Dushanbe_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Rudaki_Avenue_sidewalk%2C_Dushanbe_02.jpg/427px-Rudaki_Avenue_sidewalk%2C_Dushanbe_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1224" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rudaki Avenue</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flagpole,_Tajkistan.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dushanbe Flagpole"><img alt="Dushanbe Flagpole" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Flagpole%2C_Tajkistan.jpg/132px-Flagpole%2C_Tajkistan.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Flagpole%2C_Tajkistan.jpg/198px-Flagpole%2C_Tajkistan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Flagpole%2C_Tajkistan.jpg/264px-Flagpole%2C_Tajkistan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="776" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Dushanbe_Flagpole" title="Dushanbe Flagpole">Dushanbe Flagpole</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dushanbe&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> The population of Dushanbe grew at a rapid pace following the Soviet invasion of the 1920s, declined during the Tajik Civil War and rising unrest of the 1990s, and resumed its growth after that period.<a href="#cite_note-Dushanbe-2021a-5">[5]</a> During the mid 20th century, the city had a majority Russian/Eastern European population, but after the civil war, many Russians departed the city and the Tajik population became predominant.<a href="#cite_note-Dushanbe_Encyc-2004b-110">[106]</a> From 2005 to 2014, 53,118 people migrated to the city in total. The average life expectancy of Dushanbe in 2014 was 74.1 years overall, with 71.9 years for men and 76.3 for women.<a href="#cite_note-Dushanbe-2020d-91">[87]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1676<a href="#cite_note-tiroz-2019-52">[48]</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">7,500</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1875<a href="#cite_note-tiroz-2019-52">[48]</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">10,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+33.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1911<a href="#cite_note-111">[107]</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">20,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+100.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1920<a href="#cite_note-112">[108]</a> </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">3,140</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−84.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1924<a href="#cite_note-Atkin-2020-65">[61]</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">283</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">−91.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1926<a href="#cite_note-Atkin-2020-65">[61]</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">5,600</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1878.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1929<a href="#cite_note-Shermatov-2020-56">[52]</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">7,298</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+30.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1933<a href="#cite_note-Shermatov-2020-56">[52]</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">35,818</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+390.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1939<a href="#cite_note-Shermatov-2020-56">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-Вечёрка-2019-57">[53]</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">82,540</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+130.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1949<a href="#cite_note-CIA-2017-77">[73]</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">150,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+81.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1956<a href="#cite_note-Great_Soviet_Encyclopedia-2021-113">[109]</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">227,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+51.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1959<a href="#cite_note-Dushanbe-2021a-5">[5]</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">233,500</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1965<a href="#cite_note-114">[110]</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">312,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+33.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1970<a href="#cite_note-Dushanbe-2021a-5">[5]</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">376,200</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+20.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1971<a href="#cite_note-Great_Soviet_Encyclopedia-2021-113">[109]</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">388,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+3.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1976<a href="#cite_note-115">[111]</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">448,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+15.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1979<a href="#cite_note-Dushanbe-2021a-5">[5]</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">492,200</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+9.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1983<a href="#cite_note-116">[112]</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">530,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+7.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1987<a href="#cite_note-117">[113]</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">582,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+9.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1989<a href="#cite_note-auto1-118">[114]</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">601,501</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+3.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1991<a href="#cite_note-119">[115]</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">592,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−1.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1993<a href="#cite_note-120">[116]</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">528,600</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−10.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1996<a href="#cite_note-auto-121">[117]</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">505,600</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−4.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1998<a href="#cite_note-Mehrotra-2008-122">[118]</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">538,600</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+6.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">2000<a href="#cite_note-auto-121">[117]</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">564,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+4.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2002<a href="#cite_note-auto-121">[117]</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">591,600</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+4.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2003<a href="#cite_note-Mehrotra-2008-122">[118]</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">619,400</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+4.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2008<a href="#cite_note-123">[119]</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">661,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+6.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2010<a href="#cite_note-Dushanbe-2021a-5">[5]</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">731,100</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+10.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">2013<a href="#cite_note-Dushanbe-2021a-5">[5]</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">764,300</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+4.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2014<a href="#cite_note-Dushanbe-2021a-5">[5]</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">775,800</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2015<a href="#cite_note-Dushanbe-2021a-5">[5]</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">788,700</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2016<a href="#cite_note-124">[120]</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">802,700</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2018<a href="#cite_note-Dushanbe-2021a-5">[5]</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">835,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+4.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">2019<a href="#cite_note-Dushanbe-2021a-5">[5]</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">851,300</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+2.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2020<a href="#cite_note-125">[121]</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">863,400</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2022<a href="#cite_note-126">[122]</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,201,800</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+39.2%</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Notice plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width:100%;margin:0;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/60px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/80px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text" style="text-align: left;"><div class="mbox-text-span">Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on <a href="https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940" class="extiw" title="phab:T334940">Phabricator</a> and on <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Graph/Plans" class="extiw" title="mw:Extension:Graph/Plans">MediaWiki.org</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="text-align:left; font-weight:normal; font-size:100%; border-bottom:solid 1px silver;"><a href="/wiki/Population_pyramid" title="Population pyramid">Population pyramid</a> 2020<a href="#cite_note-auto-121">[117]</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="padding:0;"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="font-size:100%;">%</td><td style="text-align:left;">Males</td><td style="font-size:100%;">Age</td><td style="text-align:left;">Females</td><td style="font-size:100%;">%</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="font-size:x-small"> 0.1</td><td style="text-align:right;border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver; width:90px"> <div style="background:lightblue; width:1px; overflow:hidden"> </div></td><td style="font-size:x-small"> 85+</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver; width:90px"> <div style="background:pink; width:1px; overflow:hidden"> </div></td><td style="font-size:x-small"> .1</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="font-size:x-small"> 0.1</td><td style="text-align:right;border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver; width:90px"> <div style="background:lightblue; width:1px; overflow:hidden"> </div></td><td style="font-size:x-small"> 80–84</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver; width:90px"> <div style="background:pink; width:2px; overflow:hidden"> </div></td><td style="font-size:x-small"> .2</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="font-size:x-small"> 0.2</td><td style="text-align:right;border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver; width:90px"> <div style="background:lightblue; width:2px; overflow:hidden"> </div></td><td style="font-size:x-small"> 75–79</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver; width:90px"> <div style="background:pink; width:3px; overflow:hidden"> </div></td><td style="font-size:x-small"> .3</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="font-size:x-small"> 0.4</td><td style="text-align:right;border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver; width:90px"> <div style="background:lightblue; width:4px; overflow:hidden"> </div></td><td style="font-size:x-small"> 70–74</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver; width:90px"> <div style="background:pink; width:5px; overflow:hidden"> </div></td><td style="font-size:x-small"> .5</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="font-size:x-small"> 0.8</td><td style="text-align:right;border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver; width:90px"> <div style="background:lightblue; width:8px; overflow:hidden"> </div></td><td style="font-size:x-small"> 65–69</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver; width:90px"> <div style="background:pink; width:8px; overflow:hidden"> </div></td><td style="font-size:x-small"> .8</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="font-size:x-small"> 1.3</td><td style="text-align:right;border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver; width:90px"> <div style="background:lightblue; width:13px; overflow:hidden"> </div></td><td style="font-size:x-small"> 60–64</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver; width:90px"> <div style="background:pink; width:13px; overflow:hidden"> </div></td><td style="font-size:x-small"> 1.3</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="font-size:x-small"> 2.0</td><td style="text-align:right;border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver; width:90px"> <div style="background:lightblue; width:20px; overflow:hidden"> </div></td><td style="font-size:x-small"> 55–59</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver; width:90px"> <div style="background:pink; width:20px; overflow:hidden"> </div></td><td style="font-size:x-small"> 2.0</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="font-size:x-small"> 2.3</td><td style="text-align:right;border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver; width:90px"> <div style="background:lightblue; width:23px; overflow:hidden"> </div></td><td style="font-size:x-small"> 50–54</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver; width:90px"> <div style="background:pink; width:25px; overflow:hidden"> </div></td><td style="font-size:x-small"> 2.5</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="font-size:x-small"> 2.5</td><td style="text-align:right;border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver; width:90px"> <div style="background:lightblue; width:25px; overflow:hidden"> </div></td><td style="font-size:x-small"> 45–49</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver; width:90px"> <div style="background:pink; width:28px; overflow:hidden"> </div></td><td style="font-size:x-small"> 2.8</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="font-size:x-small"> 2.6</td><td style="text-align:right;border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver; width:90px"> <div style="background:lightblue; width:26px; overflow:hidden"> </div></td><td style="font-size:x-small"> 40–44</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver; width:90px"> <div style="background:pink; width:29px; overflow:hidden"> </div></td><td style="font-size:x-small"> 2.9</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="font-size:x-small"> 3.1</td><td style="text-align:right;border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver; width:90px"> <div style="background:lightblue; width:31px; overflow:hidden"> </div></td><td style="font-size:x-small"> 35–39</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver; width:90px"> <div style="background:pink; width:32px; overflow:hidden"> </div></td><td style="font-size:x-small"> 3.2</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="font-size:x-small"> 4.8</td><td style="text-align:right;border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver; width:90px"> <div style="background:lightblue; width:48px; overflow:hidden"> </div></td><td style="font-size:x-small"> 30–34</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver; width:90px"> <div style="background:pink; width:41px; overflow:hidden"> </div></td><td style="font-size:x-small"> 4.1</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="font-size:x-small"> 6.5</td><td style="text-align:right;border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver; width:90px"> <div style="background:lightblue; width:65px; overflow:hidden"> </div></td><td style="font-size:x-small"> 25–29</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver; width:90px"> <div style="background:pink; width:47px; overflow:hidden"> </div></td><td style="font-size:x-small"> 4.7</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="font-size:x-small"> 6.2</td><td style="text-align:right;border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver; width:90px"> <div style="background:lightblue; width:62px; overflow:hidden"> </div></td><td style="font-size:x-small"> 20–24</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver; width:90px"> <div style="background:pink; width:48px; overflow:hidden"> </div></td><td style="font-size:x-small"> 4.8</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="font-size:x-small"> 5.5</td><td style="text-align:right;border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver; width:90px"> <div style="background:lightblue; width:55px; overflow:hidden"> </div></td><td style="font-size:x-small"> 15–19</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver; width:90px"> <div style="background:pink; width:45px; overflow:hidden"> </div></td><td style="font-size:x-small"> 4.5</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="font-size:x-small"> 4.7</td><td style="text-align:right;border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver; width:90px"> <div style="background:lightblue; width:47px; overflow:hidden"> </div></td><td style="font-size:x-small"> 10–14</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver; width:90px"> <div style="background:pink; width:44px; overflow:hidden"> </div></td><td style="font-size:x-small"> 4.4</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="font-size:x-small"> 4.5</td><td style="text-align:right;border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver; width:90px"> <div style="background:lightblue; width:45px; overflow:hidden"> </div></td><td style="font-size:x-small"> 5–9</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver; width:90px"> <div style="background:pink; width:42px; overflow:hidden"> </div></td><td style="font-size:x-small"> 4.2</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="font-size:x-small"> 4.7</td><td style="text-align:right;border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver; width:90px"> <div style="background:lightblue; width:47px; overflow:hidden"> </div></td><td style="font-size:x-small"> 0–4</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver; width:90px"> <div style="background:pink; width:40px; overflow:hidden"> </div></td><td style="font-size:x-small"> 4.0</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> Ethnic composition of Dushanbe by year </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Tajik </th> <th>Russian </th> <th>Uzbek </th> <th>Tatar </th> <th>Ukrainian </th> <th>Jewish </th> <th>Korean </th> <th>German </th> <th>Turkmen </th> <th>Kirghiz </th> <th>Kazakh </th> <th>Other </th></tr> <tr> <td>1939<a href="#cite_note-127">[123]</a> </td> <td>12.05 </td> <td>56.95 </td> <td>9.02 </td> <td>4.71 </td> <td>5.95 </td> <td>4.09 </td> <td>.01 </td> <td>.46 </td> <td>0.05 </td> <td>0.11 </td> <td>0.42 </td> <td>6.18 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1959<a href="#cite_note-Dushanbe_Encyc-2004b-110">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[124]</a> </td> <td>18.7 </td> <td>47.83 </td> <td>10.31 </td> <td>5.5 </td> <td>4.4 </td> <td>3.88 </td> <td>0.14 </td> <td>3.55 </td> <td>0.05 </td> <td>0.11 </td> <td>0.17 </td> <td>5.36 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1970<a href="#cite_note-Dushanbe_Encyc-2004b-110">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[125]</a> </td> <td>26.4 </td> <td>41.92 </td> <td>10.26 </td> <td>5.13 </td> <td>3.54 </td> <td>3.04 </td> <td>0.87 </td> <td>3.62 </td> <td>0.08 </td> <td>0.14 </td> <td>0.15 </td> <td>4.85 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1979<a href="#cite_note-Dushanbe_Encyc-2004b-110">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[126]</a> </td> <td>31.61 </td> <td>38.51 </td> <td>10.03 </td> <td>4.73 </td> <td>3.59 </td> <td>2.26 </td> <td>1.01 </td> <td>3.09 </td> <td>0.11 </td> <td>0.14 </td> <td>0.15 </td> <td>4.77 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1989<a href="#cite_note-Dushanbe_Encyc-2004b-110">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto1-118">[114]</a> </td> <td>39.13 </td> <td>32.37 </td> <td>10.43 </td> <td>4.09 </td> <td>3.55 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>1.10 </td> <td>2.28 </td> <td>0.12 </td> <td>0.17 </td> <td>0.18 </td> <td>4.58 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000<a href="#cite_note-Dushanbe_Encyc-2004b-110">[106]</a> </td> <td>84.4 </td> <td>5.1 </td> <td>9.1 </td> <td>.7 </td> <td>.3 </td> <td>.02 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>.06 </td> <td> </td> <td>1.32 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2003<a href="#cite_note-131">[127]</a> </td> <td>83.4 </td> <td>5.1 </td> <td> </td> <td>.7 </td> <td>.3 </td> <td> </td> <td>.1 </td> <td>1.1 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>9.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010<a href="#cite_note-Dushanbe-2021b-132">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[129]</a> </td> <td>89.5 </td> <td>2.63 </td> <td>6.71 </td> <td>0.26 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>.1 </td> <td>0.08 </td> <td>0.03 </td> <td>0.7 </td></tr></tbody></table>The main languages spoken in Dushanbe are the two official languages, <a href="/wiki/Tajik_language" title="Tajik language">Tajik</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>, along with the widely-spoken minority language <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a>.<a href="#cite_note-134">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dushanbe&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> Islam was introduced to Dushanbe in the eighth century<a href="#cite_note-Dushanbe_Encyc-2004k-135">[131]</a> and today, the majority of the city follows <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-136">[132]</a> There is a small <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> community of 120 in the city at <a href="/wiki/St_Joseph_Church,_Dushanbe" title="St Joseph Church, Dushanbe">St Joseph Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-137">[133]</a> There are around 350 <a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Tajikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Tajikistan">Jews in Tajikistan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-138">[134]</a> whose <a href="/wiki/Dushanbe_Synagogue" title="Dushanbe Synagogue">synagogue</a> was destroyed in 2006<a href="#cite_note-139">[135]</a> but was replaced in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-140">[136]</a> On September 9, 2009, Mayor <a href="/wiki/Mahmadsaid_Ubaydulloyev" title="Mahmadsaid Ubaydulloyev">Mahmadsaid Ubaidulloyev</a> endorsed the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Educational,_Scientific_and_Cultural_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation">Islamic Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization</a>'s plan to recognize Dushanbe as the 2010 capital of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Islamic culture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-141">[137]</a> In October 2009, President <a href="/wiki/Emomali_Rahmon" title="Emomali Rahmon">Emomali Rahmon</a> launched the construction of a new central mosque in Dushanbe built at the expense of <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatari</a> investors. It will replace the existing Haji Yakub Mosque and should become the largest in Central Asia. Construction began in 2011 with an original opening date in 2014; however in February 2021, its revised opening date was delayed.<a href="#cite_note-142">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[139]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a> is another religious group in the city. <a href="/wiki/St._Nicholas_Cathedral_(Dushanbe)" title="St. Nicholas Cathedral (Dushanbe)">St. Nicholas Cathedral</a> in Dushanbe is a center of worship for the Orthodox community.<a href="#cite_note-144">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[141]</a><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Religious buildings in Dushanbe</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 245px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_Masjid_Imam_Tirmizi,_Dushanbe_(9).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mosque in Dushanbe"><img alt="Mosque in Dushanbe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Grand_Masjid_Imam_Tirmizi%2C_Dushanbe_%289%29.jpg/240px-Grand_Masjid_Imam_Tirmizi%2C_Dushanbe_%289%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Grand_Masjid_Imam_Tirmizi%2C_Dushanbe_%289%29.jpg/360px-Grand_Masjid_Imam_Tirmizi%2C_Dushanbe_%289%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Grand_Masjid_Imam_Tirmizi%2C_Dushanbe_%289%29.jpg/480px-Grand_Masjid_Imam_Tirmizi%2C_Dushanbe_%289%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mosque in Dushanbe</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 245px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px;"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE-%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_(%D0%94%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5)_3.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Cathedral in Dushanbe"><img alt="Cathedral in Dushanbe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE-%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_%28%D0%94%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%29_3.JPG/240px-%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE-%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_%28%D0%94%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%29_3.JPG" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE-%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_%28%D0%94%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%29_3.JPG/360px-%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE-%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_%28%D0%94%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%29_3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE-%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_%28%D0%94%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%29_3.JPG/480px-%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE-%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_%28%D0%94%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%29_3.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cathedral in Dushanbe</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 245px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Dushanbe_Synagogue_Entrance.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Synagogue in Dushanbe"><img alt="Synagogue in Dushanbe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Dushanbe_Synagogue_Entrance.jpg/240px-Dushanbe_Synagogue_Entrance.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Dushanbe_Synagogue_Entrance.jpg/360px-Dushanbe_Synagogue_Entrance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Dushanbe_Synagogue_Entrance.jpg/480px-Dushanbe_Synagogue_Entrance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Synagogue in Dushanbe</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dushanbe&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Madrasseh_at_Hisor_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Madrasseh_at_Hisor_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Madrasseh_at_Hisor_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Madrasseh_at_Hisor_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Madrasseh_at_Hisor_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Madrasseh_at_Hisor_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Madrasseh_at_Hisor_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3056" data-file-height="2292" /></a><figcaption>Madrassa just west of Dushanbe</figcaption></figure> Before the Soviet invasion, education was limited in Dushanbe, mainly consisting of <a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">madrasas</a> that taught the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> and Persian and Arabic along with geography, geometry, algebra, and other sciences. After the invasion, the Soviet Union closed the madrasas down.<a href="#cite_note-Huisman-2018a-146">[142]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Donishgohi_davlatii_omuzgorii_Tojikiston_ba_nomi_K_Juraev.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Donishgohi_davlatii_omuzgorii_Tojikiston_ba_nomi_K_Juraev.JPG/220px-Donishgohi_davlatii_omuzgorii_Tojikiston_ba_nomi_K_Juraev.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Donishgohi_davlatii_omuzgorii_Tojikiston_ba_nomi_K_Juraev.JPG/330px-Donishgohi_davlatii_omuzgorii_Tojikiston_ba_nomi_K_Juraev.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Donishgohi_davlatii_omuzgorii_Tojikiston_ba_nomi_K_Juraev.JPG/440px-Donishgohi_davlatii_omuzgorii_Tojikiston_ba_nomi_K_Juraev.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Dushanbe State Pedagogical Institute, the first university in Dushanbe</figcaption></figure> The Soviet education system was considered a success for its time, achieving close to 100% literacy through a large scale literacy program and compulsory education along with the inclusion of girls in education.<a href="#cite_note-Dushanbe_Encyc-2004h-147">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-Huisman-2018a-146">[142]</a> The People's Commissariat of Education of the Tajik SSR was created on 11 February 1925 in Dushanbe.<a href="#cite_note-148">[144]</a> Higher education began to be established in the 1930s with the creation of <a href="/wiki/Tajik_State_Pedagogical_University" title="Tajik State Pedagogical University">a pedagogical institute</a> in Dushanbe in 1931. In 1939, the <a href="/wiki/Tajik_State_Medical_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Tajik State Medical University">Tajik State Medical University</a> was founded in Dushanbe and soon after in 1944 the Tajik Agrarian Institute moved to Dushanbe. Before the outbreak of World War Two, there were 32 secondary schools and two institutes in the city.<a href="#cite_note-Davidzon-1983b-60">[56]</a> While World War 2 slowed the growth of higher education, afterwards in 1947 the <a href="/wiki/Tajik_National_University" title="Tajik National University">Tajik State University</a> was created. In 1956 a polytechnic institute was created in the city along with the Institute of Physical Culture in 1971, the Institute of Arts in 1973, and the Tajik Pedagogical Institute of Russian Language and Literature in 1980 which became the Tajik State Institute of Languages in 1987. In 1990, the <a href="/wiki/Technological_University_of_Tajikistan" title="Technological University of Tajikistan">Technological University of Tajikistan</a> was founded.<a href="#cite_note-Huisman-2018a-146">[142]</a> The Soviet system was based on the needs of the economy; the agrarian, medical, and polytechnic institutes were all founded to aid the economy. Outside of that, most higher education in the system were in the form of pedagogical colleges. Restrictions on political subjects such as history hampered advancements in those fields.<a href="#cite_note-Huisman-2018a-146">[142]</a> After independence, universities less precisely tailored their courses to the economy and as a result other professions proliferated in schools such as the <a href="/wiki/Tajik_University_of_Law,_Business_and_Politics" title="Tajik University of Law, Business and Politics">Tajik University of Law, Business and Politics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Huisman-2018d-149">[145]</a> The civil war after independence devastated the education system of the city, with state budgets falling from 11% to 2% during the time period. While state spending declined, private institutions temporarily developed in the market economy, accounting for growth in the number of universities in Dushanbe after independence.<a href="#cite_note-Huisman-2018b-150">[146]</a> The modern state university in Dushanbe, the <a href="/wiki/Tajik_State_Pedagogical_University" title="Tajik State Pedagogical University">Tajik State Pedagogical University</a>, has an enrollment in the thousands. Institutions such as the Tajik Technical University, the Tajik Agrarian University, the <a href="/wiki/Tajik_State_University_of_Commerce" title="Tajik State University of Commerce">Tajik State University of Commerce</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Technological_University_of_Tajikistan" title="Technological University of Tajikistan">Technological University of Tajikistan</a>, some of which existed during the Soviet era, grew and admitted anywhere from 5000 to 9000 students.<a href="#cite_note-Huisman-2018b-150">[146]</a> Specialized and technical schools also expanded significantly.<a href="#cite_note-Dushanbe_Encyc-2004h-147">[143]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tajik_National_University_(Main_Building).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Tajik_National_University_%28Main_Building%29.jpg/220px-Tajik_National_University_%28Main_Building%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Tajik_National_University_%28Main_Building%29.jpg/330px-Tajik_National_University_%28Main_Building%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Tajik_National_University_%28Main_Building%29.jpg/440px-Tajik_National_University_%28Main_Building%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1443" data-file-height="1077" /></a><figcaption>Tajik National University</figcaption></figure> Today, 60% of university students in Tajikistan are enrolled in Dushanbe, which has 23 universities with 103,600 students, 13 colleges with 16,100 students enrolled and 140 schools that have 180,800 students.<a href="#cite_note-Abdullaev-2018a-49">[45]</a> As of 2015, there is one national university in Dushanbe, the <a href="/wiki/Tajik_National_University" title="Tajik National University">Tajik National University</a>, 7 specialized universities, 4 international bilateral institutions, and 12 institutes in the capital.<a href="#cite_note-Parstoday-2020-151">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-РТСУ-2018-152">[148]</a> In the 2018/2019 academic year, there were 23 higher education institutions with 103,600 students. There were also 124 preschools and 140 general education schools in the city.<a href="#cite_note-Dushanbe-2021a-5">[5]</a> The Russian-language <a href="/wiki/Russian-Tajik_Slavonic_University" title="Russian-Tajik Slavonic University">Russian-Tajik Slavonic University</a> was created in the 1990s during a trend of closure of Russian language instruction due to the exodus of Russians during the civil war. The Islamic Institute of Tajikistan, created with the goal of countering Islamic extremism, had 924 students as of 2020.<a href="#cite_note-Parstoday-2020-151">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-РТСУ-2018-152">[148]</a> The University of International Relations, which was founded by a <a href="/wiki/Tajik_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Tajik American">Tajik-American</a>, was founded in opposition to the government and produced opposition leaders until it was shut down. In 2009, due to the efforts of <a href="/wiki/Emomali_Rahmon" title="Emomali Rahmon">Emomali Rahmon</a>, a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Moscow_State_University,_Dushanbe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moscow State University, Dushanbe (page does not exist)">Dushanbe branch</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_State_University" title="Moscow State University">Moscow State University</a> was opened. 70% of the instructors are Russian, while only 30% are Tajik. Other branches of Russian universities in Dushanbe include a branch of the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Institute_of_Steel_and_Alloys" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Institute of Steel and Alloys">Moscow Institute of Steel and Alloy</a> and a branch of the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Power_Engineering_Institute" title="Moscow Power Engineering Institute">Moscow Energy Institute</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Huisman-2018b-150">[146]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Tajik_National_University" title="Tajik National University">Tajik National University</a> is the most prominent in the city and the country. With an enrollment of over 21,000 students and a large number of programs it is the flagship university of Tajikistan. Uniquely, the university is directly funded by the government while also being more independent of it compared to other state universities. While in principle this provides academic freedom, in reality the government is still heavily involved, censors content, and controls appointments at the university.<a href="#cite_note-Huisman-2018c-153">[149]</a> Dushanbe's education system is still heavily managed by the national government, a relic of Soviet times. Other schools include the <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan_Humanitarian_International_University" title="Tajikistan Humanitarian International University">Tajikistan Humanitarian International University</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dushanbe_International_School" title="Dushanbe International School">Dushanbe International School</a>, and the Tax Law Institute, now the Tajik State University of Finance and Economics.<a href="#cite_note-Dushanbe_Encyc-2004h-147">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-Huisman-2018d-149">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-Huisman-2018c-153">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dushanbe&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Transportation">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air_transport">Air transport</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dushanbe&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Air transport">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dushanbe_International_Airport" title="Dushanbe International Airport">Dushanbe International Airport</a></div> Rashid Beck Ahriev and Peter Komarov piloted the first flight to the city from <a href="/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara">Bukhara</a> on 3 September 1924 on a <a href="/wiki/Junkers_F_13" title="Junkers F 13">Junkers F-13</a>; the service ran three times a week from small airfield on modern day <a href="/wiki/Rudaki_Avenue" title="Rudaki Avenue">Rudaki Avenue</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dushanbe_Encyc-2004f-154">[150]</a> In 1927, the second <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_Soviet_Union#Civil_aviation" title="Transport in the Soviet Union">air route in the Soviet Union</a> opened from <a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a> to <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a> to <a href="/wiki/Termez" title="Termez">Termez</a> to Dushanbe on the Junkers F-13, two years before the introduction of automobiles and five before the railway. A small Stalinabad airport was created, and in 1930 a first-class airport was constructed in the city. The first scheduled flight from the city began in 1945 on the <a href="/wiki/Lisunov_Li-2" title="Lisunov Li-2">Li-2</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Abdullaev-2018b-67">[63]</a> The state airline, Tojikiston - now known as <a href="/wiki/Tajik_Air" title="Tajik Air">Tajik Air</a> - was created in 1949. In the 50s and 60s, many new aircraft were introduced to the Tajik Civil Air Fleet. The Tajik Civil Aviation Administration won first place in the USSR for efficiency in the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-Tajik_Development_Gateway_на_русском_языке-2020-155">[151]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Dushanbe_Airport.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="View of Dushanbe International Airport"><img alt="View of Dushanbe International Airport" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Dushanbe_Airport.jpeg/200px-Dushanbe_Airport.jpeg" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Dushanbe_Airport.jpeg/300px-Dushanbe_Airport.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Dushanbe_Airport.jpeg/400px-Dushanbe_Airport.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="938" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">View of Dushanbe International Airport</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Dushanbe_Airport_(DYU).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Terminal of Dushanbe International Airport"><img alt="Terminal of Dushanbe International Airport" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Dushanbe_Airport_%28DYU%29.jpg/200px-Dushanbe_Airport_%28DYU%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Dushanbe_Airport_%28DYU%29.jpg/300px-Dushanbe_Airport_%28DYU%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Dushanbe_Airport_%28DYU%29.jpg/400px-Dushanbe_Airport_%28DYU%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Terminal of Dushanbe International Airport</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Dushanbe_airport_161_(26129451585).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Air Astana plane at Dushanbe International Airport"><img alt="Air Astana plane at Dushanbe International Airport" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Dushanbe_airport_161_%2826129451585%29.jpg/200px-Dushanbe_airport_161_%2826129451585%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Dushanbe_airport_161_%2826129451585%29.jpg/300px-Dushanbe_airport_161_%2826129451585%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Dushanbe_airport_161_%2826129451585%29.jpg/400px-Dushanbe_airport_161_%2826129451585%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Air_Astana" title="Air Astana">Air Astana</a> plane at Dushanbe International Airport</div> </li> </ul>The city is served by <a href="/wiki/Dushanbe_International_Airport" title="Dushanbe International Airport">Dushanbe International Airport</a> which, as of April 2015, had regularly scheduled flights to <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi" title="Ürümqi">Ürümqi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a>, and major cities in Russia and <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, amongst others. <a href="/wiki/Tajik_Air" title="Tajik Air">Tajik Air</a> had its head office on the grounds of <a href="/wiki/Dushanbe_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Dushanbe Airport">Dushanbe Airport</a> in Dushanbe.<a href="#cite_note-156">[152]</a> <a href="/wiki/Somon_Air" title="Somon Air">Somon Air</a>, which opened in 2008, has its head office in Dushanbe.<a href="#cite_note-157">[153]</a> The government planned to devote .18% of Tajikistan's GDP to the development of aviation in a large part in Dushanbe.<a href="#cite_note-Tajik_Development_Gateway_на_русском_языке-2020-155">[151]</a> Japanese investors created a cargo terminal at the airport, costing $28 million.<a href="#cite_note-158">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Road_system">Road system</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dushanbe&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Road system">edit</a>]</div> The first road in the country, from the early 19th century, was to <a href="/wiki/Guzor" class="mw-redirect" title="Guzor">Guzor</a>, traversed by camels, and made into a modern road by the Soviets. The first bus line was started in 1930 and taxi service began in 1937.<a href="#cite_note-Dushanbe_Encyc-2004f-154">[150]</a> Automobiles are the main form of transportation in the country and in Dushanbe. One major road goes through the mountains from <a href="/wiki/Khujand" title="Khujand">Khujand</a> to Dushanbe through the <a href="/wiki/Anzob_Tunnel" title="Anzob Tunnel">Anzob Tunnel</a>, constructed by an Iranian operator.<a href="#cite_note-159">[155]</a> A second major road goes east from Dushanbe to <a href="/wiki/Khorugh" class="mw-redirect" title="Khorugh">Khorog</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Gorno-Badakhshan_Autonomous_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province">Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province</a>, then to <a href="/wiki/Murghab,_Tajikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Murghab, Tajikistan">Murghab</a>, and then splits into roads towards China and Kyrgyzstan.<a href="#cite_note-160">[156]</a> Many highway and tunnel construction projects are underway or have recently been completed (as of 2014<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dushanbe&action=edit">[update]</a>). Major projects include rehabilitation of the Dushanbe – Chanak (Uzbek border), Dushanbe – <a href="/wiki/Kulma_Pass" title="Kulma Pass">Kulma</a> (Chinese border), <a href="/wiki/Bokhtar" title="Bokhtar">Bokhtar</a> – <a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Panj" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizhny Panj">Nizhny Pyanj</a> (Afghan border) highways and construction of tunnels under the mountain passes of <a href="/wiki/Anzob_Tunnel" title="Anzob Tunnel">Anzob</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shakhristan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shakhristan (page does not exist)">Shakhristan</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shar-Shar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shar-Shar (page does not exist)">Shar-Shar</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[157]</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chormazak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chormazak (page does not exist)">Chormazak</a>.<a href="#cite_note-162">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rail_transport">Rail transport</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dushanbe&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Rail transport">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Tajikistan" title="Rail transport in Tajikistan">Rail transport in Tajikistan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Duschanbe_Bahnhof.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Duschanbe_Bahnhof.jpg/220px-Duschanbe_Bahnhof.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Duschanbe_Bahnhof.jpg/330px-Duschanbe_Bahnhof.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Duschanbe_Bahnhof.jpg/440px-Duschanbe_Bahnhof.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dushanbe_Railway_Station" title="Dushanbe Railway Station">Dushanbe Railway Station</a></figcaption></figure> The first rail line in Dushanbe, which was 245 kilometres (152 mi) long, was built from 1926 to 1929 and opened on 10 September 1929 from <a href="/wiki/Vahdat" title="Vahdat">Vhadat</a> to Dushanbe to <a href="/wiki/Termez" title="Termez">Termez</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-Abdullaev-2018c-164">[160]</a> that ultimately connected Dushanbe with <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>. In 1933 and 1941, two other narrow-gauge railroad lines were laid from Dushanbe, to Gulpista and <a href="/wiki/Kurgan-Tyube" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurgan-Tyube">Kurgan-Tyube</a>. In 2002, a new railroad administration took over that modernized the system.<a href="#cite_note-165">[161]</a> Today, Tajikistan's principal railways are in the southern region and connect Dushanbe with the industrial areas of the <a href="/wiki/Gissar" class="mw-redirect" title="Gissar">Gissar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vakhsh_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Vakhsh River">Vakhsh</a> valleys and with <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> and Russia.<a href="#cite_note-166">[162]</a> Tajikistan's railways are owned and operated by Tajik Railway. In the early 2000s, a new railway line from Dushanbe to <a href="/wiki/Gharm" title="Gharm">Gharm</a> to <a href="/wiki/Jirgatol" class="mw-redirect" title="Jirgatol">Jirghatol</a> was constructed that would connect the country to Russia, Kazakhstan, and <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a> while not going through Uzbekistan due to contemporary <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan%E2%80%93Uzbekistan_relations" title="Tajikistan–Uzbekistan relations">geopolitical tensions</a>. A proposed line from Dushanbe to <a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mashhad" title="Mashhad">Mashad</a> is also being promoted by the government.<a href="#cite_note-Abdullaev-2018c-164">[160]</a> On 18 June 2018, the first railway between Dushanbe and <a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a>, the capital of Kazakhstan, completed its trip through Uzbekistan's <a href="/wiki/Karakalpakstan" title="Karakalpakstan">Karakalpakstan region</a>.<a href="#cite_note-167">[163]</a> Tajikistan's northern railway system remains isolated from its other railway lines, including those of Dushanbe. There is also a service from Dushanbe to <a href="/wiki/Khujand" title="Khujand">Khujand</a> and the northern Uzbek town of <a href="/wiki/Pakhtaabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakhtaabad">Pakhtaabad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Abdullaev-2018c-164">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trolleybus_system">Trolleybus system</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dushanbe&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Trolleybus system">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Trolleybuses_in_Dushanbe" title="Trolleybuses in Dushanbe">Trolleybuses in Dushanbe</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%81_(%D1%88%D0%B0%D2%B3%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%94%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%81_%28%D1%88%D0%B0%D2%B3%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%94%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%29.jpg/220px-%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%81_%28%D1%88%D0%B0%D2%B3%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%94%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%81_%28%D1%88%D0%B0%D2%B3%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%94%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%29.jpg/330px-%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%81_%28%D1%88%D0%B0%D2%B3%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%94%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%81_%28%D1%88%D0%B0%D2%B3%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%94%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%29.jpg/440px-%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%81_%28%D1%88%D0%B0%D2%B3%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%94%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Trolleybuses in Dushanbe</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Trolleybuses_in_Dushanbe" title="Trolleybuses in Dushanbe">Dushanbe trolleybus system</a> began on 6 April 1955 when a trolleybus administration was organized in the city. On 1 May 1955, the first <a href="/wiki/Trolza" title="Trolza">Trolza</a> trolleybus began operation on Lenin Avenue, the main avenue of Dushanbe. Routes continued to be added in 1957 and 1958 and in 1967, 9 routes were opened and the length of the network reached 49 kilometres (30 mi). The <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">collapse of the Soviet Union</a> led to a crisis in the system, as fuel increased in price and looting became a consistent problem, with one incident occurring at the central bus station leading to the temporary suspension of lines. During the period, the number of trolleybuses declined from a high of 250 during the late 1980s to only 45–50. 100 new trolleybuses were ordered in 2004 which were delivered a couple years after and aided in the resumption of service.<a href="#cite_note-168">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[165]</a> In 2020, the <a href="/wiki/European_Bank_for_Reconstruction_%26_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="European Bank for Reconstruction & Development">European Bank for Reconstruction and Development</a> gave $8 million to repair the system. As of 2020, Dushanbe had 7 trolleybus routes with 11 million passengers a years.<a href="#cite_note-The_Guardian-2017-19">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[166]</a> While trolleybuses were the main mode of transport in the Soviet era, today they account for only 2% of motorized trips.<a href="#cite_note-171">[167]</a> Dushanbe trolleybuses are based upon the <a href="/wiki/ZiU-9" title="ZiU-9">ZiU-9</a> trolleybus design. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trolza" title="Trolza">TrolZa</a>-5264.01 "Capital" (nos 1000–1003);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZIU-682" class="mw-redirect" title="ZIU-682">ZiU-682</a>H-016 (012) (nos 1004–1039, 2000–2027);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZIU-682" class="mw-redirect" title="ZIU-682">ZiU-682</a>H-016 (018) (nos 1042, 1053, 1054, 1058, 1059, 1072–1083, 2038, 2046, 2051–2079);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZIU-682" class="mw-redirect" title="ZIU-682">ZiU-682</a>V (nos 1177, 2095, 2099).<a href="#cite_note-172">[168]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metro_system">Metro system</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dushanbe&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Metro system">edit</a>]</div> The construction of an above-ground <a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">metro</a> system is due to begin in 2025.<a href="#cite_note-The_Guardian-2017-19">[15]</a> The first aerial metro line is expected to be completed in 2040 and connect the Southern Gate and Gulliston (circus area).<a href="#cite_note-173">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dushanbe&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Infrastructure">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tea_House_Rohat,_Dushanbe,_Tajikistan_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Tea_House_Rohat%2C_Dushanbe%2C_Tajikistan_2.jpg/220px-Tea_House_Rohat%2C_Dushanbe%2C_Tajikistan_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Tea_House_Rohat%2C_Dushanbe%2C_Tajikistan_2.jpg/330px-Tea_House_Rohat%2C_Dushanbe%2C_Tajikistan_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Tea_House_Rohat%2C_Dushanbe%2C_Tajikistan_2.jpg/440px-Tea_House_Rohat%2C_Dushanbe%2C_Tajikistan_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Combination of neoclassical decoration and a minimalist structure from the late 1950s</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dushanbe&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Architecture">edit</a>]</div> Before the Soviet invasion, Dushanbe consisted of narrow streets with <a href="/wiki/Adobe" title="Adobe">adobe</a> buildings.<a href="#cite_note-Dushanbe_Encyc-2004e-174">[170]</a> None of the buildings from that time survived.<a href="#cite_note-robert-175">[171]</a> The development of the 1920s, soon after the Soviet invasion, laid the groundwork for future development and established the beginning of the city. In the 1930s, <a href="/wiki/Constructivist_architecture" title="Constructivist architecture">constructivist architecture</a> gained prominence along with the building of larger structures, often made out of concrete.<a href="#cite_note-Mehrotra-2008-122">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tilloev-2007-176">[172]</a> Several architects played a major role in the city's construction in a group headed by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Vaulin" title="Peter Vaulin">Peter Vaulin</a>. He drew up a piece of legislation called "On the construction of the city of Dushanbe" which the city adopted on 27 April 1927. He implemented a constructivist design in the city, possibly inspired by his meeting with <a href="/wiki/Le_Corbusier" title="Le Corbusier">Le Corbusier</a> in Moscow in 1929.<a href="#cite_note-177">[173]</a> In 1934 and 1935, the Griprogor Institute, based in <a href="/wiki/Leningrad" class="mw-redirect" title="Leningrad">Leningrad</a>, created a master plan for the construction of Dushanbe. It was approved on 3 March 1938. The city center during the reconstruction shifted to Red Square and Frunze Park, the location of many workers demonstrations and military parades into the forties. In the later half of the decade, much of the modern infrastructure and utilities for the city were created. In the 1940s, architecture was focused more on decoration and the <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">neoclassical style</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tilloev-2007-176">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mehrotra-2008-122">[118]</a> 1955 heralded in a new era of architecture with the publication of "On the elimination of excesses in the design," which eventually ended the neoclassical period and integrated the city architecture into modernist, minimalistic Soviet trends.<a href="#cite_note-Tilloev-2007-176">[172]</a> In 1966, a new master plan for the city was created due to the city's rapid growth.<a href="#cite_note-Mehrotra-2008-122">[118]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D2%B3%D0%BE%D0%B8_%D0%94%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5_23.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D2%B3%D0%BE%D0%B8_%D0%94%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5_23.jpg/220px-%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D2%B3%D0%BE%D0%B8_%D0%94%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5_23.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D2%B3%D0%BE%D0%B8_%D0%94%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5_23.jpg/330px-%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D2%B3%D0%BE%D0%B8_%D0%94%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5_23.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D2%B3%D0%BE%D0%B8_%D0%94%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5_23.jpg/440px-%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D2%B3%D0%BE%D0%B8_%D0%94%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5_23.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1932" data-file-height="1731" /></a><figcaption>Modern high-rise architecture in Dushanbe</figcaption></figure> The first <a href="/wiki/Skyscraper" title="Skyscraper">skyscraper</a> in Dushanbe, the Hotel Dushanbe, was erected in 1964.<a href="#cite_note-Abdullaev-2018b-67">[63]</a> <a href="/wiki/High-rise_building" class="mw-redirect" title="High-rise building">High-rise buildings</a> were developed in the mid-70s against the wishes of the Tajik Institute of <a href="/wiki/Earthquake_engineering" title="Earthquake engineering">Earthquake Engineering</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seismology" title="Seismology">Seismology</a>, which viewed such developments as dangerous in an <a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">earthquake</a> which they predicted would occur in the near future.<a href="#cite_note-Rusu-2016-51">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-Davidzon-1983d-81">[77]</a> In the 1980s, more technically complex and creative designs were built by a new generation of architects along with more attention on ecological issues.<a href="#cite_note-Tilloev-2007-176">[172]</a> In the late 1990s, more 9-12 story concrete houses were built and private companies grew to 75% of the housing market.<a href="#cite_note-Dushanbe_Encyc-2004e-174">[170]</a> Minimalist influences continued to be felt from the 60s up to the 90s.<a href="#cite_note-Mehrotra-2008-122">[118]</a> In the 21st century, new construction projects such as tall skyscrapers, a new parliament building, and the national museum were or are being built. However, the new architectural styles of the modern day resulted in the demolition of many historical, Soviet-era buildings in the center of the city, such as the Central Post Office and the Mayakovsky Theatre, with the exception of a small list of 15 historically significant buildings.<a href="#cite_note-178">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hughes-2017-70">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-robert-175">[171]</a> The central city mainly consists of wide boulevards and Russian-style buildings today,<a href="#cite_note-179">[175]</a> while suburban areas are comparatively underdeveloped.<a href="#cite_note-Hughes-2017-70">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electricity">Electricity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dushanbe&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Electricity">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_tallest_dam_in_the_world_-_304_m_(984_ft)_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/The_tallest_dam_in_the_world_-_304_m_%28984_ft%29_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-The_tallest_dam_in_the_world_-_304_m_%28984_ft%29_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/The_tallest_dam_in_the_world_-_304_m_%28984_ft%29_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-The_tallest_dam_in_the_world_-_304_m_%28984_ft%29_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/The_tallest_dam_in_the_world_-_304_m_%28984_ft%29_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-The_tallest_dam_in_the_world_-_304_m_%28984_ft%29_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Nurek Dam</figcaption></figure> In the 1930s, the use of <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydroelectricity</a> began to take off in Dushanbe, leading it to be one of the most advanced in terms of <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in the Soviet Union">energy production in the Soviet Union</a> at the time; today, 96% of Tajikistan's power comes from hydroelectricity.<a href="#cite_note-Bankwatch-2020-180">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-ИМРӮЗ-1520-181">[177]</a> In Dushanbe, 990 million kWh were generated in 1980 which reached 1161 million kWh in 1985 but decreased significantly in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-Dushanbe_Encyc-2004d-182">[178]</a> In 2007, there was a major energy crisis because of the cold winter in Dushanbe that rendered Dushanbe's Soviet-era <a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Tajikistan" title="List of power stations in Tajikistan">energy system</a> ineffective and caused a severe crisis due to lack of heating.<a href="#cite_note-183">[179]</a> Since 2007, there have been energy shortages during the winter in Dushanbe.<a href="#cite_note-184">[180]</a> In 2009, Tajikistan's energy trade with other countries was suspended, and in 2012, natural gas imports from Uzbekistan were cut off, which further exacerbated the crisis, although the natural gas imports were restored in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-185">[181]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Nurek_Dam" title="Nurek Dam">Nurek hydroelectric dam</a>, as of 2016, provides around 3/4 of the country's power.<a href="#cite_note-186">[182]</a> New hydroelectric plants are being planned<a href="#cite_note-187">[183]</a> and in 2017, the government proclaimed an end to the rolling blackouts;<a href="#cite_note-ИМРӮЗ-1520-181">[177]</a> however, in 2020, rolling blackouts continued.<a href="#cite_note-188">[184]</a> <a href="/wiki/Barqi_Tojik" title="Barqi Tojik">Barqi Tojik</a> is the major energy producer for the city and produces 75% of the electricity in the country.<a href="#cite_note-189">[185]</a> To alleviate the energy crisis, a second coal plant for the city is planned with extensive Chinese involvement, but has been criticized for pollution and negative environmental effects.<a href="#cite_note-Bankwatch-2020-180">[176]</a> Varzob's three power plants generated 150 million kWh per year in 2004, and Dushanbe's power supply, built on the idea of a double ring, has an outer ring of power transmission lines from <a href="/wiki/Nurek_Dam" title="Nurek Dam">Nurek Dam</a> to Dushanbe to <a href="/wiki/Yovon" title="Yovon">Yovon</a> at a voltage of 220 kW and an inner ring which covers the perimeter of the city and consists of 110 kW power lines.<a href="#cite_note-Dushanbe_Encyc-2004d-182">[178]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_and_sanitation">Water and sanitation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dushanbe&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Water and sanitation">edit</a>]</div> Tajikistan has the highest average annual precipitation in its region, along with numerous rivers, natural lakes (such as <a href="/wiki/Karakul_(Tajikistan)" title="Karakul (Tajikistan)">Lake Karakul</a>), and glaciers. Most of the outdated Dushanbe water system was built during the Soviet era in 1932 and not significantly expanded afterwards even with a rising population.<a href="#cite_note-190">[186]</a> The Big Gissar Canal was constructed in 1942 and irrigates much of southern Tajikistan and goes from the <a href="/wiki/Kofarnihon_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Kofarnihon River">Kofarnihon river</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Surxondaryo_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Surxondaryo River">Surxondaryo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-191">[187]</a> As of 2004, the length of the city's water supply network was 476 km (296 mi) and mainly got its water from the <a href="/wiki/Varzob_District" title="Varzob District">Varzob</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kofarnihon_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Kofarnihon River">Kofarnikhon</a> and the South-West.<a href="#cite_note-192">[188]</a> Water is supplied through two ground and two surface water treatment plants.<a href="#cite_note-CDC-1998-193">[189]</a> As of 2018, 40% of the city's population did not have access to sewage systems.<a href="#cite_note-194">[190]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parks">Parks</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dushanbe&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Parks">edit</a>]</div> As of 2020, there are 15 parks in Dushanbe.<a href="#cite_note-195">[191]</a> One of the most well known is Rudaki Park, created in the mid-1930s along with a bronze statue of Lenin.<a href="#cite_note-196">[192]</a> The park was renovated in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-197">[193]</a> Another park is <a href="/wiki/Victory_Park,_Dushanbe" title="Victory Park, Dushanbe">Victory Park</a>, which was created in 1975 to commemorate the Great Patriotic War.<a href="#cite_note-198">[194]</a> The Botanical Garden of the Academy of Sciences of Tajikistan was founded in 1933, and trees planted then are still prominent in the park. In 2007 a collection of <a href="/wiki/Folk_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk architecture">folk architecture</a> was added the park.<a href="#cite_note-199">[195]</a><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Parks in Dushanbe</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ustod_Rudaki_Park_and_Palace_of_the_Nation_in_Dushanbe_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rudaki Park with the Palace of the Nation in the background."><img alt="Rudaki Park with the Palace of the Nation in the background." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Ustod_Rudaki_Park_and_Palace_of_the_Nation_in_Dushanbe_-_panoramio.jpg/190px-Ustod_Rudaki_Park_and_Palace_of_the_Nation_in_Dushanbe_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Ustod_Rudaki_Park_and_Palace_of_the_Nation_in_Dushanbe_-_panoramio.jpg/285px-Ustod_Rudaki_Park_and_Palace_of_the_Nation_in_Dushanbe_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Ustod_Rudaki_Park_and_Palace_of_the_Nation_in_Dushanbe_-_panoramio.jpg/380px-Ustod_Rudaki_Park_and_Palace_of_the_Nation_in_Dushanbe_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rudaki Park with the Palace of the Nation in the background.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px;"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8C_%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Folk architecture area of the botanical gardens"><img alt="Folk architecture area of the botanical gardens" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8C_%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_01.jpg/150px-%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8C_%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8C_%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_01.jpg/225px-%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8C_%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8C_%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_01.jpg/300px-%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8C_%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1932" data-file-height="2576" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Folk architecture area of the botanical gardens</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Botanical_gardens_2_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dushanbe botanical gardens"><img alt="Dushanbe botanical gardens" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Botanical_gardens_2_-_panoramio.jpg/190px-Botanical_gardens_2_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Botanical_gardens_2_-_panoramio.jpg/285px-Botanical_gardens_2_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Botanical_gardens_2_-_panoramio.jpg/380px-Botanical_gardens_2_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3056" data-file-height="2292" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dushanbe botanical gardens</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px;"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A parade in Victory Park"><img alt="A parade in Victory Park" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_02.jpg/190px-%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_02.jpg/285px-%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_02.jpg/380px-%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="390" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A parade in Victory Park</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px;"><a href="/wiki/File:World_war_2_memorial,_victory_park_(2)_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="World War 2 memorial in Victory Park"><img alt="World War 2 memorial in Victory Park" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/World_war_2_memorial%2C_victory_park_%282%29_-_panoramio.jpg/190px-World_war_2_memorial%2C_victory_park_%282%29_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/World_war_2_memorial%2C_victory_park_%282%29_-_panoramio.jpg/285px-World_war_2_memorial%2C_victory_park_%282%29_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/World_war_2_memorial%2C_victory_park_%282%29_-_panoramio.jpg/380px-World_war_2_memorial%2C_victory_park_%282%29_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3056" data-file-height="2292" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">World War 2 memorial in Victory Park</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cemeteries">Cemeteries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dushanbe&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Cemeteries">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mausoleum_of_Sadriddin_Ayni.of_Dushanbe_08.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Mausoleum_of_Sadriddin_Ayni.of_Dushanbe_08.jpg/220px-Mausoleum_of_Sadriddin_Ayni.of_Dushanbe_08.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="362" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Mausoleum_of_Sadriddin_Ayni.of_Dushanbe_08.jpg/330px-Mausoleum_of_Sadriddin_Ayni.of_Dushanbe_08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Mausoleum_of_Sadriddin_Ayni.of_Dushanbe_08.jpg/440px-Mausoleum_of_Sadriddin_Ayni.of_Dushanbe_08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5098" data-file-height="8397" /></a><figcaption>Mausoleum of Sadriddin Ayni</figcaption></figure> There are 5 main and 14 unrecognized cemeteries in Dushanbe.<a href="#cite_note-asiaplustj-2020b-200">[196]</a> One of the 5 mains ones is Mekhrobod, founded in 2013, that consists of 74 acres of primarily tombstones. For a period of 9 months in 2019, 78 people were buried there. Luchob cemetery, also one of the five, uses commemorative <a href="/wiki/Stele" title="Stele">steles</a> to remember the dead and houses more well-known figures. As of October 2019, 54 people were buried there such as <a href="/wiki/Jabbor_Rasulov" title="Jabbor Rasulov">Jabbor Rasulov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bobojon_Ghafurov" title="Bobojon Ghafurov">Bobojon Ghafurov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Osimi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Osimi">Muhammad Osimi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mirzo_Tursunzoda" title="Mirzo Tursunzoda">Mirzo Tursunzade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loiq_Sher-Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Loiq Sher-Ali">Loik Sherali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muhammadjon_Shakuri" title="Muhammadjon Shakuri">Muhammadjon Shakuri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malika_Sobirova" title="Malika Sobirova">Malika Sabirova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuhfa_Fozilova" title="Tuhfa Fozilova">Tufa Fozylova</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Muqadamma_Ashrafi" title="Muqadamma Ashrafi">Mukaddima Ashrafi</a>. It was founded in 1977 and uses the smallest amount of land of the five.<a href="#cite_note-asiaplustj-2020b-200">[196]</a> In 2017, the government secretly moved many national figures from Aini park to Luchob cemetery, sparking outrage.<a href="#cite_note-201">[197]</a> Sari Osiyo, founded in 1933, is another one of the five cemeteries. It is one of the oldest in the city and has graves from the late 19th century. For the 9-month period in 2019, 225 were buried here. The Christian cemetery is another one of the five, the least visited although frequented by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_201st_Military_Base" title="Russian 201st Military Base">201st Russian division</a>. It uses 84.3 hectares of land and saw 197 new graves over the same nine-month period. Shokhmansur is the last of the five main cemeteries and saw 65 burials over the 9-month period.<a href="#cite_note-asiaplustj-2020b-200">[196]</a> The Jewish cemetery of the city, one of the fourteen unofficial ones, is looked after by the Congress of <a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jews" title="Bukharan Jews">Bukharian Jews</a>.<a href="#cite_note-202">[198]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Healthcare">Healthcare</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dushanbe&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Healthcare">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Big_Hospital.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Big_Hospital.jpg/220px-Big_Hospital.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Big_Hospital.jpg/330px-Big_Hospital.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Big_Hospital.jpg/440px-Big_Hospital.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Istiqlol Medical Complex</figcaption></figure> In 1925, Dushanbe city hospital and the <a href="/wiki/Ambulance" title="Ambulance">ambulance</a> system was created, and numerous medical facilities sprung up during the decade. In 1939, an infectious disease hospital was created and in the same year the <a href="/wiki/Avicenna_Tajik_State_Medical_University" title="Avicenna Tajik State Medical University">Stalinabad Medical Institute</a> was founded. During World War 2 up to the Tajik Civil War, the healthcare system significantly expanded through hospitals and specialized clinics.<a href="#cite_note-203">[199]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sanatorium_Khodjaobigarm_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Sanatorium_Khodjaobigarm_01.jpg/220px-Sanatorium_Khodjaobigarm_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Sanatorium_Khodjaobigarm_01.jpg/330px-Sanatorium_Khodjaobigarm_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Sanatorium_Khodjaobigarm_01.jpg/440px-Sanatorium_Khodjaobigarm_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="1932" /></a><figcaption>Khoja Obi Garm sanatorium</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Health_in_Tajikistan" title="Health in Tajikistan">Tajikistan's health care system</a> is concentrated in Dushanbe.<a href="#cite_note-204">[200]</a> There is a well-developed network of city <a href="/wiki/Clinic" title="Clinic">clinics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hospital" title="Hospital">hospitals</a>, medical centers, <a href="/wiki/Maternity_hospital" title="Maternity hospital">maternity hospitals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orphanage" title="Orphanage">orphanages</a>, sanitary and <a href="/wiki/Epidemiology" title="Epidemiology">epidemiological</a> centers - a total of 62 medical institutions in the city as of spring 2010. These 62 treatment and prevention facilities include 17 hospitals, 2 orphanages, 14 city health centers, 5 dental clinics, 8 centers of sanitary and epidemiological surveillance and disincentives, 12 city branch centers and 4 support centers.<a href="#cite_note-205">[201]</a> In 2019, the number of hospitals grew to 43.<a href="#cite_note-Dushanbe-2021a-5">[5]</a> Primary health care for Dushanbe residents (and guests of the city) is provided in 39 institutions (city health centers, <a href="/wiki/Dental_clinic" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental clinic">dental clinics</a>, centers for sanitary and epidemiological surveillance and de-stations, city branch centers).<a href="#cite_note-206">[202]</a> Among the main <a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_Tajikistan" title="List of hospitals in Tajikistan">medical institutions of Dushanbe</a> are specialized republican hospitals and centers, city polyclinics No. 1-5, the city infectious diseases hospital, the children's infectious diseases hospital, and the departmental hospitals of the country's power ministries.<a href="#cite_note-207">[203]</a> Citizens receive care through their assigned clinics in the city.<a href="#cite_note-CDC-1998-193">[189]</a> Some hospitals in Dushanbe include the Mansurov Clinic, the Tajik Railways Hospital, the Shifobakhsh National Medical Center, and the Istiqlol Medical Complex.<a href="#cite_note-208">[204]</a> Khoja Obi Garm, a Soviet-era <a href="/wiki/Sanatorium" title="Sanatorium">sanatorium</a>, still is in operation today and uses <a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">radon</a> treatments, among others.<a href="#cite_note-209">[205]</a> Temporary hospitals were established during the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-210">[206]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dushanbe&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9E%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/%D0%9E%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0.jpg/220px-%D0%9E%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/%D0%9E%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0.jpg/330px-%D0%9E%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/%D0%9E%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0.jpg/440px-%D0%9E%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3016" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>Bank in Dushanbe</figcaption></figure> In 2018, the <a href="/wiki/Gross_regional_product" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross regional product">gross regional product</a> (GRP) of Dushanbe was 13,808,000,000 <a href="/wiki/Tajikistani_somoni" title="Tajikistani somoni">somoni</a>, equaling approximately $1,508,900,000, with a growth rate of 7.3%. That comprised 20.1% of the overall <a href="/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-211">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dushanbe-2021b-132">[128]</a> In the first half of 2020, the GRP of Dushanbe was 20.7% of the GDP of the country.<a href="#cite_note-212">[208]</a> The average salary of the city as of 2014<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dushanbe&action=edit">[update]</a> is 1402.67 somoni, or $147.18.<a href="#cite_note-Dushanbe-2020d-91">[87]</a> As the center of financial activity of the republic, Dushanbe housed more than 30 commercial banks in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-Dushanbe_Encyc-2004d-182">[178]</a> Dushanbe has extensive international trade. Exports from Dushanbe consisted of $8,343,200 during the first half of 2019,<a href="#cite_note-Dushanbe-2020b-213">[209]</a> and overall foreign trade turnover was $398,080,900 in 2018. The primary countries Dushanbe exports to are Turkey (42.8% of the total), Iran (28.0%), Russia (10.8%), Afghanistan (7.3%), China (1.2%), Poland (1.2%), and others. For imports, Russia makes up 54.5% of the total, Kazakhstan 13.5%, China 6.8%, Italy 3.4%, Turkey 2.6%, Turkmenistan 2.5%, Ukraine 2.1%, Iran 1.4%, the United Arab Emirates 1.2%, and others make up the rest.<a href="#cite_note-214">[210]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dushanbe,_Tajikistan_-_panoramio_(102).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Dushanbe%2C_Tajikistan_-_panoramio_%28102%29.jpg/220px-Dushanbe%2C_Tajikistan_-_panoramio_%28102%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Dushanbe%2C_Tajikistan_-_panoramio_%28102%29.jpg/330px-Dushanbe%2C_Tajikistan_-_panoramio_%28102%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Dushanbe%2C_Tajikistan_-_panoramio_%28102%29.jpg/440px-Dushanbe%2C_Tajikistan_-_panoramio_%28102%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Coal plant in Dushanbe</figcaption></figure> During and during the decade after the Soviet invasion, most industries were focused on meeting local demand with local materials. Meat packing, soap production, bricks, lumber, silk thread, leather, clothing, and generation of electric power were all local industries during the time period.<a href="#cite_note-Atkin-2020-65">[61]</a> In 1932, 776 workers were employed in industry, while in 1938, 12 thousand were.<a href="#cite_note-Dushanbe_Encyc-2004d-182">[178]</a> During World War 2, the city's industry grew significantly with the Soviet decision to relocate industry eastwards to cities like Dushanbe, specifically <a href="/wiki/Light_industries" class="mw-redirect" title="Light industries">light industries</a> like <a href="/wiki/Textile_manufacturing" title="Textile manufacturing">textile manufacturing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Food_processing" title="Food processing">food processing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Atkin-2020-65">[61]</a> Industry output increased by 2.5 times from 1940 to 1945.<a href="#cite_note-Dushanbe_Encyc-2004c-32">[28]</a> About 1/3 of the industrial and white-collar labor force of Tajikistan is located in Dushanbe, despite containing less than 10 percent of Tajikistan's population.<a href="#cite_note-Atkin-2020-65">[61]</a> From January to August 2019, there were 455 manufacturing companies in Dushanbe, producing 1,644,745,400 Somoni worth of products. The majority of that, 63.9%, was from the <a href="/wiki/Processing_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Processing industry">processing industry</a>, 34.5% was from electricity, water, gas, and air purification, and the other 1.6% was from the non-metallic construction industry.<a href="#cite_note-Dushanbe-2020b-213">[209]</a> The industry produces over 300 types of products.<a href="#cite_note-Dushanbe-2020c-215">[211]</a> Exports from the industrial sector consisted of $1,535,500 during the time period.<a href="#cite_note-Dushanbe-2020b-213">[209]</a> The main industrial products exported from the city are <a href="/wiki/Cotton_yarn" class="mw-redirect" title="Cotton yarn">cotton yarn</a>, finished <a href="/wiki/Cotton_Fabric" class="mw-redirect" title="Cotton Fabric">cotton fabrics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hosiery" title="Hosiery">hosiery</a>, cable products, <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agricultural</a> products, <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a> products, and trade equipment, among others.<a href="#cite_note-Dushanbe-2020c-215">[211]</a> Industry, as of 2019, employed 20746 people, with an average salary of 1428.02 somoni.<a href="#cite_note-Dushanbe-2020b-213">[209]</a> <a href="/wiki/Light_industry" title="Light industry">Light industry</a> is the most mature industry in the city, aided by the location of raw materials in the country. Some large companies in light industry are Nassoch, which processes large amounts of cotton fiber, Chevar and Guliston, which both produce garments, and Nafisa, which produces <a href="/wiki/Hosiery" title="Hosiery">hosiery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dushanbe-2020c-215">[211]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Electronics_manufacturing_services" title="Electronics manufacturing services">electrical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Industrial_engineering" title="Industrial engineering">engineering</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">metallurgical</a> industries are also prominent in the republic. Tajiktekstilmash, which produces varied products for agriculture and electricity, and Tajikcable, which produces cables, are two well known companies from that sector of the economy. Somon-Tachkhizot, which produces electronic goods, Torgmash, which produces goods for trading companies, and Valve Plant, which produces iron products are some other prominent companies in the industry.<a href="#cite_note-Dushanbe-2020c-215">[211]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Food-processing_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Food-processing industry">food processing industry</a> also has a presence in the city with many <a href="/wiki/Wineries" class="mw-redirect" title="Wineries">wineries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dairy_farming" title="Dairy farming">dairy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meatpacking_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Meatpacking plant">meatpacking plants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canneries" class="mw-redirect" title="Canneries">canneries</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bakery" title="Bakery">bakeries</a> all in the city. Various other industries exist in the city as well.<a href="#cite_note-Dushanbe-2020c-215">[211]</a> These include the building materials industry, which produces cement, oil (with 3 main gas deposits) and plastics;<a href="#cite_note-216">[212]</a> the wood industry; and the printing industry, which consists of 80% of the republic's capacity and began in 1926.<a href="#cite_note-Dushanbe_Encyc-2004d-182">[178]</a> In 2014, the retail sector was involved in 2.6 billion somoni of transactions. In the service sector, hotels, restaurants, canteens and cafes sold services worth 296.6 million somoni. The paid services of the city in 2014 amounted to 5662.2 somoni per capita.<a href="#cite_note-Dushanbe-2020d-91">[87]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dushanbe_2010_01_Hotel_Tajikistan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Dushanbe_2010_01_Hotel_Tajikistan.jpg/220px-Dushanbe_2010_01_Hotel_Tajikistan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Dushanbe_2010_01_Hotel_Tajikistan.jpg/330px-Dushanbe_2010_01_Hotel_Tajikistan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Dushanbe_2010_01_Hotel_Tajikistan.jpg/440px-Dushanbe_2010_01_Hotel_Tajikistan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2499" data-file-height="1662" /></a><figcaption>Hotel Tajikistan</figcaption></figure> Dushanbe is the capital of tourism of the <a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Economic Cooperation Organization</a> and is served by more than 40 hotels. The building of 9 modern hotels, with room for more than 1000 people, is being planned.<a href="#cite_note-217">[213]</a> In 2018 and 2019, numerous initiatives, such as Dushanbe becoming a member of the World Tourism Cities Federation, different festivals, legislation promoting the city, an art gallery, and the establishment of the Year of Tourism and Folk Crafts in 2018 all served to promote the tourism industry. The Dushanbe Summer Fest, another promoted festival, is notable for its internet connectivity.<a href="#cite_note-218">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-219">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-220">[216]</a> Compared with the rest of the country, however, Dushanbe is a less popular tourist destination, partially due to its relatively recent founding and lack of historical significance.<a href="#cite_note-221">[217]</a> Museums in the city include the <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan_National_Museum" title="Tajikistan National Museum">Tajikistan National Museum</a>, founded in 1934,<a href="#cite_note-222">[218]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gurminj_Museum_of_Musical_Instruments" title="Gurminj Museum of Musical Instruments">Gurminj Museum of Musical Instruments</a>, which contains Pamiri and Badakshani musical instruments.<a href="#cite_note-223">[219]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dushanbe&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> Culture in Dushanbe, first developed during the period of Bukharan rule, grew under the Soviet Union, which established many of the first cultural institutions of the city. After independence, Dushanbe's culture went in a more nationalist direction.<a href="#cite_note-224">[220]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Performing_arts">Performing arts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dushanbe&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Performing arts">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%8B_%D0%9E%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%8B_%D0%9E%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0.jpg/220px-%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%8B_%D0%9E%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%8B_%D0%9E%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0.jpg/330px-%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%8B_%D0%9E%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%8B_%D0%9E%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0.jpg/440px-%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%8B_%D0%9E%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1984" data-file-height="1323" /></a><figcaption>Shashmaqam in the Dushanbe Concert Hall</figcaption></figure> During the 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Shashmaqam" title="Shashmaqam">shashmaqam</a> was the most prevalent musical genre in Tajikistan. While Soviet authorities labeled it as "music composed for the Emir" and repressed it, in modern times it has gained greater popularity.<a href="#cite_note-iias-2020-225">[221]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Tajik_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Tajik SSR">Soviet period</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> encouraged the development of music in Dushanbe, a less culturally crowded place then typical <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Russia_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Russia by population">Russian megacities</a>. Revolutionary songs, like the <a href="/wiki/La_Marseillaise" title="La Marseillaise">Marseillaise</a>, were promoted and translated into Tajik.<a href="#cite_note-Dushanbe_Encyc-2004l-226">[222]</a> The Tajik Philharmonic Society was founded in 1938; today, it is named after Akasharif Juraev.<a href="#cite_note-227">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-228">[224]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sergei_Artemevich_Balasanyan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sergei Artemevich Balasanyan (page does not exist)">Sergei Artemevich Balasanyan</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Armenian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian SSR">Armenian</a>, was one composer who originally went to Dushanbe from 1936–1943 to prepare the SSR for an upcoming Tajik cultural festival to be held in Moscow. While we was there, he described himself as a "composer, social-musical worker, <a href="/wiki/Folklorist" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklorist">folklorist</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pedagogy" title="Pedagogy">pedagogue</a>." He also became the head of the Tajik Composer's Union and the artistic lead of the opera house.<a href="#cite_note-iias-2020-225">[221]</a> Large numbers of Russian and Ukrainian symphonies moved to Dushanbe during World War 2.<a href="#cite_note-Dushanbe_Encyc-2004j-229">[225]</a> The <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Таджикский театр оперы и балета">Tajik Opera and Ballet Theater</a>, whose building was named after <a href="/wiki/Sadriddin_Ayni" title="Sadriddin Ayni">Sadriddin Ayni</a> and was the first opera house in Dushanbe, was founded in 1936.<a href="#cite_note-music-dic-2020-230">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-OperaBalet-2020-231">[227]</a> The first opera performed, the first in history of Tajikistan, was The Vose Uprising and detailed a <a href="/wiki/Peasants%27_Revolt" title="Peasants' Revolt">peasants' revolt</a> in eastern <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Bukhara" title="Emirate of Bukhara">Bukhara</a> in the late 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-232">[228]</a> One notable singer of the opera was <a href="/wiki/Hanifa_Mavlianova" title="Hanifa Mavlianova">Hanifa Mavlianova</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Кино-Театр-2020-233">[229]</a> Another musician to come to Dushanbe during the Soviet period was <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Lensky" title="Aleksandr Lensky">Aleksandr Lensky</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic">Moldovan</a> who came to Tajikistan in 1937. He was the artistic director of the Lahuti Theatre, director of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tajik_Philharmonic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tajik Philharmonic (page does not exist)">Tajik Philharmonic</a>, and first secretary of the Tajik Union of Composers. He also composed the first Tajik opera and many orchestral pieces.<a href="#cite_note-iias-2020-225">[221]</a> Another orchestra in Dushanbe is the <a href="/wiki/Opera_Orchestra_of_Dushanbe" title="Opera Orchestra of Dushanbe">Opera Orchestra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-234">[230]</a> The State Symphony Orchestra of Tajikistan was founded in 2016, and its first concert took place on 9 September 2016.<a href="#cite_note-235">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-236">[232]</a> The Tajik Opera and Ballet Theater continues operating to this day and has won the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Lenin" title="Order of Lenin">Order of Lenin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-music-dic-2020-230">[226]</a> At various times the opera house performed operas on modern, historical, national, revolutionary, and heroic themes.<a href="#cite_note-OperaBalet-2020-231">[227]</a> The Tajik Opera and Ballet Theater also had the first ballet performed in Dushanbe in 1941, entitled Two Roses, and the ballet troupe gradually grew over time.<a href="#cite_note-Кино-Театр-2020-233">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-237">[233]</a> The troupe was improved with graduates from the <a href="/wiki/Leningrad_Choreographic_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Leningrad Choreographic School">Leningrad Choreographic School</a> with ballet dancers such as <a href="/wiki/Malika_Sobirova" title="Malika Sobirova">Malika Sabirova</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Кино-Театр-2020-233">[229]</a> The theater was refitted in 2009 and continues operating to this day.<a href="#cite_note-238">[234]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ayni_Opera_Theatre,_Dushanbe,_Tajikistan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Ayni_Opera_Theatre%2C_Dushanbe%2C_Tajikistan.jpg/220px-Ayni_Opera_Theatre%2C_Dushanbe%2C_Tajikistan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Ayni_Opera_Theatre%2C_Dushanbe%2C_Tajikistan.jpg/330px-Ayni_Opera_Theatre%2C_Dushanbe%2C_Tajikistan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Ayni_Opera_Theatre%2C_Dushanbe%2C_Tajikistan.jpg/440px-Ayni_Opera_Theatre%2C_Dushanbe%2C_Tajikistan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Ayni Opera theater</figcaption></figure> The 1920s saw the birth of drama in the city. The first, Lahouti theater, was built in 1929. In the 1930s, Soviet themes like class struggle, fighting against the past, and gender equality were prominent in plays. In 1935, the Tajik Musical Theater, now the Ayni theater, was built.<a href="#cite_note-Dushanbe_Encyc-2004j-229">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dushanbe_Encyc-2004i-239">[235]</a> A comedy troupe was created in 1944 and after the war young artists influenced plays in Dushanbe, influencing the creation of the Tajik State Youth Theater.<a href="#cite_note-Dushanbe_Encyc-2004j-229">[225]</a> Continuing with a nationalist tradition, Tajik classics were made into plays. During World War 2, plays were focused on the war and historical themes from the 1950s onward. In the 70s and 80s foreign plays, like <a href="/wiki/Oedipus_Rex" title="Oedipus Rex">Oedipus Rex</a>, were introduced to Dushanbe. After independence, plays focused primarily on the devastating civil war.<a href="#cite_note-Dushanbe_Encyc-2004i-239">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dushanbe_Encyc-2004j-229">[225]</a> Today, some theaters are the Tajik Academic Opera and Ballet Theater, the State Russian Drama Theater, the youth theater, the State Experimental Theater, and the republican puppet theater.<a href="#cite_note-Dushanbe_Encyc-2004j-229">[225]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mayakovsky_Theatre_(Dushanbe)" title="Mayakovsky Theatre (Dushanbe)">Mayakovsky Theatre</a> was Tajikistan's oldest theatre and last surviving Russian-language theatre company; it was demolished in 2016 as part of the government's wholesale destruction of numerous 20th-century buildings of historical and architectural interest.<a href="#cite_note-240">[236]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dushanbe&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Literature">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mirsaid-mirshakar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Mirsaid-mirshakar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="292" /></a><figcaption>Mirsaid Mirshakar</figcaption></figure> The first printing press in Tajikistan was created in August 1924, the Tajik State Publishing House, the Donish Publishing House was founded in 1944.<a href="#cite_note-Mulloev-2009-241">[237]</a> In 1925 4 books were printed, which grew to 13 in 1926. In 1930, Sadriddin Ayni wrote the first Tajik novel, Dokhunda.<a href="#cite_note-242">[238]</a> Publishing houses established in 1934 and the Academy of Sciences of Tajikistan publishing house dramatically increased book production in the city.<a href="#cite_note-Dushanbe_Encyc-2004g-243">[239]</a> The Maorif Publishing House was created in 1975.<a href="#cite_note-Mulloev-2009-241">[237]</a> In 2004, there were 30 publishing companies in the city.<a href="#cite_note-Dushanbe_Encyc-2004g-243">[239]</a> Dushanbe became the center of Tajik literature in the 1920s with figures such as <a href="/wiki/Sadriddin_Ayni" title="Sadriddin Ayni">Sadriddin Ayni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abolqasem_Lahouti" title="Abolqasem Lahouti">Abolqasem Lahouti</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Payrav_Sulaymoni" title="Payrav Sulaymoni">Payrav Sulaymoni</a> along with new Soviet literature calling for revolution and social equality and Tajik nationalist literature. Children's books and translated works also had their beginnings in this period. In the 1930s, young Russian writers influenced the literature of the city, part of the "Komsomol generation." The themes often touched on the rapid development of Dushanbe during the 30s.<a href="#cite_note-Dushanbe_Encyc-2004i-239">[235]</a> During World War 2, literature shifted towards patriotic and militaristic themes of protecting the motherland in shorter formats than novels. Messages from the frontlines and satires became popular. Russian literature also became known, partially due to the movement of factories and people from the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">frontlines of the war</a> to the east. After the war, prose works and poetry, with poets like <a href="/wiki/Mirzo_Tursunzoda" title="Mirzo Tursunzoda">Mirzo Tursunzoda</a>, became more popular along with the continuation of genres from previous decades. Literary criticism developed along with analysis of individual writers.<a href="#cite_note-Dushanbe_Encyc-2004i-239">[235]</a> From the 1950s, the historical revolutionary genre developed, prompting authors to use history for inspiration. In the 60s the new genre of science fiction began in the city with writers like <a href="/wiki/Mirsaid_Mirshakar" title="Mirsaid Mirshakar">Mirsaid Mirshakar</a>. In the 70s and 80s the themes of disorder gained more prominence, not coincidentally soon before the Soviet Union's collapse. In poetry, civic and philosophical lyrical themes were most popular.<a href="#cite_note-Dushanbe_Encyc-2004i-239">[235]</a> After independence, previously forbidden subjects like religion started to appear in literature, along with reflections on the civil war and a more international scene has developed in the city.<a href="#cite_note-Dushanbe_Encyc-2004i-239">[235]</a> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visual_arts">Visual arts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dushanbe&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Visual arts">edit</a>]</div> Sculpture was first introduced to Dushanbe in the 1920s and throughout the Soviet period was focused on combining modern culture and a classical heritage. Modern sculpture mainly has historical subjects like <a href="/wiki/Ferdowsi" title="Ferdowsi">Firdavsi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_I" title="Khosrow I">Shah Anushirvan</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Ismail_Samani" title="Ismail Samani">Ismail Samani</a>, often to commemorate Tajik nationhood and ethnicity by looking to past Achaemenid and Samanid figures.<a href="#cite_note-Dushanbe_Encyc-2004k-135">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hughes-2017-70">[66]</a><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Statues in Dushanbe</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px;"><a href="/wiki/File:-Rudaki_in_Park_Dushanbe_city.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Statue of Rudaki"><img alt="Statue of Rudaki" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/-Rudaki_in_Park_Dushanbe_city.jpg/170px--Rudaki_in_Park_Dushanbe_city.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/-Rudaki_in_Park_Dushanbe_city.jpg/255px--Rudaki_in_Park_Dushanbe_city.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/-Rudaki_in_Park_Dushanbe_city.jpg/340px--Rudaki_in_Park_Dushanbe_city.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Statue of <a href="/wiki/Rudaki" title="Rudaki">Rudaki</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px;"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A3%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%91%D0%BC_(4).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Statue of Omar Khayyam"><img alt="Statue of Omar Khayyam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/%D0%A3%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%91%D0%BC_%284%29.jpg/170px-%D0%A3%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%91%D0%BC_%284%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/%D0%A3%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%91%D0%BC_%284%29.jpg/255px-%D0%A3%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%91%D0%BC_%284%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/%D0%A3%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%91%D0%BC_%284%29.jpg/340px-%D0%A3%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%91%D0%BC_%284%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="1932" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Statue of <a href="/wiki/Omar_Khayyam" title="Omar Khayyam">Omar Khayyam</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Soviet_monument_to_Lenin.Dushanbe.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Statue of Lenin"><img alt="Statue of Lenin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Soviet_monument_to_Lenin.Dushanbe.jpg/127px-Soviet_monument_to_Lenin.Dushanbe.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Soviet_monument_to_Lenin.Dushanbe.jpg/191px-Soviet_monument_to_Lenin.Dushanbe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Soviet_monument_to_Lenin.Dushanbe.jpg/255px-Soviet_monument_to_Lenin.Dushanbe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Statue of <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px;"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Statue of Avicenna"><img alt="Statue of Avicenna" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5.JPG/170px-%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5.JPG/255px-%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5.JPG/340px-%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4217" data-file-height="3456" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Statue of <a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a></div> </li> </ul>Painting in Dushanbe took off when Russian painters moved to this city in the 20s and 30s. By the 50s, Tajik artists started to paint. In the 1960s, the severe style [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C" class="extiw" title="ru:Суровый стиль">ru</a>] grew and in the 70s and 80s a focus on <a href="/wiki/History_of_Tajikistan" title="History of Tajikistan">Tajik heritage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a> was predominant. In the late 80s, however, painting shifted from a focus on historical figures to emotional depth and personality. During the civil war, a theme of conflict in painting developed.<a href="#cite_note-Dushanbe_Encyc-2004k-135">[131]</a> Sabzali Sharipov's black and white series, for example, was devoted to the civil war.<a href="#cite_note-244">[240]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film">Film</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dushanbe&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Film">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Tajikistan" title="Cinema of Tajikistan">Cinema of Tajikistan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD.jpg/220px-%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD.jpg/330px-%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD.jpg/440px-%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="2340" /></a><figcaption>Movie theater</figcaption></figure> Cinema in Dushanbe started in the 1930s with the creation of film studios and cinemas by the Soviet government, although the first cinema was created in 1927 where residents watched Nibelung by <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Lang" title="Fritz Lang">Frits Lang</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kamil_Yarmatov" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamil Yarmatov">Komil Yarmatov</a> was the first prominent Tajik film director. Documentaries were also popular in this period, and the first feature film appeared in 1938. In World War 2, <a href="/wiki/Feature_film" title="Feature film">feature film</a> production in Dushanbe was suspended due to lack of supplies. After the war, more feature films were developed, with many movies attempting to create a portrait of the city. In the 1980s a new generation of filmmakers brought new values such a pluralism into the theater, which led to some films focusing on the truth of Soviet history. During the civil war, the landscape changed dramatically. <a href="/wiki/Tajikfilm" title="Tajikfilm">Tajikfilm</a>, which formerly had a monopoly on filmmaking, had to shut down, while independent filmmakers chronicled the horrors of the civil war.<a href="#cite_note-Dushanbe_Encyc-2004l-226">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-245">[241]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dushanbe&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Sports">edit</a>]</div> Gymnastics, equestrian sports and athletics were practiced in 1923 at the Dushanbe sports club and in 1929 tennis was introduced. The All-Tajik <a href="/wiki/Spartakiad" title="Spartakiad">Spartakiad</a> was first held in 1934, and in 1939 <a href="/wiki/Dynamo_Dushanbe" title="Dynamo Dushanbe">Dynamo Dushanbe</a> won the quarterfinals of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Cup" title="Soviet Cup">Cup of the USSR</a>. In 1950 the country's soccer team took first place in the <a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_Games" title="Central Asian Games">Central Asian Games</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dushanbe_Encyc-2004m-246">[242]</a> In 2003, Dushanbe hosted the <a href="/wiki/2003_Central_Asian_Games" title="2003 Central Asian Games">Central Asian Games</a>. The most popular sports in Dushanbe are <a href="/wiki/Sambo_(martial_art)" title="Sambo (martial art)">sambo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">wrestling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">judo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karate" title="Karate">karate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">taekwondo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artistic_gymnastics" title="Artistic gymnastics">artistic gymnastics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weightlifting_(sport)" class="mw-redirect" title="Weightlifting (sport)">weightlifting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archery" title="Archery">archery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shooting_sports" title="Shooting sports">shooting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">boxing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soccer" class="mw-redirect" title="Soccer">football</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diving_(sport)" title="Diving (sport)">diving</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis">tennis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chess" title="Chess">chess</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buzkashi" title="Buzkashi">Buzkashi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Checkers" title="Checkers">checkers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dushanbe_Encyc-2004m-246">[242]</a> Four soccer teams of the <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan_Higher_League" title="Tajikistan Higher League">Tajikistan Higher League</a> play in Dushanbe: <a href="/wiki/CSKA_Pamir_Dushanbe" title="CSKA Pamir Dushanbe">CSKA Pamir</a>,<a href="#cite_note-247">[243]</a> <a href="/wiki/FC_Dushanbe-83" title="FC Dushanbe-83">Dushanbe-83</a>,<a href="#cite_note-248">[244]</a> <a href="/wiki/FC_Istiklol" title="FC Istiklol">Istiklol</a>,<a href="#cite_note-249">[245]</a> and <a href="/wiki/FC_Lokomotiv-Pamir" title="FC Lokomotiv-Pamir">Lokomotiv-Pamir</a>.<a href="#cite_note-250">[246]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Pamir_Stadium" title="Pamir Stadium">Pamir Stadium</a> in Dushanbe was constructed in 1939 where <a href="/wiki/CSKA_Pamir_Dushanbe" title="CSKA Pamir Dushanbe">CSKA Pamir Dushanbe</a> played.<a href="#cite_note-251">[247]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dushanbe_Stadium" title="Dushanbe Stadium">Dushanbe Stadium</a> is currently being constructed and will seat 30,000 when completed.<a href="#cite_note-252">[248]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dushanbe&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Media">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Newspapers_and_magazines">Newspapers and magazines</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dushanbe&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Newspapers and magazines">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87_%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%85_%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%81.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87_%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%85_%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%81.jpg/220px-%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87_%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%85_%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%81.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87_%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%85_%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%81.jpg/330px-%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87_%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%85_%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%81.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87_%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%85_%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%81.jpg/440px-%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87_%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%85_%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%81.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1519" data-file-height="2037" /></a><figcaption>The front page of the first issue of Bukhara Sharif newspaper</figcaption></figure> The first newspaper published in Tajik was <a href="/wiki/Bukharai-ye-sharif" class="mw-redirect" title="Bukharai-ye-sharif">Bukhara Sharif</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kagan,_Uzbekistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kagan, Uzbekistan">Kagan</a> on 11 March 1912 and published by leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Jadid_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Jadid Movement">Jadid movement</a> like Mirzo Jalol Yusufzoda. The purpose of the newspaper was to "be a scientific, literary, directional, subject, and economic publication that will strive for the spread of civilization and the idea." Soon after, however, <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Yefimovich_Petrov" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan Yefimovich Petrov">Ivan Petrov</a> requested that the Emir of Bukhara close the paper, which he did on 2 January 1913.<a href="#cite_note-Mulloev-2009-241">[237]</a> Oina and Mullo Nasreddin were two of the earliest Tajik language magazines. The Zvezda Vostok magazine was published in Tajik in the early 1920s in support of the October Revolution. The first Soviet newspaper distributed in Tajikistan was Shulai Inkilob (Flame of the Revolution) as propaganda for the Soviet government in 1919. It was distributed throughout Tajikistan and was the main Tajik language newspaper that opposed the previous Emirate and was clearly in support of communism, the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Bukhara" title="Communist Party of Bukhara">Bukharan Communist Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mulloev-2009-241">[237]</a> The first Soviet newspaper published in Tajikistan was Po basmachi which detailed the conditions of the Red Army in Tajikistan in 1923 during the <a href="/wiki/Basmachi_movement" title="Basmachi movement">Basmachi movement</a>. In 1924, the newspaper Voice of the East (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Овози шарк or Голос Востока), the first Soviet government newspaper was published in Dushanbe and was a forum for much of the poetry and literature of the young republic. In 1925, the official newspaper of Soviet Tajikistan was "Bedorii tochik" (Awakening of the Tajiks). An Uzbek-language paper, Red Tajikistan, was published in Tajikistan as well. <a href="/wiki/Sadriddin_Ayni" title="Sadriddin Ayni">Sadriddin Ayni</a> also published many newspapers such as Bukhara News, Horpustak, and Flame of the Revolution.<a href="#cite_note-Mulloev-2009-241">[237]</a> In 1929, the newspaper Red Tajikistan came into print with a large daily circulation of 5000. In the 1930s Komsomolets Tadzhikistana was published as a communist paper intended for the youth of Tajikistan. Many other newspapers were published during this time as well. The press often emphasized the collective farming system and the newspaper Dehkoni Kambagal was popular among farmers.<a href="#cite_note-Mulloev-2009-241">[237]</a> During World War 2 newspaper production was strained as raw materials became increasingly scarce and their numbers were reduced. After the war, the many newspapers from the 30s began to be produced once again. In the 60s and 70s the newspaper Communist of Tajikistan gained prominence, winning the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Red_Banner_of_Labour" title="Order of the Red Banner of Labour">Order of the Red Banner of Labor</a>. International cooperation was to be emphasized during the time period.<a href="#cite_note-Mulloev-2009-241">[237]</a> During <a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">perestroika</a>, newspapers embraced more liberal and democratic ideas. One of the first to do this was the Komsomol of Tajikistan. Farkhang, a new literary magazine, published national Tajik and Islamic literature banned before such as the <a href="/wiki/Masnavi" title="Masnavi">Masnavi</a>. The Sukhan newspaper, published by the Union of Journalists of Tajikistan, was a leading voice for liberalism and perestroika in the republic, writing about topics such as freedom of speech, democratization, and the opposition. The first publication not released by the state was from <a href="/wiki/Rastokhez" title="Rastokhez">Rastokhez</a>, printed in Lithuania and delivered to Dushanbe. The <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Tajikistan)" title="Democratic Party (Tajikistan)">Democratic Party of Tajikistan</a> published a paper, Justice, in Dushanbe as well which had a circulation of 25000. Charogi Ruz, or Light of Day, was the first private publication in Dushanbe, and advertised itself as the free tribune for youth. Free publications such as Oinai zindagi (by trade unions), Somon, Haftgandzh, and others formed.<a href="#cite_note-Mulloev-2009-241">[237]</a> Today, Charogi Ruz is known for its criticism of the ruling government.<a href="#cite_note-253">[249]</a> In August 1999 there were officially 199 newspapers, although only 17 of those appeared regularly. Some of the most widely circulated national government publications are Dzhumhuriet and Narodna Gazeta. In addition to the state news agency <a href="/wiki/Khovar" title="Khovar">Khovar</a> (News), there are several private newspapers, including <a href="/wiki/Asia-Plus" title="Asia-Plus">Asia-Plus</a>, which regularly publishes in Russian and English and reports on political, social and economic issues, <a href="/wiki/Jumhuriyat" title="Jumhuriyat">Jumhuriyat</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Khalk_ovozi" title="Khalk ovozi">Khalk ovozi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ewy-254">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-HRW-1999-255">[251]</a> In 2019 there were 37 regular newspapers and 37 magazines published in the city.<a href="#cite_note-Dushanbe-2021a-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radio">Radio</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dushanbe&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Radio">edit</a>]</div> In 1924 a radio station was built in Dushanbe for military communication. On 10 April 1930 the first radio broadcast was heard by civilians in Tajikistan, from Moscow. It functioned as a news source and a source of Soviet propaganda. The first station, in Dushanbe, mainly focused on retransmitted broadcasts from Moscow and radios gradually became more prevalent in the country. While development slowed during World War 2, afterwards Tajikistan received higher <a href="/wiki/Broadband" title="Broadband">broadband</a> and quality radio stations and broadcasts.<a href="#cite_note-Mulloev-2009-241">[237]</a> In 1977, locally created radio broadcasts were able to be transmitted from Dushanbe thanks to the construction of the Radio House in the city. In 2000, the Sadoi Dushanbe Radio was created, and today that is one of the four programs broadcast in Dushanbe.<a href="#cite_note-Mulloev-2009-241">[237]</a> As of August 1999 government radio is broadcast throughout the nation along with independent outlets such as Asia Plus radio.<a href="#cite_note-Dushanbe_Encyc-2004g-243">[239]</a> <a href="/wiki/Radio_Liberty" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio Liberty">Radio Liberty</a>, the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>, and Sadoi Khuroson are also broadcast in Tajik, although no independent radio stations were in operation.<a href="#cite_note-HRW-1999-255">[251]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television">Television</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dushanbe&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Television">edit</a>]</div> On 7 November 1959 the first television center was created in the republic, the <a href="/wiki/Televizioni_Tojikiston" title="Televizioni Tojikiston">Tajik Television Studio</a>. In 1967 programs from Moscow and Tashkent were broadcast in the country and on 15 November 1975 color television was introduced.<a href="#cite_note-Mulloev-2009-241">[237]</a> As of August 1999 12 to 15 stations broadcast consistently. Many Russian language channels like ORT, RTR, and TV-6 broadcast as well.<a href="#cite_note-HRW-1999-255">[251]</a> Today, a greater number of private television stations operate in the city,<a href="#cite_note-Dushanbe_Encyc-2004g-243">[239]</a> with 15 in the whole country, although there are still 7 state owned channels.<a href="#cite_note-256">[252]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dushanbe&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Notable people">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zebo_Aminzoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Zebo Aminzoda">Zebo Aminzoda</a> (born 1948), Tajikistani ballet dancer and choreographer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Bout" title="Viktor Bout">Viktor Bout</a> (born 1967), Russian convicted arms dealer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farruh_Negmat-Zadeh" title="Farruh Negmat-Zadeh">Farruh Negmat-Zadeh</a> (born 1959), Tajikistani artist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoya_Tajikova" title="Zoya Tajikova">Zoya Tajikova</a> (born 1935), Tajik musicologist</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_relations">International relations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dushanbe&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: International relations">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twin_towns_–_sister_cities">Twin towns – sister cities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dushanbe&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Twin towns – sister cities">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Asia#Tajikistan" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Asia">List of twin towns and sister cities in Tajikistan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boulder_Dushanbe_table.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Boulder_Dushanbe_table.JPG/220px-Boulder_Dushanbe_table.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Boulder_Dushanbe_table.JPG/330px-Boulder_Dushanbe_table.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Boulder_Dushanbe_table.JPG/440px-Boulder_Dushanbe_table.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Interior of the <a href="/wiki/Boulder_Dushanbe_teahouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Boulder Dushanbe teahouse">Boulder Dushanbe teahouse</a></figcaption></figure> Dushanbe is <a href="/wiki/Sister_city" title="Sister city">twinned</a> with:<a href="#cite_note-257">[253]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 16em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>, Turkey</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan"><img alt="Turkmenistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ashgabat" title="Ashgabat">Ashgabat</a>, Turkmenistan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan"><img alt="Kazakhstan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a>, Kazakhstan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan"><img alt="Azerbaijan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a>, Azerbaijan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Boulder,_Colorado" title="Boulder, Colorado">Boulder</a>, United States</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar"><img alt="Qatar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/46px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="550" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Doha" title="Doha">Doha</a>, Qatar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hainan" title="Hainan">Hainan</a>, China</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan"><img alt="Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a>, Pakistan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria"><img alt="Austria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Klagenfurt" class="mw-redirect" title="Klagenfurt">Klagenfurt</a>, Austria</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan"><img alt="Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>, Pakistan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia"><img alt="Zambia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Lusaka" title="Lusaka">Lusaka</a>, Zambia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan"><img alt="Afghanistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mazar-i-Sharif" title="Mazar-i-Sharif">Mazar-i-Sharif</a>, Afghanistan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus"><img alt="Belarus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a>, Belarus</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia"><img alt="Tunisia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Monastir,_Tunisia" title="Monastir, Tunisia">Monastir</a>, Tunisia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Qingdao" title="Qingdao">Qingdao</a>, China</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Reutlingen" title="Reutlingen">Reutlingen</a>, Germany</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>, Russia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen"><img alt="Yemen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/45px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Sanaa" title="Sanaa">Sanaa</a>, Yemen</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran"><img alt="Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Shiraz" title="Shiraz">Shiraz</a>, Iran</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran"><img alt="Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>, Iran</li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi" title="Ürümqi">Ürümqi</a>, China</li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Xiamen" title="Xiamen">Xiamen</a>, China</li></ul> </div>In 1982, Mary Hey and Sophia Stoller started an initiative to make Dushanbe a sister city of <a href="/wiki/Boulder,_Colorado" title="Boulder, Colorado">Boulder</a> even though during that time they were on opposite sides of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>. In 1987, the mayor of Dushanbe, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maksud_Ikramov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maksud Ikramov (page does not exist)">Maksud Ikramov</a>, officially made Boulder a sister city of Dushanbe. Exchange students, tourism, and art exchanges began between the two cities. The <a href="/wiki/Dushanbe_Tea_House" title="Dushanbe Tea House">Tajik Teahouse</a> was sent from Dushanbe to Boulder in 1990. During the <a href="/wiki/Tajikistani_Civil_War" title="Tajikistani Civil War">civil war</a>, Boulder sent humanitarian aid to Dushanbe.<a href="#cite_note-258">[254]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_conferences">International conferences</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dushanbe&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: International conferences">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dmitry_Medvedev_28_August_2008-5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Dmitry_Medvedev_28_August_2008-5.jpg/135px-Dmitry_Medvedev_28_August_2008-5.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Dmitry_Medvedev_28_August_2008-5.jpg/202px-Dmitry_Medvedev_28_August_2008-5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Dmitry_Medvedev_28_August_2008-5.jpg/270px-Dmitry_Medvedev_28_August_2008-5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="334" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>2008 Shanghai Coordination Council meeting.</figcaption></figure> Many international conferences have been held in Dushanbe, such as the International Conference on Integrated <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">TB</a> Control in Central Asia<a href="#cite_note-259">[255]</a> and the hosting of the <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organization</a> conference in 2000, 2008, and <a href="/wiki/2014_SCO_summit" title="2014 SCO summit">2014</a>.<a href="#cite_note-260">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-261">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[258]</a> In 2003, Dushanbe hosted the International Forum on Fresh Water which was attended by 50 states and organizations.<a href="#cite_note-263">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-264">[260]</a> From 20 to 23 June 2018 the High-Level International Conference on the International Decade for Action 'Water for Sustainable Development' was held in Dushanbe, which discussed the upcoming decade for action with regards to water.<a href="#cite_note-265">[261]</a> A second conference on the same subject was planned to be held in June 2020.<a href="#cite_note-266">[262]</a> On 16–17 May 2019 a high-level conference entitled "Countering Terrorism and its Financing Through <a href="/wiki/Illicit_drug_trafficking" class="mw-redirect" title="Illicit drug trafficking">Illicit Drug Trafficking</a> and Organized Crime" was held in Dushanbe and attended by more than 50 countries. It passed the Dushanbe declaration, which put the primary responsibility for fighting terrorism onto national governments. Other topics, such as drug smuggling, were also discussed.<a href="#cite_note-267">[263]</a> On 15 June 2019 the fifth summit of the <a href="/wiki/Conference_on_Interaction_and_Confidence-Building_Measures_in_Asia" title="Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building Measures in Asia">Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building Measures in Asia</a> was held in Dushanbe. The Asian members of the organization discussed common interests on topics such as peace and security, terrorism, arms control, the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Iran nuclear deal</a>, poverty, economic development, and <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-268">[264]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dushanbe&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/48px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/64px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Tajikistan" title="Portal:Tajikistan">Tajikistan portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Tajikistan" title="List of cities in Tajikistan">List of cities in Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_squares_in_Dushanbe" title="List of squares in Dushanbe">List of squares in Dushanbe</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dushanbe&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Tajik_language" title="Tajik language">Tajik</a>: Душанбе, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>IPA: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[duʃæmˈbe]</a>; <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Душанбе <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[dʊʂɐnˈbɛ]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Literally "Monday".<a href="#cite_note-CICA_Summit-2019-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-D._Saimaddinov,_S._D_2006-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-factbook-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Дюшамбе <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[dʲʊʂɐmˈbɛ]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Tajik_language" title="Tajik language">Tajik</a>: Сталинобод, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Tajik" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Tajik">romanized</a>: Stalinobod, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[(ɪ)stɐlinɔˈbɔd]</a>; Russian: Сталинабад <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[stəlʲɪnɐˈbat]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dushanbe&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:dushanbe1-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:dushanbe1_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:dushanbe1_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221010195817/https://stat.tj/storage//1.01.2022.pdf">"ШУМОРАИ АЊОЛИИ ЉУМЊУРИИ ТОЉИКИСТОН ТО 1 ЯНВАРИ СОЛИ 2022"</a> (PDF). 2022. 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Retrieved 9 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=prokuratura.tj&rft.atitle=%D0%9A%D0%9E%D0%9D%D0%A1%D0%A2%D0%98%D0%A2%D0%A3%D0%A6%D0%98%D0%AF+%D0%A0%D0%95%D0%A1%D0%9F%D0%A3%D0%91%D0%9B%D0%98%D0%9A%D0%98+%D0%A2%D0%90%D0%94%D0%96%D0%98%D0%9A%D0%98%D0%A1%D0%A2%D0%90%D0%9D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprokuratura.tj%2Fru%2Flegislation%2Fthe-constitution-of-the-republic-of-tajikistan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADushanbe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CICA_Summit-2019-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CICA_Summit-2019_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CICA_Summit-2019_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CICA_Summit-2019_10-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200730040626/http://www.cicasummit2019.tj/about-tajikistan/general-information-about-dushanbe">"General information about Dushanbe | Conference on Interaction and Confidence Building Measures in Asia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Conference_on_Interaction_and_Confidence-Building_Measures_in_Asia" title="Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building Measures in Asia">Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building Measures in Asia</a>. 30 July 2020. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cicasummit2019.tj/about-tajikistan/general-information-about-dushanbe">the original</a> on 30 July 2020. Retrieved 16 January 2021. <q>The village Dushanbe arose at the crossroads. On Mondays big bazaars would be organized, which is where the village inherited its name "Dushanbe", meaning "Monday".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Conference+on+Interaction+and+Confidence-Building+Measures+in+Asia&rft.atitle=General+information+about+Dushanbe+%7C+Conference+on+Interaction+and+Confidence+Building+Measures+in+Asia&rft.date=2020-07-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cicasummit2019.tj%2Fabout-tajikistan%2Fgeneral-information-about-dushanbe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADushanbe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-D._Saimaddinov,_S._D_2006-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-D._Saimaddinov,_S._D_2006_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-D._Saimaddinov,_S._D_2006_11-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaĭmiddinovKholmatovaKarimovKapranov2006" class="citation book cs1">Saĭmiddinov, Dodikhudo; Kholmatova, S. D .; Karimov, S.; Kapranov, V. A . (2006). Farḣangi tojikī ba rusī : 70 000 kalima va ibora [Tajik-Russian dictionary: 70,000 words and phrases]. Dushanbe: Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tajikistan, Rudaki Institute of Language and Literature, Scientific Center for Persian-Tajik Culture. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/76271036">76271036</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Far%E1%B8%A3angi+tojik%C4%AB+ba+rus%C4%AB+%3A+70+000+kalima+va+ibora&rft.place=Dushanbe&rft.pub=Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+Republic+of+Tajikistan%2C+Rudaki+Institute+of+Language+and+Literature%2C+Scientific+Center+for+Persian-Tajik+Culture&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F76271036&rft.aulast=Sa%C4%ADmiddinov&rft.aufirst=Dodikhudo&rft.au=Kholmatova%2C+S.+D+.&rft.au=Karimov%2C+S.&rft.au=Kapranov%2C+V.+A+.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADushanbe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-factbook-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-factbook_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-factbook_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-factbook_12-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/tajikistan/">"Tajikistan"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a>. Retrieved 30 January 2020. <q>etymology: today's city was originally at the crossroads where a large bazaar occurred on Mondays, hence the name Dushanbe, which in Persian means Monday, i.e., the second day (du) after Saturday (shambe)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Tajikistan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Ftajikistan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADushanbe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220408230941/https://www.donishnoma.tj/images/books/TNE/EMT-6.pdf">Tajik National Encyclopedia</a> (PDF). p. 272. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.donishnoma.tj/images/books/TNE/EMT-6.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 8 April 2022. Retrieved 2 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tajik+National+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=272&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.donishnoma.tj%2Fimages%2Fbooks%2FTNE%2FEMT-6.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADushanbe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diclib.com/cgi-bin/d1.cgi?l=ru&base=geo_rus&page=showid&id=1919">"Душанбе"</a> [Dushanbe]. DicLib (in Russian).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DicLib&rft.atitle=%D0%94%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.diclib.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Fd1.cgi%3Fl%3Dru%26base%3Dgeo_rus%26page%3Dshowid%26id%3D1919&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADushanbe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dushanbe_in_Persian_language-18"><a href="#cite_ref-Dushanbe_in_Persian_language_18-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://loghatnameh.com/dehkhodaworddetail-891c9755f3354b758a96db73b85891b5-fa.html">"دوشنبه | پارسی ویکی"</a> (in Persian). 31 January 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160131094924/http://loghatnameh.com/dehkhodaworddetail-891c9755f3354b758a96db73b85891b5-fa.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2016. Retrieved 16 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%87+%7C+%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C+%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C&rft.date=2016-01-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Floghatnameh.com%2Fdehkhodaworddetail-891c9755f3354b758a96db73b85891b5-fa.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADushanbe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Guardian-2017-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Guardian-2017_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Guardian-2017_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Guardian-2017_19-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2017/oct/19/demolishing-dushanbe-former-stalinabad-erasing-soviet-past">"Demolishing Dushanbe: how the former city of Stalinabad is erasing its Soviet past"</a>. The Guardian. 19 October 2017. Retrieved 7 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Demolishing+Dushanbe%3A+how+the+former+city+of+Stalinabad+is+erasing+its+Soviet+past&rft.date=2017-10-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcities%2F2017%2Foct%2F19%2Fdemolishing-dushanbe-former-stalinabad-erasing-soviet-past&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADushanbe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRanov,_V._A._(Vadim_Aleksandrovich)1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ranov, V. A. (Vadim Aleksandrovich) (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.nyu.edu/bitstream/2451/43419/1/isawdca_000960.pdf">Dushanbe : gorod drevniĭ</a> (PDF) (in Russian). Solovʹev, V. S. (Viktor Stepanovich), Masov, R. M. (Rakhim Masovich). Dushanbe: Izd-vo "Donish". p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-8366-0427-4" title="Special:BookSources/5-8366-0427-4"><bdi>5-8366-0427-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/32311792">32311792</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dushanbe+%3A+gorod+drevni%C4%AD&rft.place=Dushanbe&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Izd-vo+%22Donish%22&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F32311792&rft.isbn=5-8366-0427-4&rft.au=Ranov%2C+V.+A.+%28Vadim+Aleksandrovich%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.nyu.edu%2Fbitstream%2F2451%2F43419%2F1%2Fisawdca_000960.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADushanbe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRanov,_V._A._(Vadim_Aleksandrovich)1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ranov, V. A. (Vadim Aleksandrovich) (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.nyu.edu/bitstream/2451/43419/1/isawdca_000960.pdf">Dushanbe : gorod drevniĭ</a> (PDF) (in Russian). Solovʹev, V. S. (Viktor Stepanovich), Masov, R. M. (Rakhim Masovich). Dushanbe: Izd-vo "Donish". p. 100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-8366-0427-4" title="Special:BookSources/5-8366-0427-4"><bdi>5-8366-0427-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/32311792">32311792</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dushanbe+%3A+gorod+drevni%C4%AD&rft.place=Dushanbe&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=Izd-vo+%22Donish%22&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F32311792&rft.isbn=5-8366-0427-4&rft.au=Ranov%2C+V.+A.+%28Vadim+Aleksandrovich%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.nyu.edu%2Fbitstream%2F2451%2F43419%2F1%2Fisawdca_000960.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADushanbe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Hissar+Culture">"Hissar Culture"</a>. 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Dushanbe: Izd-vo "Donish". pp. 21, 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-8366-0427-4" title="Special:BookSources/5-8366-0427-4"><bdi>5-8366-0427-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/32311792">32311792</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dushanbe+%3A+gorod+drevni%C4%AD&rft.place=Dushanbe&rft.pages=21%2C+25&rft.pub=Izd-vo+%22Donish%22&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F32311792&rft.isbn=5-8366-0427-4&rft.au=Ranov%2C+V.+A.+%28Vadim+Aleksandrovich%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.nyu.edu%2Fbitstream%2F2451%2F43419%2F1%2Fisawdca_000960.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADushanbe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ceroi-2008-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ceroi-2008_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ceroi-2008_24-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ceroi-2008_24-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ceroi-2008_24-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ceroi-2008_24-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ceroi-2008_24-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ceroi.net/reports/dushanbe/Rus/history.htm">"Краткая историческая справка"</a> (in Russian). 1 December 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081201150219/http://www.ceroi.net/reports/dushanbe/Rus/history.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2008. 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Dushanbe: Izd-vo "Donish". pp. 107–108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-8366-0427-4" title="Special:BookSources/5-8366-0427-4"><bdi>5-8366-0427-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/32311792">32311792</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dushanbe+%3A+gorod+drevni%C4%AD&rft.place=Dushanbe&rft.pages=107-108&rft.pub=Izd-vo+%22Donish%22&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F32311792&rft.isbn=5-8366-0427-4&rft.au=Ranov%2C+V.+A.+%28Vadim+Aleksandrovich%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.nyu.edu%2Fbitstream%2F2451%2F43419%2F1%2Fisawdca_000960.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADushanbe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRanov,_V._A._(Vadim_Aleksandrovich)1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ranov, V. 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Dushanbe: Izd-vo "Donish". p. 110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-8366-0427-4" title="Special:BookSources/5-8366-0427-4"><bdi>5-8366-0427-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/32311792">32311792</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dushanbe+%3A+gorod+drevni%C4%AD&rft.place=Dushanbe&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=Izd-vo+%22Donish%22&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F32311792&rft.isbn=5-8366-0427-4&rft.au=Ranov%2C+V.+A.+%28Vadim+Aleksandrovich%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.nyu.edu%2Fbitstream%2F2451%2F43419%2F1%2Fisawdca_000960.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADushanbe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sedov-2020-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sedov-2020_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sedov-2020_31-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afc.ryukoku.ac.jp/tj/tajikistanEnglish/C-ancienttime/C-6top.html">"Southern Tajikistan in Kushana period"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Antiquities_of_Tajikistan" title="National Museum of Antiquities of Tajikistan">National Museum of Antiquities of Tajikistan</a>. 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(Vadim Aleksandrovich) (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.nyu.edu/bitstream/2451/43419/1/isawdca_000960.pdf">Dushanbe : gorod drevniĭ</a> (PDF) (in Russian). Solovʹev, V. S. (Viktor Stepanovich), Masov, R. M. (Rakhim Masovich). Dushanbe: Izd-vo "Donish". pp. 54–55, 85, 90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-8366-0427-4" title="Special:BookSources/5-8366-0427-4"><bdi>5-8366-0427-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/32311792">32311792</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dushanbe+%3A+gorod+drevni%C4%AD&rft.place=Dushanbe&rft.pages=54-55%2C+85%2C+90&rft.pub=Izd-vo+%22Donish%22&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F32311792&rft.isbn=5-8366-0427-4&rft.au=Ranov%2C+V.+A.+%28Vadim+Aleksandrovich%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.nyu.edu%2Fbitstream%2F2451%2F43419%2F1%2Fisawdca_000960.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADushanbe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://refubium.fu-berlin.de/bitstream/handle/fub188/8366/02_Illustrations.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y">"Illustrations"</a> (PDF). p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Illustrations&rft.pages=3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frefubium.fu-berlin.de%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2Ffub188%2F8366%2F02_Illustrations.pdf%3Fsequence%3D2%26isAllowed%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADushanbe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRanov,_V._A._(Vadim_Aleksandrovich)1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ranov, V. 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Cambridge, UK. p. 255. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-34338-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-34338-1"><bdi>978-1-139-34338-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1224354503">1224354503</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Russian+conquest+of+Central+Asia+%3A+a+study+in+imperial+expansion%2C+1814-1914&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=255&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1224354503&rft.isbn=978-1-139-34338-1&rft.aulast=Morrison&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1224354503&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADushanbe" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Shermatov-2020-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shermatov-2020_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shermatov-2020_56-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shermatov-2020_56-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shermatov-2020_56-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asiaplustj.info/ru/news/tajikistan/society/20200603/russkii-dom-zarazka-i-detskii-sadik-istorii-infektsionnih-bolnits-dushanbe">""Русский дом", "Заразка" и "Детский садик" - истории инфекционных больниц Душанбе | Новости Таджикистана ASIA-Plus"</a>. asiaplustj.info (in Russian). 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Palgrave Studies in Global Higher Education. Huisman, Jeroen, Smolentseva, Anna, Froumin, Isak. <a href="/wiki/Cham,_Switzerland" title="Cham, Switzerland">Cham, Switzerland</a>: <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. 24 April 2018. pp. 376–378. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-52980-6">10.1007/978-3-319-52980-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-52980-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-52980-6"><bdi>978-3-319-52980-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1035812764">1035812764</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=25+years+of+transformations+of+higher+education+systems+in+post-Soviet+countries+%3A+reform+and+continuity&rft.place=Cham%2C+Switzerland&rft.series=Palgrave+Studies+in+Global+Higher+Education&rft.pages=376-378&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2018-04-24&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1035812764&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-52980-6&rft.isbn=978-3-319-52980-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADushanbe" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Dushanbe_Encyc-2004f-154">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dushanbe_Encyc-2004f_154-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dushanbe_Encyc-2004f_154-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Transport". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101028115236/http://dushanbe.tj/img/ENS.doc">Dushanbe : ėnt︠s︡iklopedii︠a︡</a>. 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"Titov Street 31/2, Dushanbe Airport, Dushanbe, 734006, Tajikistan." </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.somonair.com/en/page.php?pageid=65">Contacts</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130129052324/http://www.somonair.com/en/page.php?pageid=65">Archived</a> 29 January 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." <a href="/wiki/Somon_Air" title="Somon Air">Somon Air</a>. Retrieved on 4 December 2010. "Contacts: 40, Titova Str. Dushanbe, Tajikistan, 734012." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.somonair.com/page.php?pageid=6">Address in Tajik</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130129052324/http://www.somonair.com/en/page.php?pageid=65">Archived</a> 29 January 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>  : "734012, Таджикистан, Душанбе, ул. Титова, 40" </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ozodi.org/a/29317657.html">"Маркази боркашонии фурудгоҳи Душанбе бо сармояи Ҷопон сохта шуд"</a>. Радиои Озодӣ (in Tajik). 25 June 2018. Retrieved 29 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B8+%D0%9E%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B4%D3%A3&rft.atitle=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8+%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D1%84%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B3%D0%BE%D2%B3%D0%B8+%D0%94%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5+%D0%B1%D0%BE+%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%B8+%D2%B6%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD+%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B0+%D1%88%D1%83%D0%B4&rft.date=2018-06-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ozodi.org%2Fa%2F29317657.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADushanbe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theiranproject.com/blog/2014/05/08/envoy-iran-to-complete-tajikistans-independence-tunnel-by-next-year/">"Envoy: Iran to complete Tajikistan's independence tunnel by next year"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dlca.logcluster.org/display/public/DLCA/2.3+Tajikistan+Road+Network">the original</a> on 28 November 2021. Retrieved 5 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dlca.logcluster.org&rft.atitle=2.3+Tajikistan+Road+Network+-+Logistics+Capacity+Assessment+-+Digital+Logistics+Capacity+Assessments&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdlca.logcluster.org%2Fdisplay%2Fpublic%2FDLCA%2F2.3%2BTajikistan%2BRoad%2BNetwork&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADushanbe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> The 2.3 km (1 mi) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://centralasiaonline.com/en_GB/articles/caii/features/2009/09/03/feature-06">Shar-Shar auto tunnel links Tajikistan to China, The 2.3km Shar-Shar car tunnel linking Tajikistan and China opened to traffic on Aug. 30, 2009 Siyavush Mekhtan</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.tj/en/news/chormaghzak-tunnel-renamed-khatlon-tunnel-and-shar-shar-tunnel-renamed-ozodi-tunnel">Chormaghzak Tunnel renamed Khatlon Tunnel and Shar-Shar Tunnel renamed Ozodi Tunnel, 12/02/2014 15:49, Payrav Chorshanbiyev</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140531131121/http://news.tj/en/news/chormaghzak-tunnel-renamed-khatlon-tunnel-and-shar-shar-tunnel-renamed-ozodi-tunnel">Archived</a> 31 May 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRustamov2017" class="citation web cs1">Rustamov, Aziz (22 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fergananews.com//articles/9332">"Наследие Российской империи в Таджикистане: железная дорога, вокзалы, водонапорные башни"</a> [The legacy of the Russian Empire in Tajikistan: railway, railway stations, water towers]. 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Дар давраи Истиқлолият иқтидори истеҳсолии соҳа бе назардошти НБО "Роғун" 1520 МВт зиёд шуд | АМИТ "Ховар""</a> (in Russian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://khovar.tj/2019/12/imr-z-r-zi-energetik-o-dar-davrai-isti-loliyat-i-tidori-iste-solii-so-a-be-nazardoshti-nbo-ro-un-1520-mvt-ziyod-shud/">the original</a> on 27 September 2020. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/65068362">the original</a> on 28 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Economic+Outline&rft.btitle=Dushanbe+%3A+%C4%97nt%EF%B8%A0s%EF%B8%A1iklopedii%EF%B8%A0a%EF%B8%A1&rft.place=Dushanbe&rft.pub=Glavnai%EF%B8%A0a%EF%B8%A1+nauchnai%EF%B8%A0a%EF%B8%A1+redakt%EF%B8%A0s%EF%B8%A1ii%EF%B8%A0a%EF%B8%A1+Tadzhiksko%C4%AD+nat%EF%B8%A0s%EF%B8%A1ional%CA%B9no%C4%AD+%C4%97nt%EF%B8%A0s%EF%B8%A1iklopedii&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F65068362&rft.isbn=5-89870-071-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F65068362&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADushanbe" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=18784716">"Crisis Looms as Bitter Cold, Blackouts Hit Tajikistan"</a>. 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Retrieved 24 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.dushanbe.tj&rft.atitle=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B4%D0%B8+%D0%B8%D2%9B%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%91%D1%82+%2F+%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B8+%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%9C%D0%B0%D2%9B%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%B8%D2%B7%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%B8+%D2%B3%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D1%88%D0%B0%D2%B3%D1%80%D0%B8+%D0%94%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dushanbe.tj%2Frushdi-i-tisodiyot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADushanbe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dushanbe-2020b-213">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dushanbe-2020b_213-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dushanbe-2020b_213-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dushanbe-2020b_213-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dushanbe-2020b_213-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dushanbe.tj/promyshlennost-">"Саноат / Сомонаи расмии Мақомоти иҷроияи ҳокимияти давлатии шаҳри Душанбе"</a>. www.dushanbe.tj. Retrieved 25 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.dushanbe.tj&rft.atitle=%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B0%D1%82+%2F+%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B8+%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%9C%D0%B0%D2%9B%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%B8%D2%B7%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%B8+%D2%B3%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D1%88%D0%B0%D2%B3%D1%80%D0%B8+%D0%94%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dushanbe.tj%2Fpromyshlennost-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADushanbe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210604211614/http://old.dushanbe.tj/info/socioecondevelop/">"Шарҳи мухтасари рушди иҷтимоию иқтисодии шаҳри Душанбе > Маълумот > Сомонаи расмии Мақомоти иҷроияи маҳаллии ҳокимияти давлатӣ дар шаҳри Душанбе"</a>. old.dushanbe.tj. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://old.dushanbe.tj/info/socioecondevelop/">the original</a> on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=old.dushanbe.tj&rft.atitle=%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D2%B3%D0%B8+%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8+%D1%80%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B4%D0%B8+%D0%B8%D2%B7%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%8E+%D0%B8%D2%9B%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D1%88%D0%B0%D2%B3%D1%80%D0%B8+%D0%94%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5+%3E+%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%8A%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82+%3E+%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B8+%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%9C%D0%B0%D2%9B%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%B8%D2%B7%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%B8+%D0%BC%D0%B0%D2%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D2%B3%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D3%A3+%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80+%D1%88%D0%B0%D2%B3%D1%80%D0%B8+%D0%94%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fold.dushanbe.tj%2Finfo%2Fsocioecondevelop%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADushanbe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dushanbe-2020c-215">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dushanbe-2020c_215-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dushanbe-2020c_215-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dushanbe-2020c_215-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dushanbe-2020c_215-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dushanbe-2020c_215-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dushanbe.tj/ru/promyshlennost-">"/ Исполнительный орган государственной власти города Душанбе"</a>. www.dushanbe.tj. 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Dushanbe: Glavnai︠a︡ nauchnai︠a︡ redakt︠s︡ii︠a︡ Tadzhikskoĭ nat︠s︡ionalʹnoĭ ėnt︠s︡iklopedii. 2004. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-89870-071-4" title="Special:BookSources/5-89870-071-4"><bdi>5-89870-071-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/65068362">65068362</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Natural+Conditions&rft.btitle=Dushanbe+%3A+%C4%97nt%EF%B8%A0s%EF%B8%A1iklopedii%EF%B8%A0a%EF%B8%A1&rft.place=Dushanbe&rft.pub=Glavnai%EF%B8%A0a%EF%B8%A1+nauchnai%EF%B8%A0a%EF%B8%A1+redakt%EF%B8%A0s%EF%B8%A1ii%EF%B8%A0a%EF%B8%A1+Tadzhiksko%C4%AD+nat%EF%B8%A0s%EF%B8%A1ional%CA%B9no%C4%AD+%C4%97nt%EF%B8%A0s%EF%B8%A1iklopedii&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F65068362&rft.isbn=5-89870-071-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F65068362&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADushanbe" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200810182927/http://narodnaya.tj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=10135:2019-10-10-05-02-36&catid=109:god-turizma-i-remesel&Itemid=267">"Душанбе - столица туризма"</a>. 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Retrieved 26 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0&rft.atitle=%D0%94%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5+-+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0+%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnarodnaya.tj%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D10135%3A2019-10-10-05-02-36%26catid%3D109%3Agod-turizma-i-remesel%26Itemid%3D267&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADushanbe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dushanbe.tj/turizm">"Сайёҳӣ / Сомонаи расмии Мақомоти иҷроияи ҳокимияти давлатии шаҳри Душанбе"</a>. www.dushanbe.tj. 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Retrieved 26 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.dushanbe.tj&rft.atitle=%2F+%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%94%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dushanbe.tj%2Fru%2Fturizm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADushanbe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200926022338/https://www.ozy.com/around-the-world/dushanbes-millennials-are-reconnecting-a-broken-city-with-the-internet/89082/">"Dushanbe's Millennials Are Reconnecting a Broken City — With the Internet"</a>. 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Retrieved 5 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Terrorism+%27gravest+threat%27+people+face+in+Asia%3A+Jaishankar+at+CICA+Summit&rft.date=2019-06-15&rft.issn=0971-751X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Finternational%2Fterrorism-gravest-threat-people-face-in-asia-jaishankar-at-cica-summit%2Farticle27950107.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADushanbe" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dushanbe&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Largest_cities_of_Tajikistan" title="Template:Largest cities of Tajikistan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Largest_cities_of_Tajikistan" title="Template talk:Largest cities of Tajikistan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Largest_cities_of_Tajikistan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Largest cities of Tajikistan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Largest_cities_or_towns_in_TajikistanTajikistan_Statistics_Agency" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Largest cities or towns in Tajikistan <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;font-size:90%;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stat.tj/storage//1.01.2022.pdf">Tajikistan Statistics Agency</a></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table style="width:100%" class="wraplinks"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>Rank </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Tajikistan" title="List of cities in Tajikistan">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Tajikistan" title="Regions of Tajikistan">Region</a> </th> <th>Pop. </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Dushanbe_panorama_07.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dushanbe"><img alt="Dushanbe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Dushanbe_panorama_07.jpg/120px-Dushanbe_panorama_07.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Dushanbe_panorama_07.jpg/180px-Dushanbe_panorama_07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Dushanbe_panorama_07.jpg/240px-Dushanbe_panorama_07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2499" data-file-height="1618" /></a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dushanbe</a> <a href="/wiki/File:View_to_Khujand.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Khujand"><img alt="Khujand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/View_to_Khujand.JPG/120px-View_to_Khujand.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/View_to_Khujand.JPG/180px-View_to_Khujand.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/View_to_Khujand.JPG/240px-View_to_Khujand.JPG 2x" data-file-width="860" data-file-height="430" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Khujand" title="Khujand">Khujand</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dushanbe</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dushanbe</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,201,800 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Qurghonteppa_2010_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bokhtar"><img alt="Bokhtar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Qurghonteppa_2010_02.jpg/120px-Qurghonteppa_2010_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Qurghonteppa_2010_02.jpg/180px-Qurghonteppa_2010_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Qurghonteppa_2010_02.jpg/240px-Qurghonteppa_2010_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1917" data-file-height="1187" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Bokhtar" title="Bokhtar">Bokhtar</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Kulob,ul-Somoni.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kulob"><img alt="Kulob" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Kulob%2Cul-Somoni.jpg/120px-Kulob%2Cul-Somoni.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Kulob%2Cul-Somoni.jpg/180px-Kulob%2Cul-Somoni.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Kulob%2Cul-Somoni.jpg/240px-Kulob%2Cul-Somoni.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1714" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kulob" title="Kulob">Kulob</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Khujand" title="Khujand">Khujand</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sughd_Region" title="Sughd Region">Sughd</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">198,700 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bokhtar" title="Bokhtar">Bokhtar</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Khatlon_Region" title="Khatlon Region">Khatlon</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">126,700 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kulob" title="Kulob">Kulob</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Khatlon_Region" title="Khatlon Region">Khatlon</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">105,800 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Istaravshan" title="Istaravshan">Istaravshan</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sughd_Region" title="Sughd Region">Sughd</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">64,300 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tursunzoda" title="Tursunzoda">Tursunzoda</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Republican_Subordination" class="mw-redirect" title="Districts of Republican Subordination">Districts of Republican Subordination</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">57,800 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Isfara" title="Isfara">Isfara</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sughd_Region" title="Sughd Region">Sughd</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">54,900 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Vahdat" title="Vahdat">Vahdat</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Republican_Subordination" class="mw-redirect" title="Districts of Republican Subordination">Districts of Republican Subordination</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">54,400 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Konibodom" title="Konibodom">Konibodom</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sughd_Region" title="Sughd Region">Sughd</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">54,400 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Panjakent" title="Panjakent">Panjakent</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sughd_Region" title="Sughd Region">Sughd</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">43,800 </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Tajikistan&#124;link=Tajikistan_Districts_of_Republican_Subordination" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Districts_of_Republican_Subordination" title="Template:Districts of Republican Subordination"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Districts_of_Republican_Subordination" title="Template talk:Districts of Republican Subordination"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Districts_of_Republican_Subordination" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Districts of Republican Subordination"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Tajikistan&#124;link=Tajikistan_Districts_of_Republican_Subordination" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan"><img alt="Tajikistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Districts_under_Central_Government_Jurisdiction" title="Districts under Central Government Jurisdiction">Districts of Republican Subordination</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Capital: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dushanbe</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Cities" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cities</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hisor" class="mw-redirect" title="Hisor">Hisor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roghun" title="Roghun">Roghun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tursunzoda" title="Tursunzoda">Tursunzoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vahdat" title="Vahdat">Vahdat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Districts_of_Republican_Subordination_in_Tajikistan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Districts_of_Republican_Subordination_in_Tajikistan.svg/160px-Districts_of_Republican_Subordination_in_Tajikistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Districts_of_Republican_Subordination_in_Tajikistan.svg/240px-Districts_of_Republican_Subordination_in_Tajikistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Districts_of_Republican_Subordination_in_Tajikistan.svg/320px-Districts_of_Republican_Subordination_in_Tajikistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1191" data-file-height="903" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="City_subdivisions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">City subdivisions</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hisor" class="mw-redirect" title="Hisor">Hisor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>City: <a href="/wiki/Hisor" class="mw-redirect" title="Hisor">Hisor</a></li> <li>Town: <a href="/wiki/Sharora" title="Sharora">Sharora</a></li> <li>Jamoats: <a href="/wiki/Almosi" title="Almosi">Almosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehqonobod" title="Dehqonobod">Dehqonobod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durbat" title="Durbat">Durbat</a></li> <li>Hisor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khonaqohikuhi" title="Khonaqohikuhi">Khonaqohikuhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirzo_Rizo" title="Mirzo Rizo">Mirzo Rizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirzo_Tursunzoda,_Hisor" title="Mirzo Tursunzoda, Hisor">Mirzo Tursunzoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navobod,_Hisor" title="Navobod, Hisor">Navobod</a></li> <li>Oriyon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somon,_Tajikistan" title="Somon, Tajikistan">Somon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roghun" title="Roghun">Roghun</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>City: <a href="/wiki/Roghun" title="Roghun">Roghun</a></li> <li>Town: <a href="/wiki/Obigarm" title="Obigarm">Obigarm</a></li> <li>Jamoats: <a href="/wiki/Qadiob" title="Qadiob">Qadiob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicharogh" title="Sicharogh">Sicharogh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tursunzoda" title="Tursunzoda">Tursunzoda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>City: <a href="/wiki/Tursunzoda" title="Tursunzoda">Tursunzoda</a></li> <li>Jamoats: <a href="/wiki/Navobod,_Tursunzoda" title="Navobod, Tursunzoda">Navobod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakhtaobod" title="Pakhtaobod">Pakhtaobod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaratogh" title="Qaratogh">Qaratogh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabot,_Tajikistan" title="Rabot, Tajikistan">Rabot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jura_Rahmonov" title="Jura Rahmonov">Jura Rahmonov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regar,_Tajikistan" title="Regar, Tajikistan">Regar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seshanbe" title="Seshanbe">Seshanbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10-Solagii_Istiqloliyat" title="10-Solagii Istiqloliyat">10-Solagii Istiqloliyat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tursun_Tuychiev" title="Tursun Tuychiev">Tursun Tuychiev</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vahdat" title="Vahdat">Vahdat</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>City: <a href="/wiki/Vahdat" title="Vahdat">Vahdat</a></li> <li>Town: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nu%27mon_Roziq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nu'mon Roziq (page does not exist)">Nu'mon Roziq</a></li> <li>Jamoats: Abdullo Abdulvosiev</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahor" title="Bahor">Bahor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bozorboy_Burunov" title="Bozorboy Burunov">Bozorboy Burunov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorsu,_Vahdat" title="Chorsu, Vahdat">Chorsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuyangaron" title="Chuyangaron">Chuyangaron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guliston,_Vahdat" title="Guliston, Vahdat">Guliston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karim_Ismoilov" title="Karim Ismoilov">Karim Ismoilov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajab_Ismoilov" title="Rajab Ismoilov">Rajab Ismoilov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romit" title="Romit">Romit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simiganj" title="Simiganj">Simiganj</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Districts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Districts</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fayzobod_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Fayzobod District">Fayzobod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakhsh_District" title="Lakhsh District">Lakhsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurobod_District,_Tajikistan" title="Nurobod District, Tajikistan">Nurobod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasht_District" title="Rasht District">Rasht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudaki_District" title="Rudaki District">Rudaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangvor_District" title="Sangvor District">Sangvor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahrinav_District" title="Shahrinav District">Shahrinav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tojikobod_District" title="Tojikobod District">Tojikobod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varzob_District" title="Varzob District">Varzob</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="District_subdivisions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">District subdivisions</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fayzobod_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Fayzobod District">Fayzobod</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Town: <a href="/wiki/Fayzobod" class="mw-redirect" title="Fayzobod">Fayzobod</a></li> <li>Jamoats: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dustmurod_Aliev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dustmurod Aliev (page does not exist)">Dustmurod Aliev</a></li> <li>Buston</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chashmasor,_Fayzobod_District" title="Chashmasor, Fayzobod District">Chashmasor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javonon" title="Javonon">Javonon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehrobod,_Fayzobod_District" title="Mehrobod, Fayzobod District">Mehrobod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miskinobod" class="mw-redirect" title="Miskinobod">Miskinobod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalaidasht" title="Qalaidasht">Qalaidasht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vashgird" title="Vashgird">Vashgird</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lakhsh_District" title="Lakhsh District">Lakhsh</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Town: <a href="/wiki/Vahdat,_Lakhsh_District" title="Vahdat, Lakhsh District">Vahdat</a></li> <li>Jamoats: <a href="/wiki/Alga,_Tajikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Alga, Tajikistan">Alga</a></li> <li>Jirgatol</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashot" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashot">Kashot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakhsh" title="Lakhsh">Lakhsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muksu_(jamoat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muksu (jamoat)">Muksu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pildon" title="Pildon">Pildon</a></li> <li>Sartalo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surkhob,_Lakhsh_District" title="Surkhob, Lakhsh District">Surkhob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangi_Shahr" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangi Shahr">Yangi Shahr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nurobod_District,_Tajikistan" title="Nurobod District, Tajikistan">Nurobod</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Town: <a href="/wiki/Darband,_Tajikistan" title="Darband, Tajikistan">Darband</a></li> <li>Jamoats: <a href="/wiki/Hakimi,_Tajikistan" title="Hakimi, Tajikistan">Hakimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izzatullo_Halimov" title="Izzatullo Halimov">Izzatullo Halimov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khumdon" title="Khumdon">Khumdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehrobod,_Nurobod_District" title="Mehrobod, Nurobod District">Mehrobod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujiharf" title="Mujiharf">Mujiharf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safedchashma" title="Safedchashma">Safedchashma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rasht_District" title="Rasht District">Rasht</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Towns: <a href="/wiki/Gharm" title="Gharm">Gharm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navobod,_Rasht_District" title="Navobod, Rasht District">Navobod</a></li> <li>Jamoats: <a href="/wiki/Askalon,_Tajikistan" title="Askalon, Tajikistan">Askalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hijborak" title="Hijborak">Hijborak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoit,_Tajikistan" title="Hoit, Tajikistan">Hoit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jafr" title="Jafr">Jafr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalai_Surkh" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalai Surkh">Kalai Surkh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalanak,_Tajikistan" title="Kalanak, Tajikistan">Kalanak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusratullo_Makhsum,_Tajikistan" title="Nusratullo Makhsum, Tajikistan">Nusratullo Makhsum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navdi" title="Navdi">Navdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obi_Mehnat" title="Obi Mehnat">Obi Mehnat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahimzoda" title="Rahimzoda">Rahimzoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagoba" title="Tagoba">Tagoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasman" title="Yasman">Yasman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rudaki_District" title="Rudaki District">Rudaki</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Towns: <a href="/wiki/Navobod,_Rudaki_District" title="Navobod, Rudaki District">Navobod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somoniyon" title="Somoniyon">Somoniyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirzo_Tursunzoda,_Rudaki_District" title="Mirzo Tursunzoda, Rudaki District">Mirzo Tursunzoda</a></li> <li>Jamoats: <a href="/wiki/Chimteppa" title="Chimteppa">Chimteppa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorgulteppa" title="Chorgulteppa">Chorgulteppa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorteppa" title="Chorteppa">Chorteppa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choryakkoron" title="Choryakkoron">Choryakkoron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esanboy" title="Esanboy">Esanboy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guliston,_Rudaki_District" title="Guliston, Rudaki District">Guliston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiblai" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiblai">Kiblai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lohur,_Rudaki_District" title="Lohur, Rudaki District">Lohur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohati" title="Rohati">Rohati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rossiya,_Tajikistan" title="Rossiya, Tajikistan">Rossiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarikishti" title="Sarikishti">Sarikishti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultonobod" title="Sultonobod">Sultonobod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zainabobod" title="Zainabobod">Zainabobod</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sangvor_District" title="Sangvor District">Sangvor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Jamoats: <a href="/wiki/Childara" title="Childara">Childara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarshuyon" title="Zarshuyon">Zarshuyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tavildara" title="Tavildara">Tavildara</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vahdat,_Sangvor_District&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vahdat, Sangvor District (page does not exist)">Vahdat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vakhiyo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vakhiyo (page does not exist)">Vakhiyo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shahrinav_District" title="Shahrinav District">Shahrinav</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Town: <a href="/wiki/Mirzo_Tursunzoda,_Shahrinav_District" title="Mirzo Tursunzoda, Shahrinav District">Mirzo Tursunzoda</a></li> <li>Jamoats: <a href="/wiki/Boghiston" title="Boghiston">Boghiston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chust,_Tajikistan" title="Chust, Tajikistan">Chust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasanov_(town)" title="Hasanov (town)">Hasanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istiqlol,_Shahrinav_District" title="Istiqlol, Shahrinav District">Istiqlol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabo,_Tajikistan" title="Sabo, Tajikistan">Sabo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahrinav" title="Shahrinav">Shahrinav</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tojikobod_District" title="Tojikobod District">Tojikobod</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Jamoats: <a href="/wiki/Langarishoh" title="Langarishoh">Langarishoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nushor" title="Nushor">Nushor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalailabiob" title="Qalailabiob">Qalailabiob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirinchashma" title="Shirinchashma">Shirinchashma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shogadoev" class="mw-redirect" title="Shogadoev">Shogadoev</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Varzob_District" title="Varzob District">Varzob</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Town: <a href="/wiki/Takob" class="mw-redirect" title="Takob">Takob</a></li> <li>Jamoats: <a href="/wiki/Ayni,_Varzob_District" title="Ayni, Varzob District">Ayni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorbogh" title="Chorbogh">Chorbogh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehmalik" title="Dehmalik">Dehmalik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luchob" title="Luchob">Luchob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varzobqala" title="Varzobqala">Varzobqala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zideh,_Tajikistan" title="Zideh, Tajikistan">Zideh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Geography</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gissar_Range" class="mw-redirect" title="Gissar Range">Gissar Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kondara_Gorge" title="Kondara Gorge">Kondara Gorge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Peak" title="Moscow Peak">Moscow Peak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_I_Range" title="Peter I Range">Peter I Range</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Capitals_of_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_Asian_capitals_by_region" title="Template:List of Asian capitals by region"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_Asian_capitals_by_region" title="Template talk:List of Asian capitals by region"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_Asian_capitals_by_region" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of Asian capitals by region"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Capitals_of_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capitals</a> of Asia</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">states with limited recognition</a> are in italics</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">Central Asia</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">South Asia</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">Southeast Asia</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">West Asia</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:20%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashgabat" title="Ashgabat">Ashgabat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishkek" title="Bishkek">Bishkek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dushanbe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> <div style="background:#dcdcfe; text-align:center;">East Asia</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang">Pyongyang</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulaanbaatar" title="Ulaanbaatar">Ulaanbaatar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li></ul> <div style="background:#dcdcfe; text-align:center;">North Asia</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camp_Thunder_Cove" title="Camp Thunder Cove">Camp Thunder Cove</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">BIOT</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a>) *</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathmandu" title="Kathmandu">Kathmandu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mal%C3%A9" title="Malé">Malé</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Jayawardenepura_Kotte" title="Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte">Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thimphu" title="Thimphu">Thimphu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandar_Seri_Begawan" title="Bandar Seri Begawan">Bandar Seri Begawan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dili" title="Dili">Dili</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_Fish_Cove" title="Flying Fish Cove">Flying Fish Cove</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a> (<a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naypyidaw" title="Naypyidaw">Naypyidaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phnom_Penh" title="Phnom Penh">Phnom Penh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vientiane" title="Vientiane">Vientiane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Island,_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="West Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands">West Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi" title="Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doha" title="Doha">Doha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episkopi_Cantonment" title="Episkopi Cantonment">Episkopi Cantonment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> *</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait_City" title="Kuwait City">Kuwait City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manama" title="Manama">Manama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat">Muscat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicosia" title="Nicosia">Nicosia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Nicosia" title="North Nicosia">North Nicosia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a> *</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramallah" title="Ramallah">Ramallah</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a> (de facto) *</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanaa" title="Sanaa">Sanaa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhumi" title="Sukhumi">Sukhumi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a> *</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tskhinvali" title="Tskhinvali">Tskhinvali</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a> *</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em 0 0.3em; line-height:1.3em;"><div>* Disputed. See: <a href="/wiki/Chagos_Archipelago_sovereignty_dispute" title="Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute">Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyprus_dispute" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyprus dispute">Cyprus dispute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Status_of_Jerusalem" title="Status of Jerusalem">Status of Jerusalem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abkhaz-Georgian_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhaz-Georgian conflict">Abkhaz-Georgian conflict</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georgian-Ossetian_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian-Ossetian conflict">Georgian-Ossetian conflict</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox 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